Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial diseases in fishes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial diseases in fishes"
1
Jeremic, Svetlana, Vladimir Radosavljevic, and Dobrila Jakic-Dimic. "Current bacterial diseases of fresh water fishes." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 21, no. 3-4 (2005): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0504141j.
Full textAbstract:
From the beginning of fish cultivation, diseases have appeared as a serious problem in this branch of agriculture. In recent years, by the intensifying of production, fish diseases have become even more significant and complex field. Bacterial diseases are constant threat for fish farming, and because of rapid course and severity of clinical manifestations the represent significant part of fish pathology, and also have great economical importance. Harmful effects of bacterial diseases on fishes are: increased morbidity and mortality rate, decreased feed conversion efficiency, decreased growth rates, weakening of fishes, and reproduction problems. In order to examine epizootiological situation and occurrence of bacterial diseases among cultured fish in Serbia, three year research was carried out in 7 carp farms and 3 rainbow trout farms. Also, regular systematic examinations were conducted. Samples of internal organs, skin and gills were inoculated with streak-plate technique on standard and differential culture media plates. Inoculated plates were incubated for 24-48 hours at 20?C and 30?C. After incubation period, colonies were examined, and determination was done on the basis of following characteristics of colonies: form, color, mucosity granulation, roughness and hemolytic properties. Determination of bacterial isolates was done by using API 20E, API rapid. API Coryne systems, and by agglutination method with hyper immune aera. The most frequent diseases among the farmed carp and rainbow trout populations in the examined fish farms were: Bacterial gill disease, Columnaris disease. Yersiniosis Renibacteriosis, Erythrodermatitis. Motile Aeromonas and Pseudomonas infections. Based on the obtained results, modern diagnostic methods were implemented and proper prevention and successful therapy was taken.
2
Patel, Ajay. "Fungal Diseases of Fish: A Review." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 3 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000164.
Full textAbstract:
Now a day, fishes are used for biomedical researches along with use as a food also. Chemical contaminants of marine environments are of momentous concern. Similar to other flora and fauna, fish can also be ill with various types of diseases. Freshwater fishes are an important protein source for people of many countries. Fish farming in various parts of the world has increased many folds in the last decade. Bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia, lernaeasis, saprolegniasis and anoxia are the most frequently occurring fish diseases in pond fishes. Fungal infections are among the most general diseases seen in temperate fish. Water moulds infections cause losses of freshwater fishes and their eggs in both natural and commercial fish farms. Although, infection as a result of microbial contamination does not frequently result in disease but ecological stress may upset the balance between the probable pathogens and their hosts. Prevention is, as always, the best medicine. Most infe ctions can be successfully treated if caught early.
3
Purohit, Ritu, and Shouriehebal Soni. "Isolation and Identification of Vibrio sp. from Marine Fishes of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 15 (July 9, 2024): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i154233.
Full textAbstract:
Vibrio is a common bacterium found in marine fishes. Vibrio species are pathogenic to humans and cause various gastrointestinal diseases. Fish markets, fish harvesting areas, vectors like flies, seawater and sometimes fresh water bodies are the source of spread of this bacterium. Improper handling or pathogen contamination during transit has an impact not only on human health but also on the population of marine fish. Vibrio is known to be a human pathogen, the onset and spread of this bacterium causes severe diarrhoea. In this study, the presence of Vibrio species in marine water fishes was determined from fishes collected from various fish markets in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Various biochemical tests were performed to isolate and identify the Vibrio species. In the family Vibrionaceae three species such as Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were identified. Additionally, a survey was conducted using google forms to understand the consumption rate of fish by people and also to gauge the awareness among public about the bacterial disease caused by consumption of fishes. It was observed that a large number of individuals consumed various types of fishes including marine and freshwater fishes on a regular basis. People also consume raw fish delicacies. However, very few individuals were aware of the bacteria and its related diseases, most of the participants were unaware of the presence of bacteria like Vibrio cholera and its associated diseases.
4
Izadi, Faeze, and Mohammad Forouhar Vajargah. "An Overview of Furunculosis." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 6 (June 2022): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1507.
Full textAbstract:
The aquaculture industry is currently growing faster than other sectors of human protein production. However, every year, diseases inflict irreparable damage on this growing industry, which inevitably uses antibiotics. In the last two decades, vaccination as a preventive method against various bacterial pathogens in the aquatic industry Cultivation known and has reduced the use of antibiotics. Fish diseases can be caused by several factors, one of which is bacteria. Furunculosis, the most destructive bacterial disease of fish, is now almost distributed worldwide. Furunculosis is a debilitating and deadly disease that affects numerous species of breeding fishes.
5
A, Djimasde, Ryad Khalil, Talaat Atalla, Hany latif, and Mahmoud Tanekhy. "Studies on Relationship Between Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Some Freshwater Fish." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 74, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.29784.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to, spotlight on, isolation and identification of the most common Bacterial and systemic Mycotic agent from cultured Oreochromis niloticus, study the incidence, prevalence and organs distributions of the isolated Bacteria and Fungi among the examined diseased fish, investigated the effect of different water quality parameters on the incidence such etiological agents and relationship studies between Bacterial and Mycotic diseases in examined fish. A total number of 100 diseased O. niloticus that, weighed 80 ±mg and 18 ± 0.2 cm in length were randomly collected from earthen ponds in Alexandria private cultured freshwater farms in January 2021. A bacteriological analysis of naturally 400 samples isolated from 100 infected fishes confirmed 400 positive samples and mycological analysis of 400 samples confirmed 214 positive samples. Morphologically, isolated bacteria were Gram –ve represented by Pseudomonas fluorescence, Schwenellea spp, Pseudomonas putediae, Pseudomonas aeruoginosa and Gram +ve bacteria represented by Streptococcus agalactia. Fungal isolates are represented by Aspergillus niger, Asp. flavus, Asp. fumigatus, Asp. parasiticus, Geotrichum spp., Candida spp. and Torulopsis spp. Combination between bacteria and fungi in fish ponds agreviates the morbidity and mortality rates.
6
Mawa, Jannatul, Anupoma Achariya, Sarker Mohammed Ibrahim, Md Zobayer Rahman, Md Abdullah Al Mamun, Shamima Nasren, and M. M. Mahbub Alam. "Molecular-Biochemical Identification and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Diseased Gangetic Mystus (Mystus cavasius, Hamilton 1822) in Biofloc Aquaculture." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2024): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1304.009.
Full textAbstract:
Biofloc technology has shown more production compared to the conventional fish culture but disease outbreaks have been seen to impede productivity. To identify pathogenic bacteria from diseased Gangetic Mystus (Mystus cavasius), using molecular, and biochemical techniques and to find out effective antibiotics. Bacterial samples from diseased fishes were cultured on nutrient agar and Rimler-Shotts (R-S) media. Various Biochemical tests like Gram’s Staining, Triple Sugar Iron test, Catalase test, Motility test, Carbohydrate Fermentation test, Indole test, Methylred and Voges-Proskaur (MR-VP) test were performed. Sensitivity of isolated bacteria was tested against 15 commercially available antibiotics. Colony Characteristics from both nutrient agar and R-S media and the results of biochemical tests indicated that the suspected pathogens were Aeromonas spp. The obtained 16S rRNA gene sequence (1410 bp) from M. cavasius confirmed that the isolated bacteria was Aeromonas veronii which showed 99.93% similarity with the complete genome of A. veronii (GenBank Accession number CP034967.1). Distinct clinical sings in the gill, kidney, spleen, and skin of M. cavasius were reliable indicators of bacterial pathogenicity. Among tested 15 antibiotics Streptomycin, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin were found more effective against A. veronii. The findings of this research will be helpful to identify specific bacteria and to control bacterial diseases of M. cavasius.
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Mandal, Ram B., and Sarada Paudel. "Bacterial and Crustacean Diseases Reported from Fishes Cultured in Ponds of Begnas, Pokhara, Nepal." ZOO-Journal 5 (December 31, 2019): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/zooj.v5i0.34785.
Full textAbstract:
Present study surveyed fish diseases in ponds of Begnas area in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. The fishes were collected with the help of the local fishermen and were examined under compound microscope in the laboratory of Pokhara Fisheries Research Centre, Begnas. Two fish diseases, Tail rot and Arugulosis were reported of which later was dominant.
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Shrestha, S. P., P. Bajracharya, A. Rayamajhi, and S. P. Shrestha. "Study on Status of Fish Diseases in Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27750.
Full textAbstract:
Fisheries play an important role in increasing the Nepalese economy as well as sustaining livelihood of some ethnic groups of our country. With the increased demand of fish, pisciculture have also increased to a great extend. Due to the rise in fish culture, there has been also rise in fish diseases. The study aims to investigate different parasitic, bacterial, fungal diseases in fish and to suggest treatment to control the diseases in four different fish farm of Nepal. A cross- sectional qualitative method was used to collect data from four selected fish farm (Kakani, Trishuli, Begnas, Mirmi) of Nepal. Infected fishes were transferred to the lab in oxygen filled plastic bags and further tested for bacterial, fungal and parasitic infection. The result of the study indicates that Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome was the most common bacterial-fungal disease that had a significant impact on common carp fish especially in Trishuli, Begnas and Mirmi. Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp was found to be a growing problem in rainbow trout farming (Kakani, Nuwakot) infecting intestine, liver, gut and skin causing yellow diarrhea and skin lesions. Trichodina was observed number one problematic parasitic in carp culture not only in government farm like Begnas and Mirmi, but also in commercial farms in most of the fishery areas of the country. Fin rot were more commonly reported during winter months affecting common carp, Silver carp, Bighead carp, Fingerling Fish causing fin erosion in them. Ascites in brood fishes (Trishuli) was noticed which may be due to bacterial infection and due to nutritional deficiency. Besides this, white spot in the gills (a protozoan parasitic disease) was perceived and to control it Neodox with Formalin (150ppm) was used and was found to be very effective. This study also identified some fish health management related problems in fish farms of Nepal such as lack of assistance, poor technical knowledge, and lack of suitable diagnostic laboratory and their proper use.
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Monir, Md Shirajum, Shuvho Chakra Borty, Nazneen Bagum, Md Khalilur Rahman, Md Alimul Islam, and Yahia Mahmud. "Identification of pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased stinging catfish, Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) cultured in greater Mymensingh, Bangladesh." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v1i1.61544.
Full textAbstract:
Stinging catfish, Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) is been cultured in Bangladesh which is one of the most popular and highly valuable fish species. A total of 120 diseased H. fossilis were collected from twenty five fish farms in greater Mymensingh region, Bangladesh between November 2013 to February 2014. Remarkable clinical symptoms of the affected fishes were loss of equilibrium and, erosions at the bases of fins and tail, hemorrhages and skin lesions on body surface, profuse mucous secretion and congestion along with enlargement of most of the internal organs. Three different kinds of selective media were used for the isolation of total population of bacteria from the affected fishes. A number of biochemical tests were performed for the identification of the isolated bacteria. Commercially available panel of antibiotics were used for the determination of sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. A total of 85 bacterial strains were isolated and the isolated were Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. sobria, Pseudomonas angulliseptica, P. fluorescens and Vibrio anguillarum. Aeromonas spp. appeared to be the main pathogen in the diseased fishes. Among the isolated spp of bacteria distribution of Aeromonas species was as follows: A. hydrophila 34 (40.00%), A. salmonicida 14 (16.47%), A. sobria 8 (9.41%) as well as 5 (5.88%) unidentified Aeromons strains. The other isolated of Pseudomonas anguliseptica, P. fluorescens, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio spp were distributed as 12 (14.11%), 4 (4.70%), 3 (3.52%) and 5 (5.88%), respectively in infected H. fossilis. However, results of antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that all the bacterial isolates of H. fossilis were found more or less resistant to all most all the antibiotics with the exception of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacinn which were found highly sensitivity against all the strains of Aeromonass pp. and other species of bacteria. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (1), 116-124
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Noor El-Deen, Ahmad, Alaa Abubryka, and Attia Abou Zaid . "Filed Studies on The most Prevailing Bacterial Diseases Affecting Some Cultured Marine Fishes Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 54, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2022.160982.1393.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial diseases in fishes"
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Leung, Ka-ming, and 梁家銘. "Isolation, identification and establishment of bacterial culture collection of fish pathogens in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207649.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of fish culture has been increasing since 1990’s. The steady growth of fish culture helps to ensure a stable supply of fish for human consumption. However, when compared with capture fisheries, production from fish culture is greatly influenced by fish diseases. Outbreaks of fish diseases have caused great economic loss to fish culture. Research has been conducted to understand and reduce the occurrence of fish diseases in fish culture. In Hong Kong, bacterial infection is the most common cause of fish diseases. This project is therefore directed to isolate and identify the causative bacterial pathogen of some fish disease cases with the aim of setting up a local fish disease database for assisting the identification of diseases and improving the understanding of fish diseases in fish farms in Hong Kong. In this project, seven fish disease cases caused by bacteria were investigated with the AFCD officials in Hong Kong. Nine fish disease bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified using different methods (including commercial biochemical test kits, automated system and DNA sequencing). The bacteria identified included Aeromonas hydrophila, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas salmonicida. Sensitivity tests to 10 common antibiotics conducted for the identified bacteria showed that spectinomycin is the most broad spectrum antibiotics. In addition, a long-term physical storage of bacterial stock with glycerol and glass beads was established for further research of the identified bacteria. For efficient data analysis, an electronic database using Microsoft Access to hold the identification results and case history of each isolated bacteria was developed. Different data entry forms and reports were also constructed to facilitate easy data entry and data access for users. The three bacteria identification methods were compared for their efficiency and accuracy. Some limitations encountered in this project including time constraints and low accuracy of some biochemical identification tests were discussed and recommendations to overcome these limitations and improvements to the constructed database were made.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
2
Al-Ghabshi, Alya. "Bacteria recovered from aquaculture in Oman, with emphasis on Aeromonas Spp." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22154.
Full textAbstract:
Aquaculture is being seriously considered as a promising sustainable industry in the Sultanate of Oman. Fish farming commenced in Oman in 1986, but it was only in 2011 that it became a more commercially driven sector. While worldwide aquaculture production is expected to rise to meet the shortage in capture fisheries, there is a parallel requirement to identify potential threats to the health and welfare of existing aquatic farmed stocks and to take appropriate steps to mitigate them. As aquaculture in Oman is in an early stage of development, it is important to acquire baseline data on the existence and prevalence of aquatic diseases and pathogens to help the Government make policy decisions to develop health management regimes applicable for Omani aquaculture. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate current farming practices of tilapia in Oman, to investigate the bacterial species composition and distribution from different sites in some of the economically important fish species, and to study the characteristics and pathogenicity of Aeromonas species. The current practices were studied for 9 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farms from four areas (Al Batinah, Ad Dhahirah, Ad Dakhiliyah and Ash Sharqiyah North) during the period of September to November 2012 by using questionnaires and interviews with the farm owners and staff. In total 417 fish representing 5 target species were chosen on the basis of the commercial importance and their potential for aquaculture in Oman, including red spot emperor (Lethrinus lentjan), king soldier bream (Argyrops spinifer), white spotted rabbit fish (Siganus canaliculatus), abalone (Haliotis mariae) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish were collected from 5 main sampling areas in Oman (Muscat, Mudhaibi, Manah, Sohar and Salalah) based on the Atlas of suitable sites for aquaculture in Oman to investigate the bacterial species composition and distribution. The animals were examined for clinical signs of disease prior to routine bacteriology. Bacterial isolates were recovered using traditional methods and identified to species level using phenotypic and molecular approaches using 16S rDNA, 16S rDNA RFLP and 16S rDNA sequencing. Experimental fish challenge studies were also conducted using both live bacterial cells and ECP protein to investigate the pathogenicity of Aeromonas isolates. In addition, the presence of some virulence factors was investigated using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The results of this study showed that, the most farms in the Oman follow very similar farming practices. The major proportion of the tilapia is consumed within the local communities. A number of farmers have experienced mortalities, which were considered to be attributable to poor water quality, overcrowding or due to excessive feeding. Farmers facing fish mortalities tended not to record the problems due to a lack of understanding of the concept of fish farm management. There is a regulation about aquaculture and related quality control, but it has not yet been implemented in an appropriate manner in Oman. From the diverse group of bacteria recovered from wild and farmed fish, 83% of the total isolates comprised Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria. The most frequently isolated groups from marine and cultured fish were Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Sphingobacterium spp., Micrococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp., with Aeromonas spp. being the predominant group representing 25% of the isolates recovered in this study. Identification of the Aeromonas spp. showed 57% agreement between the results of phenotypic and genotypic methodologies, and determined 6 species as the dominant organisms, i.e. A. veronii, A. jandaei, A. caviae, A. trota, A. encheleia and A. salmonicida. 65% of the iso-lates shared 99% 16S rDNA sequence similarity with the closest sequences in GenBank, and the dominant species was A. veronii. In conclusion, the Aeromonas isolates recovered from fish with clinical signs of disease showed heterogeneity in their identification profiles and their pathogenicity.
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Bromage, Erin. "The humoral immune response of Lates calcarifer to Streptococcus iniae." Thesis, Townsville, Qld, 2004. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/1007/1/01front.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This study characterises various aspects of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)
humoral immunity, including ontogeny, temperature modulation and kinetics
following challenge with Streptococcus iniae. It was discovered that
Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) was able to efficiently isolate antibody from
serum, and that all barramundi Ig found in serum is tetrameric with a weight
of approximately 800 kDa. This tetramer is composed of 8 heavy chains (72
kDa) and 8 light chains (28 kDa). Denaturing, non-reducing electrophoresis
demonstrated differential disulfide polymerization (redox forms) of the
tetrameric Ig which was consistent with those observed with other species.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were produced against the protein A
purified barramundi Ig, and various ELISA formats were developed. These
serological tools were used to investigate aspects of barramundi humoral
immunity.
Examination of ontogeny of humoral immunity, revealed that barramundi
possess minimal maternal antibody (<10 μg/ml wet weight) post-hatch, which
is depleted rapidly (within 3 days). By day 8 systemic Ig is able to be
detected, which continues to increase over the following months. However, it
is not until seven week post-hatch that barramundi fingerlings are able to
mount a prolonged immune response following vaccination with S. iniae.
Environmental temperature was also found to significantly impact the ability
of barramundi to respond to vaccination with S. iniae. Barramundi
maintained at low temperatures (<230C) displayed a diminished, delayed and
highly variable humoral immune response following vaccination, with many of
the experimental animals failing to respond to primary vaccination. These
responses could be mediated by either administering a booster vaccine or by
elevating the environmental temperature.
This study also demonstrated that there was a relationship with specific
serum antibody and protection against S. iniae, with fish possessing high levels of specific Ig being protected from lethal challenge, while those with
low titres being more susceptible to disease. Specific antibody in barramundi
could be generated through natural exposure to the bacterium from the
environment or through vaccination. Thus bath vaccination of fish (50,000)
held at two facilities resulted in elevated systemic antibody levels and lower
observed mortality, when compared to the unvaccinated control fish.
Infections due to S. iniae were determined to be associated with elevated
water temperatures. Laboratory trials and field data indicated that water
temperatures between 24 and 280C resulted in the highest barramundi
mortality. A weak association was also determined with low pH and
mortality, with fish exposed to low pH’s (<6.0) being more susceptible to
infection. No association was observed with mortality and salinity.
Four monoclonal antibodies (Mab’s) were also generated against a 21 kDa
protein from cell wall of S. iniae. The Mab’s displayed a high level of
specificity for S. iniae, including those from Australia, Israel and America, and
minimal cross-reactivity with other bacterial species tested. The Mab’s were
used in an immunohistochemical study that confirmed the neurotropic nature
of S. iniae infections, as well as demonstrating the presence of the bacterium
in the intestine of infected fish.
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Bromage, Erin. "The humoral immune response of Lates calcarifer to Streptococcus iniae." Townsville, Qld, 2004. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1007/1/01front.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This study characterises various aspects of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)
humoral immunity, including ontogeny, temperature modulation and kinetics
following challenge with Streptococcus iniae. It was discovered that
Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) was able to efficiently isolate antibody from
serum, and that all barramundi Ig found in serum is tetrameric with a weight
of approximately 800 kDa. This tetramer is composed of 8 heavy chains (72
kDa) and 8 light chains (28 kDa). Denaturing, non-reducing electrophoresis
demonstrated differential disulfide polymerization (redox forms) of the
tetrameric Ig which was consistent with those observed with other species.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were produced against the protein A
purified barramundi Ig, and various ELISA formats were developed. These
serological tools were used to investigate aspects of barramundi humoral
immunity.
Examination of ontogeny of humoral immunity, revealed that barramundi
possess minimal maternal antibody (<10 μg/ml wet weight) post-hatch, which
is depleted rapidly (within 3 days). By day 8 systemic Ig is able to be
detected, which continues to increase over the following months. However, it
is not until seven week post-hatch that barramundi fingerlings are able to
mount a prolonged immune response following vaccination with S. iniae.
Environmental temperature was also found to significantly impact the ability
of barramundi to respond to vaccination with S. iniae. Barramundi
maintained at low temperatures (<230C) displayed a diminished, delayed and
highly variable humoral immune response following vaccination, with many of
the experimental animals failing to respond to primary vaccination. These
responses could be mediated by either administering a booster vaccine or by
elevating the environmental temperature.
This study also demonstrated that there was a relationship with specific
serum antibody and protection against S. iniae, with fish possessing high levels of specific Ig being protected from lethal challenge, while those with
low titres being more susceptible to disease. Specific antibody in barramundi
could be generated through natural exposure to the bacterium from the
environment or through vaccination. Thus bath vaccination of fish (50,000)
held at two facilities resulted in elevated systemic antibody levels and lower
observed mortality, when compared to the unvaccinated control fish.
Infections due to S. iniae were determined to be associated with elevated
water temperatures. Laboratory trials and field data indicated that water
temperatures between 24 and 280C resulted in the highest barramundi
mortality. A weak association was also determined with low pH and
mortality, with fish exposed to low pH’s (<6.0) being more susceptible to
infection. No association was observed with mortality and salinity.
Four monoclonal antibodies (Mab’s) were also generated against a 21 kDa
protein from cell wall of S. iniae. The Mab’s displayed a high level of
specificity for S. iniae, including those from Australia, Israel and America, and
minimal cross-reactivity with other bacterial species tested. The Mab’s were
used in an immunohistochemical study that confirmed the neurotropic nature
of S. iniae infections, as well as demonstrating the presence of the bacterium
in the intestine of infected fish.
5
Djainal, Winarti Achmad Sarmin. "Effect of algal-derived compounds on growth and survival of the fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27682.
Full textAbstract:
Piscine francisellosis, caused by Francisella noatuenensis subsp orientalis (Fno), is an emerging infectious disease in the tilapia industry, but no effective commercial treatments or vaccines are available. The use of immunostimulants is a promising method to control diseases in aquaculture, and various algae and algal-derived compounds are potent immunostimulants for improving immune status. Algae produce a great variety of secondary metabolites that exert a broad spectrum of biological activities. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness of algal compounds against Fno in vitro and in vivo and determine their potential to control francisellosis infection in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. under experimental conditions, and in an alternative host, namely the greater wax moth Galeria mellonella. Some of the algae and their compounds (Chlorella sp., alginic acid, and ß-glucan) exerted antimicrobial activity in vitro against Fno, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae and stimulated responses of Nile tilapia macrophages (Chapter 2). An immersion challenge model for Fno STIR-GUS-F2f7 was developed in two genetic groups of Nile tilapia, and the homo gold strain was more susceptible to infection than wild type (Chapter 3). In vivo trials were conducted in Nile tilapia homo gold where fish were fed diets supplemented with 10% Scenedesmus quaricauda, 10% Haematococcus pluvialis, and 0.1% or 0.2% alginic acid or ß-glucan, and then challenged with Fno and co-infected with S. agalactiae (Chapter 4). The Fno challenge failed to produce mortality; however, co-infection resulted in high mortalities in all groups. As the in vivo trial in tilapia could not be to repeated, a G. mellonella model for Fno was validated. Fno doses between 0.7–1.7 x 108 CFU mL-1 killed G. mellonella, while tetracycline, alginic acid and ß-glucan rescued the wax moth from lethal doses of bacteria (Chapter 5).
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Pradhan, Kalyan. "Studies on the bacterial involvement in the ulcerative disease of fishes." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1110.
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Palm, Roger Carl. "Specific humoral response of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) to injection, immersion, and oral immunization against Vibrio anguillarum /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5349.
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Manfredi, Eugene Trent. "Immunodiagnostic methods for the detection of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5282.
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Griffin, Matt J. "Development and application of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07102008-165508.
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Jacobs, Anelet. "Investigation and comparison of adherence- and biofilm-forming capacities of yellow-pigmented Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkingia and Myroides spp. isolated from South African aquaculture systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19634.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the aquaculture setting, opportunistic pathogens are present as part of the normal aquatic microflora, colonizing surfaces in fish tanks as part of biofilm communities, and often causing severe economic losses to the aquacultural industry. Isolates belonging to the genera Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkingia, Myroides and Empedobacter have been isolated from diseased fish, and are responsible for causing secondary fish infections, fish- and food-product spoilage, and have been described as etiological agents of various human diseases. Thirty-four Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. and five Myroides and Empedobacter spp. isolates, obtained from various diseased fish species and biofilm growth in South African aquaculture systems, were characterised genetically using 16S rRNA gene PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR, whole cell protein (WCP) and outer membrane protein (OMP) analyses. Genetic heterogeneity was displayed by the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. study isolates following OMP analysis, although 16S rRNA gene RFLP, RAPD-PCR and WCP analysis did not allow for differentiation of these isolates. A high degree of genetic heterogeneity was displayed by the Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. study isolates following OMP analysis, 16S rRNA gene RFLP with MspI, and RAPD-PCR with primer P2. However, based on the results obtained by WCP analysis, 16S rRNA gene RFLP with CfoI and TaqI, and RAPD-PCR with primer P1 the isolates appeared genetically very homogeneous. High MAR indices and potential multi-drug resistance phenotypes were obtained for the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. and some of the Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. isolates by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Primary adherence and the influence of environmental changes on adherence was investigated by a modified microtitre-plate adherence assay. Nutrient composition, temperature and hydrodynamic incubation conditions were observed to influence adherence abilities of all study isolates. In addition, adherence varied greatly among isolates of the genera Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia, as opposed to a consistent strong adherence profile observed for the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. isolates. The influence of cell surface properties such as capsule presence and cell surface hydrophobicity, on primary adherence of the isolates was also investigated. Quantitative analysis of capsular material revealed the presence of thick capsular material surrounding the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. and some of the Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. isolates, but could not be directly associated with adherence. Hydrophobicity were investigated using the salt aggregation assay (SAT) and bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon test (BATH). A very hydrophilic cell surface was observed for all of the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. isolates, and majority (74%) of the Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. isolates. Cell surface hydrophobicity could not be correlated to the adherence of the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. isolates, and only SAT-determined hydrophobicity could be positively correlated to adherence of Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. isolates under certain conditions. Coaggregation studies were performed between the study isolates and various important clinical and aquacultural microorganisms. High coaggregation indices were observed between the Myroides and Empedobacter spp. isolates and E. faecalis and S. aureus, and between E. faecalis, S. enterica serovar Arizonae, S. aureus and Listeria spp. and the Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. isolates. Biofilm-forming capacity of the study isolates in an environment simulating their natural environment was investigated microscopically using a flow cell system. Typical ‘cone-like’ biofilm structures were observed for selected strains of both Myroides and Empedobacter spp. and Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. isolates. The effect of increased hydrodynamics on biofilm architecture was seen through the narrowing of the biofilm structures and the formation of single cell chains towards the increased hydrodynamic area of the flow chambers. Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia spp. and Myroides and Empedobacter spp. appear to be potential primary biofilm-formers associating with a variety of microbes thus perpetuating their survival in a variety of aquatic habitats.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Opportunistiese patogene kom gereeld in akwakultuur sisteme voor as deel van die akwatiese mikroflora wat dikwels biofilms vorm op oppervlaktes in hierdie sisteme. Visinfeksies veroorsaak deur hierdie patogene lei tot ernstige ekonomiese verliese vir akwakultuur industrieë. Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkingia, Myroides en Empedobacter spp. is reeds voorheen van verskeie geïnfekteerde visspesies geïsoleer hierdie bakterieë is verantwoordelik vir sekondere visinfeksies, die bederf van vis- en kosprodukte, asook menslike siektes. Vier-en-dertig Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. en 5 Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate, geïsoleer vanaf verskeie geïnfekteerde visspesies en biofilm-groei in Suid Afrikaanse akwakultuur-sisteme, is geneties met behulp van 16S rRNS geen PKR restriksie fragment lengte polimorfisme (RFLP), toevallig geamplifiseerde polimorfiese DNS (TGPD) PKR, heel-sel protein (HSP) en buitemembraan protein (BMP) analise gekarakteriseer. BMP analise het getoon dat die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate geneties heterogeen is, alhoewel 16S rRNS TGPD-PKR, TGPD-PKR en HSP analise nie tussen die isolate kon onderskei nie. BMP analise, 16S rRNS TGPD-PKR met MspI en TGPD-PKR met inleier P2 was meer suksesvol as HSP analise, 16S rRNS TGPD-PKR met CfoI en MspI, en TGPD-PKR met inleier P1, om onderskeid te tref tussen die Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate en het gedui op ‘n hoë vlak van genetiese heterogeniteit tussen hierdie isolate. Beide die Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. en Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate het ‘n hoë vlak van antibiotika weerstand getoon wat dui op ‘n menigvuldigde antibiotika weerstands-fenotiepe. Primêre vashegting vermoëns en die invloed van omgewingsfaktore op vashegting is met behulp van ‘n gemodifiseerde mikrotiterplaat vashegtings toets ondersoek. Vashegting van die isolate is beïnvloed deur variasies in die samestelling van die medium, temperatuurveranderings en verskillende hidrodinamiese inkubasie kondisies. Inteenstelling met die sterk vashegtingsvermoë van die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate, het die vermoë om vas te heg grootliks tussen die Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate gevarieer. Verder is ondersoek ingestel op die invloed van seloppervlak eienskappe soos die teenwoordigheid van kapsules en hidrofobisiteit op die isolate se vermoë om aan oppervlaktes te heg. Die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate en verskeie Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate is omring deur dik kapsules, maar geen verband tussen vashegting en die teenwoordigheid van kapsules kon bepaal word nie. Die sout aggregasie toets (SAT) en bakteriële vashegting aan koolwaterstowwe (BVAK) toets was gebruik om die hidrofobisiteit van die isolate se seloppervlaktes te bepaal. Die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate en 74% van die Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate het ‘n baie hidrofiliese seloppervlak getoon. Slegs die hidrofobisiteit bepaal deur die SAT toets het ‘n positiewe verwantskap met die aanhegtingsvermoë van die Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate getoon. Mede-aggregasie tussen die isolate en verskeie belangrike mediese en akwakultuur mikroörganismes is ook ondersoek. Die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. isolate het ‘n sterk assosiasie met E. faecalis en S. aureus getoon Die Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate het sterk met E. faecalis, S. aureus, S. enterica serovar Arizonae en Listeria spp. geassosieer. Vloei-sel studies is uitgevoer om die biofilm-vormingsvermoë van die isolate te ondersoek. Vir beide die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. en Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate is tipiese kegelagtige biofilm stukture waargeneem. Die invloed van verhoogde hidrodinamiese kondisies in die vloei-sel het vernouing van die biofilm strukture en die vorming van enkel-sel kettings tot gevolg gehad. Vanuit hierdie studie is afgelei dat die Myroides en Empedobacter spp. en Chryseobacterium en Elizabethkingia spp. isolate onder verskeie kondisies aan oppervlaktes kan vasheg en dus potensiële primêre biofilm-vormings organismses is. Hierdie organismes besit ook die vermoë om met ‘n verskeidenheid ander organismes te assosieer, wat waarskynlik hulle suksesvolle oorlewing in akwakultuursisteme verseker.
Books on the topic "Bacterial diseases in fishes"
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Valerie, Inglis, Roberts Ronald J. 1941-, and Bromage Niall R, eds. Bacterial diseases of fish. New York: Halsted Press, 1993.
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F, Snieszko Stanislas, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, eds. Bacterial gill disease of freshwater fishes. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.
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Bullock, G. L. Bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development, 1988.
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D, Millar Stuart, and University of Stirling. Institute of Aquaculture., eds. Manual for the isolation and identification of fish bacterial pathogens. Stirling: Pisces Press in association with the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, 1993.
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Kazarnikova, A. V. Zabolevanii︠a︡ osetrovykh ryb pri iskusstvennom vosproizvodstve i tovarnom vyrashchivanii. Apatity: Kolʹskiĭ nauch. t︠s︡entr RAN, 2005.
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Spencer, Rosalind. Bacterial disease control, antibiotics and the environment in marine finfish culture: A review. Perth: Scottish Wildlife and Countryside Link, 1993.
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Munro, A. L. S. Furunculosis in farmed Atlantic salmon in Scotland. Aberdeen: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries forScotland, Marine Laboratory, 1988.
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O'Connor, Glenda. Use of ELISA for monitoring bacterial kidney disease in naturally spawning chinook salmon. Salem, Or: Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, 2006.
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Moffitt, Christine A. FDA approved registration of erythromycin for treatment of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in juvenile and adult chinook salmon: Annual report, reporting period: year 1, 10 March 1989 - 9 March 1990. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish and Wildlife, 1991.
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Takeda, Y., and T. Miwatani, eds. Bacterial Diarrheal Diseases. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4990-4.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Bacterial diseases in fishes"
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Crumlish, Mags. "Bacterial Diagnosis and Control in Fish and Shellfish." In Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, 5–18. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119152125.ch2.
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Elliott, Diane G., Gregory D. Wiens, K. Larry Hammell, and Linda D. Rhodes. "Vaccination against Bacterial Kidney Disease." In Fish Vaccination, 255–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118806913.ch22.
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Weese, J. Scott, and Martha B. Fulford. "Bacterial Diseases." In Companion Animal Zoonoses, 109–240. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958957.ch2.
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Georgiev, Vassil St. "Bacterial Diseases." In National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 19–21. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_3.
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Mitchel Opremcak, E. "Bacterial Diseases." In Uveitis, 134–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4174-4_9.
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Vogelnest, Linda Jean. "Bacterial Diseases." In Feline Dermatology, 213–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29836-4_11.
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Braun-Falco, Otto, Gerd Plewig, Helmut H. Wolff, and Walter H. C. Burgdorf. "Bacterial Diseases." In Dermatology, 127–244. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97931-6_4.
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Bruno, David W., Patricia A. Noguera, and Trygve T. Poppe. "Bacterial Diseases." In A Colour Atlas of Salmonid Diseases, 73–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2010-7_6.
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Horst, R. Kenneth. "Bacterial Diseases." In Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, 69–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8_15.
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de Castro Lima Santos, Daniel Wagner, and Marilia Marufuji Ogawa. "Bacterial Diseases." In Atlas of Dermatologic Diseases in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, 101–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13335-0_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bacterial diseases in fishes"
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Tirziu, Emil, Ioan Banatean-Dunea, Ileana Nichita, Ionela Hotea, and Iulia-Maria Bucur. "RESEARCH REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AT BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM AQUACULTURE FISHES." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s25.26.
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The antibiotic resistance is a well-researched and of great interest subject for both veterinary and human medicine, not only due to the impact on human and animal health, but also for the effects that are triggered in the long run that are hard to specify at this moment. It is unanimously recognized the fact that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance phenomenon reduces the possibility of a large scale use of bacterial etiology diseases preventing and controlling means In the study was aimed both the isolation and identification of some bacterial species present in fishes from aquaculture farms, as well as the determination of the resistance degree to the main antibacterial substances of these isolated bacterial strains identified from the aquatic environment. The research was made on fish farms for the intensive growth of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), species raised for consumption. The laboratory tests were performed using Vitek2 Compact equipment, used both to identify the isolated bacterial species, as well as to test their resistance to antimicrobial agents. The assays for antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on seven out of ten bacterial strains isolated at a higher frequency. The research showed that there was a higher antimicrobial resistance in Sphingomonas paucimobilis, at 4 out of 17 antimicrobial substances under study and in Rhizobium radiobacter at 5 antimicrobial substances.
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Lysko, Svetlana, Marina Zadorozhnaya, and Olga Suntsova. "Biological Method for Prevention of Avian Bacterial Diseases." In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference The Fifth Technological Order: Prospects for the Development and Modernization of the Russian Agro-Industrial Sector (TFTS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200113.212.
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Sidarenka, A. V., H. A. Bareika, L. N. Valentovich, D. S. Paturemski, V. N. Kuptsou, M. A. Titok, and E. I. Kalamiyets. "Molecular diagnostics of bacterial and fungal plant diseases." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.229.
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Taxon-specific primers were developed and PCR conditions were optimized for diagnostics of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Methods for phytopathogens DNA isolation from plant material, soil and water were selected.
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Kongtun, S., and W. Suracherdkaiti. "Herbal Antibacterial Liquid Soap Development against Bacterial Skin Diseases." In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812837554_0103.
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Corrêa, Bruna, Vanderlei S. Bagnato, and Kate C. Blanco. "Effect of photoxidation on bacterial persistence." In Photonic Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prevention, and Treatment of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases 2024, edited by Tianhong Dai, Mei X. Wu, and Jürgen Popp. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3004206.
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Tyc, O., C. Jansen, R. Schierwagen, F. Uschner, M. Israelsen, S. Klein, C. Ortiz, et al. "The bacterial bile microbiome and its role in liver diseases." In DGVS Digital: BEST OF DGVS. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716201.
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Blaskovich, Mark A., Wanida Phetsang, M. Rhia Stone, Urszula Lapinska, Stefano Pagliara, Rajiv Bhalla, and Matthew A. Cooper. "Antibiotic-derived molecular probes for bacterial imaging." In Photonic Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prevention, and Treatment of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases 2019, edited by Tianhong Dai, Mei X. Wu, and Jürgen Popp. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2507329.
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Neustroev, M. P., S. G. Petrova, E. I. Elbiadova, and A. A. Popov. "Prevention and treatment of viral and bacterial diseases of young horses." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-10-2018-167.
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de Freitas, Laura M., Ana L. Blanco, and Carla R. Fontana. "Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy proved not to induce bacterial resistance (Conference Presentation)." In Photonic Diagnosis and Treatment of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, edited by Tianhong Dai. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2287268.
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Adriane, Ssempala Brian. "P5.32 Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.648.
Full textReports on the topic "Bacterial diseases in fishes"
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Kamp, Jan, Pieter Blok, Gerrit Polder, Jan van der Wolf, and Henk Jalink. Smart disease detection seed potatoes 2015-2018 : Detection of virus and bacterial diseases using vision and sensor technology. Wageningen: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Field Corps, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/494707.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.
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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.
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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.
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AlBakri, Aref, Auswaf Ahsan, Manoj Vengal, KR Ashir, Abdul Majeed, and Hanan Siddiq. Antibiotic Prophylaxis before Invasive Dental Procedures for Patients at High-Risk of Infective Endocarditis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0011.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine whether there is a genuine clinical need for Antibiotic Prophylaxis(AP) for the prevention of Infective Endocarditis(IE) in high-risk individuals (particularly those with demonstrable structural heart diseases or valve surgery) undergoing invasive dental procedures. Information sources: PubMed, Science Direct, British Dental Journal and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. Search terms used included various combinations of the following subject headings and title or abstract keywords – prophylactic antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antimicrobial, dentist, extraction, implant, infective endocarditis, or bacterial endocarditis.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. MAP kinase cascades activated by SlMAPKKKε and their involvement in tomato resistance to bacterial pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699834.bard.
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The research problem: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria (Xcv) are the causal agents of tomato bacterial speck and spot diseases, respectively. These pathogens colonize the aerial parts of the plant and cause economically important losses to tomato yield worldwide. Control of speck and spot diseases by cultural practices or chemicals is not effective and genetic sources of resistance are very limited. In previous research supported by BARD, by gene expression profiling we identified signaling components involved in resistance to Xcvstrains. Follow up experiments revealed that a tomato gene encoding a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKe) is required for resistance to Xcvand Pststrains. Goals: Central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which MAPKKKεand associated MAP kinase cascades regulate host resistance. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine whether MAPKKKεplays a broad role in defense signaling in plants; 2. Identify components of MAP kinase cascades acting downstream of MAPKKKε; 3. Determine the role of phosphorylation-related events in the function of MAPKKKε; 4. Isolate proteins directly activated by MAPKKKε-associatedMAPK modules. Our main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Characterization of MAPKKKεas a positive regulator of cell death and dissection of downstream MAP kinase cascades (Melech-Bonfil et al., 2010; Melech-Bonfil and Sessa, 2011). The MAPKKKεgene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Xcvand Pstbacterial strains and for hypersensitive response cell death triggered by different R gene/effector gene pairs. In addition, overexpression analysis demonstrated that MAPKKKεis a positive regulator of cell death, whose activity depends on an intact kinase catalytic domain. Epistatic experiments delineated a signaling cascade downstream of MAPKKKεand identified SIPKK as a negative regulator of MAPKKKε-mediated cell death. Finally, genes encoding MAP kinase components downstream of MAPKKKεwere shown to contribute to tomato resistance to Xcv. 2. Identification of tomato proteins that interact with MAPKKKεand play a role in plant immunity (Oh et al., 2011). We identified proteins that interact with MAPKKKε. Among them, the 14-3-3 protein TFT7 was required for cell death mediated by several R proteins. In addition, TFT7 interacted with the MAPKK SlMKK2 and formed homodimersin vivo. Thus, TFT7 is proposed to recruit SlMKK2 and MAPKKK client proteins for efficient signal transfer. 3. Development of a chemical genetic approach to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase cascades (Salomon et al., 2009, 2011). This approach is based on engineering the kinase of interest to accept unnatural ATP analogs. For its implementation to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase modules, we sensitized the tomato MAP kinase SlMPK3 to ATP analogs and verified its ability to use them as phosphodonors. By using the sensitized SlMPK3 and radiolabeled N6(benzyl)ATP it should be possible to tag direct substrates of this kinase. 4. Development of methods to study immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in tomato and N. benthamiana plants (Kim et al., 2009; Nguyen et al. 2010). We developed protocols for measuring various PTI-associatedphenotypes, including bacterial populations after pretreatment of leaves with PAMPs, induction of reporter genes, callose deposition at the cell wall, activation of MAP kinases, and a luciferase-based reporter system for use in protoplasts. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized a signal transduction pathway mediating plant immunity to bacterial pathogens. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease. In addition, we successfully developed new biochemical and molecular methods that can be implemented in the study of plant immunity and other aspects of plant biology.
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.
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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.
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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.
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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.