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1
Liu, Yutong, and Xuanrong Xu. "Drug Resistance of Ocular Bacteria Considering Biofilm Mechanism." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127103041.
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In order to further analyze the relationship between the coating mechanism of microorganisms and their drug resistance, a study of ocular bacterial drug resistance considering the coating mechanism of microorganisms was proposed. Firstly, the mechanism of drug resistance was analyzed, and on this basis, the experimental study was carried out. Staphylococcus aureus DH5 with RP4 was used as the control α( R) Objective to investigate the relationship between drug-resistant bacteria and coating mechanism in the cross genus conjugation system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOi and donor bacteria. The conclusion is that: under the condition that the horizontal transfer of drug-resistant genes between transgeneric bacteria in biofilm is inhibited, the frequency of drug-resistant gene conjugation and transfer gradually decreases, and the inhibition of the formation of drug-resistant bacterial biofilm will directly lead to the decrease of bacterial drug resistance.
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Koulenti, Despoina, Elena Xu, Andrew Song, Isaac Yin Sum Mok, Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos, Apostolos Armaganidis, Sotirios Tsiodras, and Jeffrey Lipman. "Emerging Treatment Options for Infections by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Microorganisms." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020191.
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Antimicrobial agents are currently the mainstay of treatment for bacterial infections worldwide. However, due to the increased use of antimicrobials in both human and animal medicine, pathogens have now evolved to possess high levels of multi-drug resistance, leading to the persistence and spread of difficult-to-treat infections. Several current antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive bacteria will be rendered useless in the face of increasing resistance rates. There are several emerging antibiotics under development, some of which have been shown to be more effective with an improved safety profile than current treatment regimens against Gram-positive bacteria. We will extensively discuss these antibiotics under clinical development (phase I-III clinical trials) to combat Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We will delve into the mechanism of actions, microbiological spectrum, and, where available, the pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of these drugs, aiming to provide a comprehensive review to the involved stakeholders.
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Yang, Yong, Olga Babich, Stanislav Sukhikh, Mariya Zimina, and Irina Milentyeva. "Antibiotic activity and resistance of lactic acid bacteria and other antagonistic bacteriocin-producing microorganisms." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-377-384.
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Introduction. Increased resistance of microorganisms to traditional antibiotics has created a practical need for isolating and synthesizing new antibiotics. We aimed to study the antibiotic activity and resistance of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria and other microorganisms.
Study objects and methods. We studied the isolates of the following microorganism strains: Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium glabrum, Penicillium lagena, Pseudomonas koreenis, Penicillium ochrochloron, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus acidilactici, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacteroides hypermegas, Bacteroides ruminicola, Pediococcus damnosus, Bacteroides paurosaccharolyticus, Halobacillus profundi, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and Bacillus caldotenax. Pathogenic test strains included Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus mycoides, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Proteus vulgaris. The titer of microorganisms was determined by optical density measurements at 595 nm.
Results and discussion. We found that eleven microorganisms out of twenty showed high antimicrobial activity against all test strains of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. All the Bacteroides strains exhibited little antimicrobial activity against Gramnegative test strains, while Halobacillus profundi had an inhibitory effect on Gram-positive species only. The Penicillium strains also displayed a slight antimicrobial effect on pathogenic test strains.
Conclusion. The antibiotic resistance of the studied lactic acid bacteria and other bacteriocin-producing microorganisms allows for their use in the production of pharmaceutical antibiotic drugs.
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Jankowiak, Emilia, Łukasz Kubera, Marta Małecka-Adamowicz, and Ewa Dembowska. "Microbiological air quality in pharmacies and an antibiotic resistance profile of staphylococci species." Aerobiologia 36, no. 4 (July 10, 2020): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09651-x.
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AbstractThe air in public facilities contains microorganisms which may cause a wide variety of clinical syndromes in humans. This is particularly important in primary healthcare units, where patients with reduced immunity and staff are directly exposed to microbial pathogens. Air samples were collected from dispensing areas (customer areas) of five pharmacies using MAS-100 air sampler. The concentration of particular groups of microorganisms was determined with the use of selective media. The taxonomic analysis of mannitol-positive bacteria was conducted using the BIOLOG® method, based on metabolic characteristics of analyzed strains. The isolated molds were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features according to available keys. The antimicrobial susceptibility of identified staphylococci was tested using the disk diffusion method in accordance with The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing recommendations. The highest average concentrations of heterotrophic bacteria and staphylococci were recorded in two hospital pharmacies. The highest average concentrations of molds were recorded in the pharmacies located in shopping centers. Taxonomic analysis indicated that Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. predominated among the isolated molds while Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus, among mannitol-positive bacteria. Antibiograms showed that the majority of Staphylococcus strains (68.2%) were resistant to erythromycin. There was a statistically significant correlation between the concentration of investigated bacteria and the season of the year as well as the size and location of the pharmacies. The results demonstrate that there is a range of factors affecting air quality in public spaces and emphasize the fact that pharmacies can be a source of potentially pathogenic, drug-resistant bacteria.
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Noor, Rashed, Syeda Muntaka Maniha, Taskina Murshed, and M. Majibur Rahman. "Effectiveness of Antibiotics: Anti-Bacterial Activity or Microbial Drug Resistance?" Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v36i2.45537.
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Antibiotics, both broad- and narrow spectrum, are widely used for treatment of specific infection by a consortium of microorganisms or by a single pathogen, respectively. Oral or intravenous, or even topical administration of different categories of antibiotics in various forms is a common practice round the globe. Yet for the recent years a major public health issue has been raised by the emergence of the drug-resistance microorganisms. A number of researches focused on the issue of the ineffectiveness of antibiotics as well as regarding the evolution of the drugresistance genes within the pathogenic microorganisms. Isolation of the drug-resistant microorganisms including the multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria from a range of patients with microbiological infections has been seriously challenging the disease mitigation approaches. Besides, the dominance of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), etc. are quite frequent as evident from different case studies. Current review focused on the origin and evolution of such drug-resistance incidences, and the promising remedies over the problems of drug-resistance.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36 Number 2 December 2019, pp 111-114
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Afrin, Sarah, Priyanka Basak, and Tasmina Rahman. "Demonstration of drug-resistant bacteria among commonly available flowers within Dhaka Metropolis and assessment of their anti-bacterial properties." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v5i1.26911.
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Present study attempted to emphasize on the drug-resistance attribute of the previously isolated microorganisms within the commonly available flowers including Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ixora coccinea, Ipomoea digitata, Allamanda cathartica, Nymphaea nouchali, Vinca rosea, Rosa kordesii, Gladiolus hybrid, Acmella oleracea, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Pseudomussaenda flava, randomly collected from different areas in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Conventional agar well diffusion method was applied to examine the antibiogram of the isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp.) against different drugs. Subsequently the anti-bacterial traits of 6 flowers such as Rosa kordesii, Gladiolus hybrid, Acmella oleracea, Nymphaea nouchali (Water lily), Hibiscus rosa- sinensis (Jaba), Ixora coccinea (Rangan) were demonstrated through broth micro-dilution methods. Pseudomonas spp. showed sensitivity against almost 42% tested drugs. Conversely, Staphylococcus spp. (83%) and Klebsiella spp. (75%) revealed resistance against highest number of drugs. Among all the pathogens, E coli showed the highest sensitivity (50%) against all the tested antibiotics. All the isolated bacteria were found to be multi-drug resistant against commonly used antibiotics. Finally six (6) samples unveiled anti-bacterial features against 8 laboratory strains with their MIC concentrations up to 0.2 mg/mL.Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.5(1) 2015: 5-8
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Gobbo, Jessica Lais, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo, Luciana De Cenço Corrêa de Lacerda, Débora Emy Karcher, Luís Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves Dias, Andrigo Barboza de Nardi, Bruno Watanabe Minto, and Paola Castro Moraes. "Evaluation of Operating Room Environment Contamination and Efficacy of 2% Chlorhexidine for Surgical Hand Scrubbing before and after Gowning and Gloving." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80500.
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Background: Human skin is colonized by various species of microorganisms, which makes them difficult to eliminate even with the use of antimicrobial drugs. Real efficacy of the antimicrobial product combined with incorrect administration of antibiotics, in addition to potential environmental contamination, are critical points for the establishment of postoperative infection or absence of it. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical antisepsis using a 2% chlorhexidine brush during a surgery, detect operating room environmental contamination, and verify the existence of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics most commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.Materials, Methods & Results: In ten cases of the surgical routine, samples were collected concurrently at specific time points throughout 2 h of surgical procedure. To evaluate the efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine brush on hand scrubbing of a mock surgeon, swabs were used to sample the surface of the hands before and after gowning and gloving. Samples or their dilutions were inoculated onto blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. Contamination of the operating room was evaluated using BHI agar plates distributed through the room. After the incubation period, counts and biochemical tests were performed, and an antimicrobial disc susceptibility test was performed using antibiotics most commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.Discussion: Even though the surgical unit of the Veterinary Hospital “Governador Laudo Natel” is constantly sanitized, it is not free from microbial contamination. In the present study, there was no bacterial growth on MacConkey agar, which suggests absence of fecal contamination. Blood agar is a culture medium that provides optimal growth conditions to most pathogenic bacteria, which explains the higher microbial growth observed in this medium. Gram-positive cocci grew on blood agar forming grape bunch- and chain-like patterns, which indicates the possible presence of Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. The results obtained to evaluate environmental contamination by means of BHI agar revealed growth of diverse microorganisms, with presence of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods. The biochemical tests indicated presence of microorganisms from various genera. About the evaluation of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics it was possible to observe high bacterial resistance to metronidazole, followed by ampicillin. Metronidazole has bactericidal activity against most of the anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, since the bacteria found were aerobic. As for ampicillin, it is considered a broad spectrum antibiotic, which indicates that the bacteria found can be resistant to this antibiotic. Clindamycin also resulted in bacterial high resistance, which shows that this drug was not effective against the Grampositive bacteria found in the samples studied. Enrofloxacin yielded high bacterial resistance indicating that wide use of this drug due to its intrinsic efficacy and safety might have contributed to the appearance of resistance. Results showed bacterial resistance to cephalexin, possibly indicating a lower efficacy in treatment against bacterial diseases, since a lot of the samples were Gram-positive. Bacterial resistance to ceftiofur was lower when compared to cephalexin; this can be related to the shorter time this drug has been in the market. The results revealed bacterial growth in the surgical environment, and verified the efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine for hand scrubbing. Spontaneous mutation and gene recombination contributes to the emergence of resistance is the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for the treatment of animals, which can contribute to bacterial resistance.
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Stojanov, Igor M., Milica M. Živkov Baloš, Miloš C. Kapetanov, Jasna Z. Prodanov Radulović, and Jelena M. Petrović. "BACTERIA IN ANIMAL FEED AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v5i2.168.
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Control of microbiological safety of animal feed is regulated by a law. The regulation is based on methodological standards for estimation of feed quality. Those methods are permanently amended and strive for continuous improvement of microbiological safety of feed. The question remains whether the presence or absence of some bacterial species is sufficient for proper assessment of feed safety. The answer to this question can be found not only in the examination of the number of bacteria in animal feed, but also in qualitative analysis of the isolated microorganisms. The sensitivity of bacteria from animal feed to antimicrobials is one of the qualitative characteristics of microorganisms that can affect food safety even if the feed meets the standards and is within the maximum permitted level. The subject of our work was to determine the presence of bacteria in animal feed with a purpose to examine if they possess lower sensibility to antibiotics. For testing antibiotic sensitivity the isolates from routine microbiological feed control were used. The animal feed was analysed by the standard methods for the isolation and identification of bacteria and determination of susceptibility was done using disc diffusion method according to CLSI. The following bacteria were detected: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp. The results showed that some isolates have reduced susceptibility to certain antimicrobial drugs (The resistance is different for different antibiotics and microorganism - from 8,33% to 100%). This finding gives a reason for further examination of certain characteristics of the bacteria found in animal feed and to detect their possible influence on ecology.
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Nascimento, Thiago César, Vânia Lúcia Da Silva, Alessandra Barbosa Ferreira-Machado, and Cláudio Galuppo Diniz. "Potential spread of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci through healthcare waste." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 01 (January 15, 2015): 029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4563.
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Introduction: Healthcare waste (HCW) might potentially harbor infective viable microorganisms in sanitary landfills. We investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the occurrence of the mecA gene in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains (CoNS) recovered from the leachate of the HCW in an untreated sanitary landfill. Methodology: Bacterial identification was performed by physiological and molecular approaches, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial drugs were determined by the agar dilution method according to CLSI guidelines. All oxacillin-resistant bacteria were screened for the mecA gene. Results: Out of 73 CoNS, seven different species were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing: Staphylococcus felis (64.4%; n = 47), Staphylococcus sciuri (26.0%; n = 19), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.7%; n = 2), Staphylococcus warneri (2.7%; n = 2), Staphylococcus lentus (1.4%; n = 1), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.4%; n = 1), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.4%; n = 1). Penicillin was the least effective antimicrobial (60.3% of resistance; n = 44) followed by erythromycin (39.8%; n = 29), azithromycin (28.8%; n = 21), and oxacillin (16.5%; n = 12). The most effective drug was vancomycin, for which no resistance was observed, followed by gentamicin and levofloxacin, for which only intermediate resistance was observed (22%, n = 16 and 1.4%, n = 1, respectively). Among the oxacillin-resistant strains, the mecA gene was detected in two isolates. Conclusions: Considering the high antimicrobial resistance observed, our results raise concerns about the survival of putative bacterial pathogens carrying important resistance markers in HCW and their environmental spread through untreated residues discharged in sanitary landfills.
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Naher, Akhtarun, Sadia Afroz, and Shahida Hamid. "Cockroach Associated Foodborne Pathogens: Distribution and Antibiogram." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 44, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v44i1.36802.
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Cockroaches are among the most common pests in public dwellings and health facilities. Owing to their close association with man and all his surroundings they are consideredas potential carrier and transmitter of human diseases. In hospital, cockroaches are the possible vector of nosocomial infection, specially for the transmission of drug resistant bacteria. The aim of the present study was to identify the major cockroach species, to isolate common foodborne pathogens from cockroach and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria. This casecontrol study was conducted on cockroaches captured from hospital, restaurants and houses in Dhaka city, from a period of July to December 2014. A total of 450 cockroaches were collected. Among these 300 cockroaches (150 from hospital and 150 from restaurants) were considered as case and 150 cockroaches from houses were enrolled as control group. All (100%) cockroaches were identified as Blattellagermanica. Examination of external surface and gut homogenates showed that all (100%) cockroaches carried bacteria, while carriage rate of fungi and parasites were 28.2% and 3.7% respectively. Of 1901 isolated bacteria, Escherichia coli (15.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.4%) and Salmonella spp.(12.9%) were the predominant bacteria. Other bacteria of medical relevance included,Shigella spp. (6.4%), Klebsiella spp. (8.8%), Proteus spp. (9.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.3%). Antibiotic resistance pattern showed high resistance rate (62.4%) of bacterial isolates to different antibiotics. Additionally, 1051(55.3%) of the isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR) strains, which were resistant to 5-14 antibiotics. The findings of this study revealed that, cockroaches are potential source of pathogenic microorganisms including multi drug resistant bacterial strains, which could be a major threat to public health. Hence, effective preventive and control measures are required to minimize cockroach related infections.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2018; 44(1):30-38
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Miah, Md Ibrahim, Tasnia Ahmed, and Saurab Kishore Munshi. "Pathogenic identification and antibiotic susceptibility of the microorganisms isolated from urine samples of UTI patients." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 6, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v6i1.33517.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the infection that occurs in the urinary tract by the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, virus etc. under some circumstances only. Some common pathogenic bacteria associated with UTI include Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. In the ongoing research work, about 30 UTI patients were selected randomly to detect the pathogen responsible for causing urinary tract infection and also to demonstrate their drug resistant traits. Among the 30 samples, about 14 samples were found to harbor Proteus spp. (1×104 cfu/ml to 1×105 cfu/ml). Escherichia coli was found to be the second predominant agent for UTI and recovered from 13 samples. Among the rest 3 samples, Pseudomonas spp. was found in 2 samples and Klebsiella spp. was found in one sample. Identified isolates showed resistance against different ranges of antibiotics. The study findings revealed the fact that emerging drug resistance of different pathogenic bacteria could become the major difficulties in the treatment of infectious diseases like UTI.Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.6(1) 2016: 34-38
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Yamanaka, Andreia R., Alessandra T. Hayakawa, Ícaro S. M. Rocha, Valéria Dutra, Valeria R. F. Souza, José N. Cruz, Lázaro M. Camargo, and Luciano Nakazato. "The Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in the Urine of Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Cystitis." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121087.
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of microorganisms, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and the presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in the urine of clinically healthy dogs and dogs with cystitis. The urine was collected through cystocentesis. Subsequently, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. The isolates were classified based on their resistance profile, to evaluate the presence of MDR bacteria. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests. Bacterial isolates were present in 24.39% of the dogs in the control group, and 60.27% of the dogs in the cystitis group. The cystitis group was associated with a higher risk of bacterial isolates than the control group (odds ratio = 7.5; 95% confidence interval = 2.81–22.40). The main isolates were Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., and Enterobacter spp. in both groups. A high percentage of isolates were resistant to ampicillin in both groups. The lowest resistance presented by the isolates in both groups was to meropenem. Only the resistance to quinolones was different between the groups. The proportions of MDR isolates were 70% (7/10) and 65.91% (29/44) in the control and cystitis groups, respectively. The results showed the presence of MDR bacteria in the urine of both the healthy dogs, and the dogs with cystitis. The drug resistance was high, reinforcing the importance of establishing an effective treatment approach against urinary tract infections in pets, to minimize the spread of bacterial resistance and its impact on public health.
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Al-Charrakh, Alaa Hani. "Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from oral and topical medicaments from Hilla, Iraq." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 06 (March 26, 2012): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1817.
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Introduction: The presence of microorganisms in pharmaceuticals is undesirable because they may cause spoilage of the product and may present an infection hazard to the consumers or patients. Methodology: A total of 102 samples of oral and topical non-sterile pharmaceutical products were collected at random from different drug houses and pharmacies in Iraq, to investigate the microbial contamination of these products. Bacterial isolates recovered from these medicaments were subjected to susceptibility testing against various antibiotics by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The results revealed that the occurrence of Gram-positive bacteria was in oral and topical medicaments while Gram-negative bacteria were only detected in topical medicaments. More than 58% of Bacillus isolates were resistant to lincomycin and Bacillus mycoides isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Staphylococcus spp. showed a relatively high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. S. epidermidis had the highest number of multi-resistant isolates. Furthermore, 87.5% of isolated Gram-negative rods showed high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and 75% of them were highly resistant to erythromycin. One isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant among all Gram-negative rod isolates. Conclusion: The high rate of resistance to antimicrobial agents of bacterial isolates recovered from oral and topical medicaments in this study may indicate a widespread antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from different sources, including those of anthropological and environmental origin.
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Ulfik, Klaudia, Sławomir Teper, Michał Dembski, Anna Nowińska, Ewa Wróblewska-Czajka, and Edward Wylęgała. "Seven-Year Analysis of Microbial Keratitis Tendency at an Ophthalmology Department in Poland: A Single-Center Study." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (October 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851570.
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This study aimed to analyze the frequency, drug susceptibility, and drug resistance of pathogens causing microbial keratitis (a corneal inflammation) in the Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice. Despite intensive treatment, severe inflammation causes irreversible blindness in ∼7% of cases and eye loss (evisceration or enucleation of the eyeball) in ∼1% of cases at our hospital. The choice of a targeted drug depends on the culture result and drug resistance of the microorganism. This was a retrospective observation study. Conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapes were collected between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2019, in the tertiary reference center for keratitis. The collected data included the type of material received, culture result, and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Of the 2482 samples analyzed, 679 were positive and 1803 were negative. Of the total pathogens isolated, 69.9% were Gram-positive bacteria, 20.8% were Gram-negative bacteria, and 7.1% were fungi. A significant increase in the number of Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and a partial increase in the number of Gram-negative beta-lactams-resistant bacteria were observed. All fungal species were sensitive to amphotericin B, 82.81% were sensitive to voriconazole, and 56.25% were sensitive to fluconazole. Dual drug therapy (levofloxacin and tobramycin) was the first-line treatment. Drug susceptibility testing of the cultured microorganisms is necessary to initiate targeted treatment. Increased drug resistance was observed in this study. In the present study, most bacteria were sensitive to fluoroquinolones. Ciprofloxacin therapy remains the recommended empirical treatment in microbial keratitis. According to our study, voriconazole remains a first-line antifungal drug, when a fungal infection is suspected.
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Nwankwo, E. O., C. L. Ekemezie, and S. Adeyemo. "Evaluation of microbial flora of the external surface of housefly (Musca domestica) in Umuahia Metropolis, Abia State, Southeast Nigeria." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 3 (February 4, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_5_2019.
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Objective: Houseflies are vectors responsible for the mechanical transmission of pathogens acquired from feeding in feces and decayed organic debris. Human consumption of such food without warming could lead to gastroenteritis, a major public health problem. The aim of this research was to evaluate the range of microbial pathogens associated with the external surfaces of fly vectors and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial pathogens. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 houseflies were collected with a sterile net from different parts of Umuahia, Abia State. Their external surfaces were screened for bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in the Microbiology Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike by standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates was carried out by disc diffusion method. Results: The most frequently observed microorganisms were Escherichia coli (22.9%), Klebsiella spp. (16.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.6%), Aspergillus spp. (28.3%), Mucor spp. (21.7%), Entamoeba histolytica (32.7%), and Endolimax nana (30.9%). Houseflies from broken sewage had the highest total viable counts and frequency of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Bacterial isolates from houseflies gotten from health-care facilities showed higher levels of multiple drug resistance to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. Conclusion: In this study, pathogenic microorganisms were recovered from the external surface of houseflies, the vectoral agents of mechanical transfer of microbial contaminants to exposed food. Most of the microorganisms observed in this study are known pathogens that can cause gastroenteritis which is a public health concern.
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Pourakbari, Babak, Alireza Sadr, Mohammad Taghi Haghi Ashtiani, Setareh Mamishi, Mahdi Dehghani, Shima Mahmoudi, Ali Salavati, and Farhad Asgari. "Five-year evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing bloodstream infections in Iran." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 02 (September 12, 2011): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1517.
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Introduction: Bloodstream infections (BSI) are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emerging antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial pathogens causing BSI can limit therapeutic options and complicate patient management. Methodology: To encourage the prudent use of appropriate antibiotics in our pediatric population at Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, we studied the frequency and antibiogram patterns of blood culture isolates from January 2001 to December 2005. Results: Of 25,223 blood cultures examined, 2,581 (10.23 %) were positive for bacterial growth. The frequency of Gram-positive bacteria isolated was 47.6% (1228 of 2581) and that for Gram-negatives was 52.4% (1353 of 2581). The rates of methicillin (oxacillin) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were 79% and 89%, respectively. About 45% of Streptococcus pneumoniae were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and approximately 66% to penicillin. Among the Gram-negative isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most frequently isolated, representing 943 (36.7%) over five years. This possibly represents an unrecognized hospital outbreak or contamination of blood culture bottles or other products such as skin disinfectants. Additionally, this pathogen showed extremely high rates of antimicrobial resistance. There were notable differences in frequency of the five most common microorganisms isolated from blood cultures, which can help set priorities for focused infection control efforts. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the need to monitor blood culture isolates and their antimicrobial resistance patterns to observe resistance trends that would influence appropriate empiric treatment and infection control strategies for bacteremic children.
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Vedamurthy Joshi, Rajesh Kowti, B. Ramesh, Santhosh Kumar Nune, and Dinesha Ramadas. "Antibacterial effect of polyphenols enriched drumstick plant leaves (Moringa oleifera) extract: A research study." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.2.0406.
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Microorganisms are raising resistance against available antibiotics due to usage of antibiotics in a wrong way. There is lot of demand for finding /searching new natural antimicrobial agents as they are inexpensive, easily available, most of them are edible and mainly non-toxic even at the rate of milligram quantity. The aim was to study the efficiency of the anti-bacterial effect of Polyphenols enriched extract of Drum stick plant leaves (Moringa oleifera) against staphylococcus aureus. The materials involved in this study include Drum stick plant leaves, micro-organism staphylococcus aureus in the bacterial type culture collection, agar, and blood-agar plates. At 10% concentration, of Polyphenols enriched extract of Drum stick leaves had zero anti-bacterial activity, while between 20 to 25% concentrations revealed high activity against the bacteria. Thus, increased in the anti-bacterial activity was promising as the concentration augmented from 20 to 25%. The results acquired from this study points that polyphenol enriched extract of Drum stick leaves (Moringa oleifera) had antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus when obtained to a necessary concentration.
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Malek, Mushfia, Jasmin Akter, Tasnia Ahmed, and Md Aftab Uddin. "Isolation and quantification of microorganisms from some common milk products within Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v5i1.26913.
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While milk is well known to be a balanced diet with its high nutritional values, conversely milk and milk products may serve as potential substrate for the growth and proliferation of a range of microorganisms which in turn fatally influences mass public health. Current study attempted to examine the likelihood of microbial contamination within some common milk products consumed by the locality of the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. All samples exhibited the presence of bacterial and fungal contamination within a range of 102-104 cfu/mL and 102-103 cfu/mL, respectively. Among specific pathogens, Staphylococcus spp. was noticed to be the predominant ones and was recovered from 9 samples out of 20 samples in a range of 102-103 cfu/mL. Klebsiella spp. and Vibrio spp. were found within 6 and 9 samples, respectively. Products were also found to be contaminated with Vibrio spp. Study of antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the pathogenic bacteria were resistant against most of the commonly used antibiotics of which several isolates showed multi-drug resistant (MDR) trait. Therefore, the presence of pathogenic bacteria with the drug-resistance property in tested milk and milk products overall imparted the necessity of maintaining standardized hygienic handling and processing means for better management of public health.Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.5(1) 2015: 13-17
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Yakha, Jaya Krishna, Amit Raj Sharma, Nawaraj Dahal, Binod Lekhak, and Megha Raj Banjara. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates Causing Wound Infection Among the Patients Visiting B & B Hospital." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i2.12121.
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A wound is any physical injury involving a break in the skin, and exposed subcutaneous tissues provide a favorable substratum for a wide variety of microorganisms to contaminate and colonize. In this study a total of 870 plus samples were collected from patients visiting B & B hospital suspecting wound infection and then analyzed. The causative agents were isolated, identified by culture and biochemical tests and their susceptibility pattern to antibiotics were determined by using CLSI guidelines. Out of total samples, 476(44.8%) showed bacterial growth. Among growth cases 22.9% were mixed growths. Among all bacterial isolates, 12 species were identified of them, 70.6% were Gram-negative and 29.4% were Gram-positive. Among Gram-positive isolates, Staphylococcus. Aureus (74.2%) was most common followed by CoNS (8.6%), Non hemolytic Streptococci (8.6%), Enterococcus spp. (4.3%) and â -haemolytic Streptococci (4.3%). Among Gram-negative bacteria, the most common isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31.5%) followed by E.coli (24.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (14.6%), Enterobacter spp. (14.0%) and Klebsiella spp. (13.4%). Proteus spp. and Citrobacter spp. were less common. With regard to AST pattern, S. aureus was most susceptible to chloramphenicol and highly resistance to penicillin. Among them, 7.7% were MRSA. For other Gram-positive isolates as well, effective drug was found to be chloramphenicol. For P. aeruginosa, the most effective drug was imipenem (94.3%) followed by amikacin (63.2%). Likewise, for other Gram-negative bacteria most effective drug was imipenem followed by amikacin. Among the total P. aeruginosa isolates, 58.5% were found to be MDR. For all these P. aeruginosa isolates MIC on gentamycin and ciprofloxacin illustrate the simultaneous presence of ciprofloxacin resistance and reduced gentamycin susceptibility. These results indicated that antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were increasing in alarming trend that leads to the failure of treatment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12121Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 91-96
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Rashid, Kamal Jalal, Muhammed Babakir-Mina, Dana Abdilmajid Abdilkarim, Bestun Ibrahim Hama Rahim, and Sarko Masood Mohammed. "Bacteriological Profile and Antibacterial Sensitivity Patterns of Isolates among Burn Patients in Sulaimani City." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.8.
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Nosocomial infections have increasingly been implicated in transferring fatal septic complications in burn patients. Also multidrug resistant profiles of microorganisms are being increasingly found in burn wounds which are very much alarming due to the limited number effective antibacterial drugs. Retrospective data were collected from burn patients at Sulaimani Burn and Plastic Surgery Hospital between January 2013 and December 2015. Culture& sensitivity tests were performed using wound surface swabs and tissue culture over the three year period. Their results were collected in a predesigned digital form. Statistical analysis was done and results plotted. Out of 500 burn positive swabs samples were previously taken from hospitalized patients, the commonest bacterial isolate were gram-positive bacterial infection; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) 215(43%) followed by gram-negative bacterial infection; Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 95(19%) and 85 (17%). Vancomycin has no any resistant rate for all gram-positive bacteria followed, but Teicoplanin is the second best drug especially, for MRSA 8.4%. Imipenem and Meropenem are antibiotics with no or less resistant rates for most of gram negative bacteria. Resistance to antibiotics is rapidly increasing in our community and burn wounds are frequently infected by these multidrug resistant organisms. Careful antibiotic selection and effective control of these strains can be translated into lower morbidity and mortality for these patients.
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Wang, Erjia, Markus Santhosh Braun, and Michael Wink. "Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll Derivatives Interfere with Multi-Drug Resistant Cancer Cells and Bacteria." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162968.
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Multidrug resistance (MDR) causes challenging tasks in medicine. Human cancer cells, as well as microorganisms, can acquire multiresistance due to the up-regulation of efflux pumps (ABC transporters) and are difficult to treat. Here, we evaluated the effects of chlorophyll, the most abundant pigment on the globe, and its derivative, pheophytin, on cancer cells and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We found that both substances have significant reversal effects on multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 cells (RRpheophytin = 3.13, combination index (CI)pheophytin = 0.438; RRchlorophyll = 2.72, CIchlorophyll < 0.407), but not on drug-sensitive CCRF-CEM cells when used in combination with doxorubicin. This indicates that the porphyrins could interact with efflux pumps. Strong synergism was also observed in antimicrobial tests against MRSA when combining ethidium bromide with chlorophyll (FICI = 0.08). As there is a strong need for new drugs in order to reliably treat MDR cells, our research provides potential candidates for further investigation.
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Szultka-Młyńska, Małgorzata, Daria Janiszewska, Paweł Pomastowski, Michał Złoch, Wojciech Kupczyk, and Bogusław Buszewski. "Identification of Bacteria Associated with Post-Operative Wounds of Patients with the Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Approach." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 5007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165007.
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The bacterial infection of post-operative wounds is a common health problem. Therefore, it is important to investigate fast and accurate methods of identifying bacteria in clinical samples. The aim of the study was to analyse the use of the MALDI-TOF MS technique to identify microorganism wounds that are difficult to heal. The most common bacteria are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. We also demonstrate the effect of culture conditions, such as the used growth medium (solid: Brain Heart Infusion Agar, Mueller Hilton Agar, Glucose Bromocresol Purple Agar, and Vancomycin Resistance Enterococci Agar Base and liquid: Tryptic Soy Broth and BACTEC Lytic/10 Anaerobic/F), the incubation time (4, 6, and 24h), and the method of the preparation of bacterial protein extracts (the standard method based on the Bruker guideline, the Sepsityper method) to identify factors and the quality of the obtained mass spectra. By comparing the protein profiles of bacteria from patients not treated with antibiotics to those treated with antibiotics based on the presence/absence of specific signals and using the UniProt platform, it was possible to predict the probable mechanism of the action of the antibiotic used and the mechanism of drug resistance.
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Nur, Ifra Tun, Rakhi Baishnab, and Niger Sultana Tethee. "Microbiological quality analysis of domestic water collected from the slum area’s people in Dhaka city." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v7i1.40066.
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Over the last few consecutive decades along with urbanization slum population has been raised. But unfortunately unsatisfactory water supply and sanitation systems are the main obstacles of their livelihood and they are suffering from many diseases. So our present study attempted to focus on the existence of pathogenic microorganisms in domestic water used by slum population along with drug resistant pattern of the isolated bacteria. Total 20 samples were collected and processed for microbiological action. Significant numbers of coliform bacteria especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were found within the range of 102 to 104 cfu/ml. Conversely almost all samples exhibited fecal contamination except sample 5 and 6. Growth of fungus and other pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. also found in almost every sample. Total 10 available drugs were used against the identified isolates. Most of the identified bacteria were found to be sensitive against commonly used antibiotics. Resistance was found only against ampicilin, amoxycilin and vancomycin.
Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.7(1) 2017: 19-22
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Lucky, Nurunnahar Akter, Ifra Tun Nur, and Tasnia Ahmed. "Microbiological quality assessment for drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms from the fresh vended fruit juices." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 6, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v6i1.33510.
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Fruit juices are very popular due to their freshness and taste. These juices contain all the nutritive values those were present in whole fruits. Fresh juices are healthful drink for people of all ages. But the condition is quite opposite if they become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria during the juice processing. Because of the nutritive properties juice can give enough opportunities to the microorganisms to survive and multiply. In our current study we included eight types of fresh juices to study the microbial load. All the samples were heavily contaminated. Total bacterial and fungal count was found to be up to 3.0×107 cfu/ml and 2.6×106 cfu/ml, respectively. Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. was present only in one sample. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. were the most prominent in all of the eight samples. Vibrio spp. was found in six samples ranging from 2.0×102 cfu/ml to 2.9×104 cfu/ml. All the pathogenic isolates showed drug resistance towards the most commonly prescribed antibiotics indicating the risk of difficulty in eradicating diseases.Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.6(1) 2016: 7-10
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Wrońska, Natalia, Jean Pierre Majoral, Dietmar Appelhans, Maria Bryszewska, and Katarzyna Lisowska. "Synergistic Effects of Anionic/Cationic Dendrimers and Levofloxacin on Antibacterial Activities." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 2894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162894.
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Despite the numerous studies on dendrimers for biomedical applications, the antibacterial activity of anionic phosphorus dendrimers has not been explored. In our research, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of modified polycationic and polyanionic dendrimers in combination with levofloxacin (LVFX) against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus hauseri ATCC 15442) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) bacteria. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, we concluded that a combination of dendrimers and antibiotic gave satisfactory results due to a synergistic effect. The use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as LVFX, not only caused resistance in disease-causing microorganisms but also increased environmental pollution. Therefore, reduction of drug dosage is of general interest.
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Horiuk, Y. V., M. D. Kukhtyn, V. V. Horiuk, and S. P. Kernychnyi. "COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND BACTERIOPHAGE PHAGE SAVB14 ON BIOFILMS FORMED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS VARIANT BOVIS." Podilian Bulletin: Agriculture, Engineering, Economics, no. 32 (June 29, 2020): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37406/2706-9052-2020-1-19.
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During the development of mastitis in cows, the formation of a biofilm pathogen is an effective way to preserve it in the microenvironment of mammary gland. Biofilm infections are difficult to treat with antimicrobials, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics increases to 1000-fold level, compared with what is observed when grown in planktonic conditions. The aim of study – to determine and compare the effect of antimicrobial drugs and bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 in the destruction of biofilms formed by S. aureus var. bovis. Isolation and species identification of staphylococci were performed according to conventional methods using BD Baird-Parker Agar medium (HiMedia, India). Determination of ability of staphylococci to form biofilms and the number of viable bacteria was determined by the Stepanovic method. The study of sensitivity of microorganisms in biofilm form was performed on daily microbial biofilms grown in plastic Petri dishes. After 24 hours of incubation of cultures, the dishes were washed three times from planktonic (unattached) microorganisms with sterile phosphate buffer and introduced the studied antibacterial agents. After exposure, the dishes were washed three times with sterile phosphate buffer, introduced 5 cm3 of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution and washed the biofilm, took 1.0 cm3 of suspension, prepared a series of ten-fold dilutions, inoculated 1.0 cm3 of each dilution in Petri dishes, poured MPA and incubated at temperature of 370C for 24–48 hours to determine the number of bacteria. In determining the effect of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms, it was found that of the studied antibiotics, enrofloxacin worked best probably due to its low molecular weight and ability to penetrate the pores and channels of the biofilm to microbial cells. After the action of enrofloxacin on biofilms, staphylococcal bacteria were completely inactivated. Also, the antibiotics ceftriaxone and doxycycline were effective against bacteria in biofilms. After the action of ceftriaxone, the number of surviving bacteria was lg 1.9 ± 1.1 CFU/cm2 of biofilm area, and doxycycline lg 2.5 ± 1.2 CFU/cm2. At the same time, under the action of antibiotics penicillins, aminoglycosides and macrolides, the number of surviving microbial cells was about lg 5.3 CFU/cm2 of biofilm area. In studies on the effect of bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 on biofilms formed by S. aureus var. bovis, there was their degradation. At this, viable microbial cells from the biofilm were not isolated. In this case, we can say that the phages penetrated and reached the staphylococcal cells throughout the thickness of biofilm and bacteria were susceptible to this phage. That is, there was a passive treatment of biofilm with phages, in which lysis depended on the rate of virus uptake. Therefore, the obtained results of laboratory studies indicate the prospects of effective use of our selected specific staphylococcal bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 for the destruction of biofilm formed by S. aureus var. bovis – in mastitis of cows.
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Park, Seong-Cheol, Min-Young Lee, Jin-Young Kim, Hyeonseok Kim, Myunghwan Jung, Min-Kyoung Shin, Woo-Kon Lee, Gang-Won Cheong, Jung Ro Lee, and Mi-Kyeong Jang. "Anti-Biofilm Effects of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides Against Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Planktonic Cells and Biofilm." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244560.
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Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to manage or treat as biofilms or biofilm-embedded bacteria are difficult to eradicate. Antimicrobial peptides have gained increasing attention as a possible alternative to conventional drugs to combat drug-resistant microorganisms because they inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane. The current study investigated the effects of synthetic peptides (PS1-2, PS1-5, and PS1-6) and conventional antibiotics on the growth, biofilm formation, and biofilm reduction of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of PS1-2, PS1-5, and PS1-6 were also tested in vivo using a mouse model. All peptides inhibited planktonic cell growth and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. They also reduced preformed biofilm masses by removing the carbohydrates, extracellular DNA, and lipids that comprised extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) but did not affect proteins. In vivo, PS1-2 showed the greatest efficacy against preformed biofilms with no cytotoxicity. Our findings indicate that the PS1-2 peptide has potential as a next-generation therapeutic drug to overcome multidrug resistance and to regulate inflammatory response in biofilm-associated infections.
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Kryzhanovska, A. V., I. Y. Sidko, V. M. Shkarupa, A. O. Dudar, and S. M. Gorbatyuk. "The prospects of finding new treatments for acne." Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, no. 40 (November 27, 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba40-2020-07.
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An important role in the development of acne is played by the activity of the skin microflora (namely the bacteria Propionibacterum acnes) and members of the genus Staphylococcus. In the schemes of complex treatment of patients with this disease, antibiotics from among macrolides or lincosamides are mainly used. It is of interest to study the current state of susceptibility of staphylococci and propionic bacteria to these drugs, as well as to other antimicrobial agents in order to determine the prospects for expanding the arsenal of methods for treating acne. The aim of the study was to study the susceptibility of microorganisms involved in the development of acne to antimicrobials and antagonistic effects of probiotic strains of lactobacilli. We conducted a bacteriological study of the content of rash elements in 60 patients with acne. The biological characteristics of 40 strains of Staphylococcus spp. and 15 strains of Propionibacterum acnes isolated and researched. The sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics and antiseptics was determined by the disco-diffusion method and the method of serial double dilutions of drugs in a liquid nutrient medium. Determination of the sensitivity of acne pathogens to the antagonistic effect of lactobacilli was performed by the method of two-layer agar by reducing the number of microorganisms. The results of the study made it possible to establish that the isolated strains of bacteria show a low level of sensitivity to antimicrobials, which in medical practice are most often used for topical therapy of acne. Only 17.5 % of isolated staphylococcal strains were sensitive to erythromycin, only 45.0 % of strains of this species were sensitive to clindamycin. Strains of Propionibacterum acnes showed a higher level of sensitivity to antibiotics than staphylococci. However, the established indicators do not allow to consider highly effective means for treatment of acne on their basis. At the same time, a high level of sensitivity of acne pathogens to antiseptic drugs decamethoxine and Aeroplysinin 1 and antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus was established. Thus, the strains of Propionibacterum acnes and Staphylococcus spp., involved in the development of acne, are characterized by high levels of resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, benzoyl peroxide, which are now the basis of the arsenal of topical therapy for patients with this disease. There is a need to find new effective drugs for the etiotropic therapy of acne.
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Bellavita, Rosa, Adriana Vollaro, Maria Rosaria Catania, Francesco Merlino, Luisa De Martino, Francesca Paola Nocera, Marina DellaGreca, Francesca Lembo, Paolo Grieco, and Elisabetta Buommino. "Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Temporin L in The Treatment of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis in Polymicrobial Inter-Kingdom Infection." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090530.
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Interkingdom polymicrobial diseases are caused by different microorganisms that colonize the same niche, as in the case of yeast-bacteria coinfections. The latter are difficult to treat due the absence of any common therapeutic target for their elimination, both in animals and humans. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis belong to distinct kingdoms. They can colonize the same skin district or apparatus being the causative agents of fastidious pet animals’ pathologies. Here we analysed the antimicrobial properties of a panel of 11 peptides, derived from temporin L, against Malassezia pachydermatis. Only peptide 8 showed the best mycocidal activity at 6.25 μM. Prolonged application of peptide 8 did not cause M. pachydermatis drug-resistance. Peptide 8 was also able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, regardless of methicillin resistance, at 1.56 μM for methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) and 6.25 μM for methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Of interest, peptide 8 increased the susceptibility of MRSP to oxacillin. Oxacillin MIC value reduction was of about eight times when used in combination with peptide 8. Finally, the compound affected the vitality of bacteria embedded in S. pseudintermedius biofilm. In conclusion, peptide 8 might represent a valid therapeutic alternative in the treatment of interkingdom polymicrobial infections, also in the presence of methicillin-resistant bacteria.
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Tasnim, UT, and MT Islam. "Pathogenic and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Raw Milk of Jessore City: A Potential Food Safety Threat." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 13, no. 1 (June 17, 2015): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23723.
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Milk is such a food which can meet almost all nutritional needs of human lives. Raw or unprocessed milk supports the growth of wide variety of microorganisms. The major interests of this study were examining the microbial quality of raw milk collected from different locations of Jessore city in Bangladesh and determining antibiotic susceptibility pattern of some isolated bacteria. To do so, 12 raw milk samples were collected from different areas of Jessore city. Microbial analysis comprised of enumeration of TVC (total viable count), TCC (total coliform count) and TSC (total staphylococcal count). The highest TVC, TCC and TSC were 1.95x109 CFU/ml, 2.5x107 CFU/ml and 1.02x107 CFU/ml respectively. Prevalent bacterial populations were Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp. Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. In order to observe the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for some randomly selected isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. More than 90% isolates of Klebsiella spp. were found to be resistant against Erythromycin whereas more than 90% isolates were sensitive against Imipenem. On the other hand, 100% E. coli isolates were observed as resistant against Erythromycin and in case of Trimethopreme 100% isolates were sensitive. Multidrug resistance pattern was also found. These results suggest the necessity of hygienic practices during handling, processing and post-processing of raw milk to improve the microbiological quality and safety of raw milk.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23723Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 71-78
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Rani, Shikha, Reeti Mehra, Varsha Gupta, Anju Huria, and Jagdish Chander. "Vaginal flora in preterm premature rupture of membranes and their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (May 16, 2014): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.9889.
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Background: Ascending infection is one of the most common etiologies in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Antibiotics are used in PPROM to prolong the pregnancy and to prevent infection. But to prevent drug overuse and resistance, microorganism directed antibiotics should be used. So, this study was planned to evaluate vaginal flora in pregnant women with PPROM and their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 50 pregnant women (cases) preterm premature rupture of membranes and 28 pregnant women (controls) without complication were assessed for the type of vaginal flora and its sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. Results: Among cases 18 (36%) women showed bacteria on Gram’s staining of vaginal swabs with Gram?negative bacteria (10/18) being the most common. Among controls, 16 (57%) women showed bacteria on Gram’s staining with Gram?positive bacteria being most common. Among cases Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the commonest isolates. Of 8 (16%) positive bacterial cultures in cases, 6 (10%) were sensitive to Gentamicin and 2 (4%) to Ampicillin. Conclusion: Lower genital tract flora of pregnant women with PPROM predominantly consists of Gram?negative bacteria, which are sensitive to Gentamicin. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.9889 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014 Vol.5(4); 58-60
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Silva-Holguín, Pamela Nair, and Simón Yobanny Reyes-López. "Alumina-Hydroxyapatite-Silver Spheres With Antibacterial Activity." Dose-Response 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 155932582110113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258211011337.
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Researchers are currently looking for materials that are stable, functional, aesthetic, and biocompatible without infections. Therefore, there is a great interest in obtaining a material that has a balance between aesthetic, biological, mechanical, and functional factors, which can be used as an infection control material. The addition of hydroxyapatite to alumina make highly bioactive scaffolds with mechanical strength. Biomedical applications require antibacterial properties; therefore, this idea leads to great interest in the development of new synthetic routes of ceramic biomaterials that allow the release of nanoparticles or metal ions. This investigation presents the obtention of alumina-hydroxyapatite spheres doped with silver nanoparticles with antibacterial effect against various Gram-positive and negative bacteria related to drug-resistance infections. The microstructural and spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the spheres exhibit a homogeneous structure and crystal hydroxyapatite and silver nanoparticles are observed on the surface. The antimicrobial susceptibility was verified with the agar diffusion and turbidimetry methods in Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. All bacteria used were susceptible to the alumina-hydroxyapatite-silver spheres even at lower silver concentration. The composites have a higher possibility for medical applications focused on the control of drug-resistance microorganisms.
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Gautam, Bikram, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "Association of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria Screened from Wastewater." International Journal of Environment 7, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v7i1.21292.
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Wastewater treatment plant is a potential reservoir contributing to the evolution and spread of heavy metal and antibiotic resistant bacteria. The pollutants such as biocides, antibiotics, heavy metals are to be feared for as they have been known to evoke resistance in microorganisms in such polluted environment. The aim of this study was to the isolate bacteria from the treated wastewater and assess the resistance pattern of the isolates against antibiotics and heavy metals. Grab sampling was performed from April to June 2017, from the treated effluent from the secondary treatment plant. To assess the resistance pattern for antibiotic(s) and heavy metal(s), antibiotic susceptibility test and minimum inhibitory concentration by cup well method were performed respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated. Multi drug and heavy metal resistant isolates were screened. Fisher’s exact test revealed that there is a significant association (p< 0.001) between antibiotic resistance pattern and resistance patterns at dilution of 2500 g/L (25%). Cramer’s V test revealed that the effect size of antibiotic resistance pattern and heavy metal resistance pattern at dilution 2500 g/L is medium. P. aeruginosa was able to resist the metal concentration up to 10000 g/L (100%) dilution of Fe++. Heavy metal resistant bacteria can be safely used to lower chemical concentration in the environment once their harmful genes are edited, knocked etc. so that risks of evoking antibiotic resistance could be minimized.
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Ahsan, ASM Areef, Lovely Barai, Mohammad Omar Faruq, Kaniz Fatema, Fatema Ahmed, Debasish Kumar Saha, Madhurima Saha, Suraiya Nazneen, Tarikul Hamid, and Nazia Zabeen. "Antibiotic Resistance Pattern among Bacteria causing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in An Intensive Care Unit of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Critical Care Journal 4, no. 2 (October 21, 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bccj.v4i2.30019.
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Background : Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common type of nosocomial infection in critical care practice with high morbidity and mortality. Microorganisms responsible for VAP vary from place to place. So, identification of causative organism and knowledge of their resistance pattern is very important for empirical choice of antibiotic in managing VAP. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates to determine the microorganisms responsible for VAP and to study their antibiotic resistance pattern.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed over a period of six month starting from November, 2015 to April, 2016 in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of BIRDEM General Hospital. Patients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of VAP were included in this study.Result: A total of 51 patients with a clinical diagnosis of VAP were included in this study. Growth was obtained in100% of the samples yielding 88 organisms. Gram-negative organisms were the mostly isolated organism (76.13%), followed by fungi (17.04%) and gram-positive cocci (6.81%). The most common pathogen was Acinetobacter sp. followed by Klebsiella sp., Candida sp. and Pseudomonas sp. respectively. Among the gram negative organisms, Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were highly resistant (>80%) to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Resistance to aminoglycosides (>68%) and imipenem (>60%) was also high. Resistance of Pseudomonas sp. to piperacillin-tazobactum was lower (18.2%) in comparison to Acinetobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. All the Gram-negative organisms were 100% sensitive to colistin except proteus. Regarding gram-positive cocci,Staphylococcus aureus is 100% sensitive to netilmycin and vancomycin with variable resistance pattern to other antibiotics.Conclusion: Emergence of drug resistance against the microorganism causing VAP is a serious concern in most of the ICUs. A knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility pattern will avoid its irrational use in order to control the spread of infection and for proper management of VAP.Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2016; 4 (2): 69-73
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Lawhale, Madhuri Ashok, and Rahul Naikwade. "Recent pattern of drug sensitivity of most commonly isolated uropathogens from Central India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 3631. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173576.
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Background: The objective of the study is to assess the latest antibiotic sensitivity pattern of most commonly isolated organisms in urinary tract infection (UTI). Widespread and irrational use of antibiotics has led to development of highly resistant microorganisms. As the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the microorganisms are frequently changing, this study was performed to assess the recent antibiotic sensitivity pattern in urinary tract infection among the human population.Methods: The study conducted from July 2016 to April 2017, in clinical microbiology laboratory, Sara Diagnostics (fully automated) laboratories, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 3000 urine samples were studied. The processing of the samples were done by standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility was measured by disk diffusion test. CLSI guidelines were used for the antibiotic susceptibility evaluation.Results: Out of these, 1729 (57.63%) samples were culture positive showing significant bacteriuria. The most common bacteria isolated was E. coli (n=1040, 60.15%), followed by Enterococcus spp. (n=275, 15.90%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=210, 12.14%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=105, 6.07%) and Pseudomonas spp. (n=50, 2.89%) in this study. The study showed marked resistance to doxycycline, quinolones, cephalosporins and greater sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, showing them better treatment options.Conclusions: The study confirmed, E.coli is still the most common bacteria to cause UTI, irrespective of geographical area. Nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin showed very high susceptibility to urinary tract infection pathogens, which include most commonly isolated gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive cocci, which were resistant to other various antibiotic groups. Thus, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin seemed to be promising drugs.
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Maluf, Maria Elisa Zuliani, Andréa Fogli Maldonado, Marcos Eduardo Bercial, and Soraya Ayres Pedroso. "Stethoscope: a friend or an enemy?" Sao Paulo Medical Journal 120, no. 1 (January 3, 2002): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802002000100004.
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CONTEXT: The stethoscope is a universal tool in the hospital that is in direct contact with many patients and can therefore be a vector in the dissemination of bacterial infections. OBJECTIVE: To research the presence of bacteria, fungi and yeast on the stethoscope diaphragm and the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs. DESIGN: Descriptive, prospective, non-controlled. SETTING: A tertiary care hospital. SAMPLE: Samples were taken randomly from 300 stethoscopes employed by medical staff (medical residents, medical students, nurses and nursing school students) and other sectors of the hospital. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Three hundred stethoscope diaphragms used in several sectors of the hospital facilities by medical doctors (63 samples), medical residents (54 samples), medical students (106 samples), nursing school students (33 samples) and specific sectors (36 samples) were analyzed. Material was collected randomly. It was collected with the aid of a sterile swab moistened in physiological solution, inoculated into Brain Heart Infusion media and incubated in an oven for 24 to 48 hours. After this period, the samples were inoculated into blood agar, MacConkey agar and Sabouraud media and identified by Gram staining and biochemical assays. An assay to test bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics was also carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method. RESULTS: Eighty-seven percent of the analyzed stethoscopes were contaminated. Gram-positive cocci, yeasts, fungi and Gram-positive and negative bacilli were isolated. There was no significant association between the most predominant microorganisms and professional category. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus negative coagulase and Bacillus were significantly more frequent in relation to the presence of more than one microorganism on the stethoscope diaphragm. CONCLUSION: Stethoscopes presented a high rate of contamination and their use without precautions can spread nosocomial infections.
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Khaeva, O. E., and L. P. Ikoeva. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF 3-ARILYMINOMETHYLCHROMONES." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), no. 3 (2021): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-3-256-261.
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In conditions of multiple drug resistance of microorganisms to recently used drugs, the search for new chemotherapeutic agents with a pronounced bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect with low toxicity and teratogenicity remains relevant. Chromone derivatives with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity (membrane-stabilizing, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antioxidant) are promising compounds for the search for new generation chemotherapeutic drugs. As a result of the study, it was found that gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus shows the highest sensitivity to the studied compounds when growing on a liquid nutrient medium. The studied compounds are also active against pathogenic strains of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (IPC) of the most active substances in relation to St. strains aureus is 10 μg/ml for 7-acetoxy-3-(p-bromophenyl)iminomethylchromone, and for 3-(p-bromophenyl)-iminomethylchromone and 7-acetoxy-3-(p-sulfamidophenyl)iminomethylchromone – 20 μg/ml. For 7-acetoxy-3- (p-bromophenyl)iminomethylchromone and 3-(p-bromophenyl)iminomethylchromone, a high antibacterial activity was revealed with respect to the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus subtilis – MPC – 20 μg / ml. The synthesized compounds exhibit a low bacteriostatic activity with respect to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. Experimental studies have shown that the nature and position of substituents in the structure of 3–aryliminomethylchromones affects their antibacterial activity against strains of gram-positive bacteria Staphulococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, a strain of gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli. The presence in the series of synthesized 3–aryliminomethylchromones of compounds with high bacteriostatic activity at the level of an antibacterial drug from the group of sulfonamides – norsulfazole was established.
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Prevar, A. P., A. V. Kryzshanovskaya, V. A. Radionov, and V. M. Mrug. "Analysis of the monitoring study of the antibiotic-resistance of the agents of purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissue." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 22, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2018-22(2)-10.
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The main factor in the treatment of suppurative and inflammatory processes is the timely optimization of treatment measures taking into account the nature of the microflora and its susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. The purpose of the study is to monitor the spectrum of microorganisms – pathogens of purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues in surgical patients; study of the sensitivity of isolated strains to antibiotics. The material was collected in accordance with aseptic rules. The identification of a pure culture of bacteria was carried out according to morphological, culture, biochemical properties, and the presence of virulence enzymes. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics was determined by the standard disks method (by Kirby-Bauer’s). 255 patients with purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues were examined for the period from 2014 to 2017. 229 strains of isolated bacteria were included to Escherichia coli, Citrobacer freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, E.aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S.viridians, S.agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The main cause of purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues is Staphylococci (67,2%). Compared to previous studies, the number of P.aeruginosa isolated cultures increased (7.9%). In monoculture and in association with other microorganisms, E. coli (9.6% of cases), E.cloacae et aerogenes (3.9% of cases), P.vulgaris (3.9% of cases), C.freundi (2.5% of cases), S.agalactiae, S.pyogenes, S.viridans (3.5%). The number of associated sows reaches 12%. Clinical strains of microorganisms remain most sensitive to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and also retains high sensitivity to gentamicin, lincomycin, rifampicin, which is important for empirical antibiotic therapy. To increase the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy, strict adherence to the mode of appointment of antibiotics, justification of indications, a combination of antibiotics of different spectrum of action, mandatory correction after determining the sensitivity of the pathogen.
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Ghiuta, Ioana, Catalin Croitoru, Joseph Kost, Rodica Wenkert, and Daniel Munteanu. "Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of Silver and Silver Chloride Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073134.
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Within the frame of this work, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl NPs) as mediated by microbes has been investigated. The nanoparticles were reduced from a silver nitrate precursor by the presence of bacteria, like Raoultella planticola and Pantoea agglomerans. The results show that the characteristic surface plasmon resonance absorption band occurs at about 440 nm. Nanoparticles were also characterized with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which showed the formation of spherical Ag/AgCl NPs with a centered cubic crystal structure and a mean particle size of around 10–50 nm. Assays for antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrated meaningful results against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Furthermore, this study shows that the combination of the obtained nanoparticles with standard antibiotics may be useful in the fight against emerging microbial drug resistance.
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Pavlovich, N. V., М. V. Tsymbalistova, N. V. Aronova, A. S. Anisimova, S. О. Vodopyanov, А. S. Vodopyanov, E. N. Gudueva, М. М. Sagakyants, Е. V. Kovalev, and A. К. Noskov. "Community-Acquired Pneumonia of Bacterial Etiology and the Spectrum of Pathogen Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Corona-Positive and Corona-Negative Patients in Rostov-on-Don." Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 66, no. 1-2 (May 6, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2021-66-1-2-26-32.
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Relevance. In the context of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus infection, the course of viral pneumonia is often complicated by the addition of bacterial microflora due to a decrease in the body's immune status. The causative agents of such a co-infection can exhibit multiple drug resistance, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of etiotropic therapy. In this regard, it seems expedient to provide microbiological support to patients in order to select the most optimal treatment regimens. Aim. To study the composition of bacterial pathogens’ species, that cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in corona-positive (COVID-19+) and corona-negative (COVID-19–) patients and to determine the spectrum of their sensitivity/resistance to antibacterial drugs. Material and methods. The species composition of microorganisms in sputum samples from 723 patients with CAP, who were admitted from the healthcare facility in Rostov-on-Don in August and December 2020 were studied. The isolated cultures were identified using bacteriological and mass spectrometric methods. The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method. Results. It was shown that in August pneumococci and staphylococci prevailed in the spectrum of CAP pathogens, while in December the percentage of excretions of Acinetobacter spp. and S. haemolyticus increased. Various types of p. Candida yeast were found with a high degree of isolation, COVID-19 + patients showed a tendency towards greater contamination (I104 mcl/ml). Some pathogens (A.baumannii, S.haemolyticus, P.aeruginosa, S.maltophilia) are characterized by polydrug resistance, and some strains of these species are pan-resistant to all groups of antibiotics. Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate that severe forms of community-acquired pneumonia can be caused by viral-bacterial and viral-bacterial-yeast combinations of pathogens, including bacteria with a narrow spectrum of sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.
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Puca, Valentina, Roberta Zita Marulli, Rossella Grande, Irene Vitale, Antonietta Niro, Gina Molinaro, Silvia Prezioso, Raffaella Muraro, and Pamela Di Giovanni. "Microbial Species Isolated from Infected Wounds and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis: Data Emerging from A Three-Years Retrospective Study." Antibiotics 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101162.
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The antimicrobial resistance is a topic of global interest in the treatment of wound infections. The goal of this retrospective study was both the identification of the microorganisms responsible for wound infections and the determination of their drug susceptibility pattern. The study was performed from 2017 to 2019 and included 239 patients. Thirty-four species were isolated by culture methods and identified and analysed for their susceptibility patterns to antimicrobials through the Walk Away automated system. The presence of one species was the most frequent condition (75.3%), whereas a co-infection was detected in 24.7% of samples. The most common species were Gram-negative (57.9%), amongst which the most prevalent were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40.2%), Escherichia coli (20.7%), Proteus mirabilis (11.2%), and Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus (9.5%). Gram-positive bacteria were observed in 36.6%, Staphylococcus aureus (79.4%) being the most predominant species. At least one resistance to antibiotics was detected in 88.2% of isolates, while a multi-drug-resistance versus no less than 6 antimicrobials was detected in 29.2% of isolates. Although multi-drug resistant species and co-infections were observed, those were less frequently observed at the wound site. These conditions make the microorganisms eradication more difficult. The detection of a polymicrobial infection and multi-drug resistant microorganisms followed by a proper therapeutic treatment would lead to the resolution of the infection, promoting wound healing and the limitation of the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Rante, Herlina, Subehan ., Retno Wulandari, and Yayu Mulsiani Evary. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE (Coffea robusta L.) PEEL EXTRACT AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, Spl-2-ICOPMES_2020 (September 8, 2021): S264—S268. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(spl-2-icopmes_2020).s264.s268.
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Now in these days infectious diseases seriously affect human health and sometimes these infections might become the cause of human mortality. Most of these infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Although large numbers of antibiotics are available increasing drug resistance in these microorganisms became a serious matter of concern in the scientific community. There is an urgent need for research on alternate natural products that can manage these pathogenic microorganisms without inducing any resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Robusta coffee (Coffea robusta L.) fruit peel extract against 5 human pathogenic bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Salmonella thypi NCTC 786. The sample was extracted using the maceration method with methanol as the solvent. The antibacterial activity of fruit peel extract was determined by using the agar diffusion method while the presence of active ingredients was determined by the using TLC-Bioautography assay performed using the mobile phase of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1 : 3). The results of the study revealed significant antibacterial activity of coffee peel extract against E. coli and B. subtilis with an inhibition zone of 10.15 mm and 10.96 mm, respectively. Furthermore, results of the TLC-Bioautography revealed that the compounds at Rf 0.76 inhibit the growth of E. coli and the compounds at Rf 0.27 inhibit the growth of B. subtilis bacteria. These active spots were suspected to be flavonoid and phenolic compounds, respectively but further confirmation detail study is required in the future.
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YEHOUENOU, Carine Laurence, Hector RODRIGUEZ-VILLALOBOS, Olivia DALLEUR, and Anne SIMON. "Surgical Site Infections with Predominance of Multidrug Resistant in Benin: A Multicenter Study." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1211.
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Background: Surgical site infections remain common and widespread; they contribute to increasing antimicrobial resistance among the etiological agents. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism like bacteria to stop an antimicrobial from working against it. This study was conducted to determine the spectrum of bacterial isolates from surgical site infections and their susceptibility patterns. A secondary outcome was to compare bacterial identification by a local lab and a European one. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and August 2019 in 6 public hospitals in Benin. Pus specimens were processed using standard microbiological procedures, and identification was performed using the analytical profile index (API). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in Benin following the modified Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion technique and was confirmed in Belgium by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A second antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using BD Phoenix automated microbiology system (Becton Dickinson). Clinical data of enrolled patients were obtained from hospital records. Results: The mean age of patients was 32 ± 11 years (range, 18–76). The median time for surgical site infections was 9 postoperative days. Of the 229 patients from whom wound swabs were collected, 195 (85.15%) showed positive aerobic bacterial growth. In total, 164 pathogenic bacteria were isolated, including 41 gram-positive organisms (25%), 78 gram-negative fermentative bacteria (47.5%), and 45 gram-negative nonfermentative bacteria (27.5%). We observed 3 discrepancies between API technique and MALDI-TOF. Two Klebsiella pneumoniae and 1 Pseudomonas spp (API) versus, respectively, Klebsiella varicola and Pseudomonas mendocina (MALDI-TOF). The most prevalent bacterial species were E. coli (31%), followed by S. aureus (25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%). Of the 41 S. aureus, 26 (63,41%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 3 of these were carrying both MRSA and induced clindamycin resistance (ICR). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Enterobacteriaceae were observed in 60 of 78 isolates tested (77%). All of 2 Morganella morgannii and 89% of K. pneumoniae were ESBL producers. Conclusions: Among S. aureus, 2 of 3 were MRSA, whereas almost K. pneumoniae and E. coli were ESBL producers. Three strains are pan–drug resistant in nonfermentative bacteria, and no isolate was susceptible to all antibiotics. These findings are of high interest for better management of patients and control of antimicrobial resistance in Benin.Funding: This study was supported by Académie de Recherche pour l’Enseignement Supérieur (ARES).Disclosures: None
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Kader, Md Abdul, Shumaia Parvin, Md Aktar Uzzaman Chowduri, and Md Ekramul Haque. "Antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of Ruellia tuberosa (L.) root extract." Journal of Bio-Science 20 (January 18, 2014): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17720.
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Context: Plants as therapeutics are popularized for thousands of years and people continue to rely on them for health care until now due to their effectiveness, easy availability, low cost and comparatively being devoid of serious toxic effects. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and insects are developing resistance to the current therapies very easily and the currently available antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides are very much costly and toxic. So the current shift to the use of herbal antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides may be more effective, economic and advantageous. Objectives: The present research was performed to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of the methanolic extract of the dried root of the plant Ruellia tuberosa (L.). Materials and Methods: Five Gram (+) ve bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis; five Gram (-) ve bacteria namely Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei were used as test bacteria for testing the antibacterial activity of the plant extract. Antifungal activity was observed against six fungi namely Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochreus, Aspergillus ustus, Rizopus oryzae and Trichophyton rubrum. The disc diffusion assay method was used in both the cases and standard Kanamycin disc (30?g/disc) was used as the reference standard. The test for insecticidal activity was performed by using surface film activity testing method and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was used as the test insect. Results: The methanol extract was active against all the bacteria and fungi tested and showed significant antibacterial and antifungal properties with the zone of inhibition 9 to 23 mm for antibacterial screening and 8 to 15 mm for antifungal screening. The insecticidal assay by surface film activity test also revealed strong insecticidal activity with 80% mortality rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at a dose of 50 mg/ml in 48 hours. Conclusion: From our experiment it is informed that Ruellia tuberosa (L.) may be used to treat bacterial and fungal diseases and also as insect repellant and it is also possible to isolate antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal drug from this plant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17720 J. bio-sci. 20: 91-97, 2012
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Chmielarczyk, Agnieszka, Monika Pomorska-Wesołowska, Dorota Romaniszyn, and Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach. "Healthcare-Associated Laboratory-Confirmed Bloodstream Infections—Species Diversity and Resistance Mechanisms, a Four-Year Retrospective Laboratory-Based Study in the South of Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052785.
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Introduction: Regardless of the country, advancements in medical care and infection prevention and control of bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an enormous burden of modern medicine. Objectives: The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiology and drug-resistance of laboratory-confirmed BSI (LC-BSIs) among adult patients of 16 hospitals in the south of Poland. Patients and methods: Data on 4218 LC-BSIs were collected between 2016–2019. The identification of the strains was performed using MALDI-TOF. Resistance mechanisms were investigated according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, EUCAST recommendations. Results: Blood cultures were collected from 8899 patients, and LC-BSIs were confirmed in 47.4%. The prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria was 70.9%, Gram-negative 27.8% and yeast 1.4%. The most frequently isolated genus was Staphylococcus (50% of all LC-BSIs), with a domination of coagulase-negative staphylococci, while Escherichia coli (13.7%) was the most frequent Gram-negative bacterium. Over 4 years, 108 (2.6%) bacteria were isolated only once, including species from the human microbiota as well as environmental and zoonotic microorganisms. The highest methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence was in intensive care units (ICUs) (55.6%) but S. aureus with resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins B (MLSB) in surgery was 66.7%. The highest prevalence of E. faecalis with a high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) mechanism was in ICUs, (84.6%), while E. faecium-HLAR in surgery was 83.3%. All cocci were fully glycopeptide-sensitive. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were detected only in non-fermentative bacilli group, with prevalence 70% and more. Conclusions: The BSI microbiology in Polish hospitals was similar to those reported in other studies, but the prevalence of MRSA and enterococci-HLAR was higher than expected, as was the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant non-fermentative bacilli. Modern diagnostic techniques, such as MALDI-TOF, guarantee reliable diagnosis.
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Nikolaev, Semen, and Igor Konopeltsev. "Influence of ozonated flaxseed oil on microorganisms, endometrium and mammary gland in cows." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700217.
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The search for alternative drugs for treating inflammatory diseases of bacterial etiology in high yielding cows that do not cause antibiotic resistance and do not reduce the quality of the obtained products is an urgent task for veterinary obstetrics. As one of this remedy, the authors have tested ozonated flaxseed oil (OFO), obtained by bubbling flaxseed oil with an ozon-oxygen mixture for four hours by means of ceramic spray with the ozone concentration being 30 mg / liter. During the bacteriological studies, it was found out that a two-hour incubation of the drug with a bacterial culture inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at a dilution of 108 microbial bodies (m.b.) in ml, bacteria of the genus Citrobacter at a concentration of 106 m.b. and Streptococcus agalactiae at the dilution of 107 m.b. in ml. The therapeutic efficiency of OFO was evaluated on the basis of using it for the cows of the Kholmogory Holstein breed, with the signs of postpartum septic catarrhal endometritis. For this purpose, 2 groups of animals were formed on the basis of analogues. For treating the cows of the experimental group the OFO has been used, and the cows of the control group were treated with the antibiotic containing the drug tylosinocar. For 5 months of observation, all animals were fertilized in the control group, and in the group where OFO was used this number was 93.3 %. Moreover, in the experimental group 47 % of the cows were fertilized after the first insemination, which is 27 % more in comparison with the control group. The duration from calving to fertilization in the group where OFO was used averaged 104 days, which is 21 days less (P <0.05) compared to the control group. Studies have shown that the use of OFO did not lead to the inhibitors emergence in milk in the experimental group of cows.
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Ivanenko, N. "BIOFILM AND TUMOR: INTERPRETATION OF INTERACTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. Review." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1.2021.13.
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Relevance. Treatment of solid tumors and biofilm-derived infections face a common problem: drugs often fail to reach and kill cancer cells and microbial pathogens because of local microenvironment heterogeneities. There are remarkable challenges for current and prospective anticancer and antibiofilm agents to target and maintain activity in the microenvironments where cancer cells and microbial pathogens survive and cause the onset of disease. Bacterial infections in cancer formation will increase in the coming years. Collection of approaches such as ROS modulation in cells, the tumor is promoted by microbe’s inflammation can be a strategy to target cancer and bacteria. Besides that, bacteria may take the advantage of oxygen tension and permissive carbon sources, therefore the tumor microenvironment (TM) becomes a potential refuge for bacteria. It is noteworthy that the relationship between cancer and bacteria is intertwined.
Objective: To analyze similarities between biofilm and tumor milieu that is produced against stress conditions and heterogeneous microenvironment for a combination of approaches the bacteriotherapy with chemotherapy which can help in defeating the tumor heterogeneity accompanied with malignancy, drug-resistance, and metastasis.
Method: An analytical review of the literature on keywords from the scientometric databases PubMed, Wiley.
Results: Bacteria evade antimicrobial treatment is mainly due to persistence that has become dormant during the stationary phase and tolerance. Drug-tolerant persisters and cellular dormancy are crucial in the development of cancer, especially in understanding the development of metastases as a late relapse. Biofilms are formed by groups of cells in different states, growing or non-growing and metabolically active or inactive in variable fractions, depending on maturity and on chemical gradients (O2 and nutrients) of the biofilms producing physiological heterogeneity. Heterogeneity in the microenvironment of cancer can be described as a non-cell autonomous driver of cancer cell diversity; in a highly diverse microenvironment, different cellular phenotypes may be selected for or against in different regions of the tumor. Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation have been identified as positive regulators of metastatic potential, drug resistance, and tumorigenic properties in cancer. It is proven that, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and life-threatening infectious pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are noticeably sensitive to alterations in the intracellular oxidative environment. An alternative emerging paradigm is that many cancers may be promoted by commensal microbiota, either by translocation and adherence of microbes to cancer cells or by the distant release of inflammation-activating microbial metabolites. Microbial factors such as F. nucleatum, B. fragilis, and Enterobacteriaceae members may contribute to disease onset in patients with a hereditary form of colorectal cancer (CRC); familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). These findings are linked with the creation of new biomarkers and therapy for identifying and treating biofilm-associated cancers. Currently, about 20% of neoplasms globally can be caused by infections, with approximately 1.2 million cases annually. Several antineoplastic drugs that exhibited activity against S. mutans, including tamoxifen, doxorubicin, and ponatinib, also possessed activity against other Gram-positive bacteria. Drug repurposing, also known as repositioning, has gained momentum, mostly due to its advantages over de novo drug discovery, including reduced risk to patients due to previously documented clinical trials, lower drug development costs, and faster benchtop-to-clinic transition. Although many bacteria are carcinogens and tumor promoters, some have shown great potential towards cancer therapy. Several species of bacteria have shown an impressive power to penetrate and colonize solid tumors, which has mainly led to neoplasm slower growth and tumor clearance. Different strains of Clostridia, Lactococcus, Bifidobacteria, Shigella, Vibrio, Listeria, Escherichia, and Salmonella have been evaluated against cancer in animal models.
Conclusion. Cancer is a multifactorial disease and the use of bacteria for cancer therapy as an immunostimulatory agent or as a vector for carrying the therapeutic cargo is a promising treatment method. Therefore, the world has turned to an alternative solution, which is the use of genetically engineered microorganisms; thus, the use of living bacteria targeting cancerous cells is the unique option to overcome these challenges. Bacterial therapies, whether used alone or combination with chemotherapy, give a positive effect to treat multiple conditions of cancer.
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Vashchenko, A. O., Yu S. Voronkova, A. I. Vinnikov, T. N. Shevchenko, and O. S. Voronkova. "Sensitivity to Antibiotics of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains, Able to Biofilm Formation." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.03.226.
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The problem of respiratory diseases associated with staphylococcal carriers is considered to be one of the most acute in modern society due to its high prevalence and problems with treatment due to the high resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics. The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains, able to form biofilm, isolated from the upper respiratory tract of human. Materials and methods. Bacteriological methods of isolation and identification of staphylococci, the method of rapid determination of the ability to form biofilm on a tablet and the disk-diffusion method of determining the susceptibility to antibiotics were used to perform the research. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that in the structure of pathogens of exacerbations of seasonal rhinitis S. aureus prevailed. It was isolated from 34 samples of biological material from the nose, which accounted for 69.4% of all examined cases of rhinitis. Staphylococcus spp. (6.1%) and Streptococcus spp. (24.5%) among the isolated strains of S. aureus, 27 (79.4%) had the ability to form a biofilm. A feature associated with antibiotic resistance is the ability of strains of microorganisms to form a biofilm, in which they acquire enhanced ability to survive under adverse environmental factors, including the use of drugs. Results and discussion. In our research we showed that more than 80% of film-forming strains were found to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and azithromycin. 4 (14.8%) are methicillin-resistant. Resistance to methicillin was detected simultaneously with resistance to ciprofloxacin (3 cases) and to azithromycin (2 cases), 1 strain was resistant to gentamicin and 2 – to tetracycline. 1 of the methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus was multidrug-resistant (showed resistance to all studied antibiotics). Among non-biofilm strains, more than 80% of the strains were also sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and azithromycin. Sensitivity to tetracycline was low in both groups (42-63% sensitive). Conclusion. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of opportunistic bacteria, unfortunately, shows an increasing trend. This requires constant monitoring of susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs in order to develop schemes of rational antibiotic therapy, taking into account the individualized approach to patients. In this sense, it is promising when studying the biological properties of clinical isolates to determine not only the resistance to antibiotics, but also their ability to form a biofilm
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Plotnikov, Evgenii, and Vladimir Plotnikov. "Antibacterial Action of Mixed-ligand Imidazole - Phenanthroline Copper Complex." Anti-Infective Agents 16, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352516666180531075622.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Multidrug Resistance (MDR) of microorganisms is the biggest pharmacological challenge, despite plenty of modern antibiotics. Obviously, new classes of antimicrobial drugs against MDR pathogens need to be developed. Objective: This work aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of the novel copper-based complex - bisimidazoles - (1,10) phenanthroline cuprum (II) dichloride - [CuPhenIm2]Cl2. Material & Methods: The complex - bisimidazoles-(1,10)phenanthroline cuprum (II) dichloride - [Cu- Phen-Im2]Cl2 was synthetized for the experiment. The structure was identified by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The antibacterial properties of the copper complex were investigated by agar diffusion and serial dilution methods with the following bacteria strains Staphylococcus haemolyticus (ATCC 29970), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 13315), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Mycobacterium bovis (Valle). Antituberculosis activity test included evaluation of bacterial growth on Lowenstein Jensen media with a serial dilution of copper complex, within an observation period of 90 days. Results: The prospect copper complex showed significant antibacterial activity. The most susceptible to copper action were strains of S.haemolyticus and S.aureus. The bisimidazoles - (1,10) phenanthroline cuprum (II) dichloride revealed moderate bactericidal action against Mycobacteria bovis. Conclusion: Most of the tested bacterial pathogens were highly susceptible to the novel copper substance. A detailed assessment of the biological action in in vivo is further required.
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Souza, Teógenes, Maria Morais-Braga, José Costa, Antônio Saraiva, and Henrique Coutinho. "Enhancement of antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and antifungals by the use of natural products from Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) link." Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 1 (2012): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1201043s.
Full textAbstract:
The ethanol extract and methanol fraction of Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) link were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal and modulatory activities against strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis. The antimicrobial activity of the natural products was evaluated by the microdilution method associated or not with aminoglycosides and antifungals. The ethanol extract and methanol fraction of P. calomelanos showed good activity against S. aureus when associated with aminoglycosides and with benzoilmetronidazol against species of the genus Candida. These results indicate that P. calomelanos should be studied as a possible source of natural products to combat bacteria and fungi either directly or by modulating the mechanisms of resistance of these microorganisms, enhancing the antimicrobial activity of these drugs and combating microbial resistance.