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Journal articles on the topic 'Back Reflectors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lechte, Carsten, Walter Kasparek, Burkhard Plaum, Fritz Leuterer, Martin Schubert, Jörg Stober, and Dietmar Wagner. "Simulation of Polarising and Reflector Gratings for High Power mm Waves." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920304010.

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High power mm waves for fusion plasma heating need to be elliptically polarised to ensure good absorption in the plasma. In some scenarios, electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) at higher harmonics (X3 and O2) is used, but this has significant shine-through because of low single pass absorption. Grating reflectors at the inboard strike point form a holographic mirror that reflects the beam back into the plasma. This paper investigates the optical properties and ohmic losses of both the polariser and the reflectors with the 3D fullwave code IPF-FD3D. The reflection properties of a reflector for ASDEX Upgrade and the improved ohmic losses of a waveguide polariser were confirmed.

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2

Soni, V., A. Hadjadj, A. Chaudhuri, and G. Ben-Dor. "Shock-wave reflections over double-concave cylindrical reflectors." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 813 (January 17, 2017): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.825.

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Numerical simulations were conducted to understand the different wave configurations associated with the shock-wave reflections over double-concave cylindrical surfaces. The reflectors were generated computationally by changing different geometrical parameters, such as the radii of curvature and the initial wedge angles. The incident-shock-wave Mach number was varied such as to cover subsonic, transonic and supersonic regimes of the flows induced by the incident shock. The study revealed a number of interesting wave features starting from the early stage of the shock interaction and transition to transitioned regular reflection (TRR) over the first concave surface, followed by complex shock reflections over the second one. Two new shock bifurcations have been found over the second wedge reflector, depending on the velocity of the additional wave that appears during the TRR over the first wedge reflector. Unlike the first reflector, the transition from a single-triple-point wave configuration (STP) to a double-triple-point wave configuration (DTP) and back occurred several times on the second reflector, indicating that the flow was capable of retaining the memory of the past events over the entire process.

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3

Biswas, Rana, Chun Xu, Sambit Pattnaik, Joydeep Bhattacharya, Nayan Chakravarty, and Vikram Dalal. "Photonic and plasmonic crystal based enhancement of solar cells- overcoming the Lambertian classical 4n2 limit." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1097.

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ABSTRACTLong wavelength photons in the red and near infrared region of the spectrum are poorly absorbed in thin film silicon cells, due to their long absorption lengths. Advanced light trapping methods are necessary to harvest these photons. The basic physical mechanisms underlying the enhanced light trapping in thin film solar cells using periodic back reflectors include strong diffraction coupled with light concentration. These will be contrasted with the scattering mechanisms involved in randomly textured back reflectors, which are commonly used for light trapping. A special class of conformal solar cells with plasmonic nano-pillar back reflectors will be described, that generates absorption beyond the classical 4n2 limit (the Lambertian limit) averaged over the entire wavelength range for nc-Si:H. The absorption beyond the classical limit exists for common 1 micron thick nc-Si:H cells, and is further enhanced for non-normal light. Predicted currents exceed 31 mA/cm2 for nc-Si:H. The nano-pillars are tapered into conical protrusions that enhance plasmonic effects. Such conformal nc-Si:H solar cells with the same device architecture were grown on periodic nano-hole, periodic nano-pillar substrates and compared with randomly textured substrates, formed by annealing Ag/ZnO or etched Ag/ZnO. The periodic back reflector solar cells with nano-pillars demonstrated higher quantum efficiency and higher photo-currents that were 1 mA/cm2higher than those for the randomly textured back reflectors. Losses within the experimental solar architectures are discussed.

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4

Ooshaksaraei, P., K. Sopian, R. Zulkifli, M. A. Alghoul, and Saleem H. Zaidi. "Characterization of a Bifacial Photovoltaic Panel Integrated with External Diffuse and Semimirror Type Reflectors." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/465837.

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Silicon wafer accounts for almost one-half the cost of a photovoltaic (PV) panel. A bifacial silicon solar cell is attractive due to its potential of enhancing power generation from the same silicon wafer in comparison with a conventional monofacial solar cell. The bifacial PV cell is able to capture solar radiation by back surface. This ability requires a suitable reflector appropriately oriented and separated from the cell’s rear surface. In order to optimize the bifacial solar cell performance with respect to an external back surface reflector, diffuse and semimirror reflectors were investigated at various angles and separations from the back surface. A simple bifacial solar panel, consisting of four monocrystalline Si solar cells, was designed and built. Reflection from the rear surface was provided by an extended semimirror and a white-painted diffuse reflector. Maximum power generation was observed at 30° with respect to ground for the semimirror reflector and 10° for diffuse reflector at an optimized reflector-panel separation of 115 mm. Output power enhancement of 20% and 15% from semimirror and diffuse reflectors, respectively, were observed. This loss from diffuse reflector is attributed to scattering of light beyond the rear surface capture cross-section of the bifacial solar panel.

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5

Li, Zeyu, Rusli E, Chenjin Lu, Ari Prakoso, Martin Foldyna, Rasha Khoury, Pavel Bulkin, et al. "Optical Study and Experimental Realization of Nanostructured Back Reflectors with Reduced Parasitic Losses for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080626.

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We study light trapping and parasitic losses in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film solar cells fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on nanostructured back reflectors. The back reflectors are patterned using polystyrene assisted lithography. By using O2 plasma etching of the polystyrene spheres, we managed to fabricate hexagonal nanostructured back reflectors. With the help of rigorous modeling, we study the parasitic losses in different back reflectors, non-active layers, and last but not least the light enhancement effect in the silicon absorber layer. Moreover, simulation results have been checked against experimental data. We have demonstrated hexagonal nanostructured amorphous silicon thin film solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 7.7% and around 34.7% enhancement of the short-circuit current density, compared with planar amorphous silicon thin film solar cells.

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6

Narasimhan, M. S., and K. R. Govind. "Front-to-back ratio of paraboloidal reflectors." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 39, no. 7 (July 1991): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.86904.

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7

Pattnaik, Sambit, Nayan Chakravarty, Rana Biswas, D. Slafer, and Vikram Dalal. "Light-trapping in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells with a Combination of Periodic and Randomly Textured Back-reflectors." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.888.

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ABSTRACTLight trapping is essential to harvest long wavelength red and near-infrared photons in thin film silicon solar cells. Traditionally light trapping has been achieved with a randomly roughened Ag/ZnO back reflector, which scatters incoming light uniformly through all angles, and enhances currents and cell efficiencies over a flat back reflector. A new approach using periodically textured photonic-plasmonic arrays has been recently shown to be very promising for harvesting long wavelength photons, through diffraction of light and plasmonic light concentration. Here we investigate the combination of these two approaches of random scattering and plasmonic effects to increase cell performance even further. An array of periodic conical back reflectors was fabricated by nanoimprint lithography and coated with Ag. These back reflectors were systematically annealed to generate different amounts of random texture, at smaller spatial scales, superimposed on a larger scale periodic texture. nc-Si solar cells were grown on flat, periodic photonic-plasmonic substrates, and randomly roughened photonic-plasmonic substrates. There were large improvements (>20%) in the current and light absorption of the photonic-plasmonic substrates relative to flat. The additional random features introduced on the photonic-plasmonic substrates did not improve the current and light absorption further, over a large range of randomization features.

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8

Liu, Jun-Chin, Chen-Cheng Lin, Yu-Hung Chen, Chien-Liang Wu, Chia-Ming Fan, Yu-Ming Wang, and Chung-Yuan Kung. "Enhancing Light-Trapping Properties of Amorphous Si Thin-Film Solar Cells Containing High-Reflective Silver Conductors Fabricated Using a Nonvacuum Process." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/627127.

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We proposed a low-cost and highly reflective liquid organic sheet silver conductor using back contact reflectors in amorphous silicon (a-Si) single junction superstrate configuration thin-film solar cells produced using a nonvacuum screen printing process. A comparison of silver conductor samples with vacuum-system-sputtered silver samples indicated that the short-circuit current density (Jsc) of sheet silver conductor cells was higher than 1.25 mA/cm2. Using external quantum efficiency measurements, the sheet silver conductor using back contact reflectors in cells was observed to effectively enhance the light-trapping ability in a long wavelength region (between 600 nm and 800 nm). Consequently, we achieved an optimal initial active area efficiency and module conversion efficiency of 9.02% and 6.55%, respectively, for the a-Si solar cells. The results indicated that the highly reflective sheet silver conductor back contact reflector layer prepared using a nonvacuum process is a suitable candidate for high-performance a-Si thin-film solar cells.

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9

Gondek, Ewa, and Paweł Karasiński. "One-dimensional photonic crystals as selective back reflectors." Optics & Laser Technology 48 (June 2013): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.11.012.

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10

Ding, I.-Kang, Jia Zhu, Wenshan Cai, Soo-Jin Moon, Ning Cai, Peng Wang, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, et al. "Plasmonic Back Reflectors: Plasmonic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Advanced Energy Materials 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201190003.

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11

O'Brien, Paul G., Nazir P. Kherani, Alongkarn Chutinan, Geoffrey A. Ozin, Sajeev John, and Stefan Zukotynski. "Silicon Photovoltaics Using Conducting Photonic Crystal Back-Reflectors." Advanced Materials 20, no. 8 (April 21, 2008): 1577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200702219.

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12

Moulin, Etienne, Ulrich Wilhelm Paetzold, Hilde Siekmann, Janine Worbs, Andreas Bauer, and Reinhard Carius. "Study of thin-film silicon solar cell back reflectors and potential of detached reflectors." Energy Procedia 10 (2011): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.161.

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13

Parker, Andrew R., David R. Mckenzie, and Maryanne C. J. Large. "Multilayer reflectors in animals using green and gold beetles as contrasting examples." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 1307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.9.1307.

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The light reflectors in the beetles Calloodes grayanus and Anoplognathus parvulus are examined. Contrasting multilayer reflectors are revealed. Calloodes grayanus appears a weak green colour, matching its background leaves, while A. parvulus is strongly metallic-gold coloured. The former reflection is diffuse, as the result of a structure causing scattering that overlies the multilayer reflector, whereas the latter reflection is strongly directional. The green colour of C. grayanus is achieved by a multilayer reflector with a fixed spatial periodicity, here termed 'regular', which is far removed from the quarterwave, or physically 'ideal', condition. The gold colour of A. parvulus is achieved by a type of reflector which involves systematically changing optical thicknesses of the component layers with depth in the structure. A layer of melanin underlies the reflector of C. grayanus to absorb the transmitted portion of light and prevent its back-reflectance, which would otherwise alter the green colour. The resultant structural reflectance from C. grayanus effectively matches green pigments, which are rare in beetles.

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14

Smirnov, A. V., and M. I. Zimnukhov. "METAL-CARBON FILMS FOR BACK REFLECTORS OF PV MODULES." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 19 (November 14, 2015): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2015.19.002.

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15

Paulick, Thomas C. "Textured back‐surface reflectors for thin‐film solar cells." Journal of Applied Physics 62, no. 7 (October 1987): 3016–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339390.

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16

Cho, Hyelim, Jaeyeon Kim, Seran Park, Soobong Kim, Hyunjong Kim, Hoon-jung Oh, and Dae-Hong Ko. "Demonstration of Solar Cell on a Graphite Sheet with Carbon Diffusion Barrier Evaluation." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040785.

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An amorphous Si (a-Si) solar cell with a back reflector composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) is potentially the most plausible and flexible solar cell if a graphite sheet is used as the substrate. Graphite supplies lightness, conductivity and flexibility to devices. When a graphite sheet is used as the substrate, carbon can diffuse into the Ag layer in the subsequent p-i-n process at 200–400 °C. To prevent this, we added an oxide layer as a carbon diffusion barrier between the carbon substrate and the back reflector. For the carbon diffusion barrier, silicon oxide (SiO2) or tin oxide (SnOx) was used. We evaluated the thermal stability of the back reflector of a carbon substrate using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to analyze the carbon diffusion barrier material. We confirmed the deposition characteristics, reflectance and prevention of carbon diffusion with and without the barrier. Finally, the structures were incorporated into the solar cell and their performances compared. The results showed that the back reflectors that were connected to a carbon diffusion barrier presented better performance, and the reflector with an SnOx layer presented the best performance.

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17

Moulin, E., U. W. Paetzold, K. Bittkau, M. Ermes, L. Ding, L. Fanni, S. Nicolay, et al. "Thin-film silicon solar cells applying optically decoupled back reflectors." Materials Science and Engineering: B 178, no. 9 (May 2013): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2012.10.016.

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18

Zhu, H., Y. Mai, M. Wan, J. Gao, Y. Wang, T. He, Y. Feng, et al. "Study of back reflectors for thin film silicon solar cells." Thin Solid Films 539 (July 2013): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.019.

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19

Baek, Se‐Woong, Pau Molet, Min‐Jae Choi, Margherita Biondi, Olivier Ouellette, James Fan, Sjoerd Hoogland, F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Agustín Mihi, and Edward H. Sargent. "Nanostructured Back Reflectors for Efficient Colloidal Quantum‐Dot Infrared Optoelectronics." Advanced Materials 31, no. 33 (June 21, 2019): 1901745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901745.

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20

D'Rozario, Julia R., Stephen J. Polly, George T. Nelson, and Seth M. Hubbard. "Thin Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells With Maskless Back Surface Reflectors." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 10, no. 6 (November 2020): 1681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2020.3019950.

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21

Mendes, Manuel J., Seweryn Morawiec, Francesca Simone, Francesco Priolo, and Isodiana Crupi. "Colloidal plasmonic back reflectors for light trapping in solar cells." Nanoscale 6, no. 9 (2014): 4796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr06768h.

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22

Ingenito, Andrea, Juan Camilo Ortiz Lizcano, Stefan L. Luxembourg, Rudi Santbergen, Arthur Weeber, Olindo Isabella, and Miro Zeman. "Optimized back Reflectors for Rear Diffused c-Si Solar Cells." Energy Procedia 55 (2014): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.08.085.

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23

Hu, Zhihua, Abuduwayiti Aierken, and Hongwei Diao. "Effects of Back-Reflectors on a-Si: H Solar Cells." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1965, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1965/1/012108.

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24

Jayasri, P. V., K. Niharika, K. Yedukondalu, E. V. S. Sita Kumari, and A. V. V. Prasad. "RADAR CROSS SECTION CHARACTERIZATION OF CORNER REFLECTORS IN DIFFERENT FREQUENCY BANDS AND POLARIZATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-637-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Corner Reflectors (CR) are standard passive radar targets which offer one of the best solutions for SAR calibration. Radar Cross Section (RCS) of corner reflectors plays a vital role for estimation of calibration parameters and hence back scatter coefficient for airborne and spaceborne SAR images. There is a stringent requirement to characterize RCS of corner reflectors by measuring its scattering properties in a controlled environment. RCS characterization of square trihedral corner reflectors, dihedrals including polarization selective dihedrals is addressed. These measurements were carried out at X, C and S band frequencies with wide scan angles at definite sampling interval. The design details of corner reflectors, specifications of Compact Antenna Test Range Facility, technical modalities involved for RCS measurements, variation of measured RCS from theoretical value for trihedral and dihedral reflectors at different frequency bands and polarizations are presented in this paper.</p>

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25

Zulkifli, Mohd Zamani, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Azri, Muhammad Khudhori Mohd Yusof, Saiful Arifin Shafiee, Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere, Lau Kuen Yao, Sani Amril Samsudin, Muhammad Syahril Bahari, and Moh Yasin. "Elucidating the Capabilities of Mirrorless Large Core Bundled Plastic Fiber Optic Displacement Sensor for Paracetamol Detection." Journal of Sensors 2021 (July 3, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6625780.

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A simple mirrorless plastic optical fiber displacement sensor was used to determine the concentration of paracetamol (PCM) in an aqueous solution. Paracetamol concentrations between 5 and 45 ppm were tested by the proposed sensor. With a mirror, the substantial sensitivity observed by an output power changed against displacement of 0.0403 mW/μm for the front slope and 0.023 mW/μm for the back slope with linearities of more than 99%. On the other hand, nonmirror reflector showed a sensitivity of 0.0006 mW/μm for the front slope and 0.0002 mW/μm for the back slope for the case of a red reflector and a sensitivity of 0.0007 mW/μm and 0.0003 mW/μm for the front and the back slope, respectively, for the case of a white reflector. The sensor sensitivity for the red and white coloured papers, which were used as the nonmirror reflectors and the mirror reflector itself against changing PCM concentrations, was 0.0004 mW/ppm, 0.0008 mW/ppm, and 0.02 mW/ppm, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the sensor was not only able to detect and measure the concentration of PCM in aqueous solutions but was also very stable with the additional advantages of a cost-effective and practical design that is highly beneficial for real-world sensing applications.

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26

Wei, Juanfang, Cheng Zhang, Xueliang Qi, Xiaofei Ma, and Yanyong Li. "Ultra-high-precision reflectors - design concepts, structural optimization and zero-expansion composites." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 07, no. 01n02 (June 2018): 1850009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2047684118500094.

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The developing of satellite remote sensing technology demands high precision reflectors. This paper is devoted to the development of an ultra-high precision reflector, including the structural design and optimization, and even a kind of zero-expansion composite. A novel parabolic reflector without the traditional back surface is designed, simulated and analyzed. The relationships of some key parameters(surface error and weight) with other structural parameters are obtained. As the Kevlar fabric has negative CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and CFRP has positive CTE, a Kevlar fabric-assisted carbon fiber composite is suggested. This composite exhibits the advantage of zero-expansion in 2D plane. Further, this zero-expansion laminate has been successfully manufactured. Finally, based on the design and analysis of the zero-expansion composite with CFRP and Kevlar fabric, an ultrahigh-precision reflector is successfully designed. The results of finite element method (FEM) show that the thermal distortion of the reflector meets the requirements of remote satellite, whose working radio frequency (RF) is 600[Formula: see text]GHz.

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27

Al-zuwaini, Ali K., Zeki A. Ahmed, and Wa'i A. Godaymi. "Theoretical analysis of short backfire antenna by using Moment of method." Journal of Kufa-Physics 13, no. 01 (June 10, 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31257/2018/jkp/2021/130103.

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The short backfire antenna is one of the important types of antennas due to its high directional and other characteristics. Therefore, this research deals with, a theoretical study to calculate the radiative structures of a short backfire antenna as an axially symmetric body using the moment method. The main goal is to theoretically calculate the radiation fields and compare them with previous practical researches. Where the mathematical analysis with the used software was verified by comparing the results and noting the extent of the match. The other goal is to study the effect of the antenna dimensions on its performance by studying the effect of adding a rim to the edge of the large back reflector, as well as studying the change of the radius of the two reflectors (large and small), where it was confirmed that the best value for the radius of the large reflectors and small (Rm=1λ) (Rs= 0.25 λ) respectively.

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28

Jang, Eun-Seok, Sang-Hun Baek, Byung-Yeol Jang, Sang-Hyun Park, Kyung-Hoon Yoon, Young-Woo Rhee, and Jun-Sik Cho. "Light Scattering Properties of Highly Textured Ag/Al:Si Bilayer Back Reflectors." Korean Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 10 (October 27, 2011): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2011.21.10.573.

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29

López-López, Carmen, Silvia Colodrero, and Hernán Míguez. "Panchromatic porous specular back reflectors for efficient transparent dye solar cells." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 2 (2014): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53939c.

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30

Banerjee, A., and S. Guha. "Study of back reflectors for amorphous silicon alloy solar cell application." Journal of Applied Physics 69, no. 2 (January 15, 1991): 1030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347418.

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31

Zhu, H., Y. Huang, Y. Mai, Y. Wang, J. Yin, Y. Feng, T. He, et al. "Study of silicon thin film solar cells with different back-reflectors." physica status solidi (a) 210, no. 6 (February 19, 2013): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201228660.

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32

Theunissen, P. H., and W. A. Beckman. "Solar transmittance characteristics of evacuated tubular collectors with diffuse back reflectors." Solar Energy 35, no. 4 (1985): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(85)90139-2.

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33

Desta, Derese, Rita Rizzoli, Caterina Summonte, Rui N. Pereira, Arne Nylandsted Larsen, Peter Balling, and Sanjay K. Ram. "Nanomolded buried light-scattering (BLiS) back-reflectors using dielectric nanoparticles for light harvesting in thin-film silicon solar cells." EPJ Photovoltaics 11 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2019011.

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The article presents a nanoparticle-based buried light-scattering (BLiS) back-reflector design realized through a simplified nanofabrication technique for the purpose of light-management in solar cells. The BLiS structure consists of a flat silver back-reflector with an overlying light-scattering bilayer which is made of a TiO2 dielectric nanoparticles layer with micron-sized inverted pyramidal cavities, buried under a flat-topped silicon nanoparticles layer. The optical properties of this BLiS back-reflector show high broadband and wide angular distribution of diffuse light-scattering. The efficient light-scattering by the buried inverted pyramid back-reflector is shown to effectively improve the short-circuit-current density and efficiency of the overlying n-i-p amorphous silicon solar cells up to 14% and 17.5%, respectively, compared to the reference flat solar cells. A layer of TiO2 nanoparticles with exposed inverted pyramid microstructures shows equivalent light scattering but poor fill factors in the solar cells, indicating that the overlying smooth growth interface in the BLiS back-reflector helps to maintain a good fill factor. The study demonstrates the advantage of spatial separation of the light-trapping and the semiconductor growth layers in the photovoltaic back-reflector without sacrificing the optical benefit.

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34

Hao, Yu, Xiao Hong Sun, Liu Di Jiang, Xu Zhang, and Gao Liang Wang. "Applications of Photonic Crystals in Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.281.

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Photonic crystals have been widely applied to improve the efficiency of solar cells due to its capability to manipulate photon transmission. Both theoretical and experimental research have shown that photonic crystals can significantly improve the absorption and conversion efficiency of solar cells.Solar cells that have photonic crystals back reflectors, intermediate reflectors, and window layers have higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. In this paper, the state-of-the-art applications of PCs in solar cells are summarized. Various fabrication methods for photonic crystals and their associated performance are discussed.

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35

Hicks, Graham J., and R. Gerhard Pratt. "Reflection waveform inversion using local descent methods: Estimating attenuation and velocity over a gas‐sand deposit." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 2 (March 2001): 598–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444951.

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Prestack seismic reflection data contain amplitudes, traveltimes, and moveout information; waveform inversion of such data has the potential to estimate attenuation levels, reflector depths and geometry, and background velocities. However, when inverting reflection data, strong nonlinearities can cause reflectors to be incorrectly imaged and can prevent background velocities from being updated. To successfully recover background velocities, previous authors have resorted to nonlinear, global search inversion techniques. We propose a two‐step inversion procedure using local descent methods in which we perform alternate inversions for the reflectors and the background velocities. For our reflector inversion we exploit the efficiency of the back‐propagation method when inverting for a large parameter set. For our background velocity inversion we use Newton inverse methods. During the background velocity inversions it is crucial to adaptively depth‐stretch the model to preserve the vertical traveltimes. This reduces nonlinearity by largely decoupling the effects of the background velocities and reflectors on the data. Nonlinearity is further reduced by choosing to invert for slownesses and by inverting for a sparse parameter set which is partially defined using geological reflector picks. Applying our approach to shallow seismic data from the North Sea collected over a gas‐sand deposit, we demonstrate that the proposed method is able to estimate both the geometry and internal velocity of a significant velocity structure not present in the initial model. Over successive iterations, the use of adaptive depth stretching corrects the pull‐down of the base of the gas sand. Vertical background velocity gradients are also resolved. For an insignificant extra cost the acoustic attenuation parameter Q is included in the inversion scheme. The final attenuation tomogram contains realistic values of Q for the expected lithologies and for the effect of partial fluid saturation associated with a shallow bright spot. The attenuation image may also indicate the presence of fracturing.

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36

HIRAYAMA, Hiroshi, Gen MATSUI, Nobuyoshi KIKUMA, and Kunio SAKAKIBARA. "Channel Capacity Improvement in Short-Range MIMO Using Side and Back Reflectors." IEICE Transactions on Communications E94-B, no. 5 (2011): 1280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e94.b.1280.

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37

Haug, F. J., T. Söderström, O. Cubero, V. Terrazzoni-Daudrix, and C. Ballif. "Plasmonic absorption in textured silver back reflectors of thin film solar cells." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 6 (September 15, 2008): 064509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2981194.

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38

Morawiec, Seweryn, Manuel J. Mendes, Sergej A. Filonovich, Tiago Mateus, Salvatore Mirabella, Hugo Águas, Isabel Ferreira, et al. "Broadband photocurrent enhancement in a-Si:H solar cells with plasmonic back reflectors." Optics Express 22, S4 (May 27, 2014): A1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.0a1059.

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39

Bills, Braden, Nathan Morris, Mukul Dubey, Qi Wang, and Qi Hua Fan. "Electrophoretic deposited TiO_2 pigment-based back reflectors for thin film solar cells." Optics Express 23, no. 3 (January 16, 2015): A71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.000a71.

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40

Perez, Gabriel, and Kurt J. Marfurt. "New azimuthal binning for improved delineation of faults and fractures." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 1 (January 2008): S7—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2813136.

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We suggest and test a new way to define azimuth binning in Kirchhoff prestack migration. With this new definition, we sort seismic data by the azimuth of the average travel path traversed from the source to the subsurface image point and back to the receiver, rather than the azimuth between source and receiver on the surface of the earth. This approach avoids mixing the typically weaker side-scattered energy with the stronger in-plane reflections, thereby providing greater leverage in identifying image contributions from out-of-the-plane steeply dipping reflectors, fractures and faults. We examine the impact of this new imaging approach combined with analysis of seismic attributes that have proved useful for fracture detection, on data from the Fort Worth Basin, Texas, United States. We find that the image of features such as reflectors and discontinuities focus into azimuths perpendicular to the strike of each feature. The discrimination achieved in the azimuthal domain allows for an increased resolution in analysis of geologic features according to their strike direction. It should also result in improved residual azimuthal velocity analysis.

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Ducros, C., H. Szambolics, F. Emieux, and A. Pereira. "Back reflectors with periodic gratings for light trapping in a-SiGe:H solar cells." Thin Solid Films 620 (December 2016): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.07.077.

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42

Haug, F. J., A. Naqavi, and C. Ballif. "Diffraction and absorption enhancement from textured back reflectors of thin film solar cells." Journal of Applied Physics 112, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): 024516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737606.

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43

Lin, Albert, Yan-Kai Zhong, Sze-Ming Fu, Chi Wei Tseng, and Sheng Lun Yan. "Aperiodic and randomized dielectric mirrors: alternatives to metallic back reflectors for solar cells." Optics Express 22, S3 (April 11, 2014): A880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.00a880.

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Inns, Daniel, Lei Shi, and Armin G. Aberle. "Silica nanospheres as back surface reflectors for crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16, no. 3 (May 2008): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.789.

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45

Krc, J., M. Zeman, S. L. Luxembourg, and M. Topic. "Modulated photonic-crystal structures as broadband back reflectors in thin-film solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 15 (April 13, 2009): 153501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3109781.

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46

Chen, Po-Yuan, Hui-Hsin Hsiao, Chung-I. Ho, Chi-Chih Ho, Wei-Li Lee, Hung-Chun Chang, Si-Chen Lee, Jian-Zhang Chen, and I.-Chun Cheng. "Periodic anti-ring back reflectors for hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells." Optics Express 22, S4 (June 2, 2014): A1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.0a1128.

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Shah, Dhaval B., K. M. Patel, Arvind I. Patel, Vishwajit Pariyal, and Shashikant J. Joshi. "Experimental investigation on spring-back deformation during autoclave curing of parabolic antenna reflectors." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 115 (December 2018): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.09.017.

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Tillmann, Peter, Benedikt Bläsi, Sven Burger, Martin Hammerschmidt, Oliver Höhn, Christiane Becker, and Klaus Jäger. "Optimizing metal grating back reflectors for III-V-on-silicon multijunction solar cells." Optics Express 29, no. 14 (July 1, 2021): 22517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.426761.

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Ben Trad, Imen, Jean Marie Floc’h, Hatem Rmili, M’hamed Drissi, and Fethi Choubani. "A Planar Reconfigurable Radiation Pattern Dipole Antenna with Reflectors and Directors for Wireless Communication Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/593259.

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A planar printed dipole antenna with reflectors and directors, able to steer its radiation pattern in different directions, is proposed for telecommunication applications. Starting from a dual-beam printed dipole antenna achieved by combining two elementary dipoles back to back, and by loading four PIN diodes, three modes of reconfigurable radiation patterns are achieved at the frequency 2.56 GHz thanks to switches states. A prototype of the structure was realized and characterized; an efficiency of 75% is obtained. Simulation and measured results of the results are presented and discussed.

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Cosma, Calin, Lucian Balu, and Nicoleta Enescu. "3D VSP migration by image point transform." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 3 (May 2010): S121—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3396316.

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The common characteristic of the seismic methods involving downhole measurements is the difficulty of designing surveys able to image the subsurface space evenly. Migration schemes for these layouts are sensitive to reconstruction artifacts. The defining property of the image point (IP) transform is its ability to accumulate amplitudes of curved reflection events appearing in time-distance profiles into approximately discoidal (or spherical in three dimensions) vicinities in the IP domain. Due to the reflected wavefields collapsing into such vicinities in the IP domain, the emphasizing of the reflectors consists of enhancing regions with higher amounts of accumulated amplitude. True-dip filtering can also easily be performed, even for reflectors appearing in the time-distance profiles as curved events due to their dip, source offset or variable velocity field. Reflecting interfaces aredefined as sets of linked piecewise planar-reflector elements rather than as collections of point diffractors. True reflectors fitting this description are enhanced by the IP transform while diffraction patterns, events produced by other wave types, multiples, and noise of any kind, tend to be suppressed. The inverse transform leads to filtered versions of time-distance profiles. An alternative to performing the inverse transform back to the original time-distance representation is computing 2D/3D migrated images directly from the transformed IP space. Although the 3D migration by IP transform is applicable to any seismic survey geometry, we focused on procedures for enhancing prestack migrated images obtained by sparse multioffset, multiazimuth vertical seismic profiling (VSP) surveys as typically performed for mining site characterization and mineral exploration. The real data used were collected within an extensive mining seismic investigation program performed in Canada.

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