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Journal articles on the topic 'Backwaters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Joseph, Emilda K. "ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND TOURISM ACTIVITIES IN BACKWATERS OF KERALA." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 3, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2016.322.

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Kerala is one among the unique destinations of travel lovers. Its unique attraction makes Kerala as the most popular tourist destination in the world. Lakes, beaches, backwaters and houseboats are the unique selling point of Kerala’s tourism industry. Most of the travelers are enchanted by the backwaters. It becomes the most enjoyable and not-to-miss tourist products in Kerala for the holiday, leisure trips of domestic and international tourists.The main objective of this study is to identify factors that encourage tourists to visit backwater regions of Kerala and host community’s perception of the impact of tourism on the environmental sustainability of Backwaters of Kerala. In order to accomplish the study objectives, a survey questionnaire was developed for this research.The questionnaire included questions regarding tourists’ perception and attitude towards the backwater tourism, as well as consumer preference and the factors affecting tourism demand for backwater tourism. Descriptive statistics, T-test were conducted to accomplish study objective.

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2

Clark, William R., and Robert T. Clay. "Standing crop of Sagittaria in the Upper Mississippi River." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-201.

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Aboveground and belowground standing crops of Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria rigida were related to water depths and substrate particle-size distribution, in differing parts of Pool 9 of the Upper Mississippi River. Average water depth during the growing season was greater in stands in open-water areas (30.1 ± 2.1 cm) than in backwaters (16.5 ± 1.5 cm). The average water depth of 35.1 in S. rigida stands was deeper than the average of 26.4 cm in S. latifolia beds. Sediments in backwaters had significantly greater proportions of clay- and silt-sized particles than sediments in open waters. Density of S. latifolia in open water was 31.0 ± 1.3 compared with 22.7 ± 1.6/m2 in backwaters. Peak aboveground standing crop of S. latifolia in open water (683.4 ± 41.4 g/m2) was greater than in backwaters (430.9 ± 25.7 g/m2) and varied directly with differences in water depths in stands among years. Belowground standing crop of S. latifolia in open water (58.6 ± 4.3 g/0.25 m2) was also greater than in backwaters (40.9 ± 6.6 g/0.25 m2). During the growing season, approximately 46% of the belowground standing crop of this species was composed of tubers. Peak aboveground standing crop of S. rigida in open water (498.2 ± 35.5 g/m2) was greater than in backwaters (422.1 ± 26.3 g/m2), but a correlation with water depth was not found. Belowground standing crop of S. rigida in open water (39.3 ± 4.0 g/0.25 m2) was greater than in backwaters (25.6 ± 3.3 g/0.25 m2). Tubers constituted 61% of belowground standing crop of S. rigida, which was greater than the proportion for S. latifolia. Shallower water depth and finer particle size caused by siltation in backwater Sagittaria beds result in stands which are less productive.

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3

Bodensteiner, Leo R., and William M. Lewis. "Role of Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Backwaters in the Winter Survival of Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in the Mississippi River." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-021.

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Annual winter impingement of large numbers of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) on screens of a power station intake on the Mississippi River led to an investigation of the cause of impingement. Impingement occurred most abundantly in winter and early spring and primarily involved juvenile fish. Pronounced drift of moribund and dead fish was found in the main channel above and below the power station in late winter. Laboratory studies indicated that juvenile freshwater drum became disoriented, incapacitated, and suffered increased mortality as water temperature dropped to 1 °C and below. In winter and early spring, temperatures were 0 °C in the main and side channels of the river, but pockets of water above 1 °C existed in some backwaters. Dissolved oxygen concentrations declined through the winter, becoming very low in some backwaters. An aggregation of fishes including freshwater drum was observed in the warmer backwaters. Variations in river flow and dissolved oxygen depletion in some backwaters were postulated to cause periodic disruption of the thermal refuges and an associated appearance of incapacitated and dead juvenile freshwater drum in the drift. If man-induced changes to the river eliminate backwater winter refuges, the ichthyofauna of the river could ultimately be altered.

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4

Kelley, Donovan. "Bass nurseries on the west coast of the U.K." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, no. 2 (May 1986): 439–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400043058.

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INTRODUCTIONPresence of O-group bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), has been recorded for a number of estuaries and tidal backwaters in the south of the United Kingdom, including the tidal Thames (Wheeler, 1979), the outer Thames at Southend (Murie, 1903), the Medway (Van den Broek, 1979), Langstone Harbour (Reay, 1973), the Dart (Dando & Demir, 1985), and the Tamar (Hartley, 1940). The author has found them, additionally, in Chichester Harbour and in the Cuckmere (Sussex), Teign and Tavy estuaries. Correspondents have reported them from the estuaries of the Blackwater (Cox), Crouch (Wiggins), Lynher (Gee) and Fal (Melhuish); also from the Fleet backwater in Dorset (Fear). It may be inferred that all estuaries and tidal backwaters on the south and south-east coasts of the U.K. constitute bass nurseries, in some degree.*

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5

Balakrishnan, Pulapre. "Backwaters of Development." Indian Economic Journal 59, no. 2 (July 2011): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220110211.

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6

K Joseph, Emilda, Tomy K Kallarackal, and Bindi Varghese. "Community-Based Waste Management: Backwater Tourism as a Case Example." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 12, no. 2 (July 16, 2017): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.18.5.

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A healthy environment is essential for the growth of Tourism industry. The future of tourism is inevitably related to the environment. As important natural resources, backwaters should be preserved in a sustainable manner. SWM emerged as an essential for keeping tourist destination clean and livable. This paper analyses the community-based waste management process in one of the famous backwater tourist destinations of Kerala and explains the roles and activities of all stakeholders and their relationship at the community level.

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7

Shickarev, Sergei. "High Waves, Quiet Backwaters." Russian Social Science Review 59, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 536–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2018.1547065.

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Shickarev, Sergei. "High Waves, Quiet Backwaters." Russian Studies in Literature 52, no. 3-4 (October 2016): 209–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611975.2016.1263989.

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9

Miranda, Joereen, K. K. Balachandran, R. Ramesh, and Mohideen Wafar. "Nitrification in Kochi backwaters." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 78, no. 2 (June 2008): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.12.004.

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10

O'Leary, P., PS Lake, R. Marchant, and TJ Doeg. "Macroinvertebrate activity in the water column of backwaters in an upland stream in Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9921403.

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The activity of benthic invertebrates was monitored in the water column of slowly flowing backwaters of the Acheron River during summer. Samples were taken throughout 24 h on two occasions, and densities of fauna were compared with densities in drift samples taken concurrently in the main channel. Drift densities were generally higher than those in backwaters, but not by orders of magnitude. Also, drift densities displayed significant die1 variation, whereas densities in backwaters did not consistently show such a pattern. Species composition generally differed between the two habitats. This brief study demonstrates that benthic invertebrates do swim in the water column of stream backwaters and that they may use this opportunity for colonization.

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11

Valová, Z., M. Janáč, J. Švanyga, and P. Jurajda. "Structure of 0+ juvenile fish assemblages in the modified upper stretch of the River Elbe, Czech Republic ." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 1 (January 12, 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7192-cjas.

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In August 2007, the 0+ juvenile fish assemblage of the upper River Elbe was surveyed using electrofishing. Thirty-six localities were sampled along a 177 km long section between the towns of Verdek and Brandýs nad Labem (river km (RKM) 136–313). Four localities with natural riverbeds, 14 channelized stretches, nine beaches, and nine backwaters were sampled. Altogether, 4521 0+ juvenile fishes were caught, belonging to 26 species. A decrease in species richness and abundance was evident near Hradec Králové, while decreased species abundance was noted along the navigated stretch below Přelouč. The highest catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE), species richness, and Shannon index values were observed at beach habitats, the lowest in channelized habitats, and intermediate values in backwaters. Generally, rare beach habitats had significantly more rheophilic species than other habitats, while backwaters had significantly more eurytopic species and higher CPUE for limnophilic species. Backwaters and channel habitats, however, did not differ in any other 0+ fish assemblage parameter studied. The study demonstrated the importance of beaches for fish assemblages along navigable channels. Surprisingly, however, backwaters were not confirmed as important nursery habitats.

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12

Richardson, William B., Eric A. Strauss, Lynn A. Bartsch, Emy M. Monroe, Jennifer C. Cavanaugh, Lorrine Vingum, and David M. Soballe. "Denitrification in the Upper Mississippi River: rates, controls, and contribution to nitrate flux." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-062.

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We evaluated patterns of denitrification and factors effecting denitrification in the upper Mississippi River. Measurements were taken over 2 years, during which river discharge ranged from record flooding to base flow conditions. Over the period of study, average denitrification enzyme activity was highest in backwater lakes and lowest in the main channel. Throughout the study reach, highest denitrification enzyme activity occurred during fall and lowest occurred in winter. Rates during spring floods (2001) were only slightly higher than during the preceding winter. Mean unamended denitrification rates ranged from 0.02 (fall 2001 in backwaters) to 0.40 µg N·cm2·h1 (spring 2001 in backwaters). Laboratory experiments showed that denitrification rates increased significantly with addition of NO3 regardless of sediment C content, while rates increased little with addition of labile C (glucose). Denitrification in this reach of the upper Mississippi River appears to be NO3 limited throughout the growing season and the delivery of NO3 is strongly controlled by river discharge and hydrologic connectivity across the floodplain. We estimate that denitrification removes 6939 t N·year1 or 6.9% of the total annual NO3 input to the reach. Hydrologic connectivity and resultant NO3 delivery to high-C sediments is a critical determinant of reach-scale processing of N in this floodplain system.

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13

Kylbergerová, Magdalena, David Pithart, and Martin Rulík. "Algological survey of small floodplain backwaters." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 104 (March 28, 2002): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/104/2002/169.

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14

Thomas, Sanjeev. "Alone in backwaters of Kumarakam, Kerala." Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 9, no. 4 (2006): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.29212.

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15

Wisner, P., R. Townsend, J. Sabourin, and D. Leitch. "Joint use of the HEC-2 model and a physical model for floodline delineation upstream of a bridge." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-001.

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This paper reports the findings of a physical model study of backwaters generated in the vicinity of the Queen Street bridge crossing of the North Thames River in the town of St. Marys, Ontario. Flood profiles generated in the physical model are compared with those observed in the field and with "HEC-2"-generated profiles. Certain limitations of the HEC-2 model, in regards to bridge hydraulics, are identified. The physical model is also used to compare several flood protection alternatives for the town, for both the 100- and the 500-year flows. Floodline delineation was based on both physical model and HEC-2 simulations. The former were adopted for the reach simulated by the physical model, with the latter being employed for the reaches upstream of the physically modelled reach. Key words: physical model, numerical model, bridge backwater, floodline delineation.

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16

Teitelbaum, Michael S. "International migration: From backwaters to high politics." Population and Environment 15, no. 3 (January 1994): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02208198.

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17

Burns, J. M., and R. H. Swerdlow. "Backwaters and rapids on the amyloid river." Neurology 80, no. 10 (February 27, 2013): 878–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182840d14.

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18

Pranav, P., Rajdeep Roy, Chiranjivi Jayaram, Priya M. D’Costa, Saroj Bandhu Choudhury, N. Nandini Menon, P. V. Nagamani, et al. "Seasonality in carbon chemistry of Cochin backwaters." Regional Studies in Marine Science 46 (July 2021): 101893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101893.

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19

Holbach, A., Y. Bi, Y. Yuan, L. Wang, B. Zheng, and S. Norra. "Environmental water body characteristics in a major tributary backwater of the unique and strongly seasonal Three Gorges Reservoir, China." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 9 (2015): 1641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5em00201j.

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20

Mammen, Ashly Mary, Johannes Fritsch, Sanju Sreedharan, and Ratish Menon. "Electrodialysis for The Desalination of Backwaters in Kerala." Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/civej.2016.3209.

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21

Rea, Philip, and Anderson Tien. "Metformin: Out of Backwaters and into the Mainstream." American Scientist 105, no. 2 (2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2017.105.2.102.

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22

Rea, Philip A., and Anderson Y. Tien. "Metformin: Out of Backwaters and into the Mainstream." American Scientist 105, no. 2 (2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2017.125.102.

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23

Oliver, P. Graham, Anders Hallan, P. R. Jayachandran, Philomina Joseph, V. F. Sanu, and S. Bijoy Nandan. "Taxonomy of myid bivalves from fragmented brackish-water habitats in India, with a description of a new genus Indosphenia (Myidae, Myoidea, Myidae)." ZooKeys 799 (November 28, 2018): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.799.25843.

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A group of small bivalves inhabiting Indian brackish-water estuaries and lagoons (known locally as backwaters), variously assigned to Corbula, Cuspidaria, and Sphenia, are reviewed and, based on shell characters, shown to be congeneric. Molecular (COI) and morphological data indicate that this group belongs to the family Myidae. Furthermore, the combined data suggest that these Indian myids are a sister taxon of the genus Sphenia. The Indian material studied herein exhibits a functional morphology typical of infaunal bivalves, whereas typical Sphenia are nestling and epibyssate. A new genus, Indosphenia, is thus erected for the Indian group and includes five species, one of which is named in this study. Indospheniakayalum Oliver, Hallan & Jayachandran, gen. et sp. n. is described from the Cochin Backwater on the western coast of India. Cuneocorbulacochinensis (Preston, 1916) is transferred to Indosphenia. Additionally, the west coast taxa I.abbreviata (Preston, 1907), I.abbreviatachilkaensis (Preston, 1911) and I.sowerbyi (EA Smith, 1893) are recognised herein. Corbulaalcocki Preston, 1907, Corbulagracilis Preston, 1907, Corbulacalcaria Preston, 1907 and Corbulapfefferi Preston, 1907 are placed in synonymy with I.abbreviata, and Cuspidariaannandalei Preston, 1915 is synonymised with I.abbreviatachilkaensis.

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24

Rosa, Rafael Rogério, Jislaine Cristina Silva, and Andréa Bialetzki. "Long-term monitoring of potamodromous migratory fish larvae in an undammed river." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 3 (2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18412.

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Freshwater fish reproduce annually in environments that provide favourable conditions for spawning and larval survival and growth. Thus, the aims of this study were to use long-term larval density data to evaluate the temporal distribution of the dourado Salminus brasiliensis, its habitat use for larval development and the effects of environmental variables on reproduction. S. brasiliensis larvae were mainly recorded in October and January in the Ivinheima River, and higher densities of larvae, primarily in the preflexion and flexion stages, were captured in the river and backwater biotopes. Water level, dissolved oxygen and temperature were the primary variables affecting the density of larvae, and this species can migrate over 200km to reproduce in the Ivinheima River and its tributaries. Therefore, S. brasiliensis is reproducing annually, indicating favourable local conditions for migration and spawning, and exhibits differential use of biotopes for reproduction, including rivers and backwaters (spawning) and lagoons (refuge and growth). Therefore, considering that the dourado is a key species for conservation, ensuring its reproductive success means maintaining a balanced ecological structure.

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25

Rana, Swati. "Backwaters; What to Call Her; Rain Spent with Sister." Wasafiri 28, no. 3 (September 2013): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2013.802448.

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26

Aarthi Vadde. "The Backwaters Sphere: Ecological Collectivity, Cosmopolitanism, and Arundhati Roy." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 55, no. 3 (2009): 522–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.0.1628.

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27

Menon, Rajiv Kannan. "Beyond the Backwaters: Constructing Kerala in Modern Cultural Production." South Asian Review 31, no. 1 (November 2010): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2010.11932729.

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Mukhamedov, D. A. "Determination of backwaters at intersections of open-channel flows." Hydrotechnical Construction 28, no. 10 (October 1994): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01545945.

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29

Moore, Kelly M. S., and Stanley V. Gregory. "Summer Habitat Utilization and Ecology of Cutthroat Trout Fry (Salmo clarki) in Cascade Mountain Streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-224.

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Emergent cutthroat trout fry (Salmo clarki) were observed in the margins, backwaters, and side channels, collectively called "lateral habitats," of three study streams with different riparian vegetation. Most fry remained in these lateral habitats until the end of their first summer. The abundance of cutthroat fry was proportional to the area of lateral habitat in each of the study streams. Average size and growth rate of fry were related to the effect of site elevation on stream temperature and the influence of riparian vegetation on the availability of invertebrate food. Lateral habitats are characterized by slow, shallow-water, abundant detritus and benthic invertebrate assemblages of high density. Stream margins and backwaters provide gradients of depth and velocity, cover, and access to food that are appropriate to the habitat requirements of fry. Because fry populations are closely related to the abundance and quality of lateral habitats in small streams, these habitats should be included in the assessment of habitat requirements of cutthroat trout.

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30

Hidayat, H., B. Vermeulen, M. G. Sassi, P. J. J. F. Torfs, and A. J. F. Hoitink. "Discharge estimation in a backwater affected meandering river." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 30, 2011): 2717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2717-2011.

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Abstract. Variable effects of backwaters complicate the development of rating curves at hydrometric measurement stations. In areas influenced by backwater, single-parameter rating curve techniques are often inapplicable. To overcome this, several authors have advocated the use of an additional downstream level gauge to estimate the longitudinal surface level gradient, but this is cumbersome in a lowland meandering river with considerable transverse surface level gradients. Recent developments allow river flow to be continuously monitored through velocity measurements with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (H-ADCP), deployed horizontally at a river bank. This approach was adopted to obtain continuous discharge estimates at a cross-section in the River Mahakam at a station located about 300 km upstream of the river mouth in the Mahakam delta. The discharge station represents an area influenced by variable backwater effects from lakes, tributaries and floodplain ponds, and by tides. We applied both the standard index velocity method and a recently developed methodology to obtain a continuous time-series of discharge from the H-ADCP data. Measurements with a boat-mounted ADCP were used for calibration and validation of the model to translate H-ADCP velocity to discharge. As a comparison with conventional discharge estimation techniques, a stage-discharge relation using Jones formula was developed. The discharge rate at the station exceeded 3250 m3 s−1. Discharge series from a traditional stage-discharge relation did not capture the overall discharge dynamics, as inferred from H-ADCP data. For a specific river stage, the discharge range could be as high as 2000 m3 s−1, which is far beyond what could be explained from kinematic wave dynamics. Backwater effects from lakes were shown to be significant, whereas interaction of the river flow with tides may impact discharge variation in the fortnightly frequency band. Fortnightly tides cannot easily be isolated from river discharge variation, which features similar periodicities.

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31

Hidayat, H., B. Vermeulen, M. G. Sassi, P. J. J. F. Torfs, and A. J. F. Hoitink. "Discharge estimation in a backwater affected meandering river." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 9, 2011): 2667–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-2667-2011.

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Abstract. Variable effects of backwaters complicate the development of rating curves at hydrometric measurement stations. In areas influenced by backwater, single-parameter rating curve techniques are often inapplicable. To overcome this, several authors have advocated the use of an additional downstream level gauge to estimate the longitudinal surface level gradient, but this is cumbersome in a lowland meandering river with considerable transverse surface level gradients. Recent developments allow river flow to be continuously monitored through velocity measurements with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (H-ADCP), deployed horizontally at a river bank. This approach was adopted to obtain continuous discharge estimates at a cross-section in the River Mahakam at a station located about 300 km upstream of the river mouth in the Mahakam delta. The discharge station represents an area influenced by variable backwater effects from lakes, tributaries and floodplain ponds, and by tides. We applied both the standard index velocity method and a recently developed methodology to obtain a continuous time-series of discharge from the H-ADCP data. Measurements with a boat-mounted ADCP were used for calibration and validation of the model to translate H-ADCP velocity to discharge. As a comparison with conventional discharge estimation techniques, a stage-discharge relation using Jones formula was developed. The discharge rate at the station exceeded 3300 m3 s−1. Discharge series from a traditional stage-discharge relation did not capture the overall discharge dynamics, as inferred from H-ADCP data. For a specific river stage, the discharge range could be as high as 2000 m3 s−1, which is far beyond what could be explained from kinematic wave dynamics. Backwater effects from lakes were shown to be significant, whereas the river-tide interaction may impact discharge variation in the fortnightly frequency band. Fortnightly tides cannot easily be isolated from river discharge variation, which features similar periodicities.

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Janauer, G. A., and G. Kum. "Aquatic macrophytes: indicators for ecotones in backwaters of the River Danube (Austria)." River Systems 10, no. 1-4 (September 18, 1996): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/10/1996/477.

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33

Arocena, R., and W. Pratoomvieng. "Nitrogen exchange between sediments and water in three backwaters of the Danube." River Systems 9, no. 2 (July 13, 1995): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/9/1995/111.

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34

Drozdowicz, Yolanda M., and Philip A. Rea. "Vacuolar H+ pyrophosphatases: from the evolutionary backwaters into the mainstream." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 5 (May 2001): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01923-9.

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35

Waringer-Löschenkohl, Andrea, and Johann Waringer. "A classification of backwaters based on invertebrate communities and amphibians." Veröffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/agdonauforschung/8/1990/73.

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36

May, Peter J., and T. Jens Feeley. "Regulatory Backwaters: Earthquake Risk Reduction in the Western United States." State and Local Government Review 32, no. 1 (April 2000): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x0003200102.

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37

Murthy, J. S. R., and P. V. Chandramohan. "SIMULATION OF TIDE PROPAGATION IN CHANNEL NETWORK OF COASTAL BACKWATERS." ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 4, no. 2 (January 1998): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.1998.10514628.

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38

Altunin, V. S., and D. A. Mukhamedov. "Determination of backwaters and local head losses at stream junctions." Hydrotechnical Construction 28, no. 8 (August 1994): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01487448.

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39

NAIR, S., A. BALCHAND, and P. NAMBISAN. "Metal concentrations in recently deposited sediments of Cochin backwaters, India." Science of The Total Environment 97-98 (November 1990): 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90260-2.

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40

JOSEPH, Emilda K., Tomy K. KALLARAKAL, and Bindi VARGHESE. "SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE BACKWATERS OF SOUTH KERALA, INDIA: THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 33, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 1532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.334spl13-604.

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Improper waste management continues to be a major challenge in the backwater destinations of South Kerala, India and the local government has been identified as a key player having a strong influence on sustainable tourism development initiatives in the destination. The study examines the major obstacles encountered while implementing sustainable tourism development practices in the backwater destinations of South Kerala, India. Qualitative data collected with the support of semi-structured interviews with top government officials of the Tourism Industry is used for the study. The findings from the study show that improper waste management affects sustainable tourism development in the backwater destinations, and that community involvement and community support are pre-requisites for implementing solid waste management practices in the backwater destinations of the state. The study also enlightens the roles of various stakeholders in waste management so as to develop a strong perspective of sustainable tourism development in the region.

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41

Houston, Wayne A., and Leo J. Duivenvoorden. "Replacement of littoral native vegetation with the ponded pasture grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis: effects on plant, macroinvertebrate and fish biodiversity of backwaters in the Fitzroy River, Central Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01042.

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Changes in plant and macroinvertebrate communities were found following replacement of extensive zones of floating-attached/submergent native vegetation within Fitzroy River backwaters by the major environmental weed Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Poaceae). Impacts of H. amplexicaulis on native littoral flora and fauna (macroinvertebrates and fish) were assessed by comparing three sites previously supporting native vegetation and now invaded by H. amplexicaulis with nearby stands of native backwater vegetation. Plant biomass of Hymenachne plant beds was 30-fold greater than native plant beds, whereas plant species diversity (richness) was significantly less. Macroinvertebrate communities of Hymenachne beds were significantly lower in abundance of insect orders Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera and Odonata, while Coleoptera were more abundant in Hymenachne beds. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of macroinvertebrate family abundance and composition data showed that Hymenachne plant beds had a different assemblage to that in native plant beds. In common with other studies of weed invasions, an increased abundance of some vertebrate fauna was observed (in this case an introduced fish species Xiphophorus maculatus comprised 75% of fish captured in Hymenachne beds compared with 0% in native plant beds). Change in vegetation structure was implicated as an important factor influencing macroinvertebrate and fish faunal composition, and with potential to impact on waterbird habitat values of wetlands.

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Srinivasan, Kalpana, and Usha Natesan. "Spatio-Temporal Variations in Water Quality of Muttukadu Backwaters, Tamilnadu, India." Water Environment Research 85, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143012x13560205144812.

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Rahman, M., Solly Solomon, N. Athira, and S. Manomi. "Artisanal Fishing in Kerala Backwaters: A Socioeconomic Assessment of Indian Coracles." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 21, no. 3 (December 14, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2017/38148.

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44

George, Rejomon, G. D. Martin, S. M. Nair, and N. Chandramohanakumar. "Biomonitoring of Trace Metal Pollution Using Fishes From the Cochin Backwaters." Environmental Forensics 13, no. 3 (September 2012): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2012.702334.

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45

Leena Grace, Beslin. "Biodiversity of Three Backwaters in the South West Coast of India." International Journal of Biodiversity 2014 (December 9, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/524391.

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For the conservation of biodiversity, it is not sufficient to preserve the living organisms or their gametes alone, because keeping fishes in aquaria or their gametes in freezers cannot conserve the full range of biodiversity which is due to the loss of the ecological complexity in their original habitats. For promoting richer biodiversity in the future, more complexity in biological communities is essential in their natural environments. In order to prevent depletion of biodiversity due to environmental alterations or other ways, it is necessary to understand how the diversity of life particularly at the species level is maintained and it is equally necessary to know how the terminal extinction of species takes place under natural conditions. Moreover, a database on fishery resources of the concerned environment is essential to make decision about specific programmes on conservation of fish germplasm resources. Hence, the present study aims to quantify the fish and shellfish resources of the selected backwaters such as Kadinamkulam, Veli, and Poonthura to know the real stocks present in such environments.

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Heiler, Gudrun, Thomas Hein, and Fritz Schiemer. "The significance of hydrological connectivity for limnological processes in Danubian backwaters." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 25, no. 3 (January 1994): 1674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1992.11900466.

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Kume, Manabu, Junjiro N. Negishi, Shiro Sagawa, Tetsuya Miyashita, Shigeyuki Aoki, Tetsuji Ohmori, Seiji Sanada, and Yuichi Kayaba. "Winter fish community structures across floodplain backwaters in a drought year." Limnology 15, no. 2 (January 8, 2014): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10201-013-0421-0.

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NARASIMHA RAO, Geddada Mohan, and Prayaga Murty PRAGADA. "Seasonal Abundance of Micro Algae in Pandi Backwaters of Godavari Estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, no. 3 (September 27, 2010): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb234685.

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Gautami branch of Godavari River is a typical positive estuary and is in tidal communication with the open sea upto a point near Kapileswarapuram. This branch flows southwest and opens into Bay of Bengal at two places, namely Bhiravapalem and Kothapalem. The Gautami branch of Godavari is also connected to Pandi backwaters by a channel known as Pedderu, which starts at Kothapalem, Balusutippa area and enters Pandi back water system. Two stations were selected for collection of data. Hydrographical data were collected for one year from July 2006 to 2007 and the data on distribution of phytoplankton was studied in three seasons during 2006-2007. Hydrographical features of the two stations showed that lower values were recorded during October to February months, while higher values were reported from the month of March to September. A total 57 species of phytoplankton were identified from the two study sites of the Pandi backwaters Composition of phytoplankton varied seasonally in relation to salinity fluctuations and showed that two peak periods, one in June-July and another in between December and March. Present study indicates that diatoms are the dominant group followed by the Chlorophyceae and others. This study will aid the baseline data for aqua-culturists in nearby regions.

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Schagerl, M., K. Donabaum, and G. A. Janauer. "Comparative limnological study of four Danube backwaters in Lower Austria, from 1991 to 1994." River Systems 10, no. 1-4 (September 18, 1996): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/10/1996/457.

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George, Rejomon, G. D. Martin, S. M. Nair, Shaji P. Thomas, and Sini Jacob. "Geochemical assessment of trace metal pollution in sediments of the Cochin backwaters." Environmental Forensics 17, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2016.1163623.

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