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Journal articles on the topic 'Background calibration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Misture, S. T., L. R. Chatfield, and R. L. Snyder. "Accurate fully automated powder diffraction data using zero-background sample holders." Powder Diffraction 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600019175.

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An increasingly frequent used sample holder, the zero-background holder (ZBH), is evaluated for use in external standard calibration of powder patterns. The effectiveness of the ZBH calibration method is determined by comparison to the conventional internal- and external-standard calibration techniques. The three calibration methods are compared using the results of lattice parameter refinements of test powders, using Si as the standard. Several test materials were used in the evaluation which cover a wide range of absorption coefficients so sample transparency effects can be distinguished from sample displacement effects. Results of the calibrations clearly indicate that the ZBH method gives precision and accuracy comparable to the internal-standard method, and significantly better than the external-standard technique. In addition, the ZBH method yields substantially better results than the internal-standard method for materials with low absorption coefficients. Low-angle calibrations are also made on a ZBH using a proposed standard, silver behenate, which has peaks from 1.5° to 20° 2θ. These calibrations have shown that if care is not taken to establish a monolayer of powder on the ZBH crystal, significant errors in refined lattice parameters will result.

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2

Minty, Brian R. S. "Multichannel models for the estimation of radon background in airborne gamma‐ray spectrometry." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 6 (November 1998): 1986–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444492.

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Adequate background correction is a crucial step in processing airborne gamma‐ray spectrometric data because any errors are amplified during subsequent processing procedures. Two multichannel models for the estimation of atmospheric radon background are proposed. The spectral‐ratio method uses the relative heights of uranium (U) series photopeaks to estimate the contribution of atmospheric radon to observed spectra. The full‐spectrum method estimates the atmospheric radon contribution through the weighted least‐squares fitting of potassium (K), U, thorium (Th), and radon component spectra to the observed spectra. Both the spectral‐ratio and full‐spectrum methods are adequately calibrated through the estimation of component spectra from calibration experiments on the ground using radioactive calibration sources and wood to simulate the attenuation of gamma rays by air. The simulated heights used in these calibrations must be mapped onto real heights through calibration flights over an airborne calibration range. The spectral‐ratio method is also adequately calibrated using a heuristic calibration procedure. An iterative minimization method is used to find the optimum values of the calibration constants such that the radon background over suitable calibration lines is best removed.

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3

Hazen, John, and L. Scorsone. "Infrared Sensor Calibration Facility." Journal of the IEST 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.35.1.d536816582691754.

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The Boeing Infrared Sensor (BIRS) Calibration Facility represents a major capital investment by The Boeing Company in optical and infrared technology. The facility was designed and built for calibrating and testing new generation large aperture long wave infrared (LWIR) sensors, seekers, and related technologies. The capability exists to perform both radiometric and goniometric calibrations of large infrared sensors under simulated environmental operating conditions. The system is presently configured for endoatmospheric calibrations with a uniform background field that can be set to simulate the expected mission background levels. During calibration, the sensor under test is also exposed to expected mission temperatures and pressures within the test chamber. The facility could be converted for exoatmospheric testing. The first major test runs in the facility were completed during 1989 with very satisfactory results. This paper will describe system configuration and hardware elements, and will address the modifications made to date. Pitt-Des Moines. Inc. (PDM) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the contractor for the turnkey design and construction of the test chambers and thermal vacuum systems. Hughes Danbury Optical Systems (formerly Perkin Elmer Optical Systems) was the hardware supplier for the optical hardware. The Boeing Company performed all optical assembly, integration, testing, and alignment on-site.

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4

Mafi, Hamid R., and Amir M. Sodagar. "A background calibration in pipelined ADCs." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 67, no. 8 (August 2013): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2013.03.005.

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5

Nati, Federico, Mark J. Devlin, Martina Gerbino, Bradley R. Johnson, Brian Keating, Luca Pagano, and Grant Teply. "POLOCALC: A Novel Method to Measure the Absolute Polarization Orientation of the Cosmic Microwave Background." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 06, no. 02 (May 22, 2017): 1740008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171717400086.

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We describe a novel method to measure the absolute orientation of the polarization plane of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons with arcsecond accuracy, enabling unprecedented measurements for cosmology and fundamental physics. Existing and planned CMB polarization instruments looking for primordial B-mode signals need an independent, experimental method for systematics control on the absolute polarization orientation. The lack of such a method limits the accuracy of the detection of inflationary gravitational waves, the constraining power on the neutrino sector through measurements of gravitational lensing of the CMB, the possibility of detecting Cosmic Birefringence (CB), and the ability to measure primordial magnetic fields. Sky signals used for calibration and direct measurements of the detector orientation cannot provide an accuracy better than 1[Formula: see text]. Self-calibration methods provide better accuracy, but may be affected by foreground signals and rely heavily on model assumptions, losing constraining power on fundamental processes, like CB, Faraday Rotation and chiral gravity models. The POLarization Orientation CALibrator for Cosmology, POLOCALC, will dramatically improve instrumental accuracy by means of an artificial calibration source flying on high-altitude balloons and aerial drones. Polarization angle calibration requires observation of a well-characterized distant source at high elevation angles. A balloon-borne calibrator will provide a source in the far field of larger telescopes, while an aerial drone can be used for tests and smaller polarimeters. POLOCALC will also allow a unique method to measure the telescopes’ polarized beam. Even a two-hour balloon flight will allow enough time to perform polarization angle calibration and polarized beam function measurements. The source will make use of both narrow and broadband microwave emitters between 40[Formula: see text]GHz and 150[Formula: see text]GHz coupled to precise polarizing filters. The orientation of the source polarization plane will be registered to absolute celestial coordinates by star cameras and gyroscopes with arcsecond accuracy. This project can become a rung in the calibration ladder for the field: any existing or future CMB polarization experiment observing our novel polarization calibrator will enable measurements of the polarization angle for each detector with respect to absolute sky coordinates.

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6

Un-Ku Moon and Bang-Sup Song. "Background digital calibration techniques for pipelined ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 44, no. 2 (1997): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/82.554434.

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7

Pena-Ramos, Juan-Carlos, and Marian Verhelst. "Split-Delta Background Calibration for SAR ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 64, no. 2 (February 2017): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2016.2570318.

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8

Kamzolkin, V. A., S. D. Ivanov, and A. N. Konilov. "Empirical phengite geobarometer: Background, calibration, and application." Geology of Ore Deposits 58, no. 8 (December 2016): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701516080092.

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9

Lorentz, S. R., S. C. Ebner, J. H. Walker, and R. U. Datla. "NIST Low-background infrared spectral calibration facility." Metrologia 32, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/32/6/44.

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10

Mittermayr, C. R., H. W. Tan, and S. D. Brown. "Robust Calibration with Respect to Background Variation." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 7 (July 2001): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011952848.

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11

Carter, Adriaan C., Raju U. Datla, Timothy M. Jung, Allan W. Smith, and James A. Fedchak. "Low-background temperature calibration of infrared blackbodies." Metrologia 43, no. 2 (March 23, 2006): S46—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/s10.

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12

Sonkusale, S., J. Van der Spiegel, and K. Nagaraj. "True background calibration technique for pipelined ADC." Electronics Letters 36, no. 9 (2000): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20000610.

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13

Ta, Van-Thanh, Van-Phuc Hoang, Van-Phu Pham, and Cong-Kha Pham. "An Improved All-Digital Background Calibration Technique for Channel Mismatches in High Speed Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010073.

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The time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs), performance is seriously affected by channel mismatches, especially for the applications in the next-generation communication systems. This work presents an improved all-digital background calibration technique for TIADCs by combining the Hadamard transform for calibrating gain and timing mismatches and averaging for offset mismatch cancellation. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed calibration technique completely suppresses the spurious images due to the channel mismatches at the output spectrum, which increases the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) and signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) by 74 dB and 43.7 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the hardware co-simulation on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is performed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed calibration technique. The simulation and experimental results clarify the improvement of the proposed calibration technique in the TIADC’s performance.

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14

Zia, Ehsan, Ebrahim Farshidi, and Abdolnabi Kosarian. "New digital background calibration method for pipelined ADCs." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 4 (June 4, 2020): 871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2019-0396.

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Purpose Pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are widely used in electronic circuits. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new digital background calibration method to correct the capacitor mismatch, finite direct current (DC) gain and nonlinearity of residue amplifiers in pipelined ADCs. Design/methodology/approach The errors are corrected by defining new functions based on generalized Newton–Raphson algorithm. Although the functions have analytical solutions, an iterative procedure is used for calibration. To accelerate the calibration process, proper initialization for the errors is identified by using evaluation estimation block and solving inverse matrix. Findings Several behavioral simulations of a 12-bit 100MS/s pipelined ADC in MATLAB indicate that signal-to-(noise + distortion) ratio (SNDR) and spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) are improved from 30dB/33dB to 70dB/79dB after calibration. Calibration is achieved in approximately 2,000 clock cycles. Practical implications The digital part of the proposed method is implemented on field-programmable gate array to validate the performance of the pipelined ADC. The experimental result shows that the degradation of SNDR, SFDR, integral nonlinearity, differential nonlinearity and effective number of bits is negligible according to fixed-point operation vs floating-point in simulation results. Originality/value The novelty of this study is to use Newton–Raphson algorithm combined with appropriate initialization to reduce the number of divisions as well as calibration time, which is suitable in the recent nano-meter complementary metal oxide semiconductor technologies.

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15

Datla, R. U., M. C. Croarkin, and A. C. Parr. "Cryogenic blackbody calibrations attheNational Institute of Standards and Technology Low Background Infrared Calibration Facility." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 99, no. 1 (January 1994): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.099.008.

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16

Lee, D. H., U. W. Nam, G. H. Kim, S. Pak, M. Zemcov, J. J. Bock, J. Battle, et al. "CALIBRATION PROCESS OF THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND EXPERIMENT." Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/pkas.2007.22.4.169.

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17

McNeill, J. A., M. C. W. Coln, D. R. Brown, and B. J. Larivee. "Digital Background-Calibration Algorithm for “Split ADC” Architecture." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 56, no. 2 (February 2009): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2008.2001830.

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18

Shao-Ku Kao and Shen-Iuan Liu. "A Delay-Locked Loop With Statistical Background Calibration." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 55, no. 10 (October 2008): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2008.925664.

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19

Keane, J. P., P. J. Hurst, and S. H. Lewis. "Background interstage gain calibration technique for pipelined ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 52, no. 1 (January 2005): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2004.839534.

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20

Yasin Adıyaman, Muhammed, and Tufan Coşkun Karalar. "Time‐interleaved SAR ADC design with background calibration." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 48, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2734.

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21

Snowden, S. L. "The Calibration of the ROSAT HRI Particle Background." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 117, no. 1 (July 1998): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313113.

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22

Hiismäki, P. "Background-filtered transmission diffraction with internal intensity calibration." Journal of Applied Crystallography 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889888010015.

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It is inferred that by frequency filtering the logarithm of the time-of-flight spectrum of neutrons that have passed through a powdered isotropic crystalline sample a diffractogram may be obtained with many desirable properties for achieving high-quality refinement of structural parameters. Apart from multiple scattering no wavelength-dependent effects or corrections need to be introduced, which implies automatic internal calibration of the Bragg intensities. For utilization of the inherent high resolution of the transmission geometry, a Fourier chopper in the pulsed beam from an intensity-optimized quasi-steady-state moderator is suggested. Results of model calculations are presented.

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23

Keating, Brian G., Meir Shimon, and Amit P. S. Yadav. "SELF-CALIBRATION OF COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION EXPERIMENTS." Astrophysical Journal 762, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): L23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/762/2/l23.

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24

NING, NING, ZHILING SUI, JING LI, SHUANGYI WU, HUA CHEN, SHUANGHENG XU, and QI YU. "MULTISCALING COEFFICIENTS TECHNIQUE FOR GAIN ERROR BACKGROUND CALIBRATION IN PIPELINED ADC." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 03 (March 2014): 1450034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500340.

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This paper presents a multiscaling coefficient technique for convergence speed boosting in pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with noisy-signal-based gain error background calibration. By detecting the monotonicity of calculated gain error, the convergence process of the system can be divided into several phases. Each phase is then applied with different scaling coefficients, so rapid convergence speed and stable calibration system can be accomplished simultaneously. The time cost on convergence process can be reduced significantly, and stable calibration system has been simulated during the ADC's normal operation.

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25

Gines, Antonio Jose, Eduardo Peralias, and Adoracion Rueda. "Background Digital Calibration of Comparator Offsets in Pipeline ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 23, no. 7 (July 2015): 1345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2335233.

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26

Zeinali, Behzad, Tohid Moosazadeh, Mohammad Yavari, and Angel Rodriguez-Vazquez. "Equalization-Based Digital Background Calibration Technique for Pipelined ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 22, no. 2 (February 2014): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2013.2242208.

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27

PENTAKOTA, KRISHNA, MARIO A. RAMIREZ, and SEBASTIAN HOYOS. "LEAST MEAN SQUARED BACKGROUND CALIBRATION FOR OFDM MULTICHANNEL RECEIVERS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 01 (February 2012): 1250014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612500144.

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This paper presents a data estimation scheme for wide band multichannel charge sampling filter bank receivers together with a complete system calibration algorithm based on the least mean squared (LMS) algorithm. A unified model has been defined for the receiver containing all first order mismatches, offsets, imperfections, and the LMS algorithm is employed to track these errors. The performance of this technique under noisy channel conditions has been verified. Moreover, a detailed complexity analysis of the calibration algorithm is provided which shows that sinc filter banks have much lower complexity than traditional continuous-time filter banks.

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28

Lang, R. F., A. Brown, E. Brown, M. Cervantes, S. Macmullin, D. Masson, J. Schreiner, and H. Simgen. "A220Rn source for the calibration of low-background experiments." Journal of Instrumentation 11, no. 04 (April 1, 2016): P04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/04/p04004.

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29

Stoops, David J., Jenny Kuo, Paul J. Hurst, Bernard C. Levy, and Stephen H. Lewis. "Digital Background Calibration of a Split Current-Steering DAC." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 66, no. 8 (August 2019): 2854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2901626.

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30

Singh, Anil, and Alpana Agarwal. "Digital background calibration of charge pump based pipelined ADC." International Journal of Electronics 103, no. 11 (March 28, 2016): 1941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2016.1150550.

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31

Conti, Maurizio, Lars Eriksson, and Charles Hayden. "Monitoring Energy Calibration Drift Using the Scintillator Background Radiation." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 58, no. 3 (June 2011): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2011.2144621.

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32

Raz, Orit, Vincent Tse, and Lewis Chan. "Urodynamic testing: physiological background, setting-up, calibration and artefacts." BJU International 114 (July 30, 2014): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bju.12633.

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33

Geach, James E., and John A. Peacock. "Cluster richness–mass calibration with cosmic microwave background lensing." Nature Astronomy 1, no. 11 (October 9, 2017): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0259-1.

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34

Zhang, Yuke, and Kamal El-Sankary. "Offset-injection digital background calibration for VCO-based ADC." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 92, no. 3 (June 21, 2017): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-017-1014-3.

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35

Tilford, Charles R. "Background of the workshop on residual gas analyzer calibration." Vacuum 35, no. 12 (December 1985): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(85)90327-6.

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36

Lu, Zhifei, He Tang, Zhaofeng Ren, Ruogu Hua, Haoyu Zhuang, and Xizhu Peng. "A Timing Mismatch Background Calibration Algorithm With Improved Accuracy." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 29, no. 8 (August 2021): 1591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3082719.

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37

Lai, K. Kay-Yin, Linda Cook, Elizabeth M. Krantz, Lawrence Corey, and Keith R. Jerome. "Calibration Curves for Real-Time PCR." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.039909.

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Abstract Background: Despite the increasing use of real-time PCR in the diagnosis and management of viral infections, there are no published studies adequately addressing the optimum number of calibrators, the number of replicates of each calibrator, and the frequency with which calibration needs to be repeated. This study was designed to address these issues. Methods: Cycle threshold data (ABI 7700) was collected from >50 consecutive real-time PCR runs for hepatitis B and Epstein–Barr viruses. Our routine calibration curve made from serial 10-fold dilutions run in duplicate was compared with alternative options, including duplicate 100-fold dilutions, inclusion of a low-copy calibrator, and omission of the duplicate determination. Control data were used to examine the use of an average calibration curve made from multiple runs. Results: Use of duplicate serial 10-fold dilutions led to the least imprecision, duplicate 100-fold dilutions had slightly higher imprecision, and calibration curves obtained with singlet measurements showed the greatest imprecision. For patient data, the duplicate 100-fold dilution calibration curve produced results that best matched those from the routine calibration curve. Use of singlet dilutions or inclusion of a low-copy calibrator produced poorer agreement. Variability in controls was lower with a daily calibration curve than with an average calibration curve. Conclusions: Duplicate 100-fold dilution calibration curves produced equivalent results and the same imprecision as curves with more calibrators, and thus are a valid alternative. Laboratories should carefully evaluate the variability resulting from the use of average calibration curves before adopting this approach.

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38

LI, JING, YANG LIU, SHUANGYI WU, NING NING, and QI YU. "DIGITAL BACKGROUND CALIBRATION FOR TIMING SKEW IN TIME-INTERLEAVED ADC." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 08 (June 18, 2014): 1450117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614501175.

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This paper proposes a digital background calibration scheme for timing skew in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs). The timing error is detected by using the first derivative of the channel ADCs and a least-mean-square (LMS) loop is exploited to compensate the timing skew. The proposed scheme is effective within the entire frequency range of 0–fs/2. Compared with traditional calibration schemes, the proposed approach is more feasible and consumes lesser power and smaller area.

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39

Chen, Hongmei, Yongsheng Yin, Honghui Deng, and Fujiang Lin. "A Low Complexity All-Digital Background Calibration Technique for Time-Interleaved ADCs." VLSI Design 2016 (October 9, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6475932.

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A low complexity all-digital background calibration technique based on statistics is proposed. The basic idea of the statistics calibration technique is that the output average energy of each channel of TIADC will be consistent ideally, since each channel samples the same input signal, and therefore the energy deviation directly reflects the mismatch errors of channels. In this work, the offset mismatch and gain mismatch are calibrated by an adaptive statistics calibration algorithm based on LMS iteration; the timing mismatch is estimated by performing the correlation calculation of the outputs of subchannels and corrected by an improved fractional delay filter based on Farrow structure. Applied to a four-channel 12-bit 400 MHz TIADC, simulation results show that, with calibration, the SNDR raises from 22.5 dB to 71.8 dB and ENOB rises from 3.4 bits to 11.6 bits for a 164.6 MHz sinusoidal input. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed schemes are more feasible to implement and consume less hardware resources.

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40

Li, Shouping, Jianjun Chen, Bin Liang, and Yang Guo. "Low Power SAR ADC Design with Digital Background Calibration Algorithm." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111757.

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This paper proposed a digital background calibration algorithm with positive and negative symmetry error tolerance to remedy the capacitor mismatch for successive approximation register analog-to-digital converters (SAR ADCs). Compensate for the errors caused by capacitor mismatches and improve the ADC performance. Combination with a tri-level switching scheme based on the common-mode voltage Vcm to achieve capacitor reduction and high switching energy efficiency. The proposed calibration algorithm significantly improves capacitor mismatch without resorting to extensive computation or dedicated circuits. The active area is 0.046 mm2 in 40 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The post-simulation results show the effective number of bits (ENOB) improves from 8.23 bits to 11.36 bits, signal-to-noise-and distortion ratio (SNDR) improves from 51.33 dB to 70.15 dB, respectively, before and after calibration. This improves the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) by 24.13 dB, from 61.50 dB up to 85.63 dB. The whole ADC’s power consumption is only 0.3564 mW at sampling rate fs =2 MS/s and Nyquist input frequency, with a figure-of-merit (FOM) 67.8 fJ/conv.-step.

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41

Feng, Yan, Rui Fang Zhang, Xue Min Sheng, Meng Dong, and Lan Zhao. "Background Leakage of Pressure Leak Calibration Caused by Temperature Change." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.339.

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On laboratory conditions，background leakage caused by temperature change was one of the most important factors for affecting calibration of pressure leak, consequently, the constant temperature water bath of the calibration apparatus has been used to reduce background leakage by means of keeping the apparatus temperature constant. The method of active and passiveness were combined to keep constant temperature. through the research on experimentation, it was found that background leakage was decreased to the grade of 1.36×10-9Pam3/s when constant temperature been used, and meanwhile the lower limiting of pressure leak was extended to 2.667×10-8Pam3/s.

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42

Mafi, Hamidreza, Reza Mohammadi, and Hossein Shamsi. "A statistics-based digital background calibration technique for pipelined ADCs." Integration, the VLSI Journal 51 (September 2015): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2015.07.014.

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43

Berardi, Luigi, Daniele Laucelli, Rita Ugarelli, and Orazio Giustolisi. "Hydraulic System Modelling: Background Leakage Model Calibration in Oppegård Municipality." Procedia Engineering 119 (2015): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.916.

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44

Brooks, L., and Hae-Seung Lee. "Background Calibration of Pipelined ADCs Via Decision Boundary Gap Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 55, no. 10 (November 2008): 2969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2008.925373.

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45

Xu, Benwei, and Yun Chiu. "Comprehensive Background Calibration of Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 62, no. 5 (May 2015): 1306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2015.2403035.

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46

Shen, Changsheng. "Background bit‐weight calibration in pipelined successive approximation register ADC." Electronics Letters 56, no. 1 (January 2020): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2019.2636.

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Hung, Li-Han, and Tai-Cheng Lee. "A Split-Based Digital Background Calibration Technique in Pipelined ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 56, no. 11 (November 2009): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2034077.

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Montazerolghaem, Mohammad Ali, Tohid Moosazadeh, and Mohammad Yavari. "A Predetermined LMS Digital Background Calibration Technique for Pipelined ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 62, no. 9 (September 2015): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2015.2435071.

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Taherzadeh-Sani, M., and A. A. Hamoui. "Digital Background Calibration of Capacitor-Mismatch Errors in Pipelined ADCs." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 53, no. 9 (September 2006): 966–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2006.879097.

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Kim, J. "Adaptive-Bandwidth Phase-Locked Loop With Continuous Background Frequency Calibration." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 56, no. 3 (March 2009): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2008.2011601.

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