Journal articles: 'Backward/forward load flow'

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Sunday, Adeleke Salimon, Adedapo Aderinko Hassan, Ibukun Damilola Fajuke, and Akinkunmi Suuti Kamilu. "Load Flow Analysis of Nigerian Radial Distribution Network Using Backward/Forward Sweep Technique." Journal of VLSI Design and its Advancement 2, no. 3 (2019): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3582970.

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Load flow analysis is an essential and vital part in power system studies. Conventional flow methods such as Newton Raphson and Gauss Seidel are not accurate for radial distribution networks due to its radial topology and high resistance to reactance ratio. In this paper, the backward-forward load flow technique which utilizes the equivalent current injection (ECI), the node injection to branch current (BIBC) and branch current to node-voltage matrix (BCBV). This algorithm was tested on Yale 17-bus and Imalefalafia 32-bus Nigerian radial distribution networks. The analyses of the networks were obtained in a very short computation time. The results revealed the viability of the method is useful for planning, operation of the Nigerian radial distribution networks.

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Kim, S. H., T. K. Ryu, Hyoung Jin Choi, H. S. Koo, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Material Flow Characteristics on the Forward and Backward Solid Extrusion Process." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3071.

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FE simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of die geometry and process condition on the material flow. Deformation pattern and its characteristics in a combined forward and backward solid extrusion process were analyzed in terms of forming loads as the primary parameter, volume ratio of backward solid to forward solid and die pressure between tool-workpiece interfaces. Major parameter is the outer diameter ratio (ODR) of backward solid radius to forward solid radius with constant outer diameter of forward solid. Furthermore, extensive simulation works were conducted to investigate the effect of minor design parameters on stable material flow such as punch corner radius. The deformation pattern of material flow in a combined solid extrusion process is also presented. The results from the process simulation predict the flow modes of workpiece material and the die pressure occurring at the contact surface between workpiece and punch. The process of a combined forward and backward solid extrusion was analyzed using a rigid plastic finite element code to get information about the forming load and die pressure distribution, etc.

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B., Yashodha, and Neelakanteshwar Rao B. "Evaluation of Distribution System State Variables using Forward-Backward Sweep Technique." Advancement and Research in Instrumentation Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10394948.

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Load stream examination of appropriation frameworks has not gotten a lot of consideration, dissimilar to stack stream investigation of transmission frameworks. Nonetheless, some work has been finished on load stream examination of a dissemination system; however picking an answer technique for a common sense setting is frequently troublesome. In general, distribution networks have a radial structure and the R/X ratio is very high. Load flow analysis of a power system is used to determine the steady-state solution for a given set of bus loading conditions. The solution of a load flow or power flow study provides information on voltage magnitude and phase angles, active and reactive power flow in individual transmission lines, and total active and reactive power losses.

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Janecek, Eduard, and Daniel Georgiev. "Probabilistic Extension of the Backward/Forward Load Flow Analysis Method." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 27, no. 2 (2012): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2011.2170443.

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Ouali, Saad, and Abdeljabbar Cherkaoui. "An Improved Backward/Forward Sweep Power Flow Method Based on a New Network Information Organization for Radial Distribution Systems." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (January 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5643410.

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This paper presents a load flow algorithm based on the backward/forward sweep principle, flexible with network topology changes, with an improvement in ensuring a minimum number of searching for connections between nodes in the calculation sequence in the forward and the backward sweep, by organizing the radial distribution system information into a main line and its derivations. The proposed load flow analysis is easy to implement and does not require the use of any complex renumbering of branches and nodes, or any matrix calculation, with the only use of linear equations based on Kirchhoff’s formulation.

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Berger, D. S., J. K. Li, W. K. Laskey, and A. Noordergraaf. "Repeated reflection of waves in the systemic arterial system." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 1 (1993): H269—H281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.1.h269.

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Traditional analysis of pulse-wave propagation and reflection in the arterial system treats measured pressure and flow waves as the sum of a single forward wave (traveling away from the heart) and a single backward wave (traveling toward the heart). The purpose of this study was to develop a more general wave reflection theory that allows repeated reflection of these waves. The arterial system was modeled as a uniform viscoelastic tube terminating in a complex load with reflections occurring at the tube load interface and the heart tube interface. The resulting framework considers the forward wave to be the sum of an initial wave plus a series of antegrade waves. Similarly, the backward wave is the sum of a series of retrograde waves. This repeated reflection theory contains within it the traditional forward/backward wave reflection analysis as a special case. In addition, the individual antegrade and retrograde waves, at the tube entrance, are shown to be independent of the tube length. Aortic pressure and flow data, from dog experiments, were used to illustrate the phenomenon of repeated reflections. Alteration of the arterial system loading conditions, brought about through pharmacological intervention, affected the number and morphology of repeated waves. These results are compared with those found in traditional forward/backward reflection analysis.

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Lin, Heng-Sheng, Chien-Yu Lee, and Wen-Shun Li. "Piercing and Surface-Crack Defects in Cold Combined Forward-Backward Extrusion." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093900.

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Metal flow tends to be complex and difficult to predict in the combined forward-backward extrusion (CFBE) process. Piercing and surface-crack defects are phenomenal in forming fasteners featuring a forward extruded pin and a backward extruded cup. In this work, a series of the CFBE tests with various combinations of the forward extrusion ratio (FER) and the backward extrusion ratio (BER) were conducted. A forming limit diagram, detailed with the piercing and surface-crack defects on the forward extruded pin or the backward extruded cup, was developed to provide a conception in choosing appropriate extrusion ratios in forming fasteners with such pin-and-cup features. With the aid of the forming load-stroke curves and the finite element analysis of fracture damage, the fracturing mechanism for the CFBE process was provided.

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Chang, G. W., S. Y. Chu, and H. L. Wang. "An Improved Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Algorithm for Radial Distribution Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 22, no. 2 (2007): 882–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2007.894848.

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Hameed, Faisal, Mohamed Al Hosani, and H. H. Zeineldin. "A Modified Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Method for Islanded Radial Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 1 (2019): 910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2754551.

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Ham, B. S., J. H. Ok, Jung Min Seo, Beong Bok Hwang, K. H. Min, and H. S. Koo. "Numerical Analysis on the Extruded Volume and Length Ratios of Backward Tube to Forward Rod in Combined Extrusion Processes." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.919.

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This paper is concerned with forward rod extrusion combined simultaneously with backward tube extrusion process in both steady and transient states. The analysis has been conducted in numerical manner by employing a rigid-plastic finite element method. AA 2024 aluminum alloy was selected as a model material for analysis. Among many process parameters, major design factors chosen for analysis include frictional condition, thickness of tube in backward direction, punch corner radius, and die corner radius. The main goal of this study is to investigate the material flow characteristics in combined extrusion process, i.e. forward rod extrusion combined simultaneously with backward tube extrusion process. Simulation results have been summarized in term of relationships between process parameters and extruded length and volume ratios, and between process parameters and force requirements, respectively. The extruded length ratio is defined as the ratio of tube length extruded in backward direction to rod length extruded in forward direction, and the volume ratio as that of extruded volume in backward direction to that in forward direction, respectively. It has been revealed from the simulation results that material flow into both backward and forward directions are mostly influenced by the backward tube thickness, and other process parameters such as die corner radius etc. have little influence on the volume ratio particularly in steady state of combined extrusion process. The pressure distributions along the tool-workpiece interface have been also analyzed such that the pressure exerted on die is not so significant in this particular process such as combined operation process. Comparisons between multi-stage forming process in sequence operation and one stage combined operation have been also made in terms of forming load and pressure exerted on die. The simulation results shows that the combined extrusion process has the greatest advantage of lower forming load comparing to that in sequence operation.

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Hwang, Beong Bok, G. M. Lee, Y. H. Lee, J. H. Ok, and S. H. Kim. "An Analysis on the Force Requirement of Combined Operations for Forward and Backward Tube Forming." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.943.

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In the present study, the finite element analysis has been conducted to investigate the deformation characteristics of forward and backward can extrusion process using AA 1100 aluminum alloy tubes in terms of maximum forming load and extruded length ratio in a combined material flow. A commercially available code is used to conduct rigid-plastic FEM simulation. Hollow tubes are selected as initial billets and the punch geometries follow the recommendation of ICFG. Selected design parametrs involved in simulation includes punch nose radius, die corner radius, frictional condition, and punch face angle. The investigation is foucused on the analysis of deformation pattern and its characteristics in a forward tube extrusion combined simultaneously with backward tube extrusion process main in terms of force requirements for this operation according to various punch nose radii and backward tube thickness. The simulation results are summarized in terms of load-stroke relationships for different process parameters such as backward tube thickness, die corner radii, and punch face angle, respectively, and pressure distributions exerted on die, and comparison of die pressure and forming load between combined extrusion and two stage extrusion process in sequencial operation. Extensive analyses are also made to investigate the relationships between process parameters and extruded lengths in both forward and backward directions. It has been concluded from simulation results that a) the combined operation is superior to multi-stage extrusion process in sequential operation in terms of maximum forming load and maximum pressure exerted on die, b) the length of forward extruded tube increases and that of backward extruded tube decreases as the thickness ratio decreases, and c) the forming load is influenced much by the thickness ratio and the other design factors such as die corner radius and punch face angle does not affect much on the force requirement for the combined extrusion process.

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Issicaba, Diego, and Jorge Coelho. "Evaluation of the Forward-Backward Sweep Load Flow Method using the Contraction Mapping Principle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (2016): 3229. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11303.

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This paper presents an assessment of the forward-backward sweep load flow method to distribution system analysis. The method is formally assessed using fixed-point concepts and the contraction mapping theorem. The existence and uniqueness of the load flow feasible solution is supported by an alternative argument from those obtained in the literature. Also, the closed-form of the convergence rate of the method is deduced and the convergence dependence of loading is assessed. Finally, boundaries for error values per iteration between iterates and feasible solution are obtained. Theoretical results have been tested in several numerical simulations, some of them presented in this paper, thus fostering discussions about applications and future works.

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Issicaba, Diego, and Jorge Coelho. "Evaluation of the Forward-Backward Sweep Load Flow Method using the Contraction Mapping Principle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (2016): 3229. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp3229-3237.

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This paper presents an assessment of the forward-backward sweep load flow method to distribution system analysis. The method is formally assessed using fixed-point concepts and the contraction mapping theorem. The existence and uniqueness of the load flow feasible solution is supported by an alternative argument from those obtained in the literature. Also, the closed-form of the convergence rate of the method is deduced and the convergence dependence of loading is assessed. Finally, boundaries for error values per iteration between iterates and feasible solution are obtained. Theoretical results have been tested in several numerical simulations, some of them presented in this paper, thus fostering discussions about applications and future works.

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Herrera-Briñez, María Camila, Oscar Danilo Montoya, Lazaro Alvarado-Barrios, and Harold R. Chamorro. "The Equivalence between Successive Approximations and Matricial Load Flow Formulations." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (2021): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072905.

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This paper shows the equivalence of the matricial form of the classical backward/forward load flow formulation for distribution networks with the recently developed successive approximations (SA) load flow approach. Both formulations allow solving the load flow problem in meshed and radial distribution grids even if these are operated with alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) technologies. Both load flow methods are completely described in this research to make a fair comparison between them and demonstrate their equivalence. Numerical comparisons in the 33- and 69-bus test feeder with radial topology show that both methods have the same number of iterations to find the solution with a convergence error defined as 1×10−10.

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Issicaba, Diego, and Jorge Coelho. "Rotational Load Flow Method for Radial Distribution Systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 3 (2016): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i3.10083.

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This paper introduces a modified edition of classical Cespedes' load flow method to radial distribution system analysis. In the developed approach, a distribution network is modeled in different complex reference systems and reduced to a set of connected equivalent subnetworks, each without resistance, while graph topology and node voltage solution are preserved. Active power losses are then not dissipated in the modeled subnetworks and active power flows can be obtained as a consequence of radiality. Thus, the proposed method preprocesses a series of variable transformations concomitant to an iterative algorithm using a forward-backward sweep to arrive at the load flow solution. The proposed approach has been tested using literature and actual distribution networks, and efficiency improvements are verified in comparison to Cespedes' load flow method.

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Issicaba, Diego, and Jorge Coelho. "Rotational Load Flow Method for Radial Distribution Systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 3 (2016): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i3.pp1344-1352.

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This paper introduces a modified edition of classical Cespedes' load flow method to radial distribution system analysis. In the developed approach, a distribution network is modeled in different complex reference systems and reduced to a set of connected equivalent subnetworks, each without resistance, while graph topology and node voltage solution are preserved. Active power losses are then not dissipated in the modeled subnetworks and active power flows can be obtained as a consequence of radiality. Thus, the proposed method preprocesses a series of variable transformations concomitant to an iterative algorithm using a forward-backward sweep to arrive at the load flow solution. The proposed approach has been tested using literature and actual distribution networks, and efficiency improvements are verified in comparison to Cespedes' load flow method.

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Kirthiga, M. Venkata, and S. Arul Daniel. "Computational Techniques for Autonomous Microgrid Load Flow Analysis." ISRN Power Engineering 2014 (May 11, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/742171.

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This paper attempts at developing simple, efficient, and fast converging load flow analysis techniques tailored to autonomous microgrids. Two modified backward forward sweep techniques have been developed in this work where the largest generator is chosen as slack generator, in the first method and all generator buses are modeled as slack buses in the second method. The second method incorporates the concept of distributed slack bus to update the real and reactive power generations in the microgrid. This paper has details on the development of these two methodologies and the efficacy of these methods is compared with the conventional Newton Raphson load flow method. The standard 33-bus distribution system has been transformed into an autonomous microgrid and used for evaluation of the proposed load flow methodologies. Matlab coding has been developed for validating the results.

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Ali, Nasser Hussain, and Khalid Shakir Al-Jubori Waleed. "Dual techniques of load shedding and capacitor placement considering load models for optimal distribution system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (2022): 5683–96. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp5683-5696.

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Voltage stability represents one of the main issues in electrical power system. Under voltage load shedding (UVLS) has long been regarded as one of the most successful techniques to prevent the voltage collapse. However, the ordinary load shedding schemes do not consider the different load models and decreasing in the economic cost that resulted from load disconnection, so the dual techniques of load shedding with reactive compensation are needed. Usually loads being modeled as constant power, while in fact of load flow the various load models are utilized. An investigation of optimal dual load shedding with reactive compensation for distribution system based on direct backward forward sweep method (DBFSM) load flow along with a comparison among the other load models are presented in this paper. The teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is executed in order to reduce power losses and enhance the voltage profile. This algorithm is tested and applied to IEEE-16 bus distribution test system to find the optimal superior capacitor size and placement while minimizing load shading for the network. Five different load shedding sequences are considered and the optimization performance of load models demonstrated the comparison through MATLAB program.

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Seo, Jung Min, Dong Hwan Jang, K. H. Min, H. S. Koo, S. H. Kim, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Forming Load Characteristics of Forward and Backward Tube Extrusion Process in Combined Operation." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.649.

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Combined extrusion processes generally have advantages of forming in terms of the minimum deformation power since the material is pressed through two or more orifices simultaneously. This paper is concerned with the analysis of forming load characteristics of a forward-backward can extrusion process using thick-walled pipe as an initial billet. The combined tube extrusion process was analyzed by using a commercial finite element code. A thick-walled pipe was selected as an initial billet and the punch geometry has been chosen on the basis of ICFG recommendation. Several tool and process parameters were employed in this analysis and they are punch nose radius, backward tube thickness, punch face angle, and frictional conditions, respectively. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of process parameters on the force requirements in combined extrusion process. The possible extrusion process to form a forward-backward tube parts in different process sequences were also simulated to investigate the force requirements in sequential operations, i.e. separate operations. It was easily concluded from the simulation results that lower forming load was predicted for the combined extrusion, compared to those for separate sequential operations. It was also revealed that the punch nose radius and the punch face angle have little effect on the force requirements and the forming load increases significantly as the frictional condition along tool-workpiece interface becomes severe. The simulation results in this study suggest that the combined extrusion process has strong advantage in terms of force requirements as long as the simultaneous material flow into multiple orifices could be closely controlled.

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anoj Gupta, Chitransh Shrivastava, M. "Review of Forward & Backward Sweep Method for Load Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution System." International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 04, no. 06 (2015): 5595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15662/ijareeie.2015.0406049.

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Prasad Verma, Rajendra, and Sharad Chandra Srivastava. "Analyses of the Power Flow through Distributed Generator based on Unsynchronized Measurements." Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.512201.

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This research proposes a one-of-a-kind method for analysing the load flow of distributed generation by using unsynchronized measurements for the data collected from the main substation and the connections of distributed generators and micro-grids. These findings are made using unsynchronized data from a distribution generator’s Load Flow Analysis. Distributed generation is the foundation of this method. Measurements that have previously been done and a good communication architecture make this feasible. This objective may be achieved with the use of previously gathered measurements. The time-tested backward-forward sweep method is the method of choice for analysing power flow using unsynchronized data. This is the preferred approach. The angles of synchronisation are likely to be unknowns that must be estimated. On a smart grid system with a large number of distributed generation and microgrids, a range of mathematical computations are conducted to verify the correctness of performance predictions produced by the suggested theory. The classic backward-forward sweep was shown to be the most effective method for analysing power flow based on data that was not synchronised in many instances. This is the strategy that is presently being recommended. Because the angles of synchronisation are presumed to be unknown, a mathematical equation must be devised to determine them. If you require synchronised measurements in your microgrid, the projected synchronisation angles may be of value to you.

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Almoussawi, Zainab Abed, V. Vijaya Rama Raju, R. Venkatasubramanian, Hariharan R., and Myasar Mundher Adnan. "Analyses of the Power Flow through Distributed Generator based on Unsynchronized Measurements." E3S Web of Conferences 564 (2024): 11019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456411019.

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Based on measurements taken from the main substation and the connections between distributed generators and micro-grids that are not in sync, this study suggests a new way to look at the load flow of distributed generation. The conclusions are based on data from a distribution generator’s Load Flow Analysis that was not in sync. Distributed generation is what this approach is based on. Creating a strong communication system and using measurement data from the past are two ways to make this happen. This objective may be achieved with the use of previously gathered measurements. The time-tested backward-forward sweep method is the method of choice for analyzing power flow using unsynchronized data. This is the preferred approach. The angles of synchronization are likely to be unknowns that must be estimated. On a smart grid system with a large number of distributed generation and microgrids, a range of mathematical computations are conducted to verify the correctness of performance predictions produced by the suggested theory. The classic backward-forward sweep was shown to be the most effective method for analyzing power flow based on data that was not synchronized in many instances. This is the strategy that is presently being recommended. Because the angles of synchronization are presumed to be unknown, a mathematical equation must be devised to determine them.

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Kumar, Vipin, Shubham Swapnil, and V. R. Singh. "Adaptive Algorithm for Solving the Load Flow Problem in Distribution System." Journal of Intelligent Systems 27, no. 3 (2018): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2016-0084.

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Abstract This paper presents a fast and efficient method for load flow analysis of radial distribution networks. Here, an adaptive algorithm is proposed to analyze the load flow problem of distribution systems. An adaptive algorithm is the combination of backward/forward (BW/FW) sweep and cuckoo search (CS) algorithms. In the proposed method, the optimum load flow analysis of the radial distribution system is attained, while optimizing the voltage and current computation of the BW/FW sweep algorithm. Now, by the CS, the output voltage of the BW/FW sweep algorithm is compared with the standard voltage and optimized. From the optimized voltage and current, load flow parameters like power loss and real and reactive power flow are assessed. The proposed method is implemented using the MATLAB platform and tested into the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is determined by comparing with the BW/FW algorithm and genetic algorithm-based BW/FW algorithm.

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Xiao, Zhi Quan. "Modeling Study of Long-Stroke Valve-Controlled Asymmetrical Cylinder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.291.

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With the consideration of compressibility flow and the redefined load flow and load pressure, the mathematical model of long-stroke valve-controlled asymmetrical cylinder system is presented. The equivalent volume functions, the functions of equivalent volume functions of cylinder's two chambers are introduced, which reflects the influence of piston's positions in its long stroke on the dynamic performance of valve-controlled cylinder. Simulation results show that there exists obvious differences between forward and backward directions of long-stroke valve-controlled asymmetrical cylinder system, and its dynamic performance varies along the whole stroke, where the middle-stroke position may not always be the so-called most dangerous position.

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Wang, Ling Yun, Ye Shuang Zheng, Jie Pan, and Yuan Liu. "Power Flow Calculation of Distribution Network with DG Based on Advanced Forward and Backward Substitution Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.569.

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Compared with the traditional power system, there are some differences in the aspect of distribution network structure, line parameters and load parameters in the power system with distributed generations. Therefore, the conventional power flow algorithm can not be applied to this kind of networks. Considering that the distributed generations have special influence on the operation of distributed network, a novel power flow calculation method for this kind of distribution network is studied in this paper. Several equivalent circuit models of distributed generations and the corresponding approaches have been researched. The feasibility of this proposed power flow algorithms can be verified through the program designed in Matlab software.

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Kongjeen, Y., K. Bhumkittipich, N. Mithulananthan, I. S. Amiri, and P. Yupapin. "A modified backward and forward sweep method for microgrid load flow analysis under different electric vehicle load mathematical models." Electric Power Systems Research 168 (March 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2018.10.031.

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Hussain, Ali Nasser, and Waleed Khalid Shakir Al-Jubori. "Dual techniques of load shedding and capacitor placement considering load models for optimal distribution system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (2022): 5683. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp5683-5696.

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Voltage stability represents one of the main issues in electrical power system. Under voltage load shedding (UVLS) has long been regarded as one of the most successful techniques to prevent the voltage collapse. However, the ordinary load shedding schemes do not consider the different load models and decreasing in the ‎economic cost that resulted from load disconnection, so the dual techniques of load shedding with reactive compensation are needed. Usually loads being modeled as constant power, while in fact of load flow the various load models are utilized. An investigation of optimal dual load shedding with reactive compensation for distribution system based on direct backward forward sweep method (DBFSM) load flow along with a comparison among the other load models are presented in this paper. The teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is executed in order to reduce power losses and enhance the voltage profile. This algorithm is tested and applied to IEEE-16 bus distribution test system to find the optimal superior capacitor size and placement while minimizing load shading for the network. Five different load shedding sequences are considered and the optimization performance of load models demonstrated the comparison through MATLAB program.

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Li, Zhen, Cai Hong Zhao, and Cheng Fei Ma. "Power Flow Calculation of Distribution Network Considering Distributed Generation Switch-In." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2470.

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Firstly, the present paper makes a brief introduction to types of the distributed power and the processing mode of PV node in the electricity grid; secondly, the forward and backward substitution method to calculate the power flow has been improved and used to analyze some examples; thirdly and most importantly, taking the multi-node distribution network which incorporates distributed generation (DG) as an example, the author analyzes the influences of DG on load flow distribution and network loss in different positions, capacities and power factors.

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Potnuru, Srikar, Raviteja Vinjamuri, Susant Kumar Sahoo, and Santosh Kumar Sahoo. "Three Dimensional Analysis of Combined Forward and Backward Extrusion-Forging Process Using DEFORM 3D." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.791.

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Combined extrusion-forging is used in the manufacturing of a wide range of engineering components. Due to the complexity of the forming process and because of so many process variables, it is difficult to predict the forming load required to manufacture a given component. It is very costly to conduct different trail runs to know the metal flow patterns, and for redesigning of tool and die setup, etc. The present paper deals with the Finite element analysis of combined forward and backward extrusion-forging process for the product shape socket wrench. Two types of socket wrenches, Square-square type and hexagon-square type have been taken for the present analysis. The modelling has been done by using 3D modelling software CATIA and simulation through the Finite element based package DEFORM 3D software. The forming load can be estimated by the results obtained from the Finite element analysis through DEFORM 3D software.

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Rudy, Gianto, and Purwoharjono. "A new method to incorporate three-phase power transformer model into distribution system load flow analysis." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 10, no. 3 (2021): 262–70. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v10.i3.pp262-270.

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This paper proposes a new and simple method to incorporate three-phase power transformer model into distribution system load flow (DSLF) analysis. The objective of the present work is to find a robust and efficient technique for modeling and integrating power transformer in the DSLF analysis. The proposed transformer model is derived based on nodal admittance matrix and formulated by using the symmetrical component theory. Load flow formulation in terms of branch currents and nodal voltages is also proposed in this paper to enable integrating the model into the DSLF analysis. Singularity that makes the calculations in forward/backward sweep (FBS) algorithm is difficult to be carried out. It can be avoided in the method. The proposed model is verified by using the standard IEEE test system.

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Rudy, Gianto, and Purwoharjono. "A new method to incorporate three-phase power transformer model into distribution system load flow analysis." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering 10, no. 3 (2021): 262~270. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7344529.

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This paper proposes a new and simple method to incorporate three-phase power transformer model into distribution system load flow (DSLF) analysis. The objective of the present work is to find a robust and efficient technique for modeling and integrating power transformer in the DSLF analysis. The proposed transformer model is derived based on nodal admittance matrix and formulated by using the symmetrical component theory. Load flow formulation in terms of branch currents and nodal voltages is also proposed in this paper to enable integrating the model into the DSLF analysis. Singularity that makes the calculations in forward/backward sweep (FBS) algorithm is difficult to be carried out. It can be avoided in the method. The proposed model is verified by using the standard IEEE test system.

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Mosca, Valerio, and Ali Elham. "Investigations on the Potentials of Novel Technologies for Aircraft Fuel Burn Reduction through Aerostructural Optimisation." Aerospace 9, no. 12 (2022): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9120744.

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A physics-based optimisation framework is developed to investigate the potential advantages of novel technologies on the energy efficiency of a midrange passenger aircraft. In particular, the coupled-adjoint aerostructural analysis and optimisation tool FEMWET is modified to study the effects of active flow control at different load cases for conventional and unconventional wing configurations. This multidisciplinary design optimisation (MDO) framework presents the opportunity to optimise the wing considering static aeroelastic effect and, by its gradient-based method, save substantial computational time compared to high-fidelity tools, keeping a satisfying level of accuracy. Two different configurations are analysed: a forward- and backward-swept wing aircraft, developed inside the Cluster of Excellence SE2A (Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation). The forward-swept configuration is sensitive to the aeroelastic stability effect, and the backward configuration is influenced by the aileron constraint. They may lead to a weight increment. Sensitivity studies show the possible role of key parameters on the optimisation results. The highest fuel weight reduction achievable for the two configurations is 5.6% for the forward-swept wing and 9.8% for the backward configuration. Finally, both optimised wings show higher flexibility.

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Bompard, E., E. Carpaneto, G. Chicco, and R. Napoli. "Convergence of the backward/forward sweep method for the load-flow analysis of radial distribution systems." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 22, no. 7 (2000): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-0615(00)00009-0.

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K.Venkat Rao and Dr.K.RamaSudha. "Optimal Path Solution Using Dijkstra's Algorithm for Practical 21 bus system." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (2021): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061296.

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This paper presents the Shortest Path Finding algorithm to identify the optimal path for a distribution system during restoration using Dijkstra's method. The objective is to reduce the power losses and obtain an efficient restoration plan after an extensive outage of the system. The power losses of the distribution system are calculated using Forward-Backward sweep load flow method. The proposed method has been implemented for a practical 21 bus distribution system using MATLAB programming .

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Gianto, Rudy, and Purwoharjono Purwoharjono. "A new method to incorporate three-phase power transformer model into distribution system load flow analysis." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 10, no. 3 (2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v10.i3.pp262-270.

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This paper proposes a new and simple method to incorporate three-phase power transformer model into distribution system load flow (DSLF) analysis. The objective of the present work is to find a robust and efficient technique for modeling and integrating power transformer in the DSLF analysis. The proposed transformer model is derived based on nodal admittance matrix and formulated by using the symmetrical component theory. Load flow formulation in terms of branch currents and nodal voltages is also proposed in this paper to enable integrating the model into the DSLF analysis. Singularity that makes the calculations in forward/backward sweep (FBS) algorithm is difficult to be carried out. It can be avoided in the method. The proposed model is verified by using the standard IEEE test system.

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Amini, MohamadAli, Alireza Jalilian, and Milad Rahimi Pour Behbahani. "Fast network reconfiguration in harmonic polluted distribution network based on developed backward/forward sweep harmonic load flow." Electric Power Systems Research 168 (March 2019): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2018.12.006.

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Martínez-Peñaloza, Alejandra, German Osma-Pinto, and Gabriel Ordoñez-Plata. "Performance analysis of power flow strategies adjusted to a distribution network with non-linear loads and a PV system." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.254.

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In analysing power flows, computational strategies and tools are used to study electrical networks considered illconditioned by characteristics such as radial topology, load unbalance, and distributed generation. However, these techniques do not consider harmonic distortion that power electronics devices recently injected into electrical networks. For this reason, this work presents a comparison of the results of three strategies for solving harmonic power flows, where each one of them uses a specific load model in the frequency domain to represent nonlinear loads and a photovoltaic system installed in a distribution network. The traditional Backward/Forward algorithm is adjusted to meet the characteristic conditions of the network. It applies the Norton equivalent coupled admittance matrix model. The other strategies model the electrical network in specialised software; the analysis in Simulink considers the Norton decoupled admittance matrix model, while PowerFactory uses the current source model to represent the loads and the PV system. All three strategies successfully determined the waveforms of the voltage signals; however, the results showed differences for the current signals and power parameters.

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Kreishan, Maen Z., and Ahmed F. Zobaa. "Scenario-Based Uncertainty Modeling for Power Management in Islanded Microgrid Using the Mixed-Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization." Energies 16, no. 10 (2023): 4257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104257.

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Reliable droop-controlled islanded microgrids are necessary to expand coverage and maximize renewables potential. Nonetheless, due to uncertainties surrounding renewable generation and load forecast, substantial power mismatch is expected at off-peak hours. Existing energy management systems such as storage and demand response are not equipped to handle a large power mismatch. Hence, utilizing dump loads to consume excess power is a promising solution to keep frequency and voltage within permissible limits during low-load hours. Considering the uncertainty in wind generation and demand forecast during off-peak hours, the dump load allocation problem was modeled within a scenario-based stochastic framework. The multi-objective optimization with uncertainty was formulated to minimize total microgrid cost, maximum voltage error, frequency deviation, and total energy loss. The mixed-integer distributed ant colony optimization was utilized in a massive parallelization framework for the first time in microgrids to solve the decomposed deterministic problem of the most probable scenarios. Moreover, a flexible and robust load-flow method called general backward/forward sweep was used to obtain the load-flow solution. The optimization problem was applied to the IEEE 69-bus and 118-bus systems. Furthermore, a cost benefit analysis was provided to highlight the proposed method’s advantage over battery-based power management solutions. Lastly, the obtained results further demonstrate the fundamental role of dump load as power management solution while minimizing costs and energy losses.

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Kreishan, Maen Z., and Ahmed F. Zobaa. "Mixed-Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization of Dump Load Allocation with Improved Islanded Microgrid Load Flow." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010213.

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Dump load (DL) utilization at low demand hours in highly penetrated islanded microgrid is of great importance to offer voltage and frequency regulation. Additionally, load flow (LF) convergence is vital to optimize the working states of the DL allocation problem. Hence, more analysis is necessary to highlight the significance of DL in power regulation while observing the influence of LF on solution accuracy. This article proposes two LF techniques derived from backward/forward sweep (BFS), viz., general BFS (GBFS) and improved special BFS (SBFS-II). The latter is based on global voltage shared between generating units, while the former has a more general approach by considering generating bus’s local voltage. The optimal sizing and sitting of DL with optimum droop sets are determined using the mixed-integer distributed ant colony optimization (MIDACO) with the two new LF methods. The optimization problem was formulated to minimize voltage and frequency deviations as well as power losses. The problem was validated on IEEE 69- and 118-bus systems and compared with established metaheuristics. Results show that DL allocation using MIDACO with SBFS-II and GBFS has improved the solution speed and accuracy, respectively. Furthermore, the enhanced voltage and frequency results highlight DL as an efficient power management solution.

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Mozaffarilegha, Mahdi, and Ehsan Damaneh. "Optimal Selection of Conductors in Ghaleganj Radial Distribution Systems." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 17, no. 2 (2021): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.17.2.24.

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Selection of the best type and most suitable size of conductors is essential for designing and optimizing the distribution network. In this paper, an effective method has been proposed for proper selection and incorporation of conductors in the feed part of a radial electricity distribution network considering the depreciation effect of conductors. Increasing the usability of the electric energy of the power grid for the subscribers has been considered per load increment regarding the development of the country. Optimal selection and reconstruction of conductors in the power distribution radio network have been performed through a smart method for minimizing the costs related to annual losses and investment for renovation of lines by imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) to improve the productivity of the power distribution network. Backward/forward sweep load flow method has been used to solve the load flow problem in the power distribution networks. The mentioned optimization method has been tested on DAZ feeder in Ghaleganj town as test.

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Sedaghat, Mohammad, Esmaeel Rokrok, and Mohammad Bakhshipour. "A New DG Allocation Approach Based on Biogeography-Based Optimization with Considering Fuzzy Load Uncertainty." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 4, no. 3 (2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v4.i3.pp89-96.

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A new distributed generation placement method based on biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is investigated in this paper. A significant novelty of this study lies in considering fuzzy load uncertainty. For this purpose a fuzzy backward- forward sweep load flow is proposed. The main objectives of this study is minimizing power losses and improving voltage profile. A comparative study between optimal location and sizing under typical load condition and fuzzy load uncertainty is presented. To verify the efficiency of proposed BBO method, it is conducted on IEEE 33 bus distribution system, also a comparative study between proposed BBO approach and particle swarm optimization (PSO), Technical-learning based optimization (TLBO), Artificial bee colony (ABC), Imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is investigated. The simulation results show the excellent and superior performance of proposed BBO approach in comparison with the other intelligent methods.

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Abdel-Akher, Mamdouh. "Voltage stability analysis of unbalanced distribution systems using backward/forward sweep load-flow analysis method with secant predictor." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 7, no. 3 (2013): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0360.

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Akmal Zuhdi, Muhammad, and Faiz Husnayain. "Power Flow Analysis in Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Systems using Backward/Forward Sweep and Current Injection Methods." ELKHA 16, no. 2 (2024): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v16i2.82179.

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The electrical power distribution system is a part of the power system that distributes electricity from the transmission network to customers. In the distribution system, imbalances often occur due to the varying load profiles in each phase. This can cause voltage imbalances in the distribution system. This study aims to compare two power flow analysis methods, Backward/Forward Sweep and Current Injection. The study analyses the voltage and power loss conditions on each phase at each bus and line in the three-phase distribution system under unbalanced conditions. Simulations were conducted on two IEEE test buses, IEEE 19-Bus and IEEE 33-Bus with radial configurations. The power flow calculation results using the Backward and Forward Sweep method showed that in the IEEE 19-Bus system, the highest voltage drop percentage occurred on phase b at bus 19, at 3.14%, the highest voltage imbalance percentage occurred at bus 19, at 0.1409%, and the total active and reactive power losses were 7.352 kW and 3.164 kVAR. In the IEEE 33-Bus system, the highest voltage drop percentage occurred on phase c at bus 18, at 5.85%, the highest imbalance percentage occurred at bus 15, at 0.2077%, and the total active and reactive power losses were 19.107 kW and 8.22 kVAR. The percentage difference between the two methods used is less than one percent, indicating that both methods are sufficiently accurate in analyzing power flow in an unbalanced distribution system.

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Zhang, Shi, Jun Wu, Kunmiao Li, and Hai Bao. "Loss Calculation of Single Power Supply to Single Load Based on Power Component Theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503, no. 1 (2023): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012083.

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Abstract To calculate the loss in each power supply supplying power to different loads in a multi-power supply system, this paper proposes a complex proportional relationship between the power supply loss in the power transmission process to a specific load and the power injected by the power supply. And based on the circuit theory, the theoretical derivation is carried out. According to the known power flow results, this method uses the power component theory to track the network power flow forward and backward to construct a single power supply to a single load power supply network. It then scientifically strips out the loss of a single power supply to a single load power supply from the total loss and its complex proportional relationship to the power generation. The derivation process satisfies the classical circuit theory and does not introduce too many assumptions. While ensuring accuracy, it makes up for the lack of physical meaning of the previous network loss calculation methods. It provides a physical basis for formulating more economical scheduling schemes and promoting fair trading in the transmission market. The method is applied to a 7-node distribution network system, and the results confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the model.

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Artale, Giovanni, Giuseppe Caravello, Antonio Cataliotti, et al. "A Virtual Tool for Load Flow Analysis in a Micro-Grid." Energies 13, no. 12 (2020): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123173.

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This paper proposes a virtual tool for load flow analysis in energy distribution systems of micro-grids. The solution is based on a low-cost measurement architecture, which entails low-voltage power measurements in each secondary substation and a voltage measurement at the beginning of the medium voltage (MV) feeder. The proposed virtual tool periodically queries these instruments to acquire the measurements. Then, it implements a backward–forward load flow algorithm, to evaluate the power flow in each branch and the voltage at each node. The virtual tool performances are validated using power measurements acquired at the beginning of each MV feeder. The uncertainties on each calculated quantity are also evaluated starting from the uncertainties due to the used measurement instruments. Moreover, the influence of the line parameter uncertainties on the evaluated quantities is also considered. The validated tool is useful for the online analysis of power flows and also for planning purposes, as it allows verifying the influence of future distributed generator power injection. In fact, the tool is able to off-line perform the load flow calculation in differently distributed generation scenarios. The micro-grid of Favignana Island was used as a case study to test the developed virtual tool.

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Rocha, Ednardo, Max Pimentel Filho, Melinda Cruz, Marcos Almeida, and Manoel Medeiros Júnior. "A New Linear State Estimator for Fault Location in Distribution Systems Based on Backward-Forward Currents Sweep." Energies 13, no. 11 (2020): 2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112692.

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This paper presents a new linear state estimation model based on a current summation load flow method for three-phase distribution systems. The developed estimator may be applied to both the supervision of distribution systems under normal operating conditions and the fault location in cases of low and high impedance faults. Our studies were conducted using a real distribution feeder. For fault location analysis, the system was modeled using the ATP (alternative transient program) in order to emulate measurements of voltages and currents at the substation, and voltage magnitudes registered by other meters during the fault. We used the MATLAB™ software to process the algorithms. The main contributions that arose after integrating the current method into system supervision in case of network failures under normal operating conditions and the fault location are as follows: (i) estimation of system losses; (ii) modeling of loads in real time to consider their contributions in the fault location process; and (iii) low influence of fault resistance in the location algorithm. The results show that the proposed method has good precision, low computational processing time, and is promising for distribution system supervision with a reduced number of meters.

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Injeti, Satish Kumar, and Thunuguntla Vinod Kumar. "A WDO Framework for Optimal Deployment of DGs and DSCs in a Radial Distribution System Under Daily Load Pattern to Improve Techno-Economic Benefits." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 7, no. 2 (2018): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2018040101.

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This article presents a methodology to determine optimal locations and sizes of DGs (Distributed Generator) and DSCs (D-STATCOM) simultaneously in a radial distribution network during a daily load pattern to improve the techno-economic benefits. An effective weighted objective function has been designed to address daily power loss minimization of the three techno-economic benefits, improvement of daily voltage profile and maximization of net annual savings due to the placement of DGs and DSCs. A repetitive backward-forward sweep based load flow has been used to calculate the daily power loss and bus voltages. To optimize the designed objective function, an efficient and simple nature-inspired wind driven optimization (WDO) algorithm has been used. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, different scenarios are considered and a detailed outcome analysis is presented.

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Archundia-Aranda, I., and R. O. Mota-Palomino. "Harmonic Penetration Method for Radial Distribution Networks." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 2 (2014): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0093.

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Abstract This work presents a method for calculating harmonic voltages and currents in radial distribution networks. The proposed method is an extension of the backward/forward sweep method for load flow studies in distribution systems and as such preserves its good convergence characteristics besides of not requiring of any network matrix. The method was tested on an eight-node one-phase radial test feeder and results were similar to those that were obtained by the well-known current injection method. Also it was tested on a 2000-node network, showing this way that this is a more suitable method for large three-phase radial distribution networks.

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Tonini, Luiz Guilherme Riva, Renato Santos Freire Ferraz, and Oureste Elias Batista. "Load Flow and Short-Circuit Methods for Grids Dominated by Inverter-Based Distributed Generation." Energies 15, no. 13 (2022): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134723.

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The use of power-electronics-based devices in distribution generation seeks to improve energy quality and reduce costs. The inverter-based distributed generator, that works in different operation modes, has emerged as a promising technology. In a high distributed generation penetration scenario it is important to know the voltage profile and fault information due to the uncertainty in the generator operation and the impact that have on the network. This study aims to use two proposed methods of analysis: for power flow, based on backward/forward sweep method, and short-circuit, based on hybrid impedance matrix, that considers the inverter operation modes and represents each generator as a voltage-controlled current source. The chosen network is the IEEE 34-Node Test Feeder with a generator on each load per phase. The voltage profiles obtained will be validated with a Simulink/Matlab phasorial model. The results show an average error of 2.39% and a gain in voltage profile processing time of 2185.24%, making its use consistent for larger systems.

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Bukit, Ferry Rahmat Astianta, Hendra Zulkarnain, and Choirul Purnama Kusuma. "Optimizing electric vehicle charging station placement integrates distributed generations and network reconfiguration." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 5 (2024): 4929. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i5.pp4929-4939.

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The surge in adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) within the transportation sector can be attributed to the growing interest in sustainable transportation initiatives. It is imperative to position electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) strategically and distribute generations (DGs) to mitigate the effects of electric vehicle loads. This research employs the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to optimize the placement of EVCS and DGs alongside network reconfiguration. The backward-forward sweep (BFS) power flow technique is utilized to compute load flow under varying load conditions. The primary objective of this investigation is to minimize power losses and enhance the voltage profile within the system. The proposed approach was tested on IEEE-33 and 69 bus systems and compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. The simulation outcomes affirm the effectiveness of whale optimization algorithm in determining that integrating 3 EVCS with 3 DGs yields optimal outcomes following network reconfiguration, resulting in a 56.22% decrease in power losses for the IEEE-33 bus system and a 76.13% reduction for the IEEE-69 bus system. The simulation results indicate that the proposed approach enhances system performance across all metrics, showcasing the superior performance of WOA compared to PSO and GA in accomplishing set objectives.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Backward/forward load flow'

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