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Journal articles on the topic 'Background Oriented Schlieren'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 March 2025

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1

Meier, G. "Computerized background-oriented schlieren." Experiments in Fluids 33, no. 1 (July 2002): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-002-0450-7.

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2

Cozzi, F., and E. Göttlich. "Enhanced Background Oriented Schlieren (EBOS)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1249 (May 2019): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1249/1/012017.

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3

Klemkowsky, Jenna N., Timothy W. Fahringer, Christopher J. Clifford, Brett F. Bathel, and Brian S. Thurow. "Plenoptic background oriented schlieren imaging." Measurement Science and Technology 28, no. 9 (August 21, 2017): 095404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa7f3d.

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4

Hargather, Michael John, and Gary S. Settles. "Natural-background-oriented schlieren imaging." Experiments in Fluids 48, no. 1 (July 9, 2009): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0709-3.

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5

OTA, Masanori, Friedrich LEOPOLD, Frederique AGUSINSKI, and Kazuo MAENO. "0405 A Comparison of Measurement Results for Supersonic Flow Field by Colored-Grid Background Oriented Schlieren(CGBOS)andColored Background Oriented Schlieren (CBOS) Technique." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2012 (2012): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2012.199.

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6

Elsinga, G. E., B. W. van Oudheusden, F. Scarano, and D. W. Watt. "Assessment and application of quantitative schlieren methods: Calibrated color schlieren and background oriented schlieren." Experiments in Fluids 36, no. 2 (November 22, 2003): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0724-8.

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7

Davis, Jenna K., Christopher J. Clifford, Dustin L. Kelly, and Brian S. Thurow. "Tomographic background oriented schlieren using plenoptic cameras." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 025203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac3b09.

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Abstract The development of a tomographic background oriented schlieren implementation system utilizing up to four plenoptic cameras is presented. A systematic set of experiments was performed using a pair of solid dimethylpolysiloxan cylinders immersed in a nearly refractive index matched gylcerol/water solution to represent discrete flow features with known sizes, shapes, separation distances, and orientation. A study was conducted to assess the influence of these features on the accuracy of 3D reconstructions of the refractive index field. It was determined that the limited angular information collected by a single plenoptic camera is insufficient for single-camera 3D reconstructions. In multi-camera configurations, the additional views collected by a plenoptic camera were shown to improve the overall reconstruction accuracy compared to an equivalent single view per camera reconstruction, potentially reducing the number of overall cameras needed to achieve a desired accuracy. For the imaging of two cylinders, three or more cameras are generally needed to avoid significant ghosting artifacts in the reconstruction. Quantitative results are presented that show that: (1) two separate cylinders will be individually resolved as long as measurements from one camera are able to observe separation between the cylinders; (2) the error in the reconstructed 3D refractive index field increases as the size of the feature decreases; and (3) the use of volumetric masking within the reconstruction algorithm is critical in order to improve the accuracy of the solution.
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8

Koponen, Eero, Jarkko Leskinen, Tanja Tarvainen, and Aki Pulkkinen. "Background-oriented schlieren sensitivity in terms of geometrical parameters of measurement setup." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 6 (December 1, 2023): 3726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023949.

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Background-oriented schlieren imaging is a recently proposed noninvasive optical method for imaging of full ultrasound fields. In this work, the impact of uncertainty in geometrical parameters of a background-oriented schlieren measurement setup for imaging of full ultrasound fields is studied using numerical simulations. The studied parameters are focal length of the camera and positions and orientations of the camera, water tank, and ultrasound field. The results demonstrate that the most sensitive parameters affecting the accuracy of the reconstructed ultrasound fields are the orientations of the camera that change the direction of an effective optical axis. Other sensitive parameters are the focal length of the camera and the position of the ultrasound field in perpendicular directions of an optical axis. This synthetic study demonstrates the accuracy requirements for calibrating the geometrical parameters of a measurement setup that would be required to achieve accuracy comparable to that of hydrophone measurements using the background-oriented schlieren imaging. Explicitly, limits of the variation ranges of the geometrical parameters resulting in relative error ranges of 5% and 10% are given. The results of this study may contribute to help design future background-oriented schlieren measurement setups intended for measurement of full ultrasound fields.
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9

Jia, Tong, Jiawei Li, Jie Wu, and Yuan Xiong. "Tomographic Background-Oriented Schlieren for Axisymmetric and Weakly Non-Axisymmetric Supersonic Jets." Symmetry 16, no. 5 (May 11, 2024): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16050596.

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The Schlieren technique is widely adopted for visualizing supersonic jets owing to its non-invasiveness to the flow field. However, extending the classical Schlieren method for quantitative refractive index measurements is cumbersome, especially for three-dimensional supersonic flows. Background-oriented Schlieren has gained increasing popularity owing to its ease of implementation and calibration. This study utilizes multi-view-based tomographic background-oriented Schlieren (TBOS) to reconstruct axisymmetric and weakly non-axisymmetric supersonic jets, highlighting the impact of flow axisymmetry breaking on TBOS reconstructions. Several classical TBOS reconstruction algorithms, including FDK, SART, SIRT, and CGLS, are compared quantitatively regarding reconstruction quality. View spareness is identified to be the main cause of degraded reconstruction quality when the flow experiences axisymmetry breaking. The classic visual hull approach is explored to improve reconstruction quality. Together with the CGLS tomographic algorithm, we successfully reconstruct the weakly non-axisymmetric supersonic jet structures and confirm that increasing the nozzle bevel angle leads to wider jet spreads.
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10

Wernet, Mark P. "Real-time background oriented schlieren with self-illuminated speckle background." Measurement Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 017001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab4211.

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11

Iffa, E. D., A. R. A. Aziz, and A. S. Malik. "Gas Flame Temperature Measurement Using Background Oriented Schlieren." Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 15, 2011): 1658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.1658.1662.

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12

Verso, Lilly, and Alex Liberzon. "Background oriented schlieren in a density stratified fluid." Review of Scientific Instruments 86, no. 10 (October 2015): 103705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4934576.

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13

Nyein, M. M. "Spherical surface control by Background Oriented Schlieren method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1421 (December 2019): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1421/1/012072.

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14

Venkatakrishnan, L., and G. E. A. Meier. "Density measurements using the Background Oriented Schlieren technique." Experiments in Fluids 37, no. 2 (April 8, 2004): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-004-0807-1.

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15

Heineck, James T., Daniel W. Banks, Nathanial T. Smith, Edward T. Schairer, Paul S. Bean, and Troy Robillos. "Background-Oriented Schlieren Imaging of Supersonic Aircraft in Flight." AIAA Journal 59, no. 1 (January 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j059495.

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16

Idris, Azam Che, Mohd Rashdan Saad, Kin Hing Lo, and Konstantinos Kontis. "Background-Oriented Schlieren (BOS) for Scramjet Inlet-isolator Investigation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 370 (May 2018): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/370/1/012003.

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17

Ramaiah, Jagadesh, Tullio de Rubeis, Rajshekhar Gannavarpu, and Dario Ambrosini. "Quantitative flow visualization by hidden grid background oriented schlieren." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 160 (January 2023): 107307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2022.107307.

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18

Barinov, Yu A. "A New Method of Processing Background Oriented Schlieren Images." Technical Physics Letters 45, no. 6 (June 2019): 632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378501906021x.

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19

Hargather, M. J. "Background-oriented schlieren diagnostics for large-scale explosive testing." Shock Waves 23, no. 5 (May 3, 2013): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-013-0446-7.

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20

Grauer, Samuel J., Andreas Unterberger, Andreas Rittler, Kyle J. Daun, Andreas M. Kempf, and Khadijeh Mohri. "Instantaneous 3D flame imaging by background-oriented schlieren tomography." Combustion and Flame 196 (October 2018): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.06.022.

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21

Ohno, Hiroshi, and Kiminori Toya. "Localized gradient-index field reconstruction using background-oriented schlieren." Applied Optics 58, no. 28 (September 26, 2019): 7795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.007795.

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22

Ambrosini, Dario, Tullio de Rubeis, Domenica Paoletti, Jagadesh Ramaiah, and Rajshekhar Gannavarpu. "Hidden Grid Background Oriented Schlieren in studying convective flows." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2509, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2509/1/012023.

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Abstract In this paper, we present a new BOS (Background Oriented Schlieren), based on a hidden grid, for studying heat flows. In the setup, we record a grid-based intensity pattern whose phase map carries information about the temperature gradient. The background (undistorted) pattern is hidden in the light source. Quantitative analysis is obtained by a windowed Fourier transform approach. Some experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique.
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23

Cakir, B. O., S. Lavagnoli, B. H. Saracoglu, and C. Fureby. "Optical Flow Based Background Oriented Schlieren for Compressible Flows." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 20 (July 11, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.20th.6.

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Optical flow provides an opportunity to e levate the resolution and s ensitivity of deflection se nsing in background oriented schlieren (BOS). Despite extensive relevant literature within the field of computer v ision, with regards to BOS, there is a lack of proper quantification of its abilities and l imitations. Thus, this study performs a comparative assessment characterizing accuracy and resolution limits in different flow field scenarios utilizing background patterns generated with speckle and wavelet noise distributions. Accordingly, a synthetic assessment over direct numerical simulations of a buoyancy driven turbulence is performed with variations introduced in the background patterns and operational parameters of optical flow where a c lear s uperiority o f a ccuracy a nd r esolvable r ange o f density gradient amplitudes over cross-correlation is demonstrated. Moreover, an experimental assessment of supersonic flow features over multiple models is conducted to characterize the influence of experimental considerations related to the application of optical flow in BOS and its comparative performance against the block-matching counterpart.
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24

Li, Kang, Feng Zhou, Yun Su, Weihe Ren, Yue Zhang, Jiaquan Deng, and Ruiyan Shan. "Optimization Method for Space-Based Target Detection System Based on Background-Oriented Schlieren." Sensors 24, no. 9 (April 25, 2024): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24092731.

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Currently, the visual detection of a target’s shock flow field through background schlieren technology is a novel detection system. However, there are very few studies on the long-distance background schlieren imaging mechanism and its application in system design in the field of target detection. This paper proposes a design optimization method for space-based BOS detection system metrics. By establishing sensitivity evaluation models and image signal-to-noise ratio evaluation models for BOS detection systems, the influence of the different flight parameters and key parameters of BOS systems (detection spectral bands and spatial resolution) on target detection efficiency is explored. Furthermore, an optimization method based on the image signal-to-noise ratio of the BOS system and the overall metrics for specific scenarios are provided. The simulation results demonstrate that under satellite background images and speckle background images, the system metrics can detect and identify the schlieren of high-speed targets, with better applicability to disordered and complex real background images. This research contributes to advancing the development of high-speed target detection technology based on BOS.
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25

Tipnis, T. J., M. V. Finnis, K. Knowles, and D. Bray. "Density measurements for rectangular free jets using background-oriented schlieren." Aeronautical Journal 117, no. 1194 (August 2013): 771–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000008447.

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AbstractAn experimental study incorporating the use of the Background-Oriented Schlieren (BOS) technique was performed to measure the density field of a rectangular supersonic jet. This technique is easier to set up than conventional schlieren since the optical alignment involving the various mirrors, lenses and knife-edge is replaced by a background pattern and a single digital camera. The acquired images which contain information of density gradients in the flow are solved as a Poisson equation and further processed using deconvolution and tomographic algorithms to generate a 3D domain which contains information about the actual density. 2D slices can then be extracted to quantitatively visualise the density along any required planes. The results from supersonic axisymmetric jets are used for validation of the code; these show excellent agreement with pre-validated CFD data. The results for a rectangular supersonic jet are then obtained. These show good agreement with the CFD data, in terms of shock-cell spacing and overall structure of the jet. The technique has proved useful for investigating axis-switching, a phenomenon generally associated with non-axisymmetric jets.
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26

PRISACARIU, Emilia. "State of the art of quantitative schlieren systems." INCAS BULLETIN 16, no. 3 (September 11, 2024): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2024.16.3.9.

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The present paper details the recent advances in three schlieren visualization methods, considering only those applied to obtain values of gas-dynamic parameters of the phenomenon, namely SIV (schlieren image velocimetry), CCS (color-calibrated schlieren) and BOS (background-oriented schlieren). The above-mentioned advances refer to innovative optical configurations - introducing of new optical components or new optical alignments, state-of-the art or improved calibration methods, references to various post-processing algorithms, and present the possibility to improve system efficiency or validate the resulting schlieren data by coupling the schlieren systems with other optical methods.
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27

Glazyrin, F. N., I. A. Znamenskaya, I. V. Mursenkova, N. N. Sysoev, and J. Jin. "Study of shock-wave flows in the channel by schlieren and background oriented schlieren methods." Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing 48, no. 3 (May 2012): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s8756699012030132.

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28

Gerasimov, S. I., and N. А. Trepalov. "BACKGROUND-ORIENTED SCHLIEREN METHOD FOR RECORDING OF AIR SHOCK WAVES." Scientific Visualization 9, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/sv.9.4.01.

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29

Gomez, Mateo, Samuel J. Grauer, Josh Ludwigsen, Adam M. Steinberg, Steven F. Son, Sukesh Roy, and Terrence R. Meyer. "Megahertz-rate background-oriented schlieren tomography in post-detonation blasts." Applied Optics 61, no. 10 (March 21, 2022): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.449654.

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30

Unterberger, Andreas, and Khadijeh Mohri. "Evolutionary background-oriented schlieren tomography with self-adaptive parameter heuristics." Optics Express 30, no. 6 (March 1, 2022): 8592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.450036.

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31

Lee, Junyong, Namho Kim, and Kyoungdoug Min. "Measurement of spray characteristics using the background-oriented schlieren technique." Measurement Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 025303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/025303.

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32

Bichal, A., and B. S. Thurow. "On the application of background oriented schlieren for wavefront sensing." Measurement Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (November 26, 2013): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/1/015001.

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33

Lee, Jungkoo, Youngkun Kim, Woongil Kim, and Kihyung Lee. "Visualization of Injected Fuel Vaporization Using Background-Oriented Schlieren Method." Energies 17, no. 19 (September 27, 2024): 4867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17194867.

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In this experimental study, ethanol, an eco-friendly fuel used to reduce harmful exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines, was blended with gasoline. To optimize the combustion and the shape of the combustion chamber, the spray development and spray behavior of ethanol and gasoline were visualized and compared. Droplets of injected fuel were visualized using a high-speed camera. Because it is difficult to experimentally observe fuel vaporization using only high-speed cameras, the vaporization characteristics of the spray were compared and analyzed by using the background-oriented schlieren (BOS) method with density variation and image displacement in the spray flow field to visualize the vaporized fuel. The experimental results indicate that the fuel vaporization phenomenon could be observed during the spray development and that more fuel vaporization occurred at higher ambient temperatures and lower ambient pressures. Additionally, the dependence of the differences in the vaporization characteristics of the fuel and the wall-wetting phenomenon caused by the vaporized fuel was analyzed.
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34

Richard, H., and M. Raffel. "Principle and applications of the background oriented schlieren (BOS) method." Measurement Science and Technology 12, no. 9 (August 16, 2001): 1576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/12/9/325.

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35

Roosenboom, E. W. M., and A. Schröder. "Qualitative investigation of a propeller slipstream with Background Oriented Schlieren." Journal of Visualization 12, no. 2 (June 2009): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03181958.

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36

Ramanah, D., S. Raghunath, D. J. Mee, T. Rösgen, and P. A. Jacobs. "Background oriented schlieren for flow visualisation in hypersonic impulse facilities." Shock Waves 17, no. 1-2 (July 21, 2007): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-007-0097-7.

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37

Rajendran, Lalit K., Jiacheng Zhang, Sayantan Bhattacharya, Sally P. M. Bane, and Pavlos P. Vlachos. "Uncertainty quantification in density estimation from background-oriented Schlieren measurements." Measurement Science and Technology 31, no. 5 (February 3, 2020): 054002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab60c8.

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38

NISHIDATE, Yohei, Toshihito HAYAKAWA, and Toshiharu MIZUKAKI. "0404 Visualization of Compressible Vortex Ring by using Projection Type Background-Oriented Schlieren method." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2012 (2012): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2012.197.

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39

Mizukaki, T., K. Wakabayashi, T. Matsumura, and K. Nakayama. "Background-oriented schlieren with natural background for quantitative visualization of open-air explosions." Shock Waves 24, no. 1 (July 17, 2013): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-013-0465-4.

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40

Sun, Chen-li, and Tzu-hsun Hsiao. "On the background design for microscale background-oriented schlieren measurements of microfluidic mixing." Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 17, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-013-1309-3.

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41

Vinnichenko, Nikolay A., Aleksei V. Pushtaev, Yulia Yu Plaksina, and Alexander V. Uvarov. "Performance of Background Oriented Schlieren with different background patterns and image processing techniques." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 147 (September 2023): 110934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2023.110934.

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42

Fisher, T. B., M. K. Quinn, and K. L. Smith. "An experimental sensitivity comparison of the schlieren and background-oriented schlieren techniques applied to hypersonic flow." Measurement Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (May 13, 2019): 065202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab1582.

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43

Takahashi, Hidemi. "Practical Approach for Absolute Density Field Measurement Using Background-Oriented Schlieren." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040129.

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A practical approach for deriving the absolute density field based on the background-oriented schlieren method in a high-speed flowfield was implemented. The flowfield of interest was a two-dimensional compressible flowfield created by two supersonic streams to simulate a linear aerospike nozzle operated under a supersonic in-flight condition. The linear aerospike nozzle had a two-dimensional cell nozzle with a design Mach number of 3.5, followed by a spike nozzle. The external flow simulating the in-flight condition was 2.0. The wall density distribution used as the wall boundary condition for Poisson’s equation to solve the density field was derived by a simplified isentropic assumption based on the measured wall pressure distribution, and its validity was evaluated by comparing with that predicted by numerical simulation. Unknown coefficients in Poisson’s equation were determined by comparing the wall density distribution with that predicted by the model. By comparing the derived density field based on the background-oriented schlieren method to that predicted by the model and numerical simulation, the absolute density field was derived within an error of 10% on the wall distribution. This practical approach using a simplified isentropic assumption based on measured pressure distribution thus provided density distribution with sufficient accuracy.
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44

Raffel, Markus, James T. Heineck, Edward Schairer, Friedrich Leopold, and Kolja Kindler. "Background-Oriented Schlieren Imaging for Full-Scale and In-Flight Testing." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.59.012002.

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Background-oriented schlieren (BOS) methods suited for large-scale and in-flight testing are presented with special emphasis on the detection and tracing of blade tip vortices in situ. Retroreflective recording and photogrammetric epipolar analysis for the computation of the vortices' spatial coordinates in the wind tunnel are described. Feasibility and fidelity of reference-free BOS in conjunction with natural formation backgrounds and related evaluation methods are discussed, additionally, illustrating their simplicity and robustness. Results of successful image acquisition from a chaser aircraft are presented allowing vortex wakes to be identified at a wide range of flight attitudes, including complex maneuvers.
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45

Korotkikh, I., Yu Malakhov, and N. Skornyakova. "Application of Background Oriented Schlieren method for diagnostics of surface discharge." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1923, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1923/1/012006.

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46

Geerts, Jonathan S., and Kenneth H. Yu. "Systematic Application of Background-Oriented Schlieren for Isolator Shock Train Visualization." AIAA Journal 55, no. 4 (April 2017): 1105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j054991.

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47

Gojani, Ardian B., Burim Kamishi, and Shigeru Obayashi. "Review of background oriented schlieren and development for ballistic range applications." EPJ Web of Conferences 45 (2013): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20134501034.

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48

Tasmany, Sami, Daniel Kaiser, Jakob Woisetschläger, Johannes Gürtler, Robert Kuschmierz, and Jürgen Czarske. "Background-Oriented Schlieren For The Detection Of Thermoacoustic Oscillations In Flames." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 21 (July 8, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.21st.10.

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Thermoacoustic oscillations are well known to combustion engineers. They are not only a cause of concern, but also give hope to be able to operate aircraft engines with hydrogen, due to flame stabilization and significant reduction of NOx emissions when thermoacoustically excited. The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of using a heterodyne background-oriented schlieren (HBOS) technique to detect thermoacoustic oscillations in the density field of an acoustically excited flame. It also seeks to address the issue of accuracy due to the small amplitude of thermoacoustic oscillations compared to turbulent density fluctuations in a flame. The experiment uses an unconfined swirl-stabilized methane flame and investigates thermoacoustic oscillations at about 3.4 kW power at ambient conditions excited by a siren at 225 Hz. The HBOS technique recently presented by the authors uses a carrier fringe system in background-oriented schlieren recordings, with subsequent analysis using evaluation techniques known from holographic interferometry. These fast algorithms reduce turbulence noise by phase averaging a large number of images. To derive local data from the line-of-sight projections, an inverse Abel transform is applied. Laser interferometric vibrometry is used to calibrate to the observed oscillations. A comparison with data from chemiluminescence is also presented to better demonstrate the application of this efficient technique to the detection of heat release oscillations. Future tasks in this project will deal with full-scale test benches and machine learning tools to address the limited observations in them.
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Ohno, Hiroshi, and Kiminori Toya. "Reconstruction method of axisymmetric refractive index fields with background-oriented schlieren." Applied Optics 57, no. 30 (October 18, 2018): 9062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.009062.

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AKATSUKA, Junichi, Shinji NAGAI, and Shinji HONAMI. "Improved Flow Visualization Methods Based on the Background Oriented Schlieren Technique." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B 77, no. 784 (2011): 2391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.77.2391.

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