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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bacterial contamination

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial contamination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial contamination"

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Benjamin, R. J. "Bacterial contamination." ISBT Science Series 9, no. 1 (2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/voxs.12067.

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Jimoh, O., M. I. Abdulkadir, T. I. Yusuf, et al. "Bacterial Contaminants Associated with the Hands of Food Handlers at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.007.

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Food and water borne diseases are leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study identified bacterial agents contaminating the hands of food handlers at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. A total of 205 food handlers were recruited, their hands were swabbed, processed to isolate and identify bacteria using standard microbiological techniques. Of the two hundred and five (205) participants, fifty-five (55) were positive for bacterial contamination (26.8%). Fifty-nine (59) different bacteria strains were isolated; Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest with the frequency of 29(49%). Other foodborne pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli 4(6.8%) and Salmonella subspecies IIIb 1(1.7%). It has been shown from this study that a significant proportion of food handlers’ hands were contaminated with bacterial agents. Therefore, optimizing hand hygiene programmes among food handlers will help to minimize food contamination. Keywords: Hygiene, Food, contamination, Bacteria

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Bernard, Louis, Anne Kereveur, Dominique Durand, et al. "Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Physicians' Stethoscopes." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 9 (1999): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501686.

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AbstractBecause stethoscopes might be potential vectors of nosocomial infections, this study, conducted in a 450-bed general hospital, was devised to evaluate the bacterial contamination of stethoscopes; bacterial survival on stethoscope membranes; the kinetics of the bacterial load on stethoscope membranes during clinical use; and the efficacy of 70% alcohol or liquid soap for membrane disinfection. Among the 355 stethoscopes tested, 234 carried ≥2 different bacterial species; 31 carried potentially pathogenic bacteria. Although some bacteria deposited onto membranes could survive 6 to 18 hours, none survived after disinfection.

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Henney, J. E. "Bacterial Contamination Alert." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 17 (2000): 2228—b—2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.17.2228-b.

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Henney, Jane E. "Bacterial Contamination Alert." JAMA 283, no. 17 (2000): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.17.2228-jfd00003-3-1.

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Chaudhary, Hammad Tufail. "BLOOD BAG;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (2017): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.512.

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Transfusion of blood products is one of the key aspects of hospital care. Amongthe risk of blood transfusions, bacterial contamination of the blood bags is not so uncommon.Sources of bacteria can be several. Majority of the times the source of bacteria is the arm of thedonor. Second important cause of bacterial contamination of blood transfusion, is bacteria inthe blood stream of the donor. Donor is usually selected with strict selection criteria. Detailedhistory is usually taken. Diversion is another method used to reduce the bacterial contaminationof blood bags. Temperature is also important parameter for the growth of bacteria. RBCs arestored at 4 ˚C and platelets are stored at 22˚C. For the ideal bacterial detection techniques,it is important that they can detect the bacteria as early and as low as possible. At the time ofcollection of sample for viral screening, number of bacteria might be too low to be detected.

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Ismail, Dr Khatib Sayeed. "A Preliminary Study of Bacterial Contamination from Elevators." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/148.

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Brady, RRW, P. Kalima, NN Damani, RG Wilson, and MG Dunlop. "Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Bed-Control Handsets in a Surgical Setting: A Potential Marker of Contamination of the Healthcare Environment." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 7 (2007): 656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x209347.

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INTRODUCTION Patients undergoing colorectal surgical resections have a high incidence of surgical site infection (SSI). Many patient-specific risk factors have been recognised in association with SSI in such patients, but environmental contamination is increasingly recognised as a contributor to hospital-acquired infection (HAI). This study set out to describe the bacterial contamination of the patient environment, using hospital bed-control handsets, as they are frequently handled by both staff and patients and represent a marker of environmental contamination. PATIENTS AND METHODS On two unannounced sampling events, 1 week apart, 140 bacteriological assessments were made of 70 hospital bed control handsets within a specialist colorectal surgical unit. RESULTS Of the handsets examined, 67 (95.7%) demonstrated at least one bacterial species (52.9% grew 1, 30% grew 2 and 12.9% grew 3 or more bacterial species). Of these, 29 (41.4%) bed-control handsets grew bacteria known to cause nosocomial infection, including 22 (31.4%) handsets which grew Enterococcus spp., 9 (12.9%) which grew MRSA, 2 (2.9%) which grew MSSA, 2 (2.9%) which grew coliforms, and 1 (1.4%) handset which grew anaerobes. At 1-week follow-up, 31 bed-control handsets showed evidence of contamination by the same bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed high levels of bacteria known to cause HAI, contaminating hospital bed-control handsets in a surgical setting. Further study is now required to confirm whether hospital environmental contamination is causally involved in SSI.

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Brecher, Mark E., and Shauna N. Hay. "Bacterial Contamination of Blood Components." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 1 (2005): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.1.195-204.2005.

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SUMMARY Blood for transfusion is a potential source of infection by a variety of known and unknown transmissible agents. Over the last 20 years, astounding reductions in the risk of viral infection via allogeneic blood have been achieved. As a result of this success, bacterial contamination of blood products has emerged as the greatest residual source of transfusion-transmitted disease. This paper summarizes the current status of detection, prevention, and elimination of bacteria in blood products for transfusion.

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Tindale, Rabina. "Bacterial contamination in ambulances." Emergency Nurse 11, no. 6 (2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.11.6.7.s10.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial contamination"

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Bowling, Frank, Daryl Stickings, Valerie Edwards-Jones, David Armstrong, and Andrew Boulton. "Hydrodebridement of wounds: effectiveness in reducing wound bacterial contamination and potential for air bacterial contamination." BioMed Central, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610180.

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BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to assess the level of air contamination with bacteria after surgical hydrodebridement and to determine the effectiveness of hydro surgery on bacterial reduction of a simulated infected wound.METHODS:Four porcine samples were scored then infected with a broth culture containing a variety of organisms and incubated at 37degreesC for 24 hours. The infected samples were then debrided with the hydro surgery tool (Versajet, Smith and Nephew, Largo, Florida, USA). Samples were taken for microbiology, histology and scanning electron microscopy pre-infection, post infection and post debridement. Air bacterial contamination was evaluated before, during and after debridement by using active and passive methods<br>for active sampling the SAS-Super 90 air sampler was used, for passive sampling settle plates were located at set distances around the clinic room.RESULTS:There was no statistically significant reduction in bacterial contamination of the porcine samples post hydrodebridement. Analysis of the passive sampling showed a significant (p < 0.001) increase in microbial counts post hydrodebridement. Levels ranging from 950 colony forming units per meter cubed (CFUs/m3) to 16780 CFUs/m3 were observed with active sampling of the air whilst using hydro surgery equipment compared with a basal count of 582 CFUs/m3. During removal of the wound dressing, a significant increase was observed relative to basal counts (p < 0.05). Microbial load of the air samples was still significantly raised 1 hour post-therapy.CONCLUSION:The results suggest a significant increase in bacterial air contamination both by active sampling and passive sampling. We believe that action might be taken to mitigate fallout in the settings in which this technique is used.

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Conboy, Mary Jane. "Bacterial contamination of rural drinking water wells." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35790.pdf.

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Petkova, Petya Stoyanova. "Surface nano-structured materials to control bacterial contamination." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398122.

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The spread of bacteria and infections, initially associated with an increased number of hospital-acquired infections, has now extended into the community causing severe and difficult to treat diseases. Additionally, many of those diseases are evoked by bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics. Overcoming the ability of bacteria to develop resistance will potentially reduce the burden of these infections on the healthcare systems worldwide and prevent thousands of deaths each year. The nano-scale particles are promising candidates to fight bacteria, since developing of resistance to their action is less likely to occur. Nanoparticles (NPs) can be incorporated into polymeric matrices to design a wide variety of nanocomposites. Such nano-structures consisting of inorganic and inorganic/organic NPs represent a novel class of materials with a broad range of applications. This thesis is about the development of antibacterial nano-structured materials aimed at preventing the spread of bacteria. To achieve this, two versatile physicochemical and biotechnological tools, namely sonochemistry and biocatalysis were innovatively combined. Ultrasound irradiation used for the generation of various nano-structures and its combination with biocatalysts (enzymes) opens new perspectives in materials processing, here illustrated by the production of NPs coated medical textiles, water treatment membranes and chronic wound dressings. The first part of the thesis aims at the development of antibacterial medical textiles to prevent the bacteria transmission and proliferation using two single step approaches for antibacterial NPs coating of textiles. In the first approach antibacterial zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) and chitosan (CS) were deposited simultaneously on cotton fabric by ultrasound irradiation. The obtained hybrid NPs coatings demonstrated durable antibacterial properties after multiple washing cycles. Moreover, the presence of biopolymer in the NP hybrids improved the biocompatibility of the material in comparison with ZnO NPs coating alone. In the second approach, a simultaneous sonochemical/enzymatic process for durable antibacterial coating of cotton with ZnO NPs was carried out. The enzymatic treatment provides better adhesion of the ZnO NPs and, as a consequence, enhanced coating stability during exploitation. Likewise to the antibacterial coatings obtained in the first approach, the antibacterial efficiency of these textiles was maintained after multiple intensive laundry regimes used in hospitals. The NPs-coated cotton fabrics inhibited the growth of the most medically relevant bacteria species. In the second part of the thesis, hybrid antibacterial biopolymer/silver NPs and cork matrices, were enzymatically assembled into an antimicrobial material with potential for water remediation. Intrinsically antibacterial amino-functional biopolymers, namely CS and aminocellulose were used as doping agents to stabilize colloidal dispersions of silver NPs (AgNPs), additionally providing the particles with functionalities for covalent immobilization on cork to impart durable antibacterial effect. The biopolymers promoted the antibacterial efficacy of the obtained nanocomposites in conditions simulating a real situation in constructed wetlands. In the last, third part of the thesis, a bioactive nanocomposite hydrogel for wound treatment was developed. Sonochemically synthesized epigallocatechin gallate nanospheres (EGCG NSs) were incorporated and simultaneously crosslinked enzymatically into a thiolated chitosan hydrogel. The potential of the generated material for chronic wound treatment was evaluated by assessing its antibacterial properties and inhibitory effect on myeloperoxidase and collagenase biomarkers of chronic wound infection. Sustained release of the EGCG NSs from the biopolymer matrix was achieved. The latter, coupled with the good biocompatibility of the hydrogel, suggested its potential for chronic wound management.<br>La propagación de bacterias e infecciones, inicialmente limitada a infecciones adquiridas en el hospital, se ha extendido al resto de la sociedad causando enfermedades muy graves y más difíciles de tratar. Además, muchas de estas enfermedades son provocadas por bacterias que se han hecho resistentes a los antibióticos convencionales. Por lo tanto, limitar la capacidad de estas bacterias para desarrollar resistencia puede potencialmente reducir la alta incidencia de estas infecciones y evitar miles de muertes cada año. Las partículas de escala nanométrica son unas candidatas prometedoras para combatir las bacterias, ya que su mecanismo de acción las hace disminuir las probabilidades en el desarrollo de resistencia. Las nanopartículas (NPs) se pueden incorporar en matrices poliméricas para diseñar una amplia variedad de materiales nanocompuestos. Estas nanoestructuras consisten en NPs orgánicas/inorgánicas e inorgánicas representando una nueva clase de materiales con una amplia gama de aplicaciones. Esta tesis trata sobre el desarrollo de materiales antibacterianos con estructura nanométrica dirigidos a prevenir la propagación de bacterias. Para lograr esto, dos herramientas fisicoquímicas y biotecnológicas versátiles tales como sonoquímica y biocatálisis, se combinaron de manera innovadora. La irradiación por ultrasonido se ha utilizado para la generación de nanoestructuras diversas y su combinación con biocatalizadores (enzimas) abre nuevas perspectivas en el tratamiento de materiales, aquí ilustrados por la producción de textiles médicos recubiertos con NPs, membranas de tratamiento de agua y apósitos para heridas crónicas. La primera parte de la tesis tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de textiles médicos antibacterianos para prevenir la transmisión y proliferación de bacterias utilizando dos estrategias "de un solo paso" para el recubrimiento antibacteriano de estos textiles con NPs. En el primer enfoque NPs antibacterianas de óxido de zinc (ZnO NPs) y quitosano (CS) fueron depositadas simultáneamente sobre tejido de algodón por irradiación de ultrasonido. Los recubrimientos híbridos de NPs obtenidos demostraron propiedades antibacterianas duraderas después de varios lavados exhaustivos. Por otra parte, la presencia de biopolímeros en las NPs híbridas mejoraba la biocompatibilidad del material en comparación con el recubrimiento de solamente de ZnO NPs. En la segunda parte de la tesis, híbridos antibacterianos hechos de biopolímeros y NPs de plata y matrices de corcho, fueron ensamblados enzimáticamente en un material antimicrobiano para su utilización en la remediación de aguas. Biopolímeros antibacterianos aminofuncionalizados (CS y aminocelulosa) se utilizaron como agentes dopantes para estabilizar las dispersiones coloidales de plata (Ag NPs). Además, estas partículas presentan todas las funciones necesarias para su inmovilización covalente en el corcho proporcionando un efecto antibacteriano duradero. Estos biopolímeros aumentaron la eficacia antibacteriana de estos nanocompuestos en condiciones que simulan una situación real en humedales construidos. En la tercera parte de la tesis, se desarrolló un hidrogel nanocompuesto bioactivo para el tratamiento de heridas crónicas. Nanoesferas de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG NSs) fueron sintetizadas a través de sonoquimica y se incorporaron y simultáneamente reticularon enzimáticamente en un hidrogel de quitosano tiolado. El potencial del material generado para el tratamiento de heridas crónicas fue evaluado por sus propiedades antibacterianas y su efecto inhibidor sobre biomarcadores producidos en heridas crónicas infectadas (mieloperoxidasa y colagenasa). También se consiguió la liberación sostenida de EGCG NSs por parte de la matriz generada, que junto con su buena biocompatibilidad, demostraba su potencial para el tratamiento de heridas crónicas.

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Stilwell, W. B. "Origin and seasonal variation of bacterial contamination of milk." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6482.

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Type, origin and seasonal variation of psychrotrophic bacteria contaminating milk from a Christchurch milk-processing factory was investigated. Bacteria were monitored in bottled milk over ten days at 7°C. Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Ps. putida were identified, with populations exceeding 5x105 CFU/ml after five days. Origin of the bacterial contamination was determined by isolating from milk at various points on the processing line including newly pasteurised, storage tank and pre-filler, as well as filler and bottled milk. Environmental isolations were made from chlorinated water, recycled glass bottles and factory swabs. Ps. fluorescens and Ps. putida were present in the milk immediately before entering bottles and Ps. fluorescens was also isolated from environmental swabs. Additionally, Bacillus spp were isolated and included B. circulans and B. cereus both of which were found in newly pasteurised milk. Seasonal variation in psychrotrophic bacterial populations were established by comparing bacteria isolated from milk at various sites throughout the milk process line in the summer with those found in winter. The most significant seasonal difference was seen in raw milk which contained high levels of Pseudomonas spp in the winter and smaller populations of Gram-positive cocci in the summer. For bottled milk, at the consumer expiry date, increased levels of Pseudomonas spp were seen in early summer, mid-autumn and late autumn, but decreased levels were seen in mid-spring.

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Fapohunda, Ajibola Oladapo Idowu. "Bacterial contamination and growth on red meat and fish." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321397.

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Ayuso, Agnes. "Analysis of bacterial contamination in the Charles River Basin." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36613.

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Shepherd, Kim. "Health implications of microbial contamination of private water supplies." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310618.

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Shorrock, Susan M. "The exploration of tissue pH and its relationship to bacterial contamination." Link to electronic version, 2000. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0426100-172003/.

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Pamler, Irene [Verfasser], and Norbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Ahrens. "Bacterial Contamination Rates in extracorporal Photopheresis / Irene Pamler ; Betreuer: Norbert Ahrens." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/122703959X/34.

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Won, Gayeon. "Bacterial Contamination of Water In Agricultural Intensive Regions of Ohio, USA." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338163933.

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Books on the topic "Bacterial contamination"

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Swistock, Bryan R. The influence of well construction on bacterial contamination. Center for Rural Pennsylvania, 2004.

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Springston, Gary L. Assessment of bacterial contamination in the Bear Creek Floatway, 1988. Tennessee Valley Authority, River Basin Operations, Water Resources, 1988.

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Kaplan, Louis A. Nutrients for bacterial growth in drinking water: Bioassay evaluation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1990.

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Beskenis, Joan L. Investigation of bacterial sources of fecal contamination to the North River, 1987. Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1990.

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Palamuleni, L. G. Bacteriological contamination of water in urban poor areas: A case study of South Lunzu Township, Blantyre Malawi. s.n., 2000.

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Mednick, Adam C. Development of a tool for predicting and reducing bacterial contamination at Great Lakes beaches. Bureau of Science Services, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, 2011.

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Kolmos, Hans Jørn. Hygenic problems in dialysis: Factors determining bacterial contamination of fluids and equipment used for haemo- and peritoneal dialysis, associated health risks, and methods of prevention. Lægeforeningen, 1985.

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Gluckstein, Fritz P. Bacterial, viral, and parasitic foodborne infections and intoxications: January 1986 through October 1988 : 662 citations. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ; Washington, D.C. : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Beskenis, Joan L. Buzzards Bay research investigation of different bacterial indicators to evaluate nonpoint sources of fecal contamination, 1986. Technical Services Branch, Division of Water Pollution Control, 1990.

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Davis, Jerri V. Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri--phase II. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bacterial contamination"

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Goldman, Sandra Ramírez-Arcos &. Mindy. "Bacterial Contamination." In Practical Transfusion Medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118520093.ch14.

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Fries, U., and C. Ohrloff. "Bacterial contamination of ultrasound probes." In Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5802-2_61.

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Benjamin, Richard J. "Bacterial contamination of blood components." In Rossi's Principles of Transfusion Medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119013020.ch53.

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Richards, G. K., J. E. Miller, and J. Carrière. "Skin Bacterial Populations — Contamination or Infection?" In Current Concepts of Infections in Orthopedic Surgery. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69833-0_4.

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Caruso, P., P. Llop, J. L. Palomo, P. Garcia, C. Morente, and M. M. López. "Evaluation of Methods for Detection of Potato Seed Contamination by Ralstonia solanacearum." In Bacterial Wilt Disease. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_18.

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Leach, S., C. Mackerness, K. McPherson, P. Packer, M. Hill, and M. Thompson. "Some Factors Affecting N-Nitroso Compound Formation from Ingested Nitrate in the Stomach: Achlorhydria, Bacterial N-Nitrosation and its Modulation." In Nitrate Contamination. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76040-2_24.

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Abdel-Hamid, Ihab, Plamen Atanasov, Dmitri Ivnitski, and Ebtisam Wilkins. "Immunosensor for Fast Detection of Bacterial Contamination." In Chemical and Biological Sensors for Environmental Monitoring. American Chemical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0762.ch017.

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Boutin, Pierre, M. Torre, J. Moline, and E. Boissinot. "Bacterial Atmospheric Contamination in Wastewater Treatment Plants." In Experientia Supplementum. Birkhäuser Basel, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7491-5_61.

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Rusin, Patricia A., Joan B. Rose, Charles N. Haas, and Charles P. Gerba. "Risk Assessment of Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens in Drinking Water." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1964-4_2.

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Luscuere, Peter G. "Bacterial Control through Contamination Control in Operating Theatres." In Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Hospitals. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8773-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bacterial contamination"

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Frybarger, Michelle R., and Karim H. Muci-Küchler. "Distribution of Bacterial Contamination in Partial Penetration Surrogate Ballistic Wounds." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23897.

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Abstract With the rise in use of IEDs during armed conflicts, there has been an increase in the number of injuries to the extremities. Shrapnel and debris ejected during the explosion become high-speed projectiles capable of penetrating soft tissues, bringing bacterial contamination into the wound. If not properly treated, that contamination could lead to infection. Studies aimed at understanding the distribution of bacterial contamination along the permanent cavity could provide useful information to improve treatment protocols for these types of injuries. In this paper, a lower extremity surrogate model was used to investigate bacterial distribution in partial penetration ballistic wounds. The targets used were ballistic gelatin blocks that had an Escherichia coli-laden filter paper placed on their front face. Spherical projectiles were fired into the targets adjusting their speed to obtain three different partial penetration depths. After each shot, a gelatin strip containing the permanent cavity was extracted and segmented. The permanent cavity was removed from each segment, placed in a test tube with buffer solution, and heated in a water bath to melt the gelatin. Standard microbiology protocols were followed to determine the number of colony forming units (CFUs) in each segment. The bacteria distribution was represented by percent of total CFU in the permanent cavity versus segment number. In addition, bacterial contamination as a function of projectile penetration depth was explored. For the cases considered, most of the bacterial contamination occurred in the segments closer to the projectile entry point.

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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., and Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler. "Effect of Initial Surface Concentration on Bacterial Distribution in a Surrogate Ballistic Wound." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64243.

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In ballistic injuries, contamination can be carried from the environment, clothing, and skin surface into the wound track. Bacteria and contaminated debris can be introduced into the wound by several means, including physical transport by the projectile or by the suction caused by the formation and collapse of the temporary wound cavity. In this paper, the relationship between initial bacterial concentration on the surface and resultant bacterial distribution along the wound channel is examined using a leg surrogate. Escherichia coli strain K-12 was used to represent skin surface contamination. In order to reduce the possibility of contamination by outside bacteria and assist in colony visualization, the E. coli first underwent a transformation protocol to express Green Fluorescent Protein and to be resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. Different concentrations of bacteria were pipetted onto circular filter paper and placed onto the surface of a ballistic gelatin leg surrogate, and an 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber projectile was shot through the contaminated area into the gel. The “wound track” was sliced into small, evenly spaced samples and the permanent cavity was removed using a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective lysogeny broth media containing ampicillin. Examination of a normalized bacterial colony count and normalized area covered per segment allowed comparison of variations in the initial concentration, and confirmed that within a range the normalized contamination distribution trend along the “wound track” remained similar. This verification allowed additional confidence in results obtained using this bacteria distribution methodology by eliminating concerns over small variations in initial bacterial concentration.

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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler, and Brandon J. Hinz. "Effect of Projectile Caliber and Speed on Bacterial Distribution in a Leg Surrogate." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39377.

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This paper examines the relationship between ballistic factors and bacterial distribution along a surrogate wound channel using ballistic gelatin cylinders with dimensions representative of the calf region of an average human leg. The ballistics factors considered were projectile caliber and speed, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used as the representative bacteria. In order to reduce the possibility of contamination by outside bacteria, the E. coli first underwent a transformation protocol to express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and become resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. A set volume of bacteria was pipetted onto a small piece of filter paper which was placed on the surface of a ballistic gelatin cylinder and a projectile was shot through the bacteria saturated filter paper. The ‘wound track’ was divided into slices, and the area surrounding the permanent cavity was removed with a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective LB media containing ampicillin. Examination of the bacterial colony count along the permanent cavity segments allowed comparison of how variations in projectile caliber and speed affected contamination distribution along the ‘wound track’. Initial results indicate that larger calibers may result in higher contamination distribution at the projectile entrance and exit regions and higher speeds compress the distribution and result in a drop in contamination level near the exit.

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Drengenes, Christine, Harald Wiker, Tharmini Kalananthan, Tomas Eagan, and Rune Grønseth. "Bacterial load and contamination in lung microbiota studies." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa956.

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Morrell, J. M., and Margareta Wallgren. "Control of bacterial contamination in boar semen doses." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Antimicrobial Research (ICAR2010). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814354868_0059.

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Reh, B. "446. Analysis of Bacterial Contamination in Metal Working Fluids." In AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765131.

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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., Karim H. Muci-Küchler, and Brandon J. Hinz. "Influence of Projectile Momentum and Kinetic Energy on Bacterial Distribution in an Extremity Surrogate “Wound Track”." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89142.

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This paper presents an experimental study that examines the relationship between the initial momentum and the initial kinetic energy of a projectile and the distribution of bacterial contamination along a “wound track” created in an extremity surrogate representative of the superior (upper) portion of the lower leg (i.e., the calf region) of an average adult human male. Initial surface contamination was represented using circular filter paper moistened with a solution containing 5 × 106 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli strain K-12 that was previously transformed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and be resistant to ampicillin. The contaminated filter paper and extremity surrogate were perforated with 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber round nose lead projectiles shot from commercially available air rifles. To match the initial momentum and/or kinetic energy between experiments, 11.0 g (170 grain) and 14.9 g (230 grain) projectiles were shot at velocities ranging from 145 m/s to 195 m/s. The “wound track” was extracted from the extremity surrogate and sliced into small, evenly spaced segments and the permanent cavity was removed from each segment using a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective agar containing ampicillin. Examination of the bacterial colony count and area covered by bacteria colonies per segment allowed comparison of differences between trends in the bacteria distribution along the “wound track”. The results obtained showed that, for the cases considered, the bacterial distribution trends were similar for the experimental groups with like initial kinetic energies.

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Ahmed, Wamiq M., Bulent Bayraktar, Arun K. Bhunia, E. Dan Hirleman, J. Paul Robinson, and Bartek Rajwa. "Rapid Detection and Classification of Bacterial Contamination Using Grid Computing." In 2007 IEEE 7th International Symposium on BioInformatics and BioEngineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe.2007.4375578.

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Hafiane, Fatima Zahra, Latifa Tahri, Karim Arifi, Nordine Nouayti, Mohamed El Jarmouni, and Mohammed Fekhaoui. "Bacterial Contamination Assessment of Groundwater Supplies in TADLA area (Morocco)." In GEOIT4W-2020: 4th Edition of International Conference on Geo-IT and Water Resources 2020, Geo-IT and Water Resources 2020. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3399205.3399222.

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Feifei Tao, Yankun Peng, and Yongyu Li. "Detection of Bacterial Contamination of Pork using Hyperspectral Scattering Technique." In 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37316.

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Reports on the topic "Bacterial contamination"

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Kerschensteiner, Daniel A. Systems to Detect Bacterial Contamination of Banked Blood in a Rapid, Non-Invasive Low Technology Manner. Phase 1. Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb189710.

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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.

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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.

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Reconnaissance of the hydrology, water quality, and sources of bacterial and nutrient contamination in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system and Cave Springs Branch of Honey Creek, Delaware County, Oklahoma, March 1999-March 2000. US Geological Survey, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri004210.

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