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1
Hromádka, Aleš, Martin Sirový, and Zbyněk Martínek. "Innovation in an Existing Backpressure Turbine for Ensure Better Sustainability and Flexible Operation." Energies 12, no. 14 (2019): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142652.
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Cogeneration power plants have already been operated in the Czech Republic for several decades. These cogeneration power plants have been mostly operated with original technologies. However, these original technologies have to be continuously innovated during the entire operation time. This paper is focused on one of the possible innovations, which could lead to better sustainability and improved flexibility of the cogeneration power plants. Backpressure turbines are still used in many cogeneration power plants. However, backpressure turbines are currently losing suitability for cogeneration power plants, because they always need sufficient heat demand for optimal operation. Backpressure turbines rapidly lose efficiency when facing a lack of heat demand, i.e., mostly in summer season. Currently, condensing turbines are a preferable option for cogeneration power plants, which generally achieve less effective operation, as condensing turbines are able to operate with optional heat demand. Therefore, backpressure turbines are often replaced by condensing turbines with regulated outputs. In spite of the current trend, this article will present an innovative topology, which retains the original backpressure turbine with the addition of the organic Rankine cycle for residual energy utilization.
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Hristov, Kaloyan, and Ivan Genovski. "Influence of temperature of return district water on the performance of a backpressure steam turbine installation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1128, no. 1 (2023): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1128/1/012024.
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Abstract The district heating systems supply heat to a wide range of consumers. In the heat source of such systems, highly efficient technologies are used for the combined production of electrical and thermal energy mainly based on steam turbine installations with backpressure turbines or turbines with adjustable steam extractions. Combined production leads to a reduction in fuel consumption (fuel saving) compared to the separate production of the two energy products. The fuel saving resulting from cogeneration reduces carbon dioxide emissions. Combined production affects the amount of fuel saved, leading to a reduction in emitted emissions, both the size of the heat load realize to consumers and the temperature of the water that enters from the return pipeline of the district heating systems into the heat source. In backpressure steam turbine installations, the district water is heated by the steam that enters the boiler-condenser, and in steam turbine installations with adjustable steam extraction, it is heated in a district heater by steam extracted from the turbine. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of the temperature of return district heating water on the performance of a backpressure steam turbine installation for cogeneration.
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Genovski, Ivan, and Kaloyan Hristov. "Model research of the energy efficiency of a cogeneration backpressure steam turbine installation." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020702004.
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In the contemporary district heating systems (DHS) heat energy for the customers is generated by cogeneration method, which leads to the saving of primary energy resources compared to the separate production method. The most widespread technology for combined production is based on steam turbine installations with adjustable steam extraction and backpressure steam turbine. In these technologies district heating water is heated to the required temperature either in district heaters in case of steam turbine with adjustable steam extractions or in boiler-condenser in case of backpressure steam turbine installations. The temperature of the district heat water at the inlet of the CHP installation depends on the mode of operation of the DHS. The heat load, distributed to consumers, is regulated at the heat source (CHP installation) by temperature and flow rate of the district heating water, mainly following the change in climatic factors. Current study presents the development of a simulation model of existing CHP backpressure steam turbine. The object studied is a backpressure steam turbine type SST-300 CE2L/V36S. Presented are results from the validation of the simulated model with data from the design documentation. The model has been used to study the energy efficiency of a steam turbine installation based on multivariate simulation calculations. The results obtained relate the energy efficiency indicators of CHP backpressure steam turbine with the factors that characterize the mode of operation of the district heating system.
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Cai, X., T. Ning, F. Niu, G. Wu, and Y. Song. "Investigation of wet steam flow in a 300 MW direct air-cooling steam turbine. Part 1: Measurement principles, probe, and wetness." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 223, no. 5 (2009): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe690.
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The direct air-cooling steam turbines have been operated more and more in the north of China. The backpressure of a turbine is affected easily with weather and varies very often in a short time. The variation of backpressure in a larger range from about 10 to 60 kPa causes many problems in design and operation of the turbine. To study the properties of the wet steam flow in the low pressure direct air-cooling steam turbine, an optical—pneumatic probe was developed based on the multi-wavelength light extinction and four-hole wedge probe. Measurements with this probe in a 300 MW direct air-cooling turbine were carried out. The measured local wetness, total wetness of exhaust steam, size distribution of fine droplets, and their profiles along the blade height are presented. The measured cylinder efficiency and total wetness agree well with the results obtained by the thermal performance tests.
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Chung, Jaewoo, Siwon Lee, Namho Kim, et al. "Study on the Effect of Turbine Inlet Temperature and Backpressure Conditions on Reduced Turbine Flow Rate Performance Characteristics and Correction Method for Automotive Turbocharger." Energies 12, no. 20 (2019): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203934.
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In actual vehicle operation, the turbocharger turbine operates at various temperatures, inlet, and backpressure conditions, unlike compressors. The flow rate characteristics of the turbine are generally evaluated under certain conditions using an assembled turbocharger with a compressor and a turbine and a hot gas bench from the turbocharger manufacturer. Flow rate characteristics are also presented as the reduced mass flow rate to correct the flow rate characteristics according to the turbine inlet temperature and pressure. Therefore, the turbine mass flow rate seen in many engine development cases and studies—including the analysis of the turbine performance and characteristics, engine model configuration, and matching of the engine and turbocharger—is calculated according to the reduced turbine mass flow rate performance and turbine inlet temperature and pressure obtained through hot gas bench experiments under certain conditions. However, the performance of the reduced turbine mass flow rate is influenced by the compressor power conditions, and additional correction of the reduced turbine mass flow rate is required when the turbine inlet temperature and turbine backpressure differ from the reference test conditions, such as the hot gas bench test conditions. In this study, the effect of the turbine inlet temperature and turbine backpressure on the performance of the reduced turbine mass flow rate were examined based on the power balance relationship between the compressor and turbine of an automotive turbocharger. The principle of its correction is also presented.
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Aditya, Gadkari. "Studies on Performance Assessment in Back Pressure Turbine." Journal of Advanced Mechanical Sciences 1, no. 4 (2022): 108–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7438348.
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<em>The backpressure turbine is used for supplying process steam to the facilities of power generation. This type of steam turbine not only produces electricity but also supplies low- pressure steam for various requirements. It can be a single or a multistage turbine which is generally used in industrial plants. Various bleeding points can also be incorporated where, the steam can be extracted at intermediate but constant pressures, or it can be used for process heating after fully expanding within the turbine.</em>
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Hristov, Kaloyan, and Ivan Genovski. "Mathematical Models of the Energy Characteristics of a Backpressure Steam Turbine Based on a Simulation Study." E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132701003.
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The backpressure steam turbine installations for combined production generate thermal energy and electricity. The produced electricity depends on the heat load determined by consumers. Heat energy is released in the district heating system through water, which is heated with the exhausted steam in boiler-condenser (district heater). The operation regime of the installation is influenced by load of the released district heat and the temperature of the district heat water at the input and output of the boiler-condenser. The variables are heat load of the district heating system and temperature of district heat water at power plant output. The temperature of the district heat water at the boiler-condenser input is an uncontrollable variable, whose value depends on heat consumption. It influences the steam pressure in the boiler-condenser and the available enthalpy drop of the cogeneration installation. In this report, a verified simulation model is applied on a backpressure steam turbine installation, type SST-300 CE2L/V36S. A multivariate simulation is carried out, studying the performance of the installation in off-design regimes. The results obtained are used for the creation of regression models of the installation’s energy characteristics. They reveal the dependence between the energy characteristics of the cogeneration steam turbine by the released heat load in the district heating system and the temperature of incoming and outgoing district heat water. The accuracy of the developed models is evaluated through multiple correlation coefficients. The mathematical models could be successfully used to optimize the operating regime of the backpressure steam turbine installation.
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Cooke, D. H. "On Prediction of Off-Design Multistage Turbine Pressures by Stodola’s Ellipse." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (1985): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239778.
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The variation of extraction pressures with flow to the following stage for high backpressure, multistage turbine designs is highly nonlinear in typical cogeneration applications where the turbine nozzles are not choked. Consequently, the linear method based on Constant Flow Coefficient, which is applicable for uncontrolled expansion with high vacuum exhaust, as is common in utility power cycles, cannot be used to predict extraction pressures at off-design loads. The paper presents schematic examples and brief descriptions of cogeneration designs, with background and theoretical derivation of a more generalized “nozzle analogy” which is applicable in these cases. This method is known as the Law of the Ellipse. It was originally developed experimentally by Stodola and published in English in 1927. The paper shows that the Constant Flow Coefficient method is really a special case of the more generalized Law of the Ellipse. Graphic interpretation of the Law of the Ellipse for controlled and uncontrolled expansions, and variations for sonic choking and reduced number of stages (including single stage) are presented. The derived relations are given in computer codable form, and methods of solution integral with overall heat balance iteration schemes are suggested, with successful practical experience. The pressures predicted by the relations compare favorably with manufacturers’ data on four high-backpressure, cogeneration cycle turbines and three large utility low-pressure ends.
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Sinagra, Marco, Tullio Tucciarelli, Calogero Picone, Costanza Aricò, and Marwa Hannachi. "Design of Reliable and Efficient Banki-Type Turbines." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002049.
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A new shape for the external surface of the Crossflow turbine blades is proposed, which allows for the preservation of hydraulic efficiency in spite of a significant maximum blade thickness providing mechanic robustness and reliability. The final shape of the blades is assessed using an iterative solution for two uncoupled models: a 2D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and a structural 3D finite element method (FEM) analysis of a single blade. Application of the proposed methodology to the design of a power recovery system (PRS) turbine, a new backpressure Crossflow-type inline turbine for pressure regulation, and energy production in a real Sicilian site follows.
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Luo, Zhiling, and Qi Yao. "Multi-Model-Based Predictive Control for Divisional Regulation in the Direct Air-Cooling Condenser." Energies 15, no. 13 (2022): 4803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134803.
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Flow distortions caused by ambient wind can have complex negative effects on the performance of direct air-cooling condensers, which use air as their cooling medium. A control-oriented model of the direct air-cooling condenser model, considering fan volumetric effectiveness and plume recirculation rate, was developed, and its linearization model was derived. The influences of fan volumetric effectiveness and plume recirculation rate on backpressure were analyzed, and the optimal backpressure was calculated. To improve both the transient performance and steady-state energy saving of the condenser, a multi-model-based predictive control strategy was proposed to divisionally adjust the fan array. Four division schemes of the direct air-cooling fan array constituted the local models, and in each division scheme, axial fans were divided into three groups according to the wind direction: windward fans, leeward fans, and other fans. The simulation results showed that the turbine backpressure can be increased by 15 kPa under the influence of plume recirculation and the reduction of the fan volumetric efficiency. The fan division adjustment strategy can achieve satisfactory control performance with switching rules.
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IKEDA, Takashi, and Atsushi MANO. "Investigation on Cheng heat-cycle combined with a backpressure steam turbine." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2000.7 (2000): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2000.7.209.
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Vescovi, Guilherme, Gabriel Grazziotin, Tales Souza, Jorge Guillen, and Ge Quan. "Performance Analysis Based on Experimental Data of Backpressure Steam Turbine for Cogeneration in Saturated Steam Applications." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 31, no. 2 (2021): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2021-0029.
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Abstract This paper aims to validate the performance capabilities of a Pressure Reducing Turbine (PRT) with respect to initial predictions based on analytic calculations. The designed equipment was installed in a beverage facility, located in Brazil. The validation procedure consists of analyzing the data collected in several periods of PRT’s operation, accessed remotely via an online server. The analysis of empirical data identifies the behavior of two key variables: generated power and effective efficiency. However, the observed boundary conditions differed significantly from expected values, forcing the turbine to operate in off-design conditions. The turbine model was hence refined and used to predict the PRT’s performance in such conditions. Results showed satisfactory accuracy for both power and efficiency predictions.
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Nishi, Yasuyuki, Terumi Inagaki, Kaoru Okubo, and Norio Kikuchi. "Study on an Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbine with Collection Device." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308058.
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We propose a new type of portable hydraulic turbine that uses the kinetic energy of flow in open channels. The turbine comprises a runner with an appended collection device that includes a diffuser section in an attempt to improve the output by catching and accelerating the flow. With such turbines, the performance of the collection device, and a composite body comprising the runner and collection device were studied using numerical analysis. Among four stand-alone collection devices, the inlet velocity ratio was most improved by the collection device featuring an inlet nozzle and brim. The inlet velocity ratio of the composite body was significantly lower than that of the stand-alone collection device, owing to the resistance of the runner itself, the decreased diffuser pressure recovery coefficient, and the increased backpressure coefficient. However, at the maximum output tip speed ratio, the inlet velocity ratio and the loading coefficient were approximately 31% and 22% higher, respectively, for the composite body than for the isolated runner. In particular, the input power coefficient significantly increased (by approximately 2.76 times) owing to the increase in the inlet velocity ratio. Verification tests were also conducted in a real canal to establish the actual effectiveness of the turbine.
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Haykal Ahmad, Azaria, Aby Lafkin, Sholihah R. Utami, et al. "Study of Potential of Cascade Direct Use to Utilize Exhaust Steam from Back Pressure Turbine at Ulumbu Geothermal Power Plant." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1014, no. 1 (2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1014/1/012009.
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Abstract The Indonesian government has fixated Flores Island for geothermal utilization due to its potential to reach about 776 MW. Of these potentials, one that has been utilized is at PLTP Ulumbu with a 10 MW energy reservation. 2 backpressure units at PLTP Ulumbu generate power 2×2.5 MW. The exhaust on the backpressure unit of the PLTP Ulumbu has an average temperature of 99°C with enthalpy ranging from 2,430 to 2,435 kJ/kg. Instead of releasing the steam to the environment, it would be wiser to utilize the brine’s heat through cascade direct use based on Lindal Diagram. The cascading system will be arranged from high to low temperature to use excessive energy efficiently. The direct use application is selected based on the best potential-for-fit commodities and the energy of the heat source. This paper aims to perform a feasibility study of cascade direct use of geothermal energy that uses an exhaust steam backpressure turbine at Ulumbu geothermal power plant. The Ulumbu area will be transformed as the center of agricultural, stockbreeding, factory, and geothermal tourism. From potential commodities, the four applications selected are coffee bean drying, egg-hatching incubator, brick factory, and new tourism site. Additionally, several preliminary scenarios are available regarding plant development components (e.g., stakeholder and partnership type). Hence, the comprehensive determination of the ‘best scenario’ will be discussed in terms of feasibility and economic attractiveness.
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Cai, L., H. T. Zheng, Y. J. Li, and Z. M. Li. "Computational fluid dynamics simulation of the supersonic steam ejector. Part 2. Optimal design of geometry and the effect of operating conditions on the ejector." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 3 (2011): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211415779.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the use of computational fluid dynamics in predicting the performance and optimal design of the geometry of a steam ejector used in a steam turbine. In the current part, the real gas model was considered using IAPWS IF97 model, and the influences of working fluid pressure and backpressure were investigated. The results illustrate that working critical pressure and backflow critical pressure exist in the flow. Moreover, the entrainment ratio reaches its peak at the working critical pressure. The performance of the ejector was nearly the same when the outlet pressure was lower than the critical backpressure. Effects of ejector geometries were also investigated. The distance between the primary nozzle and the mixing chamber was at optimum, the length of the mixing chamber and the diameter of the throat had an optimal value according to the entrainment ratio. When the length of the diffuser or throat was decreased within a range, the entrainment ratio did not change significantly.
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Cordalonga, Carla, Silvia Marelli, and Vittorio Usai. "Performance Analysis of a Waste-Gated Turbine for Automotive Engines: An Experimental and Numerical Study." Machines 13, no. 1 (2025): 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010054.
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In this article, the results of an experimental investigation and a 1D modeling activity on the steady-state performance of a wastegated turbocharger turbine for spark ignition engines are presented. An experimental campaign to analyze the turbine performance for different waste-gate valve openings was conducted at the test bench for components of propulsion systems of the University of Genoa. Thanks to the experimental activity, a 1D model is developed to assess the interaction between the flow through the impeller and the by-pass port. Advanced modeling techniques are crucial for improving the assessment of turbocharger turbines performance and, consequently, enhancing the engine–turbocharger matching calculation. The initial tuning of the model is based on turbine characteristic maps obtained with the by-pass port kept closed. The study then highlights the waste-gate valve behavior considering its different openings. It was found that a more refined model is necessary to accurately define the mass flow rate through the waste-gate valve. After independently tuning the 1D models of the turbine and the waste-gate valve, their behavior is analyzed in parallel-flow conditions. The results highlight significant interactions between the two components that must be taken into account to reduce inaccuracies in the engine-turbocharger matching calculation. These interactions lead to a reduced swallowing capacity of the turbine impeller. This reduction has an impact on the power delivered to the compressor, the boost pressure, and, consequently, the engine backpressure. The results suggest that methods generally adopted that consider the by-pass valve and the turbine as two nozzles working in parallel under the same thermodynamic condition could be insufficient to accurately assess the turbocharger behavior.
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Kotowicz, Janusz, Łukasz Bartela, and Dorota Mikosz. "Analysis of thermodynamics of two-fuel power unit integrated with a carbon dioxide separation plant." Archives of Thermodynamics 35, no. 4 (2014): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2014-0033.
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Abstract The article presents the results of thermodynamic analysis of the supercritical coal-fired power plant with gross electrical output of 900 MW and a pulverized coal boiler. This unit is integrated with the absorption-based CO2 separation installation. The heat required for carrying out the desorption process, is supplied by the system with the gas turbine. Analyses were performed for two variants of the system. In the first case, in addition to the gas turbine there is an evaporator powered by exhaust gases from the gas turbine expander. The second expanded variant assumes the application of gas turbine combined cycle with heat recovery steam generator and backpressure steam turbine. The way of determining the efficiency of electricity generation and other defined indicators to assess the energy performance of the test block was showed. The size of the gas turbine system was chosen because of the need for heat for the desorption unit, taking the value of the heat demand 4 MJ/kg CO2. The analysis results obtained for the both variants of the installation with integrated CO2 separation plant were compared with the results of the analysis of the block where the separation is not conducted.
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Yohana, Eflita, Wahyu Firmansah, Mohammad Farkhan Hekmatyar Dwinanda, et al. "Multi-stage Steam Turbine Energy and Exergy Analysis at PT. XYZ 625 MW using HYSYS Software." Journal of Advanced Research in Numerical Heat Transfer 33, no. 1 (2025): 15–29. https://doi.org/10.37934/arnht.33.3.1529.
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Steam power plants are a type of electricity generator that can be relied on because of their capability to generate significant amounts of power. Similarly, PT. XYZ is capable of producing 625 MW of power. However, there are problems at PT. XYZ, so there is no detailed calculation analysis of energy and exergy in multistage turbines. Furthermore, PT. XYZ lacks a software-based simulation process for analyzing the steam power plant's performance. This study examines the energy and exergy produced by multistage turbines composed of a HPT, an IPT, and a LPT at various load conditions, starting at 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 99%, and at commissioning. HPT and IPT is a backpressure turbine and LPT is a condensing turbine. The research was conducted using the HYSYS simulation software fluid package Peng-Robinson EoS, which can analyze energy and exergy in alongside efficiency in a steam power plant. This research allows companies to determine the best steps to improve turbine performance. The simulation results show the power generated by each multi-stage turbine. HPT generates the most power, followed by IPT and HPT. The highest power produced by HPT was 179 MW. IPT is the most efficient, followed by HPT and LPT. IPT has a maximum efficiency of 92% at 50% load and a minimum of 84% at 80% load. LPT had the greatest energy loss compared to the others, reaching 58.2 MW. IPT has a lower energy loss than LPT and IPT, with the lowest value at 7.82 MW. LPT causes the most exergy destruction, followed by HPT and IPT. The highest exergy destruction in LPT occurred during the commissioning load, with a value of 860.1 kJ/kg. The research data successfully demonstrated that further analysis and improvements are required for the LPT turbine to maximize exergy because it has the highest exergy destruction while having the lowest efficiency when compared to other turbine stages.
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Stanković, Branko. "Modified Steam-Turbine Rankine Cycle without Rejection of the Cycle Condensation Heat, Driven by a Wet-Vapor-Region Thermocompressor." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXVI, no. 2 (2024): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee24-2.71s.
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The disclosed concept relates to a novel modified and simplified steam-turbine Rankine cycle without rejection of the cycle waste heat of condensation, which is driven by a thermocompressor (ejector) operating in the wet-vapor region. The thus modified steam-turbine Rankine cycle can theoretically achieve the maximum possible thermal efficiency (~100%). The wet-vapor mixture circulating within the thermocompressor is being separated in a dedicated cylindrical separation tank, so that the saturated water is pumped to a water heater where it receives the cycle heat input, while the saturated vapor is expanded in a backpressure steam turbine producing useful mechanical work and is then recirculated back to the thermocompressor, where it is being re-pressurized by means of the primary fluid (pumped and heated saturated water). The concept can be applied to steam-turbine-cycle power-plants fueled by: coal or solid/liquid/gaseous fuel, waste heat, nuclear fuel (used by boiling water reactors, pressurized water reactors, pressurized heavy-water reactors, gas-cooled reactors, molten salt reactors or liquid-metal-cooled fast reactors) or renewable energy sources (Solar energy, biomass, geothermal). The concept can also be applied as the “bottoming” steam-turbine-cycle part of a combined gas-turbine/steam-turbine cycle power plant.
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Ruseljuk, Pavel, Andrei Dedov, Aleksandr Hlebnikov, Kertu Lepiksaar, and Anna Volkova. "Comparison of District Heating Supply Options for Different CHP Configurations." Energies 16, no. 2 (2023): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020603.
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The article discusses the evaluation of potential heat production options for a large-scale district heating system in Narva (Estonia). Heat is currently generated at the Balti Power Plant’s CHP unit using local oil shale mixed with biomass. The CHP unit consists of two circulating fluidised bed boilers and a reheat steam turbine. According to the development strategy, the district heating system is expected to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Various options and parameter variations should be analysed. The following scenarios were compared: (1) baseline scenario featuring an existing CHP extraction steam turbine; (2) alternative Scenario I featuring a CHP backpressure steam turbine; and (3) alternative Scenario II featuring a CHP gas turbine. To evaluate the above scenarios, a comprehensive energy/exergy analysis was performed, and economic indicators were calculated. The primary energy consumed, as well as the heat and electricity generated, were all taken into account. Based on this analysis, a scenario was selected using multiple-criteria decision-making that will improve energy efficiency and reliability of the system.
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Feng, Yee Chang. "A Clean Energy Generation System of In-Tandem Combinations Each of Heat Pump, Compressor and Turbine in Wind Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.289.
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This is a series of in-tandem combinations each of heat pump, air compressor, and air turbine disposed in a wind tunnel, working together to generate clean/renewable electricity. The air compressor, located at downstream of the preceding air turbine, extracts air from this turbine thus reduces its backpressure and causes pressure drop at the turbine exit. Turbine output work Wtb is proportional to temperature difference (T3-T4) of turbine inlet/outlet air, which varies exponentially with turbine outlet/inlet air pressure ratio P4/P3 in adiabatic process as below: Wtb = MCp (T3-T4) = MCpT3{1-P4/P3(1-1/k)} as T4=T3(P4/P3)(1-1/k) where, M=mass flow rate of air; Cp&Cv=constant pressure/volume specific heat capacities of air; k= Cp/Cv=1.4. An ASME paper [1] verifies that a suction blower put at turbine exit reducing back pressure of 200 mbar can increase turbine inlet/outlet air pressure ratio P3/P4by 25%. Therefore, Wtb becomes more than those turbines without such blowers as (T3-T4) becomes larger, thus this unique Clean Energy Generation System of Heat Pumps, Compressors, and Turbines (HPCT system) achieves producing net useful electric power. In HPCT system, each air compressor works efficiently to reduce air pressure at preceding turbine outlet, as it extracts more air from the turbine than the blower mentioned in the ASME paper, because compressors have higher compression ratio than blowers. Thus, such feature gives higher turbine pressure ratio to each combination of HPCT system than those turbines without blowers (or compressors) to reduce back pressure at turbine exit. Therefore, HPCT system of higher turbine air pressure ratio P3/P4 achieves producing more turbine output work, as air temperature at turbine exit simultaneously drops more when P3/P4 becomes larger. Heat pump is an efficient device to move heat from low-temperature source to high-temperature sink, and geothermal heat source is preferable as it provides steady and warmer heat energy. This “moved” heat is used to heat up the air in wind tunnel to offset the energy extracted by turbine from HPCT system. Also, HPCT system is fully thermally insulated, thus theoretically being of zero heat loss, as it works adiabatically. P-V&T-S curves and performance of each combination of HPCT system working cycle are studied to compare it with actual gas turbine cycle and ideal Brayton cycle. Working examples of HPCT system are presented to simulate practical applications of HPCT system, and find out virtual net useful output work and energy efficiency. HPCT system is a “COLD” Engine of Zero Carbon Emission, works under moderate energy efficiency and with higher energy density than most existing renewable energy generation systems. More importantly, it is a simply designed system using only conventional knowledge, and can be made by the existing technology under the least investment risk.
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马, 晓珑. "Research on the Trial Operation Method of Backpressure Turbine without Heat Supply Network." Advances in Energy and Power Engineering 03, no. 03 (2015): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aepe.2015.33009.
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Li, Yongyi, Guoqiang Zhang, Ziwei Bai, Xiaowei Song, Ligang Wang, and Yongping Yang. "Backpressure adjustable gas turbine combined cycle: A method to improve part-load efficiency." Energy Conversion and Management 174 (October 2018): 739–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.077.
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Філоненко, В. М. "Technical and economic aspects of nominal thermal and electric power of electric turbine units based on backpressure steam turbine." Scientific Works of National University of Food Technologies 28, no. 3 (2022): 60–78. https://doi.org/10.24263/2225-2924-2022-28-3-7.
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Kamarudin, Norhafiza, Liew Peng Yen, Nurfatehah Wahyuny Che Jusoh, Wai Shin Ho, and Jeng Shiun Lim. "Organic rankine cycle and steam turbine for intermediate temperature waste heat recovery in total site integration." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (2019): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n1.1202.
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The utilization of waste heat for heat recovery technologies in process sites has been widely known in improving the site energy saving and energy efficiency. The Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) methodologies have been established over time to assist the integration of heat recovery technologies in process sites with a centralized utility system, which is also known as Total Site (TS). One the earliest application of TSHI concept in waste heat recovery is through steam turbine using the popular Willan’s line approach. The TSHI methodologies later were extended to integrate with wide range of heat recovery technologies in many literature, whereby Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has been reported to be the one of the beneficial options for heat recovery. In general, the medium to high temperature waste heat is recovered via condensing/backpressure steam turbine, whereas ORC is targeted for recovering the low temperature waste heat. However, it is known that condensing turbine is also able to generate power by condensing low grade steam to sub-ambient pressure, which is comparable with ORC integration. In this work, the integration of ORC and condensing turbine are considered for a multiple-process system to recover intermediate temperature waste heat through utility system. This study presents a numerical methodology to investigate the performance analysis of integration of ORC and condensing turbine in process sites for recovering waste heat from a centralized utility system. A modified retrofit case study is used to demonstrate the effectiveness application of the proposed methodology. The performance of ORC and condensing steam turbine are evaluated with the plant total utility costing as the objective function.
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Zhao, Ning, and Ya Mi Chen. "An Accurate on-Line Monitoring Method of the Exhaust Steam Dryness Based on Discriminant Criteria of the Flow Patterns." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2448.
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With the development of information and computer technology, it is possible to monitor and analyze on-line features of large steam turbine-generator units. The energy consumption rate and the exhaust steam dryness are two important indices. Base on the analyses of those existed calculation methods for turbine varying condition, we give a sequential varying condition calculation that starts with steam extraction of the final stage or the second final stage (superheated steam condition). According to the initially assumed final stage flow, and the thermodynamic parameters before the final stage, also the backpressure, we can distinguish the flow patterns of the stage by a discriminant criteria. Then we can conduct a stage varying condition calculation of primary stage in sequence from the front final stage parameter, so the new exhaust steam enthalpy and the exhaust steam dryness can be got. So the precise energy consumption rate and the exhaust enthalpy (or the dryness) can be got easily. Obviously, without measuring the flow or the dryness, we can accurately monitor the on-line energy consumption rate and the dryness of the units.
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Rane, Sham, and Li He. "CFD analysis of flashing flow in two-phase geothermal turbine design." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 2 (2020): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa020.
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Abstract A thermal power plant for the East African Rift countries is under study for combined energy and freshwater generation using geothermal water, available at above 500 kPa pressure and temperature exceeding 150°C. This article presents the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and analysis of the two-phase turbine used for power generation in this total flow thermal plant. Flash boiling was implemented using a two-fluid multiphase model with the thermal phase-change criteria for heat, mass, and momentum transfer in the CFD solver ANSYS CFX. Initially, flashing flow in a converging–diverging nozzle was validated. This stationary nozzle model was then extended to a curved rotating nozzle reaction turbine and the results of flow and power were evaluated against available test data at 400 kPa feed water pressure under subcooled condition of 117°C and a very low backpressure of 6 kPa. Flow through this turbine was predicted within 8% deviation. An overestimate in thermodynamic power by 30–50% was predicted at speeds below 4000 rpm, while at the design speed of 4623 rpm the deviation was less than 5%. Rotor torque and hence power estimate was found to be dependent on the bubble size, bubble number density, and heat transfer parameters prescribed in the CFD model. The vapour dryness fraction at turbine exit was close to an isentropic expansion vapour quality. The isentropic efficiency was 7.5–17% for the analysed speed range.
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Sinagra, Marco, Costanza Aricò, Tullio Tucciarelli, and Gabriele Morreale. "Experimental and numerical analysis of a backpressure Banki inline turbine for pressure regulation and energy production." Renewable Energy 149 (April 2020): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.076.
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Mikielewicz, Dariusz, Jan Wajs, and Elżbieta Żmuda. "Organic Rankine Cycle as Bottoming Cycle to a Combined Brayton and Clausius - Rankine Cycle." Key Engineering Materials 597 (December 2013): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.597.87.
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A preliminary evaluation has been made of a possibility of bottoming of a conventional Brayton cycle cooperating with the CHP power plant with the organic Rankine cycle installation. Such solution contributes to the possibility of annual operation of that power plant, except of operation only in periods when there is a demand for the heat. Additional benefit would be the fact that an optimized backpressure steam cycle has the advantage of a smaller pressure ratio and therefore a less complex turbine design with smaller final diameter. In addition, a lower superheating temperature is required compared to a condensing steam cycle with the same evaporation pressure. Bottoming ORCs have previously been considered by Chacartegui et al. for combined cycle power plants [ Their main conclusion was that challenges are for the development of this technology in medium and large scale power generation are the development of reliable axial vapour turbines for organic fluids. Another study was made by Angelino et al. to improve the performance of steam power stations [. This paper presents an enhanced approach, as it will be considered here that the ORC installation could be extra-heated with the bleed steam, a concept presented by the authors in [. In such way the efficiency of the bottoming cycle can be increased and an amount of electricity generated increases. A thermodynamic analysis and a comparative study of the cycle efficiency for a simplified steam cycle cooperating with ORC cycle will be presented. The most commonly used organic fluids will be considered, namely R245fa, R134a, toluene, and 2 silicone oils (MM and MDM). Working fluid selection and its application area is being discussed based on fluid properties. The thermal efficiency is mainly determined by the temperature level of the heat source and the condenser conditions. The influence of several process parameters such as turbine inlet and condenser temperature, turbine isentropic efficiency, vapour quality and pressure, use of a regenerator (ORC) will be presented. Finally, some general and economic considerations related to the choice between a steam cycle and ORC are discussed.
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Furda, Patrik, Miroslav Variny, Zuzana Labovská, and Tomáš Cibulka. "Process Drive Sizing Methodology and Multi-Level Modeling Linking MATLAB® and Aspen Plus® Environment." Processes 8, no. 11 (2020): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111495.
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Optimal steam process drive sizing is crucial for efficient and sustainable operation of energy-intense industries. Recent years have brought several methods assessing this problem, which differ in complexity and user-friendliness. In this paper, a novel complex method was developed and presented and its superiority over other approaches was documented on an industrial case study. Both the process-side and steam-side characteristics were analyzed to obtain correct model input data: Driven equipment performance and efficiency maps were considered, off-design and seasonal operation was studied, and steam network topology was included. Operational data processing and sizing calculations were performed in a linked MATLAB®–Aspen Plus® environment, exploiting the strong sides of both software tools. The case study aimed to replace a condensing steam turbine by a backpressure one, revealing that: 1. Simpler methods neglecting frictional pressure losses and off-design turbine operation efficiency loss undersized the drive and led to unacceptable loss of deliverable power to the process; 2. the associated process production loss amounted up to 20%; 3. existing bottlenecks in refinery steam pipelines operation were removed; however, new ones were created; and 4. the effect on the marginal steam source operation may vary seasonally. These findings accentuate the value and viability of the presented method.
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Wei, Zuojun, Guangming Ren, Xiaohua Gan, Ming Ni, and Weijie Chen. "Influence of Shock Wave on Loss and Breakdown of Tip-Leakage Vortex in Turbine Rotor with Varying Backpressure." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114991.
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In modern turbine rotors, tip-leakage flow is a common phenomenon that accounts for about 1/3 of the stage loss. Studies show that as the imposed load increases, a shock wave appears in the tip region, which causes a significant interference on the leakage vortex. In the present study, numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the influence of the shock wave on the loss and breakdown of the tip-leakage vortex. The obtained results indicate that with no effective control on the flow, the loss of the leakage vortex has an approximate exponential growth up to about 10 times as the outlet Mach number increases from 0.67 to 1.15 and the corresponding proportion in the total loss increases sharply to 30.2%. It is found that the stagnation position of the breakdown changes with the backpressure and the amplitude of variation along the axial direction is up to 0.13 Cx. It is inferred that the breakdown of the leakage vortex core may be affected by the periodical passing of downstream blade and the induced pressure fluctuation may result in additional vibration in this rotor blade. The leakage vortex is unstable in supersonic flow with a shock wave and it may transfer to a flow with a low-velocity bubble in its core region. It is concluded that the leakage vortex breakdown mainly originates from interferences of the shock wave, while the internal cause of such breakdown is the centrifugal instability of the vortex.
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Muhammad, MHM. "Simulation-Based Emission Analysis of Electric Turbocompounding in a 1.6L Turbocharged CamPro Engine." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 2 (2025): 163–72. https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v22i2.2928.
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With greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) being the culprit for global warming. Multiple pacts and accords have been made to push countries to increase their efforts towards reducing domestic GHG emissions. The transportation sector accounts for around 20% of global emissions, and new engine architecture needs to be developed for short and midterm solutions. Downsizing and turbocharging engines reduce friction and weight reducing brake-specific fuel consumption through waste heat recovery. The introduction of a low-pressure turbine (LPT) can further recover wasted heat in the exhaust gas by dual-stage turbocompounding. Multiple-stage turbines induce backpressure in the exhaust and can interfere with the combustion process. This can affect the emission of GHG. To investigate this effect, a 1D engine simulation using GT-Power was conducted. A 1.6 L CamPro CFE turbocharged engine was modeled and an electric turcompounding (ETC) unit was added. SI Wiebe combustion model was used to calculate the fraction of fuel burned overtime during the combustion cycle. Two temperature zones were used to further increase emission analysis. The brake-specific gas bsGasi emission was analysed to determine the emitted GHG. The result shows a maximum reduction of 28.8% in bsGasNOx, 6.9% in bsGasCO2, 7.2% in bsGasCO, and 9.9% in bsGasHC. Most of the improvements were located at the 3000 – 5000 rpm region with an average of 4% improvement overall. The implementation of ETC successfully reduces the GHG emission while improving the overall efficiency of the engine.
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Rotach, R. R., Yu V. Vankov, Sh G. Ziganshin, and I. V. Izmaylova. "Optimization of the thermal circuit by introduction of the steam screw-rotor machine." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 5 (2019): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-5-14-21.
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The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of the CHP by introducing a steam screw-rotor machine (SSRM) into the thermal circuit. It is proposed to exclude the passage of steam from the selection of the turbine through the pressure reduction and desuperheating station (PRDS) of own needs. Superheated steam is diverted to be sent to a steam screw-rotor machine installed parallel to the PRDS. This technical solution will allow to obtain steam used in low pressure deaerators, as well as electricity for own needs of the CHP. The article presents the operating parameters, as well as the calculation results of the backpressure turbine. A feasibility study was carried out for the introduction of SSRM into the plant’s thermal circuit: the equivalent fuel and electricity savings for own needs were calculated, as well as the payback period of the project for introducing a steam screw-rotor machine. In the course of the calculations, the following results were obtained: a decrease in the specific consumption of equivalent fuel for the production of 1 kWh of electricity – by 1,9 g; saving of equivalent fuel during the implementation of the SSRM will be 13 tons per year, which also entails a reduction in emissions into the environment; Electricity production for own needs is 8100 kWh, the payback period for the project to introduce a steam screw machine in the thermal circuit of a thermal power plant is 5 years.
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Rotach, Rita, Yuri Vankov, and Shamil Ziganshin. "Efficiency of introducing a steam screw-rotor machine to the heating power plant circuit." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914004004.
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The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of the Nizhnekamsk CHPP-1 (combined heat and power plant) by introducing a steam screw-rotor machine (SSRM) into the thermal circuit. It is proposed to exclude the passage of steam from the exit of the turbine through the pressure reduction and desuperheating station (PRDS) for own needs. Superheated steam is diverted to be sent to a steam screw-rotor machine installed parallel to the PRDS. This technical solution will allow to obtain steam used in low pressure deaerators, as well as electricity for own needs of the CHPP. The article presents the operating parameters, as well as the calculation results of the backpressure turbine. A feasibility study was carried out for the introduction of SSRM into the plant’s thermal circuit: the equivalent fuel and electricity savings for own needs were calculated, as well as the payback period of the project for introducing a steam screw-rotor machine. In the course of the calculations, the following results were obtained: a decrease in the specific consumption of equivalent fuel for the production of 1 kWh of electricity by 1.9 g; saving of equivalent fuel during the implementation of the SSRM will be 13 tons per year, which also entails a reduction in emissions into the environment; Electricity production for own needs is 8100 kWh, the payback period for the project to introduce a steam screw machine in the thermal circuit of a thermal power plant is 5 years.
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Ji, Fengjun, Heng Wang, Dong Jiao, et al. "Performance and Operation Strategy Analysis of BEST Cycle 1000MW Double Reheat unit under Different Operating Conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 03036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340603036.
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Improving steam parameters in a coal-fired power unit boosts cycle efficiency, lowers coal consumption, and reduces emissions. The backpressure extraction steam turbine (BEST) cycle addresses the problem of excessive superheating of extraction steam. This study analyzed a 1000 MW double reheating unit, finding that heat rate in the conventional and BEST cycle systems is heavily influenced by load under THA conditions. At 100% and 75% loads, the BEST cycle’s heat rate decreases but increases at 50% load. For safe operation during flow interruption and high load rates, a pairwise grouping method is recommended for high-pressure heater interruption. When multiple low-pressure heaters are simultaneously cut off, the unit load needs to be limited based on the number of heaters being removed. when multiple low-pressure heaters are simultaneously cut off, the unit load needs to be limited based on the number of heaters being removed. Removing two low-pressure heaters lowers the load to 90%, and three lowers it to 80%. These findings optimize the thermal system’s parameters and enhance overall efficiency.
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Holmberg, Henrik, Pekka Ruohonen, and Pekka Ahtila. "Determination of the Real Loss of Power for a Condensing and a Backpressure Turbine by Means of Second Law Analysis." Entropy 11, no. 4 (2009): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e11040702.
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Zhang, Yifei, Tuantuan Xin, and Cheng Xu. "Proposal and comparison of two heat recovery measures for the coal-based Allam cycle: Double expansion and lower turbine backpressure." Energy 308 (November 2024): 132962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132962.
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Zuwała, Jarosław. "Life cycle approach for energy and environmental analysis of biomass and coal co-firing in CHP plant with backpressure turbine." Journal of Cleaner Production 35 (November 2012): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.001.
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Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Apostolos Pesyridis, Vahid Esfahanian, Ali Salavati-Zadeh, and Alireza Hajialimohammadi. "Modelling and Evaluation of Waste Heat Recovery Systems in the Case of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 7 (2019): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071397.
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In the present study, the effects of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and turbo-compound (T/C) system integration on a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) is investigated. An inline six-cylinder turbocharged 11.5 liter compression ignition (CI) engine employing two waste heat recovery (WHR) strategies is modelled, simulated, and analyzed through a 1-D engine code called GT-Power. The WHR systems are evaluated by their ability to utilize the exhaust excess energy at the downstream of the primary turbocharger turbine, resulting in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reduction. This excess energy is dependent on the mass flow rate and the temperature of engine exhaust gas. However, this energy varies with engine operational conditions, such as speed, load, etc. Therefore, the investigation is carried out at six engine major operating conditions consisting engine idling, minimum BFSC, part load, maximum torque, maximum power, and maximum exhaust flow rate. The results for the ORC and T/C systems indicated a 4.8% and 2.3% total average reduction in BSFC and also maximum thermal efficiencies of 8% and 10%, respectively. Unlike the ORC system, the T/C system was modelled as a secondary turbine arrangement, instead of an independent unit. This in turn deteriorated BSFC by 5.5%, mostly during low speed operation, due to the increased exhaust backpressure. It was further concluded that the T/C system performed superiorly to the ORC counterpart during top end engine speeds, however. The ORC presented a balanced and consistent operation across the engines speed and load range.
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Bartela, Łukasz, Janusz Kotowicz, Henryk Kubiczek, Anna Skorek-Osikowska, and Mateusz Brzęczek. "Thermodynamic and economical analysis of the ORC module application to an existing combined heat and power unit with the backpressure turbine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 229, no. 6 (2015): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650915591754.
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Prospero, Federico Di, Davide Di Battista, and Roberto Cipollone. "Model based design of a turbo-compound bottomed to internal combustion engine exhaust gas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2893, no. 1 (2024): 012095. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2893/1/012095.
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Abstract The transportation sector is living a new era, where the conventional powertrains based on thermal engines are flanked by innovative ones, based on electric and hybrid systems. This revolutionizes the behaviour and the driving habits, as well as the figure of the whole propulsive system, which should integrate different energy sources on board and the energy demand for propulsion, auxiliaries, ancillary components, vehicle needs, etc. But, for heavy-duty vehicles, it is very difficult to abandon in the short and mean term the reciprocating combustion engine technology. Also, for passenger cars and light duty vehicles, the pure electric propulsion seems to put in more evidence limits not only technological. In this panorama, the development of very high efficiency engines is mandatory to fit the emissions targets, both referred to pollutant emission and CO2. In this regard, waste heat recovery into mechanical or electrical energy is one of the most promising options to reduce fuel consumption. It is of particular interest for heavy duty engines, where the operation does not suffer so much the transient phases, and hybrid powertrains, where the energy recovered can be stored in electrical form and used for all the necessities of the vehicles. In this paper, a waste heat recovery system based on an additional turbine placed in the exhaust line of a turbocharged internal combustion engine has been studied. The auxiliary turbine is designed thanks to a model-based approach. The performance map of the turbine has been calculated referring to the thermodynamic conditions of the engine exhaust gases as input parameters. The so-designed component is then integrated with an engine model, and the benefits of a turbo-compound technology bottomed to the engine were assessed. In this way, the potential power recoverable from the turbine is evaluated under design and off-design conditions. The integration with engine model allowed to estimate the side effects related to backpressure increase on the engine exhaust manifold (which leads to an overconsumption or an underrating of the engine torque), as well as the equilibrium change on the turbocharger shaft. Definitively, the final overall engine performances are assessed including the need for a bypass which, in certain engine working conditions, must exclude the recovery.
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Butt, N. Z., and F. Mohsin. "Determination of Sulphide in Arabian Seawater using UV- Visible Spectrophotometer." Nucleus 58, no. 1-4 (2022): 37–41. https://doi.org/10.71330/nucleus.58.01-4.1136.
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High concentration of sulphide in cooling water being utilized for condenser tubes cause stress cracking corrosion, microbially induced corrosion and pitting corrosion phenomenon. Fouling of condenser tube by sulphide is highly undesirable because it reduces the heat transfer capabilities, increases backpressure in the condenser thus affecting the turbine performance. In this work, a method was established for determination of sulphide ion in Arabian sea water using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy technique. The experiments conducted show precise values for sample (seawater) as well as for absorbencies of standard solutions. Maximum absorbance of methylene blue complex has determined after scanning the equipment from 400 to 700 nm and was found around at 600 nm. Two different sampling points (Machli Chowk & a Conventional Power Plant) were selected to get the average concentration of sulphide in Arabian Sea. The average sulphide concentration in Machli Chowk sample was found out to be 0.287±0.031 ppm and average sulphide concentration near a conventional power plant was found out to be 0.31±0.029 ppm. Average sulphide concentration was also compared with the Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS) to validate the results which recommends less than 1 ppm for sulphide concentration in seawater.
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Shakirov, V. A. "The Experience in Operation and an Efficiency Analysis for the Use of a Backpressure Steam Turbine Generator Unit in a Boiler House." Thermal Engineering 66, no. 2 (2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601519020058.
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Shah, Asad Ullah Amin, Junyung Kim, Ali Mansoor, and Hyun Gook Kang. "Concept design, application and optimization of operational parameters for new forced safety injection tank system." Nuclear Science and Technology Open Research 2 (July 8, 2024): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/nuclscitechnolopenres.17546.1.
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Background The engineered safety systems are designed to execute fundamental safety functions encompassing reactivity confinement, reactivity control and decay heat removal. Failure of any one of these functions can result in severe accident conditions. Passive systems have been implemented as a better option for plant safety. This research proposes a modification of existing safety injection tanks to the new forced safety injection tanks (FSITs) that utilize the backpressure from the pressurizer or steam generator to drive coolant into the reactor core under high pressure conditions. Methods FSITs aim to extend the coping-time during accidents like Station Blackout, providing an extended timing window for deployment of FLEX systems. The mathematical design is proposed and implemented into the thermal-hydraulic input of a nuclear power plant to demonstrate the system’s applicability that was demonstrated by leveraging the conventional PRA approach and risk quantification. Results The suggested system useful when used in the accident scenario of Station black out in-coincident with turbine-driven pumps fail to run. As the proposed design is a conceptual design, the optimization of associated operational parameters and set points is necessary. This optimization is performed using the risk analysis and virtual control environment-based Dynamic Probabilistic Risk Assessment framework. The method and findings of this study affirm that the coping-time for Station Blackout can be significantly extended, ensuring a substantial margin for the effective deployment of the FLEX. Conclusions A concept design of a passive forced safety injection system was suggested and demonstrated by integrating the mathematical model into a thermal-hydraulic model of a nuclear power plant. The parameters were optimized and the results demonstrated that the new system was effective in recovering the nuclear power plant from the accidents such as SBO with turbine-driven pumps fail to operate.
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Shah, Asad Ullah Amin, Junyung Kim, Ali Mansoor, and Hyun Gook Kang. "Concept design, application and optimization of operational parameters for new forced safety injection tank system." Nuclear Science and Technology Open Research 2 (May 28, 2025): 55. https://doi.org/10.12688/nuclscitechnolopenres.17546.2.
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Background The engineered safety systems are designed to execute fundamental safety functions encompassing reactivity confinement, reactivity control and decay heat removal. Failure of any one of these functions can result in severe accident conditions. Passive systems have been implemented as a better option for plant safety. This research proposes a modification of existing safety injection tanks to the new forced safety injection tanks (FSITs) that utilize the backpressure from the pressurizer or steam generator to drive coolant into the reactor core under high pressure conditions. Methods FSITs aim to extend the coping-time during accidents like Station Blackout, providing an extended timing window for deployment of FLEX systems. The mathematical design is proposed and implemented into the thermal-hydraulic input of a nuclear power plant to demonstrate the system’s applicability that was demonstrated by leveraging the conventional PRA approach and risk quantification. Results The suggested system useful when used in the accident scenario of Station black out in-coincident with turbine-driven pumps fail to run. As the proposed design is a conceptual design, the optimization of associated operational parameters and set points is necessary. This optimization is performed using the risk analysis and virtual control environment-based Dynamic Probabilistic Risk Assessment framework. The method and findings of this study affirm that the coping-time for Station Blackout can be significantly extended, ensuring a substantial margin for the effective deployment of the FLEX. Conclusions A concept design of a passive forced safety injection system was suggested and demonstrated by integrating the mathematical model into a thermal-hydraulic model of a nuclear power plant. The parameters were optimized and the results demonstrated that the new system was effective in recovering the nuclear power plant from the accidents such as SBO with turbine-driven pumps fail to operate.
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Gambini, Marco, Stefano Mazzoni, and Michela Vellini. "The Role of Cogeneration in the Electrification Pathways towards Decarbonization." Energies 16, no. 15 (2023): 5606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155606.
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The global call for an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and reliable energy system looks for the optimal integration of different technologies to allow a smooth and economically viable transition towards electrification. In this context, small, medium, and large industrial processes are relevant contributors to global CO2 emissions production due to the simultaneous requirement of electricity, heating, and cooling power generally obtained through fossil fuel combustion. In this context, Combined Heat and Power Energy converters based on internal combustion engines, such as reciprocating engines, gas turbines, and gas turbine combined cycles, and external combustion, such as backpressure and condensing steam power plants, are the most suitable solutions for the efficient and reliable generation of the above-mentioned assets. Typically, the industrial demand for heat and electricity differs in terms of heat-to-power ratio when compared to the heat-to-power ratio of the CHP plant, and this has led to requiring the selection of a control strategy to follow, partially or fully, the heat load or the electric load. In this paper, the authors propose an operating and design strategy addressed to fully covering the heat load demands by the heat generated by the CHP, allowing the system to have an excess of electricity generated. This electricity can be used for different purposes, as regards the novel electrification roadmap. Indeed, the authors have explored four configurations in which the excess of the CHP-generated electricity can be exported to the national grid, used for high-tension fast-charging electromobility systems, for running reverse osmosis desalination plants, and for the production of alternative fuels such as hydrogen. The authors propose a methodology for providing an extensive environmental techno-economic assessment that looks at 2050 CO2 targets. Accordingly, the environmental techno-economic assessment results are presented and discussed by considering the Net Present Value, payback period, and CO2 emission savings.
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Battista, Davide Di, Marco Di Bartolomeo, Federico Di Prospero, Domenico Di Diomede, Roberto Carapellucci, and Roberto Cipollone. "Turbocompound energy recovery option on a turbocharged diesel engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2648, no. 1 (2023): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2648/1/012078.
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Abstract The transportation sector is living a transition era in which hybrid and electrified vehicles are replacing conventional vehicles, based on internal combustion engines. This is pushed by the recognized need for reducing fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, considering primary pollutants and carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. In the transition path, hybridization and partial electrification of the powertrain play a crucial role. In this regard, the need for on-board electrical energy storage and utilization is increasing significantly and the possibility to recover wasted energy and convert it into electrical form is mandatory. This is especially true for commercial and heavy-duty vehicles, where full electrification is more difficult to be implemented. Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) has therefore become so important for vehicles, not only to directly reduce fuel consumption and related emissions but also to improve the feasibility of a generation of vehicles with a higher degree of hybridization that considers, for example, the electrification of auxiliaries following the so-called auxiliaries-on-demand management. Wasted heat refers mainly to exhaust heat from gases, where about one third of the fuel energy is disposed of. Among the various systems for WHR, engine turbo-compounding is approaching a mature technology. This technological option makes use of an additional turbine on the exhaust line of the engine, downstream of the turbocharging one, which converts the residual gas enthalpy into mechanical form. In this paper, the F1C Iveco 3.0 L turbocharged diesel engine is considered for verifying the performances of a turbo-compounding system. The engine was mounted on a dynamic engine test bench. In particular, the interactions with the original engine produced on the exhaust line were studied. Backpressure effects on the engine introduced by turbo-compounding were evaluated reversed in terms of extra fuel consumption. Moreover, the new equilibrium of the turbocharger was assessed and the related modifications to the engine were measured considering that the turbocharger has a control strategy based on the so-called Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT), via the modification of the Inlet Guide Vanes (IGV). The presence of a secondary turbine for WHR opens to a wider possibility of actuating the IGV and, so, the possibility to optimize the recovery considering the integrated system and all its degrees of freedom.
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Tijani, Alhassan Salami, Nazri Mohammed, and Werner Witt. "Saving Primary Energy Consumption Through Exergy Analysis of Combine Distillation and Power Plant." Scientific Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v9i2.5388.
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Industrial heat pumps are heat-recovery systems that allow the temperature ofwaste-heat stream to be increased to a higher, more efficient temperature. Consequently, heat pumps can improve energy efficiency in industrial processes as well as energy savings when conventional passive-heat recovery is not possible. In this paper, possible ways of saving energy in the chemical industry are considered, the objective is to reduce the primary energy (such as coal) consumption of power plant. Particularly the thermodynamic analyses ofintegrating backpressure turbine ofa power plant with distillation units have been considered. Some practical examples such as conventional distillation unit and heat pump are used as a means of reducing primary energy consumption with tangible indications of energy savings. The heat pump distillation is operated via electrical power from the power plant. The exergy efficiency ofthe primary fuel is calculated for different operating range ofthe heat pump distillation. This is then compared with a conventional distillation unit that depends on saturated steam from a power plant as the source of energy. The results obtained show that heat pump distillation is an economic way to save energy if the temperaturedifference between the overhead and the bottom is small. Based on the result, the energy saved by the application of a heat pump distillation is improved compared to conventional distillation unit.
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Tijani, Alhassan Salami, Nazri Mohammed, and Werner Witt. "Saving Primary Energy Consumption Through Exergy Analysis of Combine Distillation and Power Plant." Scientific Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v9i2.9409.
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Industrial heat pumps are heat-recovery systems that allow the temperature of waste-heat stream to be increased to a higher, more efficient temperature. Consequently, heat pumps can improve energy efficiency in industrial processes as well as energy savings when conventional passive-heat recovery is not possible. In this paper, possible ways of saving energy in the chemical industry are considered, the objective is to reduce the primary energy (such as coal) consumption of power plant. Particularly the thermodynamic analyses of integrating backpressure turbine of a power plant with distillation units have been considered. Some practical examples such as conventional distillation unit and heat pump are used as a means of reducing primary energy consumption with tangible indications of energy savings. The heat pump distillation is operated via electrical power from the power plant. The exergy efficiency of the primary fuel is calculated for different operating range of the heat pump distillation. This is then compared with a conventional distillation unit that depends on saturated steam from a power plant as the source of energy. The results obtained show that heat pump distillation is an economic way to save energy if the temperature difference between the overhead and the bottom is small. Based on the result, the energy saved by the application of a heat pump distillation is improved compared to conventional distillation unit.
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Sanaye, Sepehr, Navid Khakpaay, and Ata Chitsaz. "Thermo-economic and environmental multi-objective optimization of a novel arranged biomass-fueled gas engine and backpressure steam turbine combined system for pulp and paper mills." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 40 (August 2020): 100778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100778.
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