Journal articles: 'Bacteria mycorrhiza'

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Miyauchi, Marina Yumi Horta, Dáfila Santos Lima, Marco Antonio Nogueira, Gisele Milani Lovato, Letícia Sayuri Murate, Márcio Ferreira Cruz, Josué Maldonado Ferreira, Waldemar Zangaro, and Galdino Andrade. "Interactions between diazotrophic bacteria and mycorrhizal fungus in maize genotypes." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 5 (2008): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000500012.

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Some diazotrophic bacteria can fix nitrogen biologically in gramineous host plants. Generally, gramineous plants are also associated with mycorrhizal fungi, that can improve mainly plant P uptake. Among the factors affecting plant-microbe interactions, the plant genotype plays an important role. This study evaluates the effect of diazotrophic bacteria and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on five genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.), in relation to plant biomass, shoot N and P concentrations, and fine root morphological traits. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a factorial 5 × 4 × 2 arrangement, i.e., five maize genotypes (hybrids C333B, AS3466, and PREMIUM, and the inbreed lines lg40897-1 and lg40505-1), three diazotrophic bacteria (Azospirillum lipoferum, A. amazonense, and Burkholderia sp.) in addition to a control without bacterial inoculation, co-inoculated or not with the AMF Glomus clarum. The non-mycorrhizal plants inoculated with Azospirillum exhibited the highest N concentrations. The lines lg40897-1 and lg40505-1 showed higher P concentrations as compared to the hybrids, mainly when colonized by AMF. The higher levels of mycorrhizal colonization (90%) occurred in the C333B and lg40897-1 genotypes, which also exhibited a greater root diameter. Mycorrhiza increased shoot and root biomass, besides root traits as total length, specific length, total surface, and incidence of root hairs in all genotypes. In addition, mycorrhiza also stimulated the root colonization by diazotrophic bacteria. The bacteria did not affect root morphological traits and mycorrhizal colonization.

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Pertiwi, Hutami Indah, Sri Wilarso Budi R., and Arum Sekar Wulandari. "PENGARUH FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) DAN MYCORRHIZAL HELPER BACTERIA (MHB) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JABON (Anthocepalus cadamba Roxb.) The Effect of Arbuscula Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria (MHB) on Growth of Jabon." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.8.3.147-153.

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Jabon (Anthocepalus cadamba Roxb.) is one of the fast-growing species that naturally spread in some areas of Indonesia. Known as well adapted to some types of soil, and attributes to a quite high of economical prospects value. Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) symbiotic involve not only between fungi and plant’s root but also involving supporting organisms (bacteria). This bacteria capable to stimulating the development of mycorrhizal hyphae namely as Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB). The aims of this research was to discover of bacterial isolates that can stimulate the development of AMF in Jabon seedling and to examine the effectiveness of MHB isolate and AMF toward Jabon growth. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized-split splot design with two factors. The main plot was AMF with two levels; without AMF (M0) and with AMF respectively. Bacteria as the sub-plot with 19 levels consist of the control (B0), Isolate of Glomus sp with coding B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17, and B18 respectively. Our experiment result showed that AMF inoculated of Jabon seedling had significantly effect on root colonization and root dry weight. The average of root colonization was 20.2%. Root dry weight increased 4.69% compared to control. Bacteria were suspected as MHB has not provided significant resultsKey words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, jabon, mycorrhizal helper bacteria

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Frey-Klett, P., J. Garbaye, and M. Tarkka. "The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited." New Phytologist 176, no. 1 (October 2007): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02191.x.

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Dahm, Hanna, Edward Strzelczyk, Agnieszka Ciesielska, and Katarzyna Redlak. "The effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi and bacteria on pine seedlings." Acta Mycologica 33, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.002.

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The effect of ecomycorrhizal fungi (Hebelon crustuliniforme(Bull.: Fr.) Quél. 5392 and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch 5335) and bacteria (Bacillus polymyxa and Azospirillum brasilense). associated with mycorrhizas on the growth of pine seedligs was investigated. In addition the influence of bacteria on fungal biomass production and the relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungi and fungi pathogenic to root of pine seedlings were determined. In general, the shoot/root ratio was higher in plants inoculated with Hebeloma crustuliniforme and bacteria than in the control seedlings (grown only under sterile conditions). In non-sterile substrate the root/shoot ratio of the mycorrhizal seedlings was lower as compared to the control. Similar phenomenon was noted in plants inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinetorius. The bacteria used as well as the time of introduction of these organisms into the cultures of mycorrhiza fungi affected the production of fungal biomass. Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Pisolithus tinctorius inhibited the growth of Rizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum fungi pathogenic to pine seedlings.

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Malygin*, Daniil Mikhailovich, Marina Nikolaevna Mandryk-Litvinkovich, and Sofia Valeryevna Sokornova. "Does arbuscular mycorrhiza favor invasion of some Asteraceae tribes?" PLANT PROTECTION NEWS 104, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-3-14993.

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Invasive species, including more than three dozen Asteraceae, such as Solidago canadensis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Senecio inaequidens etc, pose serious threat to ecosystem health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a key factor for distribution of invasive species of some Asteraceae tribes, including Astereae, Anthemideae, Senecioneae, Gnaphalieae, Cardueae, and Cichorieae. The formation of invasion-friendly plant communities has occurred through increasing nutrient and water availability, hormonal regulation, production of bioactive compounds, and mycorrhiza-induced resistance of host plants. Native species are displaced through the influence on soil microbiota, mycorrhizal and nutrient status of neighboring plants, and several other parameters. Allelopathic influences and symbiotic interactions with bacteria and other fungi can inhibit these processes. Understanding the mycorrhizal status of invasive weeds, in our opinion, is a necessary condition for their successful control.

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Kumar, Anil, Donna R. Cousins, Cheng-Wu Liu, Ping Xu, and Jeremy D. Murray. "Nodule Inception Is Not Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization of Medicago truncatula." Plants 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010071.

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Most legumes can engage in symbiosis with N-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. This symbiosis, called nodulation, evolved from the more widespread symbiosis that most land plants form with arbuscular mycorrhiza, which is reflected in a common requirement of certain genes for both these symbioses. One key nodulation gene, Nodule Inception (NIN), has been intensively studied. Mutants in NIN are unable to form nodules, which has made it difficult to identify downstream genes under the control of NIN. The analysis of data from our recent transcriptomics study revealed that some genes with an altered expression of nin during nodulation are upregulated in mycorrhizal roots. In addition, another study reported the decreased colonization of nin roots by arbuscular mycorrhiza. We therefore investigated a role for NIN in mycorrhiza formation. Our time course study, using two nin alleles with differing genetic backgrounds, suggests that that loss of NIN does not affect colonization of Medicago truncatula roots, either in the presence or absence of rhizobia. This, and recent phylogenetic analyses showing that the loss of NIN is correlated with loss of nodulation in the FaFaCuRo clade, but not with the ability to form mycorrhiza, argue against NIN being required for arbuscular mycorrhization in legumes.

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Pivato, Barbara, Pierre Offre, Sara Marchelli, Bruno Barbonaglia, Christophe Mougel, Philippe Lemanceau, and Graziella Berta. "Bacterial effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza development as influenced by the bacteria, fungi, and host plant." Mycorrhiza 19, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-008-0205-2.

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Pachlewski, Roman, Edmund Strzelczyk, and Jadwiga Kermen. "Studies of Cantharellus cibarius - a mycorrhizal fungus of pine and spruce." Acta Mycologica 31, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1996.013.

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Pure cultures of Cuntharellus cibarius wcrc isolaled in two forms: C. cibarius hardwood form (isolate No. 5400) and C. cibarius coniferous form (isolate No.5410). Artificial mycorrhization of pine (Pinus Sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) was applied in this work and wcre determinated mycorrhiza-forming properties in both isolates with differences in mycorrhiza-forming activity and in morphogenesis of ectomycorrhizas. The sporocarps of C. cibarius consistently contained bacteria probably belonging to the genus: Pseudomonas. It was possible to evaluate the culture conditions for associated bacteria using in vitro tests (effect of antibiotics, pH of the medium), as well as their neutral interactions with mycorrhizal fungi (C.antharellus cibarius, Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillus bovinus and Mycelium radicis atrrovirens). Results of the present work suggest that the selection of isolates of C. cibarius< for artificial mycorrhization of seedlings of forest trees m nurseries could be very useful.

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ZAFARI, Mahnaz, Ali EBADI, and Sodabeh JAHANBAKHSH GODEHKAHRIZ. "Effect of Seed Inoculation on Alfalfa Tolerance to Water Deficit Stress." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110424.

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Water deficit is one of the most important environmental stresses that adversely affect crop growth and production and mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic bacteria have important role in resistance to drought stress. The effect of biofertilizers on alfalfa stress tolerance was studied at the greenhouse condition. Treatments comprised three water-deficit stresses (35%, 55% and 75% of field capacity) and four seeds inoculations (Glomus mosseae, Sinorhizobium meliloti, G. mosseae + S. meliloti and non-inoculated). Water-deficit stress decrease cell membrane stability (39%), total Chl (24.05%), carotenoid (35.55%), quantum yield (50.64%) and forage yield (28.20%), while increased the proline and soluble sugars content (68.55 and 46.53% respectively) and osmotic potential (45.84%). The inoculation of seeds increased the capability of the plants in counteracting the stress, so that the production of compatible solutes was increased and the photosynthetic indices, proline, osmotic potential, membrane stability and forage yield were improved by seed inoculation. Mycorrhiza improved photosynthetic indexes and proline, but bacteria had more efficacy on membrane stability and forage yield. However, double inoculation due to the synergistic effect of mycorrhiza and Sinorhizobium, had the greatest effect than Solitary inoculation. Our results suggest that biofertilized alfalfa plants were better adapted than non- biofertilized ones to cope with water deficit.

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Panneerselvam, P., and B. Saritha. "Influence of AM fungi and its associated bacteria on growth promotion and nutrient acquisition in grafted sapota seedling production." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1241.

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A study was undertaken to know the effect of co-inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and its associated bacteria on enhancing AM root colonization, growth promotion and nutrient acquisition in grafted sapota plants. The best mycorrhiza associated bacteria i.e. Pseudomonas putida (HM590707) isolated from Funneliformis mosseae spore was evaluated along with AM fungi for growth promotion and AM fungal colonization in grafted sapota plants. The combined application of P. putida along with AM fungi significantly increased plant height (39.67 %), stem girth (3.2 cm), total biomass (66.8 g plant-1), AM root colonization (73.4 %)and plant nutrient concentrations viz., N (2.52 %), P (0.18 %), K (2.90 %), Fe (428.4 ppm) and Zn (21.40 ppm) as compared to uninoculated control. This finding clearly demonstrated that grafted sapota plants can be successfully established by combined inoculation of AM fungi and its associated bacteria which have a greater impact on healthy grafted plants.

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Kataoka, Ryota, Takeshi Taniguchi, and Kazuyoshi Futai. "Fungal selectivity of two mycorrhiza helper bacteria on five mycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus thunbergii." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 10 (June 25, 2009): 1815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0082-7.

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Frey-Klett, P., and J. Garbaye. "Mycorrhiza helper bacteria: a promising model for the genomic analysis of fungal-bacterial interactions." New Phytologist 168, no. 1 (September 8, 2005): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01553.x.

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Duponnois, Robin, and Marija Kisa. "The possible role of trehalose in the mycorrhiza helper bacterium effect." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-053.

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The main objective of the study was to explore the biological pathway that could explain the stimulating effect of mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. It has been suggested that the ability of MHBs to stimulate mycelial growth is strongly correlated with their effect on ectomycorrhizal establishment; therefore, the role of organic substrates known to be involved in the hyphosphere and mycorrhizosphere effects of this fungal growth promotion were investigated. Therefore, the bacterial influence on fungal growth was tested using two-compartment dishes. One compartment was filled with a minimal medium (M9 medium) amended with different organic compounds (D-glucosamine, oxalic acid, trehalose, malonic acid, citric acid, carboxy-methyl cellulose, starch, or chitin) and inoculated with a MHB isolate ( Pseudomonas monteilii strain HR13). The other compartment contained fungal plugs of Pisolithus albus isolate IR100. Fungal radial growth was stimulated only when Pseudomonas monteilii was grown on M9 medium + trehalose. This result suggests that trehalose has a role in such bacteria–fungus interactions. However, further research, using other biological models, must be undertaken to identify the role of trehalose in the interactions between MHBs and the fungal symbionts at trophic and genetic levels.

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von Alten, H., A. Lindemann, and F. Schönbeck. "Stimulation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza by fungicides or rhizosphere bacteria." Mycorrhiza 2, no. 4 (March 1993): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00210586.

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Wolna-Maruwka, Agnieszka, Tomasz Piechota, Alicja Niewiadomska, Adam Kamiński, Dariusz Kayzer, Aleksandra Grzyb, and Agnieszka A. Pilarska. "The Effect of Biochar-Based Organic Amendments on the Structure of Soil Bacterial Community and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071286.

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The taxonomic and functional diversity of bacteria in seven different experimental variants applied to soil under a maize plantation was determined by means of next-generation sequencing and biochemical methods. The aim of the study was to discover differences in the structure of bacteria and the level of soil enzymatic activity (BIF—biochemical index of fertility) after the application of a biofertiliser made of lignocellulosic substrate and biochar containing various microorganisms (algae, mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus genus or the consortium of Bacillus sp. bacteria). The chemical composition and yield of crops was a measurable indicator of the effectiveness of the fertilisers. The biofertilisers influenced both the structure and the percentage share of individual bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTU). The cultivation of maize also modified qualitative and quantitative changes in the soil bacterial microbiome. A canonical variate analysis (CVA) showed that the soil pH exhibited a minimal positive correlation with the soil enzymatic activity and selected plant parameters, with the exception of the biofertiliser variant with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Moreover, the AM biofertiliser significantly increased the BIF value, the yield of maize seeds and the starch content in the plants. The comprehensive nature of the research allowed for a deepening and systematization of the existing knowledge on the influence of biochar with the addition of selected microorganisms on the biochemical parameters of the soil and the bacterial biodiversity of the soil environment. Additionally, the inclusion of the chemical, sanitary composition and yield of maize in the research brought a measurable view of the changes taking place in the soil and plant environment under the influence of the discussed factor. Apart from the agronomic aspect (integrated crop cultivation—Directive 2009/128/EC) of our study, it was also closely related to environmental protection, as it proved that biochar-based biofertilisers could be an alternative to mineral fertilisation.

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SHABANI, Ghobad, Mohammad Reza ARDAKANI, Mohammd Reza CHAICHI, Juergen FRIEDEL, Kazem KHAVAZI, and Hamid Reza ESHGHIZADEH. "Effect of Different Fertilizing Systems on Seed Yield and Phosphorus Uptake in Annual Medics under Dryland Farming Conditions." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39, no. 1 (May 30, 2011): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha3915479.

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The effect of different fertilizing systems on the seed yield and phosphorus uptake in annual medic (Medicago scutellata cv. Robinson) was examined at two locations under dry farming conditions in Kermanshah province, Iran, in 2009. Experiments were conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications; the treatments consisted of control (no fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, biological fertilizer and different combinations of chemical and biological fertilizing systems. The results showed that application of different fertilizing systems had a highly significant effect on the number of pods per plant. The highest values were obtained in the treatment using the urea chemical fertilizer + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria + mycorrhiza. The highest soil seed bank was recorded in the nitrogen-fixing bacteria + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria treatment; it increased the number of seeds by approximately 50 percent compared to the control (only 134 pod containing seeds). The highest pod yield was obtained after applying nitrogen-fixing bacteria + mycorrhiza (445 kg/ha), the lowest yield in the control treatment (266 kg/ha). In general, under the conditions of this experiment, the seed yield of annual medic var. Robinson receiving nitrogen-fixing + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria out-yielded other fertilizing treatments. This indicates a synergistic interaction between these groups of bacteria that increases seed yield, the soil seed bank as well as the seed phosphorus uptake of this plant species under dry farming conditions.

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Zhou, Nong, Maojun Mu, Min Yang, You Zhou, and Mingguo Ma. "The Effect of Microbial Fertilizer on the Growth, Rhizospheric Environment and Medicinal Quality of Fritillaria taipaiensis." Horticulturae 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110500.

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Fritillaria taipaiensis is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal plant affected by germplasm degradation during cultivation. To find a suitable solution for this problem, F. taipaiensis was inoculated with exogenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in pot experiments. The effects of inoculation on the AM colonization, photosynthetic pigment, and superoxide dismutase contents, rhizospheric enzyme activities, alkaloid, and nucleotide content of F. taipaiensis were studied. The results showed that the inoculation increased mycorrhizal infection intensity of F. taipaiensis. Compared to the control group, the photosynthetic pigment contents in the leaf of the inoculation groups were increased; the content of soluble protein, the activities of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in leaves were all significantly increased, and the content of malondialdehyde was decreased. The microbial inoculum also increased the content of active ingredients in F. taipaiensis bulbs and increased the enzyme activities, total microorganism number, bacteria/fungi, and actinomycetes/fungi ratios in the rhizosphere. To sum up, microbial fertilizer can significantly improve the rhizospheric environment and medicinal quality of F. taipaiensis. This research provides a theoretical basis and experimental evidence for the sustainable development of an F. taipaiensis industry.

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Nurbaity, Anne, Emma Trinurani Sofyan, and Jajang Sauman Hamdani. "Responses of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) to Glomus sp. Combined with Pseudomonas diminuta at Different Rates of NPK Fertilizers." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1025.

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Conventional farming for potato production in Indonesia has been using NPK fertilizer at high application rates. Any adverse environmental effects that might arise trough this fertilizer use shall be avoided. Application of bioferrtilizer consisted of ArbuscularMycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus sp.) isolated from the potato farming area and Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria (Pseudomonas diminuta) have been tested to reduce the use of NPK rates in the production of potato crops. The inoculant has been pot-cultured prior to its application on potato crops. The controlled-field site experiment, used the mixtures of spores of Glomus sp. and inoculant of Pseudomonas diminuta, applied at different rates of NPK fertilizer. Results of the experiment showed that the application of Glomus sp. and Pseudomonas diminuta reduced the use of NPK up to 50%, where the growth, nutrients uptake(N,P,K), and tubers of potato had similar effect to the highest recommendation rate of NPK fertilizer (being applied by the farmers). Findings from this experiment confirmed the evidences that application of AM fungi and mycorrhizal helper bacteria could reduce the use of chemical fertilizer which support sustainable farming system. Further step has been done to scale up the production of inoculants for the wider use by local farmers. Keywords:Glomus, Pseudomonas, mycorrhiza, potato, NPK fertilizer.

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Asyiah, I. N., R. Hindersah, R. Harni, B. N. Fitriatin, and W. Anggraeni. "Mycorrhizal fungi Glomus spp. propagation in zeolite enriched with mycorrhiza helper bacteria for controlling nematode in coffee." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 883, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/883/1/012021.

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Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a role in suppressing the nematode Pratylenchus coffeae. Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) can increase the effectiveness of AMF to control the diseases. The experimental purpose was to increase the spore population of AMF Glomus spp. in zeolite-based formulation inoculated with liquid consortia of Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis as MHB. The experimental design was a completely random design with six treatments consisted of 106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/mL MHB liquid inoculants. The control treatments were water and 2% molasses. All treatments were replicated four times. A total of 300 mL/pot Liquid inoculant of MHB have been inoculated a three day before transplanting the maize seedling to the Zeolite inoculated with Glomus spp. in the pot. One month after MHB inoculation, Glomus formulation in Zeolite with different levels of MHB increased the degree of infection. Three months after MHB inoculation, spore content in Zeolite increased. The density of P. diminuta and B. subtilis in zeolite-based mycorrhizal inoculant increased at the end of the experiment. Liquid inoculant MHB contained 108 CFU/mL enhanced spora number fourth times compared to the control. This experiment suggests that P. diminuta and B. subtilis were effective to increase the spore density of AMF inoculant.

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Jangandi, Sharanappa, Chaitra B. Negalur*, Mr Narayan, and H. C. Lakshman. "Synergistic effect between phosphate solubilizing bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and p uptake in Cajanus cajana L. (Pigeon pea)." International Journal of Bioassays 6, no. 01 (December 31, 2016): 5211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.01.005.

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The influence of phosphate solubilizing bacterium (Bacillus polymyxa) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus fasciculatus) on growth and phosphorus uptake in Cajanus cajana were studied, in green house conditions. Experiments were carried out by using both sterilized and unsterilized garden soil (sandy loam). Mycorrhiza with P-solubilizing bacteria inoculated with sterilized soil produced significantly higher growth, dry matter and increase in nodule number and P uptake in shoot. Moderate or lower growth response was observed among the plants grown in unsterilized soil either PSB or AMF inoculation. On the contrary non-inoculated plants in sterilized garden soil did not showed meager growth and higher total P uptake. A synergistic effect was recorded with increased plant dry matter, nodule number and P uptake in the plants treated with both the inoculum and in sterilized soil.

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Ząbkiewicz, Anna, Magdalena Myga-Nowak, Katarzyna Bandurska, Justyna Paczyńska, Anna Szybecka, and Piotr Krupa. "The Application of PCR Reaction for Identification of MHB Bacteria Species." Archives of Environmental Protection 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aep-2014-0020.

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Abstract This study characterizes mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) from selected unpolluted locations as well as subjected to industrial emissions. To determine the species of bacteria isolated from the roots of ectomycorrhizal pine and birch, a method based on the sequence analysis of a 16S rRNA gene was used. The isolated bacteria were initially characterized by available biochemical methods and phenotypic observation. On the selected bacteria representatives isolation of DNA was performed, on which the PCR reaction was carried out. In this way amplified samples were automatically sequenced and the obtained results were compared to public databases. Among the isolated bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 species were dominant.

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Khan, Abdul G. "Potential of Coupling Heavy Metal (HM) Phytoremediation by Bioenergy Plants and Their Associated HM-Adapted Rhizosphere Microbiota (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes) for Bioenergy Production." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 3, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2104049.

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There is growing concern for the contamination of our soils and waters worldwide with heavy metals (HMs), as a result of indiscriminate use of agrochemicals for feeding growing population which require optimal use of resources and sustainable agricultural strategies. This can be simultaneously achieved by using microbes as bio-fertilizers, bio-protectants, and bio-stimulants, and suitable phytoremediation- plant capable of removing heavy metals contaminants from contaminated sites. There is a growing need to adopt such environmentally safe, attractive, and economical techniques that can remove most HMs contaminants as well as yield high biomass for bioenergy production. Phytoremediation and the microbes associated with the roots and inhabiting rhizospheres of the plants used for this purpose, has emerged as an alternative strategy. This article reviews the principles and application of this strategy, and provides an overview of the use of fast growing, non-food bioenergy plants, like Vetiver grass and industrial hemp, and their root-associated microbiota such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Mycorrhiza Helping Bacteria (MHB), and Plant–Growth–Promoting-Rhizobia (PGPR) that can both tolerate and immobilize HMs in the roots, i.e. sequestrate contaminant HMs thereby protecting plants from metal toxicity. This mini-review also focuses on other phytoextraction strategies involving rhizosphere microbes, such as (1) inoculating plants used for phytoremediation of HMs contaminated soil and water with rhizobial microflora, and (2) managing their population in the rhizospheres by using a consortium of site specific AMF, PGPR, and MHB, and N-fixing rhizobia as biofertilizers to Phyto-remediate derelict contaminated sites. Various crop management strategies such as Crop Sequencing and Intercropping or Co-cropping of, for example, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal crops, or leguminous and non-leguminous crops, etc., can be employed for improved plant growth. Another possible strategy to exploit soil microbes is to employ pre-cropping with mycotrophic crops to exploit AMF for mycorrhizo-remediation strategy.

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Wang, Ya-Hui, Liang-Liang Hou, Xiao-Qin Wu, Mei-Ling Zhu, Yun Dai, and Yin-Juan Zhao. "Mycorrhiza helper bacterium Bacillus pumilus HR10 improves growth and nutritional status of Pinus thunbergii by promoting mycorrhizal proliferation." Tree Physiology 42, no. 4 (November 3, 2021): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab139.

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Abstract Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) play an important role in mediating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which improves the growth and nutrient uptake of plants. This study examined the growth-promoting effects and mechanisms of pine growth after inoculation with the MHB Bacillus pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The effect of B. pumilus HR10 on Hymenochaete sp. Rl growth, enzyme activity and gene expression related to mycorrhiza formation were determined. The growth, root activity, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of Pinus thunbergii and the mycorrhizal colonization intensity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl-inoculated pine seedlings after inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 were also evaluated. The results showed that B. pumilus HR10 promoted growth, regulated the expression of mycorrhizal-related genes and affected the β-1,3-glucanase activity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The mycorrhizal colonization intensity of pine seedlings co-inoculated with B. pumilus HR10 and Hymenochaete sp. Rl was 1.58-fold higher than seedlings inoculated with only Hymenochaete sp. Rl. Inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl increased lateral root number and root activity of pine seedlings and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of pine needles compared with the control. Bacillus pumilus HR10 facilitated nutrient uptake by enhancing the mycorrhizal proliferation of pine and induced greater photosynthesis and root activity of pine seedlings, which confirms its role as an outstanding plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of B. pumilus HR10 promotion of mycorrhizal symbiosis.

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Aggarwal, Ashok, Nisha Kadian, Karishma Karishma, Neetu Neetu, Anju Tanwar, and K. K. Gupta. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.239.

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Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances (including mineral toxicities and deficiencies) and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Development of crop plants with stress tolerance, however, requires, among others, knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and genetic controls of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. In the past two decades,biotechnology research has provided considerable insights into the mechanism of biotic stress tolerance in plants at the molecular level. Furthermore, different abiotic stress factors may provoke osmotic stress, oxidative stress and protein denaturation in plants, which lead to similar cellular adaptive responses such as accumulation of compatible solutes, induction of stress proteins, and acceleration of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. Recently, various methods are adapted to improve plant tolerance to salinity injury through either chemical treatments (plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines and vitamins) or biofertilizers treatments (Asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria) or enhanced a process used naturally by plants (mycorrhiza) to minimise the movement of Na+ to the shoot. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of salt tolerance. In this review article, the discussion is restricted to the mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress.

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Ataklı, Seda Bice, Sezer Şahin, and Sabriye Belgüzar. "Soya Bitkisinin Gelişiminde Gübre, Kompost, Mikoriza ve Bakteri Uygulamalarının Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, sp (January 7, 2022): 2675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9isp.2675-2679.4951.

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One of the most important factors that increase soil fertility is the amount of soil organic matter. One of the ways to increase soil organic matter is the addition of organic fertilizers. Yemsoy soybean cultivar was used in the study, and pot study was carried out in 3 replications according to the randomized blocks experimental design. In the study, three different fertilizer doses (EC 0- 0.5- 1), three different grape pomace compost (0- 20-40 %) were applied to the peat perlite mixture, and mycorrhiza and bacteria inoculation to these environments. At the end of a 60-day growing period, the plants were harvested from the top of the pot, and measurements were made. In the study, there was an increase in the above-ground fresh and dry weights, root fresh, and root dry weights of soybean plants grown with increasing fertilizer rates. The addition of compost to the growing medium, the addition of mycorrhiza, and bacteria caused different results in the investigated properties. The increase in compost and plant nutrition doses was effective in increasing plant growth.

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Şahin, Sezer, and Seda Bice Ataklı. "Kireçli Toprakta Börülcenin Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Vermikompost ve Mikoriza Uygulamalarının Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, sp (January 7, 2022): 2659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9isp.2659-2662.4966.

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Organic matter has a positive effect on the uptake of nutrients in the soil. The increase in mycorrhizal activities in the soil causes an increase in the activities in the rhizosphere region. Vermicompost is among the most useful organic fertilizers that can be added to the soil in recent years. Soil microflora is capable of realizing the return of mineral substances. Akkız cowpea variety was used in the study: The experiment was carried out as a viol study with 3 replications according to the randomized blocks trial design. In the study, seedling development was achieved by mixing vermicompost (0, 15, 30 and 45%) with and without mycorrhiza in a soil containing 16% lime into the viols in order to develop seedlings. Sufficient minerals have been applied to the plants for their growth. Seedlings were harvested when they were 40 days old, and seedling measurement parameters and macronutrients in plant leaves were checked. As the amount of vermicompost increased, it caused an increase in the above-ground fresh and dry weights, root fresh and root dry weights of the seedlings. As the organic fertilizer mixture increased, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium concentrations of the plant leaves increased. The addition of mycorrhiza to the rearing medium has led to different results in the investigated characteristics. Addition of increasing organic fertilizer ratios in the study, Organic fertilizer and bacteria application of cowpea cultivars were effective in increasing the development of plants in calcareous soils.

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Siebyła, Marta, and Iwona Szyp-Borowska. "Comparison of bacterial communities in roots of selected trees with and without summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) ectomycorrhiza." Folia Forestalia Polonica 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2021-0011.

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Abstract In this study, we examined the effect of the presence of mycorrhiza and ascomata of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) on the bacterial composition of roots from small trees growing in selected sites of the Nida Basin. Qualitative DNA sequencing methods such as Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used. The Sanger method revealed different bacterial species compositions between the samples where summer truffle ascomata was recorded and control samples. Five genera of bacteria could be distinguished: Bacillus, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Rahnella and Serratia, among which the most numerous were Pseudomonas (Gammmaproteobacteria class) at 32.9%. The results obtained by the NGS method also showed differences in species composition of the bacteria depending on the study sample. Seven genera of bacteria were distinguished: Rhizorhabdus, Methylotenera, Sphingomonas, Nitrosospira, Streptomyces, Methyloceanibacter and Niastella, which dominated in roots from the truffle sites. Telmatobacter, Roseiarcus, Granulicella, Paludibaculum, Acidipila, Acidisphaera and Aliidongia dominated in roots from the control sites. With the NGS method, it is possible to identify the microbiome of a whole root, while only a root fragment can be analysed by the Sanger method. These results extend the scope of knowledge on the preferences of certain groups of bacteria associated with truffles and their influence on the formation of ascomata in summer truffles. Our results may also be useful in selecting and monitoring sites that promote ascomata of Tuber aestivum.

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Behrooz, Azadeh, Kourosh Vahdati, Farhad Rejali, Mahmoud Lotfi, Saadat Sarikhani, and Charles Leslie. "Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria Alleviate Drought Stress in Walnut." HortScience 54, no. 6 (June 2019): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13961-19.

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Drought stress is one of the main constraints limiting worldwide crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) such as Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium lipofrum have been shown to alleviate drought stress effects. Therefore, the interaction effect of AM fungi [Glomus mosseae, G. etunicatum, and a mix of these (G. mix), and PGPB bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillium lipofrum)] was investigated in 1-year-old walnut seedlings (cv. Chandler) under normal and drought stress conditions. Drought stress reduced growth (plant height, root length, number of leaves, and fresh weight) and leaf nutrient content (N, P, and Zn) significantly of walnut plants. In contrast, proline, total soluble sugar, starch peroxidase enzyme activity, and total phenolic content of walnut leaves increased under this stress. Application of fungi or bacteria, and especially their simultaneous use, alleviated the negative effects of drought stress on walnut seedlings. AM fungi and PGPB increased significantly the content of some metabolites, including total phenolic content, proline level, peroxidase activity, total soluble sugar, and starch content as well as peroxidase enzyme activity. This led to an increase in walnut plant growth under the drought stress condition. Among AM fungi, G. etunicatum was more effective in reducing drought stress symptoms than either G. mosseae or the G. mix of fungi. In conclusion, use of G. etunicatum, along with PGPB, can reduce negative effects of drought stress on walnut seedlings.

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Founoune, H., R. Duponnois, A. M. Bâ, S. Sall, I. Branget, J. Lorquin, M. Neyra, and J. L. Chotte. "Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria stimulate ectomycorrhizal symbiosis of Acacia holosericea with Pisolithus alba." New Phytologist 153, no. 1 (January 11, 2002): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00284.x.

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Cheung, K. C., J. Y. Zhang, H. H. Deng, Y. K. Ou, H. M. Leung, S. C. Wu, and M. H. Wong. "Interaction of higher plant (jute), electrofused bacteria and mycorrhiza on anthracene biodegradation." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 7 (May 2008): 2148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.037.

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Bandurska, Katarzyna, Piotr Krupa, Agnieszka Berdowska, and Magdalena Marczak. "Adaptation of Selected Ectomycorrhizal Fungi to Increased Concentration of Cadmium and Lead." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0035.

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Abstract Plants together with water and minerals actively take from the soil heavy metals such as cadmium and lead. The negative role of ions of these metals on plant growth and development depends not only on their concentration in the soil, but also on a number of factors that may affect the transport of minerals from the soil to the roots. The harmful effects of xenobiotics getting from the soil to the plants are limited by the organic compounds contained in the soil, soil structure and pH. Particularly noteworthy are biotic factors, such as bacteria and fungi which greatly limit the translocation of heavy metals. Stream of new scientific reports show that the symbiotic combination of fungi with plant roots so called mycorrhizae is a factor that may be important in reducing the impact of soil contamination by heavy metals. Mycorrhiza by filtering solutions of water and mineral salts stop a considerable amount of heavy metals in the internal mycelium or on its surface. It was proved that plants with properly formed mycorrhiza grow better in hard to renew lands, such as salty, sterile soils contaminated with industrial waste. Questions to which answer was sought in this study are: 1) whether mycorrhizal fungi for many years growing in the contaminated areas have managed to adapt to these adverse conditions and 2) do the same species derived from clean areas are less resistant to contamination by heavy metals? Stated problems tried to be solved based on the fruiting bodies of fungi collected from ectomycorrhizal fungi picked from the areas contaminated by industrial emissions and areas free of contamination. The interaction of cadmium and lead ions on the growth of mycelium was examined by plate method and binding of heavy metals in fruiting structures of fungi were done by colorimetric method with use of methylene blue. It has been shown that the fungal resistance, even of the same species, to high concentration of heavy metals varies depending on the origin of symbiont. Isolated fungi from contaminated areas are better adapted to high concentrations of xenobiotics. Ability to bind cadmium and lead to fruiting bodies of fungi varies.

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Latifah, Irma, Idris Idris, Toga Pangihotan Napitupulu, Azra Zahra Nadirah Ikhwani, Gunawan Ruhiyat, I. Nyoman Sumerta, Atit Kanti, Fitri Yola Amandita, and I. Made Sudiana. "Mycorrhiza stimulates Rhizobium infection in Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielson under Hg contamination." Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37604/jmsb.v3i1.70.

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Symbiosis of and AMF increase soybean production, but the information on the association between these microbes in Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielson or ‘sengon’ under Hg contamination is limited. We observed P. falcataria inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus sp.) stimulate nodule formation under Hg contamination. The study was set up in a pot experiment in the growth chamber a the Hg concentration was adjusted to 50 ppm in soil medium. Inoculation of AMF stimulates nodule formation and increases P. falcataria tolerance to Hg. We isolated several bacteria from the rhizosphere belonging to Rhizobium group and others. Understanding the ecology of soil bacteria is important for Hg bioremediation using P. falcataria.

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Wahid, Fazli, Muhammad Sharif, Shah Fahad, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Adnan, Rafiullah, Shah Saud, et al. "Mycorrhiza and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria: Potential Bioagents for Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agriculture." Phyton 91, no. 2 (2022): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.016512.

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Sánchez-Navarro, Virginia, Raúl Zornoza, Ángel Faz, Catalina Egea-Gilabert, Margarita Ros, José A. Pascual, and Juan A. Fernández. "Inoculation with Different Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Affects Grain Protein Content and Nodule Bacterial Communities of a Fava Bean Crop." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060768.

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The introduction of nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into the soil is an advisable agricultural practice for the crop, since it enhances nutrient and water uptake and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this work was to study plant nutrition, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and crop yield and quality, after inoculating seeds with NFBs ((Rhizobium leguminosarum, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia vietnamiensis)) and/or AMFs (Rhizophagus irregularis, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Funneliformis mosseae) in a fava bean crop in two seasons. The composition of the nodule bacterial community was evaluated by the high-throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16 S rRNA genes. It was found that microbial inoculation accompanied by a 20% decrease in mineral fertilization had no significant effect on crop yield or the nutritional characteristics compared with a non-inoculated crop, except for an increase in the grain protein content in inoculated plants. None of the inoculation treatments increased biological nitrogen fixation over a non-inoculated level. The bacterial rRNA analysis demonstrated that the genus Rhizobium predominated in all nodules, both in inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, suggesting the previous presence of these bacteria in the soil. In our study, inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum was the most effective treatment for increasing protein content in seeds, while Burkholderia sp. was not able to colonise the plant nodules. Inoculation techniques used in fava beans can be considered an environmentally friendly alternative, reducing the input of fertilizers, while maintaining crop yield and quality, with the additional benefit of increasing the grain protein content. However, further research is required on the selection and detection of efficient rhizobial strains under local field conditions, above all those related to pH and soil type, in order to achieve superior nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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Bloodnick, Ed. "680 Use of Mycorrhiza for Selected Horticultural Crops." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 565E—565. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.565e.

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In undisturbed soil environments, certain bacteria and fungi help plants by transforming organic compounds, surpressing diseases, and acquiring nutrients. A strong interest has developed in the identification and culture of beneficial soil microorganisms. Complex groups of fungi, called mycorrhizae, grow in association with roots of many plant species. These fungi show promise as growth and quality enhancers for agriculture crops. However, farmlands that are subjected to excessive chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and soil fumigants contain low levels of indigenous mycorrhizae and other beneficial microorganisms. The re-introduction of endo-mycorrhizae populations has proven to be valuable for improvement of soils and vegetable crop culture. Peat-based substrates are generally used for germination and production of vegetable transplants. In this case, endo-mycorrhizae species (Glomus intraradices) was incorporated into a peat-based growing medium as a means of introducing inoculum to vegetable transplants. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) seeds were germinated and grown-on inoculated and non-inoculated growing medium inside of a polyhouse for a period of 8 weeks. Fertilizer applications of 50 ppm of N were given weekly. Seedlings were subsequently outplanted into field soil where incidence of root disease, fertilizer requirements, and pesticide applications were recorded. At fruit maturity, each harvest was evaluated for fruit quality and yield. At the end of the growing season, results indicated an improvement of fruit quality and a yield increase of >16%.

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Szczyglowski, Krzysztof, and Michael Sadowsky. "Focus on Symbioses: “Where Two Are Better Than One”." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 11 (November 2011): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-24-11-1271.

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In the last two decades, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the basic principles governing two agriculturally relevant symbioses of plants with beneficial microorganisms: i) the nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria of legumes and angiosperms and ii) phosphate-acquiring mycorrhiza fungi. This special focus issue brings together articles covering aspects of evolution and phylogeny, diversity, signaling, differentiation, and development of new investigative tools. Together they provide a window into the exciting world of plant-microbe symbioses.

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Xing, Rui, Hui-ying Yan, Qing-bo Gao, Fa-qi Zhang, Jiu-li Wang, and Shi-long Chen. "Microbial communities inhabiting the fairy ring ofFloccularia luteovirensand isolation of potential mycorrhiza helper bacteria." Journal of Basic Microbiology 58, no. 6 (March 23, 2018): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201700579.

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Kuga, Yukari, Ting-Di Wu, Naoya Sakamoto, Chie Katsuyama, and Hisayoshi Yurimoto. "Allocation of Carbon from an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus, Gigaspora margarita, to Its Gram-Negative and Positive Endobacteria Revealed by High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122597.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are obligate symbionts of land plants; furthermore, some of the species harbor endobacteria. Although the molecular approach increased our knowledge of the diversity and origin of the endosymbiosis and its metabolic possibilities, experiments to address the functions of the fungal host have been limited. In this study, a C flow of the fungus to the bacteria was investigated. Onion seedlings colonized with Gigaspora margarita, possessing Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum (CaGg, Gram-negative, resides in vacuole) and Candidatus Moeniiplasma glomeromycotorum (CaMg, Gram-positive, resides in the cytoplasm,) were labelled with 13CO2. The 13C localization within the mycorrhiza was analyzed using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Correlative TEM-SIMS analysis of the fungal cells revealed that the 13C/12C ratio of CaGg was the lowest among CaMg and mitochondria and was the highest in the cytoplasm. By contrast, the plant cells, mitochondria, plastids, and fungal cytoplasm, which are contributors to the host, showed significantly higher 13C enrichment than the host cytoplasm. The C allocation patterns implied that CaMg has a greater impact than CaGg on G. margarita, but both seemed to be less burdensome to the host fungus in terms of C cost.

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Roy, Pranab, and Surupa Basu. "Microbes aiding plant growth: Probiotics in plants." American Journal of Applied Bio-Technology Research 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ajabtr.243.

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Micro-organisms, including viruses, bacteria and fungi are generally perceived as pathogens, causing different diseases in plants and animals including human beings. However, there are many microbes known which not only help in the growth of their host organisms but are essential for their survival. Plants have symbiotic relationship with many microbes which are essential for the survival for both the host and micro-organisms. Nitrogen fixing bacteria which associate with the roots of leguminous plants can fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas into ammonia which is essential for plant growth. These bacteria, generally known as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobcteria (PGPR) derive their food from the host leguminous plants, mutually benefitting each other. Some common examples of PGPR genera exhibiting plant growth promoting activity are: Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Burkholdaria, Enterobacter, Rhizobium, Erwinia, Mycobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Flavobacterium, etc. Viruses and fungi are also known to have such relationships with plants, eg. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM).

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Bhushan, Gaurav, Santosh Kr Sharma, Priyanka Sagar, Nishtha Seth, and A. P. Singh. "Role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on tolerance to salinity of the tree legume Albizia lebbeck (L.) inoculated by Rhizobium." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 2, no. 01 (March 31, 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.2.1.7.

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Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae) and Syzygium cumini(Myrtaceae), the Indian traditional fruits The effect of different level of salinity on growth, nodulation and Nitrogen fixation of single and dual inoculated tree legumes which help arbascular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe with Rhizobium bacteria in the presence of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) conducted in earthen pots in a completely randomized block design with three replications resulted in effective plant growth, shoot and root biomasses, nodulation and N2 fixation. The effect of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) on growth, nodulation and N2 fixation of single (Rhizobium or AMF alone) and dual inoculated (Rhizobium + AMF ) tree legume has a pot culture experiment using The parameter growth , nodulation, nitrogen fixation and % AMF colonization of roots were considerable influenced with the increase in salt concentration from 0.5 % to 4.0 % NaCl. It was observed that the mycorrhizal tree legume (inoculated with the most preferred AMF Acaulospora laevis) performed better in the increasing levels of salinity in comparison to non-mycorrhozal ones. These investigations suggested a protective role play by AMF in providing resistance to the tree legume against injurious effects of salinity. Inoculation of efficient strain of AMF (Acaulospora laevis) during the course of study, prevented the injurious effects of salinity in the test plants due to enhanced water and sustainable nutrient uptake thereby promoting growth, nodulation and biogeochemical N2 cycle (fixation of nitrogen) of the tree legume under investigation.

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Nogueira, M. A., U. Nehls, R. Hampp, K. Poralla, and E. J. B. N. Cardoso. "Mycorrhiza and soil bacteria influence extractable iron and manganese in soil and uptake by soybean." Plant and Soil 298, no. 1-2 (August 28, 2007): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9379-1.

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Varga, Ivana, Helena Alduk, Suzana Kristek, Jurica Jović, Dario Iljkić, and Manda Antunović. "Yield components of soybean cover crop regard to seed pre-treatment with bacteria and mycorrhiza." Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 8, no. 2 (2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2021.8.2.29.

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Nurmiaho-Lassila, E. L., S. Timonen, K. Haahtela, and R. Sen. "Bacterial colonization patterns of intactPinus sylvestrismycorrhizospheres in dry pine forest soil: an electron microscopy study." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1017–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-147.

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The bacterial populations associated with different plant and fungal habitats of intact Pinus sylvestris – Suillus bovinus or Pinus sylvestris – Paxillus involutus ectomycorrhizospheres grown in natural forest soil were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Surfaces of nonmycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris roots hosted large numbers of morphologically distinct bacteria. Bacteria were detected on the mantle surfaces and at inter- and intra-cellular locations in the mantle and Hartig net of Suillus bovinus mycorrhizas. The fungal strands were colonized by only a few bacteria unlike the outermost external fine hyphae on which extensive monolayers of bacteria were attached. The mycorrhizas of Paxillus involutus were mostly devoid of bacteria, but the intact external mycelium supported both bacterial colonies and solitary bacteria. Intracellular bacteria were not present in Paxillus involutus hyphae. In both mycorrhizal systems, bacterial aggregation and attachment to hyphae were mediated with electron-dense or -translucent material. Our study shows that the Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizospheres formed by two different ectomycorrhizal fungi are clearly dissimilar habitats for mycorrhizosphere-associated bacteria. Additionally, the spatially and physiologically defined mycorrhizosphere habitats were shown to host distinct populations of bacteria.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, intracellular bacteria, Paxillus involutus, soil bacteria, Suillus bovinus.

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Barman, Prananath, S. K. Singh, V. B. Patel, A. K. Singh, and Lata Nain. "Synergistic interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza helper bacteria improving antioxidant activities in Troyer citrange and Cleopatra mandarin under low moisture stress." Indian Journal of Horticulture 72, no. 1 (2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2015.00006.7.

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Scott, D. "Dryland legumes: perspectives and problems." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.2996.

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The different perspectives or concepts involved in developing legumes for dryland pastoral systems is commented on in relation to: N-fixation versus animal feed; root nodule bacteria requirements; large introduced legume flora compared with indigenous; species niche in relation to environmental gradients of moisture, temperature, fertility, and grazing; species adaptation along the decreasing fertility gradient from fine-root nutrient scavenging grasses, N-fixers, mycorrhiza, and proteoid roots; interaction of N- fixation with soil organic matter; establishment; determinants of pastures legume composition; and the possible role of allelopathy. Key words: dryland, environmental gradients, legumes, N-fixation, pasture composition

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Mora, Edith, Marcia Toro, and Danilo López-Hernández. "The Presence of Beneficial Organisms Associated to N and P Economy in the Rhizosphere of Native Vegetation in an Oligotrophic Savanna of Guárico State, Venezuela." Open Plant Science Journal 10, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874294701710010123.

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Background:In natural conditions, tropical plants are adapted to different ecological niches that can be associated to soil microorganisms which play a key role in nutrient cycling likeArbuscular mycorrhiza(AM), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobia.Methods:We report a survey of the presence in a Trachypogon savanna located at Estación Experimental La Iguana (EELI) in Central Venezuela, of some beneficial plant-microorganism associations. In this savanna, plants present a high AM symbiosis affinity. The high mycorrhization and the presence of potential PSB suggest a synergic effect in plant P-uptake.Results:After screening the rhizospheres of 25 plant species from the zone, we could isolate a high proportion of potential PSB in relation to the total bacteria number from the rhizospheres ofCentrosema venosumandGalactia jussiaeana.Conclusion:Therefore, the presence of potential PSB in the rhizosphere of those species constitutes an important finding to discover novel biofertilizers for crop plants.

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Poole, Elizabeth J., Gary D. Bending, John M. Whipps, and David J. Read. "Bacteria associated with Pinus sylvestris -Lactarius rufus ectomycorrhizas and their effects on mycorrhiza formation in vitro." New Phytologist 151, no. 3 (September 2001): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00219.x.

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Li, Bin, Sabine Ravnskov, Guanlin Xie, and John Larsen. "Biocontrol of Pythium damping-off in cucumber by arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated bacteria from the genus Paenibacillus." BioControl 52, no. 6 (April 4, 2007): 863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9076-2.

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Abed Al-Kadhim Kamal, Jawad, and Maytham Abbas Jawad. "The Role of Bio Fertilizer in Reduction of Irrigation Periodsfor the Yield and Components of Mung Bean." Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN: 2077-5822 , E-ISSN: 2617-1479) 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33794/qjas.vol8.iss2.59.

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Abstract:

A field study has been conducted during autumn season of 2016 at Karbala province of Hindiaby mung bean plant Vigna radiate L. is a local category to study the interrelated effect of both the Mycorrhiza fungi (Glomusmosseae(and the Rhizobia bacteria (R.leguminosarum)Under levels of water stress. Three treatments of irrigation are used ; (S1 irrigation every 5 days and S2 irrigation every 10 days and S3 irrigation every 15 days) and four levels of Bio fertilizer are used (without inoculation) (C0)and (Rhizobium inoculation) (R) and (mycorrhiza inoculation)(M) and (the interaction between mycorrhiza and Rhizobium) (M+R). A split plot in randomized complete block design is used with three replications to do this experiment. Treatments of irrigation are used as main plots while Bio fertilizer levels are used as sub-plot. Least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability is used to compare between the means. The results showed irrigation every 5 days (S1) was superior in having the highest average of (The dry weight of the root, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per pod ,100 seeds weight ,seed yield ,Biological yield) Amount(0.78 gm. Plant-1, 31.33 pods. Plant-1 , 8.45 seed .pod-1 , 3.82 gm ,3.77 tan .ha-1 , 7.37tan .ha-1) respectively. without significant difference between them treatmentof irrigation 10 days (S2) in 100-seed weight3.50 gm. Moreover treatment Bio fertilizer (R+M) significantly gives the highest means for yield and yield components (0.89 gm. Plant-1, 33.64pods. Plant-1, 8.42 seed .pod-1, 4.10 gm , 4.00 tan .ha-1, 7.70 tan .ha-1) respectively. The interaction among (R+M)S1,(R+M)S2 and(M)S1 significantly give the highest means for all plant characteristics

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Aggangan, Nelly, and Julieta Anarna. "Microbial Biofertilizers and Soil Amendments Enhanced Tree Growth and Survival in a Barren Mined-out Area in Marinduque, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 22, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2019_2/08.

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A bioremediation protocol was developed for rehabilitating mine tailing areas using microbial biofertilizers and soil amendments. The effects on the growth and survival of tree species in a three-decade barren mined-out area in Barangay Capayang, Mogpog, Marinduque, Philippines were also determined. Three concurrent field experiments were established in June 2016 using Pterocarpus indicus, Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus urophylla. Treatments for this study were uninoculated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza (MYKORICH® for P. indicus) or Surigao isolate (for A. mangium and E. urophylla) with and without nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Aseptically germinated seedlings were inoculated when they were transplanted from seed boxes into individual polybags. After six months, the seedlings were planted in the mined-out area following Randomized Complete Block Design. The excavated soil were mixed with 1 kg vermicompost and 500 g lime before backfilling the 30 cm3 planting hole. After one month, 10 g NPK fertilizer and 5 g urea were applied on each seedling. Microbial-inoculated seedlings showed better growth performance with higher plant dry weight and microbial population compared to the uninoculated plants after 27 months. Hence, P. indicus, A. mangium, and E. urophylla inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and applied with lime, vermicompost, and basal inorganic fertilizer could be effective as reforestation species in barren mined-out areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacteria mycorrhiza'

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