Relevant bibliographies by topics / Backward/forward load flow

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Academic literature on the topic 'Backward/forward load flow'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 7 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Backward/forward load flow"

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Sunday, Adeleke Salimon, Adedapo Aderinko Hassan, Ibukun Damilola Fajuke, and Akinkunmi Suuti Kamilu. "Load Flow Analysis of Nigerian Radial Distribution Network Using Backward/Forward Sweep Technique." Journal of VLSI Design and its Advancement 2, no. 3 (2019): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3582970.

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<em>Load flow analysis is an essential and vital part in power system studies. Conventional flow methods such as Newton Raphson and Gauss Seidel are not accurate for radial distribution networks due to its radial topology and high resistance to reactance ratio. In this paper, the backward-forward load flow technique which utilizes the equivalent current injection (ECI), the node injection to branch current (BIBC) and branch current to node-voltage matrix (BCBV). This algorithm was tested on Yale 17-bus and Imalefalafia 32-bus Nigerian radial distribution networks. The analyses of the networks were obtained in a very short computation time. The results revealed the viability of the method is useful for planning, operation of the Nigerian radial distribution networks.</em> &nbsp;
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Kim, S. H., T. K. Ryu, Hyoung Jin Choi, H. S. Koo, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Material Flow Characteristics on the Forward and Backward Solid Extrusion Process." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3071.

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FE simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of die geometry and process condition on the material flow. Deformation pattern and its characteristics in a combined forward and backward solid extrusion process were analyzed in terms of forming loads as the primary parameter, volume ratio of backward solid to forward solid and die pressure between tool-workpiece interfaces. Major parameter is the outer diameter ratio (ODR) of backward solid radius to forward solid radius with constant outer diameter of forward solid. Furthermore, extensive simulation works were conducted to investigate the effect of minor design parameters on stable material flow such as punch corner radius. The deformation pattern of material flow in a combined solid extrusion process is also presented. The results from the process simulation predict the flow modes of workpiece material and the die pressure occurring at the contact surface between workpiece and punch. The process of a combined forward and backward solid extrusion was analyzed using a rigid plastic finite element code to get information about the forming load and die pressure distribution, etc.
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B., Yashodha, and Neelakanteshwar Rao B. "Evaluation of Distribution System State Variables using Forward-Backward Sweep Technique." Advancement and Research in Instrumentation Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10394948.

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<em>Load stream examination of appropriation frameworks has not gotten a lot of consideration, dissimilar to stack stream investigation of transmission frameworks. Nonetheless, some work has been finished on load stream examination of a dissemination system; however picking an answer technique for a common sense setting is frequently troublesome. In general, distribution networks have a radial structure and the R/X ratio is very high. Load flow analysis of a power system is used to determine the steady-state solution for a given set of bus loading conditions. The solution of a load flow or power flow study provides information on voltage magnitude and phase angles, active and reactive power flow in individual transmission lines, and total active and reactive power losses.</em> <em>&nbsp;</em>
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Janecek, Eduard, and Daniel Georgiev. "Probabilistic Extension of the Backward/Forward Load Flow Analysis Method." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 27, no. 2 (2012): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2011.2170443.

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Ouali, Saad, and Abdeljabbar Cherkaoui. "An Improved Backward/Forward Sweep Power Flow Method Based on a New Network Information Organization for Radial Distribution Systems." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (January 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5643410.

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This paper presents a load flow algorithm based on the backward/forward sweep principle, flexible with network topology changes, with an improvement in ensuring a minimum number of searching for connections between nodes in the calculation sequence in the forward and the backward sweep, by organizing the radial distribution system information into a main line and its derivations. The proposed load flow analysis is easy to implement and does not require the use of any complex renumbering of branches and nodes, or any matrix calculation, with the only use of linear equations based on Kirchhoff’s formulation.
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Berger, D. S., J. K. Li, W. K. Laskey, and A. Noordergraaf. "Repeated reflection of waves in the systemic arterial system." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 1 (1993): H269—H281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.1.h269.

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Traditional analysis of pulse-wave propagation and reflection in the arterial system treats measured pressure and flow waves as the sum of a single forward wave (traveling away from the heart) and a single backward wave (traveling toward the heart). The purpose of this study was to develop a more general wave reflection theory that allows repeated reflection of these waves. The arterial system was modeled as a uniform viscoelastic tube terminating in a complex load with reflections occurring at the tube load interface and the heart tube interface. The resulting framework considers the forward wave to be the sum of an initial wave plus a series of antegrade waves. Similarly, the backward wave is the sum of a series of retrograde waves. This repeated reflection theory contains within it the traditional forward/backward wave reflection analysis as a special case. In addition, the individual antegrade and retrograde waves, at the tube entrance, are shown to be independent of the tube length. Aortic pressure and flow data, from dog experiments, were used to illustrate the phenomenon of repeated reflections. Alteration of the arterial system loading conditions, brought about through pharmacological intervention, affected the number and morphology of repeated waves. These results are compared with those found in traditional forward/backward reflection analysis.
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Lin, Heng-Sheng, Chien-Yu Lee, and Wen-Shun Li. "Piercing and Surface-Crack Defects in Cold Combined Forward-Backward Extrusion." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093900.

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Metal flow tends to be complex and difficult to predict in the combined forward-backward extrusion (CFBE) process. Piercing and surface-crack defects are phenomenal in forming fasteners featuring a forward extruded pin and a backward extruded cup. In this work, a series of the CFBE tests with various combinations of the forward extrusion ratio (FER) and the backward extrusion ratio (BER) were conducted. A forming limit diagram, detailed with the piercing and surface-crack defects on the forward extruded pin or the backward extruded cup, was developed to provide a conception in choosing appropriate extrusion ratios in forming fasteners with such pin-and-cup features. With the aid of the forming load-stroke curves and the finite element analysis of fracture damage, the fracturing mechanism for the CFBE process was provided.
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Chang, G. W., S. Y. Chu, and H. L. Wang. "An Improved Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Algorithm for Radial Distribution Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 22, no. 2 (2007): 882–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2007.894848.

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Hameed, Faisal, Mohamed Al Hosani, and H. H. Zeineldin. "A Modified Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Method for Islanded Radial Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 1 (2019): 910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2754551.

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Ham, B. S., J. H. Ok, Jung Min Seo, Beong Bok Hwang, K. H. Min, and H. S. Koo. "Numerical Analysis on the Extruded Volume and Length Ratios of Backward Tube to Forward Rod in Combined Extrusion Processes." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.919.

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This paper is concerned with forward rod extrusion combined simultaneously with backward tube extrusion process in both steady and transient states. The analysis has been conducted in numerical manner by employing a rigid-plastic finite element method. AA 2024 aluminum alloy was selected as a model material for analysis. Among many process parameters, major design factors chosen for analysis include frictional condition, thickness of tube in backward direction, punch corner radius, and die corner radius. The main goal of this study is to investigate the material flow characteristics in combined extrusion process, i.e. forward rod extrusion combined simultaneously with backward tube extrusion process. Simulation results have been summarized in term of relationships between process parameters and extruded length and volume ratios, and between process parameters and force requirements, respectively. The extruded length ratio is defined as the ratio of tube length extruded in backward direction to rod length extruded in forward direction, and the volume ratio as that of extruded volume in backward direction to that in forward direction, respectively. It has been revealed from the simulation results that material flow into both backward and forward directions are mostly influenced by the backward tube thickness, and other process parameters such as die corner radius etc. have little influence on the volume ratio particularly in steady state of combined extrusion process. The pressure distributions along the tool-workpiece interface have been also analyzed such that the pressure exerted on die is not so significant in this particular process such as combined operation process. Comparisons between multi-stage forming process in sequence operation and one stage combined operation have been also made in terms of forming load and pressure exerted on die. The simulation results shows that the combined extrusion process has the greatest advantage of lower forming load comparing to that in sequence operation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Backward/forward load flow"

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Carvalho, Marcus Rodrigo. "Estudo de técnicas eficientes para a resolução do problema de fluxo de potência para sistemas de distribuição radial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-27072006-164213/.

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Este trabalho descreve uma abordagem do método primal-dual barreira logarítmica (MPDBL) associado ao método de Newton modificado para a resolução do problema de fluxo de potência para sistemas de distribuição radial. Também foi realizado um estudo comparativo com duas técnicas clássicas de solução do problema de fluxo potência para redes de distribuição radial. São os métodos: Backward/Forward Sweep e o método proposto por M. Baran e F. Wu, que é baseado na técnica de Newton-Raphson. Este método utiliza uma matriz Jacobiana modificada que atende a característica radial dos sistemas de distribuição. Nos testes comparativos serão considerados todos os parâmetros do sistema. Os algoritmos de solução serão analisados em suas propriedades de convergência e será realizado um teste de robustez. Os resultados dos testes realizados em 4 sistemas (4, 10, 34 e 70 barras) e o teste comparativo entre os métodos evidenciam a melhor metodologia na solução do problema de fluxo de potência para sistemas radiais<br>This work describes an approach on primal-dual logarithmic barrier method (PDLBM) associate to the method of Newton modified for the resolution of the problem of power flow for radial distribution systems. Also a comparative study with two classic techniques of solution of the flow problem was carried through power for nets of radial distribution. They are the methods: Backward/Forward Sweep and the method considered for M. Baran and F. Wu, that is based on the technique of Newton-Raphson. This method uses modified Jacobiana matrix that takes care of the radial characteristic of the distribution systems. In the comparative tests all will be considered the parameters of the system. The solution algorithms will be analyzed in its properties of convergence and will be carried through a robustness test. The results of the tests carried through in 4 systems (4, 10, 34 and 70 bus) and the comparative test between the methods evidence the best methodology in the solution of the problem of power flow for radial systems
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Madhusudanan, Jayasurya. "Evaluation of a digitial displacement pump in a load haul dump application." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162594.

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Hydraulics has always been the first choice of actuation in off-road, construction and mining vehicles due to its power density, low cost, built in cooling and lubrication. However, the current state of our environment along with stricter regulations has brought light to newer technologies within hydraulics to improve the existing system. This urge to enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption has led to a point where new technologies must be evaluated. One such technology is the programmable hydraulic pump called the digital displacement pump (DDP). This new pump may have the potential to revolutionize mobile hydraulics as it can be used to improve part load efficiencies, response and make it easier to control from a system perspective. The DDP is a radial piston pump that has been fit with solenoid on/off valves at the inlet of each cylinder to control the flow of the working fluid. The displacement setting of the pump depends on the displacement of each cylinder controlled digitally by the 'active' inlet valve. The pump can act as a single unit to supply one circuit or it can dedicate pistons for supplying several circuits in parallel using different pump outlet configurations. They can be setup to run in pressure controlled or flow controlled systems to achieve the above mentioned flow sharing capability. An energy study based on two fixed drive cycles (short and intermediate) are conducted on the existing system of a loader used for mining called the ST14 Battery. A breakdown of the energy consumption in the machine is created to look at the impact of the three main actuators (boom, bucket and steering), pump losses and throttling losses have. The losses due to simultaneous load handling and the energy that can be saved by swapping the pumps with a digital displacement pump are also found out and analysed. A model of the existing hydraulic system is made using Simulink and Hopsan using the data and results from the energy study. It will be used to simulate and evaluate future system architectures. This model is then used to simulate a system architecture where the existing pumps are swapped with digital displacement pumps. This architecture is more energy efficient due to the higher energy efficiency of the pump. The findings from the energy study and simulations are compared and results are obtained regarding power losses, energy consumption and overall usability of the models. The addition of the two DDP’s instead of the existing inline pumps has resulted in energy savings resulting in 4% more running time in the intermediate cycle and 5.6% in the short cycle while keeping the functionality of the machine.
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Mandour, Eldeeb Mohamed F. "Development and Assessment of Altitude Adjustable Convergent Divergent Nozzles Using Passive Flow Control." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1415283904.

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Carpentier, Florence. "Modélisations de la dispersion du pollen et estimation à partir de marqueurs génétiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20101.

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La dispersion du pollen est une composante majeure des flux de gènes chez les plantes, contribuant à la diversité génétique et à sa structure spatiale. Son étude à l'échelle d'un épisode de reproduction permet de comprendre l'impact des changements actuels (fragmentation, anthropisation....) et de proposer des politiques de conservation. Deux types de méthodes basées sur les marqueurs microsatellites estiment la fonction de dispersion du pollen: (i) les méthodes directes (e.g. mating model) basées sur l'assignation de paternité et nécessitant un échantillonnage exhaustif (position et génotype des individus du site étudié, génotypes de graines échantillonnées sur des mères); (ii) les méthodes indirectes (e.g. TwoGener), nécessitant un échantillonnage réduit (génotypes des graines, génotypes et positions des mères) et résumant les données en indices génétiques. Nous proposons la formalisation statistique de ces deux types de méthodes et montrons qu'elles utilisent des fonctions de dispersion différentes: les méthodes directes estiment une fonction forward potentielle (déplacement du pollen depuis le père), les méthodes indirectes une fonction backward intégrative (de la fécondation jusqu'à l'existence du père). Nous explicitons le lien entre fonctions backward et forward, des hypothèses menant à leur équivalence, et des contraintes affectant les fonctions backward. Nous développons enfin une méthode de calcul bayésien approché qui permet (i) une estimation forward, (ii) avec des intervalles de crédibilité, (iii) à partir d'un jeu de données non exhaustif et d'informations partielles (e.g. positions sans génotype) et (iv) l'utilisation de différents modèles de dispersion<br>Pollen dispersal is a major component of gene flow in plants. It determines to genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure.Studying it at the scale of a single reproduction event enables to understand the impact of current changes (fragmentation, anthropization ...) and to propose conservation practices.Two types of methods, based on microsatellite markers, estimate pollen dispersal functions : (i) direct methods (e.g. mating model) based on paternity assignment require exhaustif sampling (position and genotype of individuals in the study plot, genotypes of seeds harvested on mothers); (ii) indirect methods (e.g. TwoGener), require a weaker sampling (seeds genotypes, genotypes and positions of their mothers) and summarize data through genetic indices.We propose a statistical formalization of both types of methods and show that they rely on different dispersal functions : the direct methods estimate a potential forward function (pollen transfer from the father), whereas the indirect methods estimate an integrative backward one (from fecondation to father existence). We exhibit the link between forward and backward functions, assumptions leading to their equivalence and constrains affecting the backward functions.Finally, we develop an Approximate Bayesian Computation method, which enable (i) a forward estimation, (ii) with credibility intervals, (iii) from a non exhaustive dataset and partial information (e.g. positions without genotypes) and (iv) the use of different dispersal models
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Häggblom, Johan, and Jonathan Jerner. "Photovoltaic Power Production and Energy Storage Systems in Low-Voltage Power Grids." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156875.

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In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) power production have seen an increase and the PV power systems are often located in the distribution grids close to the consumers. Since the distributions grids rarely are designed for power production, investigation of its effects is needed. It is seen in this thesis that PV power production will cause voltages to rise, potentially to levels exceeding the limits that grid owners have to abide by. A model of a distribution grid is developed in MathWorks MATLAB. The model contains a transformer, cables, households, energy storage systems (ESS:s) and photovoltaic power systems. The system is simulated by implementing a numerical Forward Backward Sweep Method, solving for powers, currents and voltages in the grid. PV power systems are added in different configurations along with different configurations of ESS:s. The results are analysed, primarily concerning voltages and voltage limits. It is concluded that addition of PV power production in the distribution grid affects voltages, more or less depending on where in the grid the systems are placed and what peak power they have. It is also concluded that having energy storage systems in the grid, changing the power factor of the inverter for the PV systems or lowering the transformer secondary-side voltage can bring the voltages down.<br>På senare tid har det skett en ökning i antalet solcellsanläggningar som installeras i elnätet och dessa är ofta placerade i distributionsnäten nära hushållen. Eftersom distributionsnäten sällan är dimensionerade för produktion så behöver man utreda effekten av det. I det här arbetet visas det att solcellsproduktion kommer att öka spänningen i elnätet, potentiellt så mycket att de gränser elnätsägarna måste hålla nätet inom överstigs. En modell över lågspänningsnätet skapas i MathWorks MATLAB. Modellen innehåller transformator, kablar, hushåll, energilager och solcellsanläggningar. Systemet simuleras med hjälp av en numerisk Forward Backward Sweep-lösare som beräknar effekter, strömmar och spänningar i elnätet. Solcellanläggningarna placeras ut i elnätet i olika konfigurationer tillsammans med olika konfigurationer av energilager. Resultaten från simuleringarna analyseras främst med avseende på spänningen i elnätet utifrån dess gränser. De slutsatser som dras i arbetet är att solcellsproduktion kommer att påverka spänningen, mycket beroende på var i elnätet anläggningarna placeras och storleken hos dem. Det visas också att energilager, justering av effektfaktor hos solcellsanläggningarna eller en spänningssänkning på transformatorns lågspänningssida kan få ner spänningen i elnätet.<br><p>LiTH-ISY-EX--19/5194--SE</p>
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TORNESE, CALOGERO. "Discrete approximations of the Perona-Malik equation: convergence and classification of the equilibria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/731.

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Vargas, Peralta Rommel Gregorio. "Reconfiguração de sistemas de distribuição através do algoritmo genético de chaves aleatórias viciadas." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154501.

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Orientador: John Fredy Franco Baquero<br>Resumo: Nesta dissertação é proposta a aplicação do algoritmo genético de chaves aleatórias viciadas para a solução do problema de reconfiguração de sistemas de distribuição. Esse problema de otimização consiste em encontrar a configuração radial que apresenta perdas mínimas, satisfazendo as restrições topológicas e as restrições operacionais, sendo modelado como um problema de Programação Não Linear Inteira Mista. O método proposto utiliza o algoritmo de Prim na geração de configurações radiais e emprega um algoritmo de fluxo de carga de varredura para avaliar cada proposta de solução. O algoritmo genético de chaves aleatórias viciadas foi desenvolvido na linguagem de programação FORTRAN e foi testado em quatro sistemas de distribuição da literatura especializada (14 barras, 33 barras, 84 barras e 136 barras). Os resultados obtidos da aplicação do algoritmo permitem avaliar o seu desempenho e eficiência em comparação com a melhor solução encontrada na literatura especializada.<br>Abstract: The application of the biased random-key genetic algorithm for the reconfiguration of distribution systems is proposed in this Dissertation. The problem of reconfiguration in distribution systems consists of finding the radial configuration that presents the minimum losses, satisfying topological and operating constraints and is commonly modeled as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. The proposed method uses the Prim's algorithm to generate radial configurations that are evaluated through a backward/forward sweep power flow method. The biased random-key genetic algorithm used was developed in the programming language FORTRAN and was tested in four systems (14-bus, 33-bus, 84-bus and 136-bus). The obtained results show the performance and efficiency of the proposed method in comparison to the best solution found in the specialized literature.<br>Mestre
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Sarmiento, Jonattan Emanuel. "Modelagem de inversores em fluxo de potência considerando suporte de potência reativa como serviço ancilar na distribuição." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1034.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Jonattan Emanuel Sarmiento2.pdf: 1326992 bytes, checksum: eeb1918a0e5e9c45ad54043cd1ea9c5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>In recent years there has been a great increase in the use of distributed generators. This occurred not only by advances in production technologies of small generators and frequency inverters, but also by the benefits that brings to the distribution systems and the incentive policies. In the analysis of these systems is essential to calculate the power flow and properly solve it and the modeling of the inverter should be reviewed together with its implementation in the method employed, attempting to the fact that the inverters are beginning to use advanced functions that can to provide ancillary services. In this work the modelling of inverter with advanced functions such as Basic Intelligent Volt-Var Control (BIVV) and Intelligent Volt-Var With Hysteresis (IVVH) are reviewed, therefore it is propose methods the implements this models in the method sweep. In proposal implementation it is use of elements of the sensitivity matrix of nodes PV defined in the compensation method. In the analyzed cases, the implementations were effectiveness achieving solutions in convergent values and in accordance to the control strategies. In the results of simulations there were differences in the operating points of the inverter acting on a node of the distribution system comparing the different modeling analyzed in different system load conditions and different levels of active power supply. When comparing the voltage profiles of the various modeling, in general notice that there is a greater variation when it has large reactive power capacity. If in the future of distributed generation evolve to provide reactive support as the ancillary service, it shall be careful properly modelling the inverter avoiding mistaken results that will affect the plans of the concessionaires.<br>Nos últimos anos verificou-se um grande aumento no uso de geradores distribuídos. Isso ocorreu não apenas pelos avanços nas tecnologias de produção de pequenos geradores e inversores de frequência, mas também pelos benefícios que estes trazem aos sistemas de distribuição e pelas políticas de incentivos. Nas análises desses sistemas é fundamental calcular o fluxo de potência e, para resolvê-lo adequadamente, deve-se revisar a modelagem do inversor e sua implementação no método empregado, atentando-se ao fato de que os inversores estão começando a utilizar funções avançadas passíveis de fornecer serviços ancilares. Neste trabalho são revisadas as modelagens dos inversores com funções avançadas, tais como o controle Basic Intelligent Volt-Var (BIVV) e Intelligent Volt-Var With Hysteresis (IVVH), além de propor métodos de implementação para o método da varredura. Nas implementações propostas se faz uso de elementos da matriz de sensibilidade dos nós PV definida no método da compensação. Nos casos analisados, as implementações tiveram eficácia, conseguindo atingir soluções em valores convergentes e em concordância às estratégias de controle. Já nos resultados das simulações, ilustram-se as diferenças dos pontos operativos do inversor atuando em um nó do sistema de distribuição comparando-se as diferentes modelagens analisadas em distintas condições de carga do sistema e diversos níveis de fornecimento de potência ativa. Ao comparar-se os perfis de tensão das diversas modelagens, em geral, nota-se que há uma variação maior quando se tem maior capacidade de potência reativa. Se no futuro a geração distribuída evoluir para prestar suporte de potência reativa como um serviço ancilar, é necessário tomar precauções para modelar adequadamente o inversor, de modo a evitar obter resultados equivocados que afetarão os planejamentos das concessionárias.
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Chu, Shou-Yung, and 朱守勇. "A Modified Forward and Backward Sweep Method for Radial Distribution Load Flow Analysis." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44501508379022743394.

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博士<br>國立中正大學<br>電機工程所<br>96<br>Load flow analysis is the most fundamental work for power system operation and planning. In transmission systems, the network is always treated as balanced. Then, the load flow problem for transmission system can be dealt by single-phase method. However, the distribution power system is unbalanced inherently because of unsymmetrical network and unbalanced loads. In such situation, the conventional load flow methods for transmission systems are not suitable for distribution systems. In addition, high R/X ratio and radial structure are also to restrict the use of single-phase load flow approaches. Therefore, the three-phase approaches are required for distribution system load flow studies. The thesis proposes an improved forward/backward sweep algorithm for three-phase load flow analysis of radial distribution systems. In the backward sweep, the KCL and KVL are used to calculate each line current and the upstream bus voltage of each line or a transformer branch. Then, linear proportion principle for finding the real and imaginary ratios on each line section and bus index for fast mapping the terminal bus at each branch are exploited in the forward sweep to update the voltage at each junction or each terminal bus. The procedure stops after the mismatch of the calculated and the specified voltages at the substation is less than the predefined convergence tolerance. In the proposed method, the distribution component models including overhead lines, underground cables, different connecting type transformers, spot loads, distributed loads, capacitor banks and cogenerator are in consideration. The proposed solution algorithm has been described in details and tested by IEEE benchmark distribution systems with default system data, different system loadings, different power factors and different R/X ratios at different system loadings. Results show that the algorithm is accurate and computationally efficient in comparing with conventional forward/backward sweep method and ladder iteration method.
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Liu, Chia-Hsin, and 劉家昕. "Identification of Probable Sedimentation Sources in Open Channel Flow by a Backward-forward Stochastic Particle Tracking Model." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2e477b.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>107<br>Sediment transport is no more than a usual phenomenon in nature. However, when a large volume of sediment particles enters a reservoir, severe sedimentation would occur. There is rarely an efficient, practical, mature measure to solve the aforementioned problem. Moreover, due to the lack of theoretical calculations of backward tracking, the concentration distribution determined by backward tracking may be questionable. Therefore, we aim at discovering the probable source regions of deposited sediments by a Backward-Forward Stochastic Diffusion Particle Tracking Model (Backward-Forward SD-PTM) in this research. In addition, the accuracy of the diffusivity at the water surface is also improved. Inspired by Lin et al. (2003), the concept of the “influence function” (Uliasz and Pielke, 1990) is introduced to couple the backward and forward stochastic particle tracking models together. The influence function is a quantitative indicator of the influence of an upstream region to the downstream receptor (sedimentation region). Some pure backward simulations and pure forward simulations are computed first in order to compare the model performance with different diffusivity formulas and different numerical algorithms. Then, the forward-backward stochastic particle tracking model is applied to identifying probable sedimentation sources. It is found that the explicit method performs better in identifying probable sources with higher values of influence functions. Moreover, the pure backward simulation is unreliable. The high concentration area suggested by a pure backward simulation may not be a probable source region. Furthermore, we suggest that the spatial concentration distribution should be estimated by conducting many numerical experiments of Monte Carlo simulations. If the simulation is only by one round of Monte Carlo simulation, the derived spatial concentration distribution represents only one scenario rather than the ensemble mean of sediment spatial concentration distributions. Thus, the probable sources selected by the stochastic particle tracking model (including the explicit method and the implicit method) are discussed with the ensemble statistics of spatial concentration distributions. Ten thousand particles are released from each probable source for forward simulation and the corresponding ensemble statistics of spatial concentration distributions are discussed. The results again illustrate that the explicit method is better in selecting probable sources with higher values of influence functions.
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Books on the topic "Backward/forward load flow"

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Anderson, James A. Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0010.

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Hardware matters. The neural organ largely responsible for cognition is the cerebral cortex of mammals. Cortex is a thin two-dimensional layered structure arranged with on the order of a few hundred interconnected regions that seem to be specialized for particular operations. Regions often show topographic organization. Early vision displays an interestingly distorted topographic map of the retinal input, audition has a topographic map of frequency, and there is a distorted map of the body surface on the somatosensory areas. Information in cortex is not “processed” with an orderly flow from raw input data to a final conclusion but seems instead to send information both backward and forward so sensory input and learned information work together for a consensus analysis. Relative to body size, a bigger brain is a better brain. The most common cell types are variants of pyramidal cells with pronounced lateral interconnections.
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Book chapters on the topic "Backward/forward load flow"

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Raj, Rahul, and P. Suresh Babu. "A Backward/Forward Method for Solving Load Flows in Droop-Controlled Microgrids." In Control Applications in Modern Power System. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8815-0_31.

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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Khezr Sanjani, and Somayeh Asadi. "Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems Using a Backward-Forward Sweep Based Load Flow Method." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_3.

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Springer, Matthias, Christoph Scheit, and Stefan Becker. "Flow-Induced Noise of a Forward-Backward Facing Step." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27279-5_67.

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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Farnaz Sohrabi, Pouya Pourghasem, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Backward-Forward Sweep Based Power Flow Algorithm in Distribution Systems." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_14.

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Sochen, Nir A., Guy Gilboa, and Yehoshua Y. Zeevi. "Color Image Enhancement by a Forward-and-Backward Adaptive Beltrami Flow." In Algebraic Frames for the Perception-Action Cycle. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10722492_25.

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Kim, S. H., T. K. Ryu, Hyoung Jin Choi, H. S. Koo, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Material Flow Characteristics on the Forward and Backward Solid Extrusion Process." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.3071.

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Nilsson, Johan, Robert-Zoltán Szász, Per-Erik Austrell, and Ephraim J. Gutmark. "Passive Load Control in Backward-Facing Step Flow by Using Chevrons." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30602-5_28.

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Seo, Jung Min, Dong Hwan Jang, K. H. Min, H. S. Koo, S. H. Kim, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Forming Load Characteristics of Forward and Backward Tube Extrusion Process in Combined Operation." In Engineering Plasticity and Its Applications. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-433-2.649.

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Lemarechal, J., E. Mäteling, C. Klein, D. K. Puckert, and U. Rist. "Reattaching Flow Behind a Forward-Backward Facing Step Investigated with Temperature-Sensitive Paint." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64519-3_26.

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Shen, Z., N. Zhang, Y. Shen, and C. H. Lee. "A Forward-Backward Subsequence Smoothing Based Eigen Approach to Clutter Rejection in Color Flow Imaging." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02913-9_136.

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Conference papers on the topic "Backward/forward load flow"

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Anagha Rajendran, K. P., Soumyabrata Barik, and Sudarshan Swain. "Logic OR Based Forward Backward Load Flow Method for DG Placement and Sizing with Modified Fuzzy Max-Min Principle for Different Load Types." In 2025 Fourth International Conference on Power, Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icpc2t63847.2025.10958714.

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P, Anagha Rajendran K., Soumyabrata Barik, and Sudarshan Swain. "Logic OR Based Modified Forward Backward Load Flow Method for the Siting and Sizing of DGs in Radial Distribution Networks." In 2024 International Conference on Recent Innovation in Smart and Sustainable Technology (ICRISST). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icrisst59181.2024.10921968.

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Rajendran K P, Anagha, Soumyabrata Barik, and Sudarshan Swain. "Fuzzy PSO Algorithm for Optimal DG Integration in a Practical Indian Distribution Network Using Logic OR-Based Forward Backward Load Flow." In 2025 IEEE 1st International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Developments in Electrical Engineering (SSDEE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ssdee64538.2025.10968838.

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FAKIR, Mohamed EL, Abdelaziz BELFQIH, Faissal EL MARIAMI, and Jamal BOUKHEROUAA. "Enhanced Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Algorithm for Radial Distribution Systems." In 2024 4th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iraset60544.2024.10548842.

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Roy, Deblina, Ujjal Sur, and Gautam Sarkar. "Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid Load Flow Based on Modified Backward Forward Sweep Method." In 2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tensymp46218.2019.8971024.

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Chang, G., S. Chu, and H. Wang. "A Simplified Forward and Backward Sweep Approach for Distribution System Load Flow Analysis." In 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpst.2006.321724.

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Samal, Padarbinda, and Sanjib Ganguly. "A modified forward backward sweep load flow algorithm for unbalanced radial distribution systems." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286413.

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Cataliotti, Antonio, Valentina Cosentino, Enrico Telaretti, Dario Di Cara, and Giovanni Tine. "Uncertainty evaluation of a Backward/Forward Load Flow algorithm for a MV smart grid." In 2015 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2015.7151457.

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Silva, Rodrigo V., and Carolina M. Affonso. "Particle Swarm Optimization and Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Analysis for Droop-Regulated Islanded Microgrids." In 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-la.2019.8895287.

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Padole, Nivedita, and R. M. Moharil. "Impact Analysis of PV Penetration on Voltage Dynamics of Radial Distribution System using Backward Forward Sweep Load Flow Algorithm." In 2022 IEEE 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Energy, Signal Processing and Cyber Security (iSSSC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isssc56467.2022.10051280.

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Reports on the topic "Backward/forward load flow"

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Danberg, James E., and Nisheeth R. Patel. An Algebraic Turbulence Model for Flow Separation Caused by Forward and Backward Facing Steps. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada213800.

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Lynch, James F. A Higgs Universe and the flow of time. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/69338.

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Theoretically considering velocities greater than c implies considering an observer’s past and extends the overall analysis into the complex plane. By using a series of rotations by i in the complex plane, one can create a four-lobed structure of “instants of time,” which together with considering matter and antimatter in the lobes and the +/- sense of the rotation, leads to a Higgs field representation of space and time. A 10x10 metric is developed for this system as well as a generalized spacetime interval. It is also shown that the Friedmann Equations are consistent with our “Higgs Cosmology” if generalized to a set of coupled equations that connect the forward and backward going solutions. Simple solutions for the forward and backward going universes are presented, and are shown to be consistent with the backward solution providing both inflation and a “cosmological constant” type of dark energy, Dark matter is also discussed and is hypothesized to be due to the mass of the four “Higgs sectors” as seen through the lens of relativity by an observer in our universe. A PowerPoint presentation on this work is presented at the end of the report as a supplement.
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Lynch, James F. A digital Higgs universe and the flow of time. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/70830.

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Theoretically considering velocities greater than c implies considering an observer’s past and extends the overall analysis into the complex plane. By using a series of rotations by i in the complex plane at the Planck scale, one can create a four-lobed structure of “instants of time,” which together with considering matter and antimatter in the lobes and the +/- sense of the rotation, leads to a Higgs field representation of spacetime. A metric is developed for this system as well as a generalized spacetime interval. It is shown that the Friedmann Equations are consistent with our “Higgs Cosmology” if generalized to a set of gravitationally coupled equations that connect the forward and backward going solutions. Simple solutions for the forward and backward going universes are presented and are shown to be consistent with the backward solution providing both inflation and a “cosmological constant” type of dark energy. Dark matter is discussed and is separately hypothesized to be due to the mass of the four “Higgs sectors” as seen by an observer in our universe. A digital, stroboscopic and holographic universe picture emerges which can also be viewed as a beginning theory of quantum gravity at the Planck scale.
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