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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial diseases in poultry'
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1
Tyshkivska, N., V. Lyasota, A. Tyshkivska, N. Bukalova, and N. Bogatko. "Monitoring and diagnosis of poultry bacterial diseases in poultry farms of the Kyiv region." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(154) (May 21, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-154-1-47-53.
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Bacterial safety in the modern poultry industry plays a key role and is one of the key factors in production effi ciency. In the structure of poultry infectious pathology, the leading place is occupied by such bacteria as Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus cecorum, Staphylococcus aureus, Gallibacterium anatis. The results of studies of samples of pathological material obtained from a sick bird are presented that indicate that most often Escherichia coli cultures were isolated from the heart (41,5 %), liver (22,0 %) and lungs (20,7 %), less often spleen (5,2 %) and kidney (2,0 %). Most isolated cultures of Escherichia coli (78 %) caused hemolysis when plating material on blood agar. The largest number of pathogenic cultures of Escherichia coli was isolated from adult chickens, signifi cantly fewer chickens under the age of 20 days. The associated course of bacterioses caused by two or more pathogens was noted in 89,8 % of cases. In 38,5 % of cases, Escherichia coli, bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus and Gallibacterium anatis were isolated from pathological material, in 27,3 % – a joint course of escherichiosis, staphylococcosis and enterobacteriosis was noted, in 15,7 % – escherichiosis, salmonellosis and enterobacteriosis, in 8,3 % – pasteurellosis and enterobacteriosis. In 13,2 % of cases with pathological material from chickens (liver, joints, in chickens – blind processes of the intestine) Clostridium perfringens was isolated. Three species of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were identifi ed: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus pluranimalium (51,7 % from the liver, 21,7 from the lungs, 18,3 from the spleen, 5,0 % from the kidneys). Enterococcus cecorum was identifi ed in 11,32 % of the studied samples from cloacal swabs, oviducts and bone marrow, and Gallibacterium anatis was identifi ed in 11,32 % (from the upper respiratory tract and genitals). Key words: poultry farms, monitoring, bacterial infection, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus pluranimalium, Enterococcus cecorum, Clostridium perfringens, Gallibacterium anatis.
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Halder, Sharna, Shubhagata Das, Sabuj Kanti Nath, Swarup Kumar Kundu, Md Sirazul Islam, Sharmin Chowdhury, and Md Masuduzzaman. "Prevalence of some common bacterial diseases in commercial poultry farm." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas4-2.08.
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Bacterial disease of poultry is one of the major constraints to the expansion of poultry industry. The study was undertaken to investigate some common bacterial diseases in commercial poultry farm. A total of 100 sick and dead chickens (67 broilers, 26 layers and 7 sonali) were collected from different poultry farms which were subjected to postmortem examination for tentative diagnosis. After the post-mortem examination, out of 100 collected dead chickens, bacterial diseases were confirmed 58 %. Among them 52 % of the chickens were diagnosed tentatively to be the case of colibacillosis, 4 % salmonellosis, and 2 % of fowl cholera. In post-mortem examination, some pathological lesions like: omphalitis, fibrinopurulent fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity, air sacculitis, pericarditis and perihepatitis, extreme congestion and septicemia in intestine for colibacillosis infection; unabsorbed yolk mass, bronze discoloration and friable liver, hemorrhages in spleen, misshaped ova for salmonellosis as well as swollen and hardening of comb, congestion of skin, multiple pin point pale color necrotic lesion on liver, pin point hemorrhage on fat muscle of heart were observed for fowl cholera infection. Hence, this study will definitely help to perceive the prevalence of common bacterial diseases like colibacillosis, salmonellosis and fowl cholera infection in commercial poultry farm.
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Kowalczyk, Joanna, Marcin Śmiałek, Bartłomiej Tykałowski, and Andrzej Koncicki. "Klebsiella spp. in the pathology of poultry and their role in epidemiology of human foodborne diseases." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 9 (2017): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5776.
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One of the important problems, increasing successively, in intensive poultry production are bacterial infections, and the major reason of this inconvenient situation is increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. In most cases infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Additionally, bacteria Klebsiella spp. are isolated from many pathological conditions of poultry. To date these bacteria were isolated from dead embryos, yolk sac infections, pathological conditions associated with ascites, cellulitis, diseases with respiratory symptoms and from skin swabs of poultry carcasses. Klebsiella spp. are considered to be microbes of low pathogenicity, but in the case of birds’ immunosuppression they can intensify the course of primary infections. Moreover, an alarming fact is the very wide antimicrobial resistance of strains of these bacteria, and Klebsiella spp. is the frequent cause of critical infections in humans. The presence of these bacteria in poultry, and therefore the possibility of contamination of poultry carcasses, especially if processed without correct heat treatment, may serve as a source of infections for humans, which has been described in the past in studies with the use of phylogenetic analysis.
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Roy, Chanda Rani, Tasnia Ahmed, and Md Aftab Uddin. "Microbiological Analysis of Poultry Feeds Along with the Demonstration of the Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Isolates and the Antibacterial Activity of the Feeds." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v34i2.39620.
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Poultry farms and poultry product processing industries are increasing worldwide to fill up the expanding demand for protein of the escalating population. To get good growth and more eggs from the domestic birds in the poultry farms, nutritious food supplements are commonly known as the poultry feed provided. These feeds also serve as sources of bacterial, fungal and viral contamination which in turn can cause diseases in the birds and ultimately can infect the consumers if the poultry is not processed and cooked properly. In this study, in order to determine the pathogenic bacterial load five different poultry feed samples sold in local markets of Dhaka city were analyzed. All samples harbored total viable bacteria up to 5.0×106 cfu/gm and total fungal count up to 4.5×105 cfu/gm. While Escherichia coli was absent in all samples; Klebsiella spp. and Aeromonas spp. were found to be present in only one sample (1.4×106 cfu/gm in sample 4 and 2.9×105 cfu/gm in sample 5 respectively). Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella spp. were found to be predominat in all the samples. Pseudomonas spp. and Vibrio spp. were present in 3 and 4 samples, respectively. Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% drug resistance towards ER, NA, NVB, KAN antibiotics. The finding of the study emphasis on the prevention of contamination through a sound maintenance of quality during poultry feeds preparation, storage and maintenance. Diseased birds and their excreta must be destroyed during poultry farming. Usage of excess antibiotics must be regulated as suggested from the data of the current study that shows high resistance of the bacterial isolates from the food. Finally, the consumers should process and cook the poultry items properly to save themselves from further food hazards.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 103-107
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Abed, Abbas Razzaq, Aleem Mardas Khudhair, and Ibtisam Mohammed Hussein. "Effects of Misuse of Antibiotics on the Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from the Intestines of Broiler Chickens." International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, no. 02 (June 25, 2020): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.2.1.
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The coliform bacteria is one of the most important bacterial diseases that threaten the poultry sector in Iraq, and the result of the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics during the farming period to eliminate coliform bacteria has led to the development of antibiotics resistance. The current study aimed to investigate the Escherichia coli in the poultry intestines and to determine its ability to resist antibiotics to achieve this, 177 samples of poultry intestines were collected from local poultry farming houses in Babil province included 142 isolates (80.22%) of E. coli and 35 isolates (19.77%) for other intestinal bacteria. In this study, the bacterial susceptibility test for E. coli showed a significant difference at a statistical level of p less than 0.05 by chi-square method for the antibiotics resistance ratios, respectively, rifampicin (100%), oxytetracycline (99.29%), cefixime (98.59%), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (95.77%), norfloxacin (90.14%), cefepime (89.43%), nitrofurantoin (72.53%), gentamicin (71.12%), ceftazidime (70%). Also, Indian ink was used to detect the presence of the capsule around the E. coli, where the results of the microscopic examination showed 81 isolates (57.04%) were surrounded by the capsule and 61 isolates, 42.95% were not surrounded. Finally, the study concluded that the bacterial resistance of E. coli continues to rise and is alarming and is threatening public health.
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Fotina, A. A., and Zh E. Klischova. "ЧУТЛИВІСТЬ ЗБУДНИКІВ БАКТЕРІАЛЬНИХ ХВОРОБ ПТИЦІ ДО АНТИБАКТЕРІАЛЬНИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, no. 3(71) (October 12, 2016): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7141.
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The using of antibiotics and antimicrobials drugs without control may leads to the development of numerous complications and resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. The using of antibiotics and antimicrobials drugs should are controlled on poultry farms. That is why the monitoring and determination of sensitivity of bacterial diseases agents to antimicrobial drugs are very important. Results of salmonellas’ and kolibakterias’ monitoring in poultry’s farms of Ukraine are introduced in the article. Researches were conducted at the Department of veterinary sanitary examination, microbiology, zoohygiene and safety and quality of livestock products of Sumy NAU. Sampling for microbiological studies was conducted from the hatchery and from pathological material and premises where poultry of different age groups was held. The spread of the disease, morbidity, mortality, mortality rate, age characteristics, economic loss what diseases cause to the poultry farms were counted. Identification of Salmonella and Escherichia was conducted by ELISA with using of RIDASCREEN® and LOCATE® test systems, according to methodical recommendations of RIDASCREEN® and LOCATE® test systems using. The results were read visually or after addition of storageco with ELISA–photometer (reader) at 450 nm. Sensitivity to antibiotics was determined by disco – diffusion method in agar. Microbiological monitoring of a number of poultry farms in Ukraine has shown that agents of bacterial diseases’ are widely spread. Between the isolated microflora largest number were accounted for Salmonella (54.1%) and the Escherichia (30.8 per cent). The rest (15,1%) were isolated cultures of Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Campylobacteria, Enterobacteria, and Clostridia Citrobacter. This indicates that systematic control over the availability of the causative agents of bacterial infections in all critical points of production of poultry products is very necessary. Among isolates that were isolated from ill poultry and poultry objects, differences in their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents from active substances that officially have registered in our country were discovered. Bactericidal activity of relatively isolated cultures was showed by colistin, ftorfenicol, zeftiocur, TimTil 250, doxicyclin, enroxil and sarafloxacin.
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Hassan, Md Kamrul, Md Humayun Kabir, Md Abdullah Al Hasan, Shobnom Sultana, Md Shohidul Islam Khokon, and SM Lutful Kabir. "Prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27575.
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This study was designed with a view to investigate the prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. A total of 679 poultry birds (313 layers, 338 broilers and 28 cockrels) either dead or live were brought for diagnosis of diseases at Gazipur Sadar Upazilla Veterinary Hospital. The diseases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs and post-mortem findings. The diseases encountered in layers were bacterial diseases 52.29% (salmonellosis 38.56%, colibacillosis 6.7%, fowl cholera 4.79% and necrotic enteritis 1.60%), viral diseases 23.95% (avian influenza 2.56%, Newcastle disease 16.61%, infectious bronchitis 3.19% and avian leucosis 0.64%), mycoplasmal disease (mycoplasmosis 14.70%) and protozoal disease (coccidiosis 5.75%). Salmonellosis was most prevalent disease in age group of >20 weeks, while Newcastle disease most common in 8 to 20 weeks of age group. In case of broiler, bacterial diseases 28.99% (salmonellosis 21.30% and colibacillosis 7.69%), viral diseases 53.24% (infectious bursal disease 28.99%, Newcastle disease 8.87% and infectious bronchitis 15.38%), mycoplasmal disease (mycoplasmosis 7.1%) and protozoal disease (coccidiosis 6.5%). In cockrels, the most prevalent disease was colibacillosis 35.71% followed by salmonellosis 28.57%, Newcastle disease 14.28% and mycoplasmosis14.28%. So among the diseases, salmonellosis is most prevalent disease followed by infectious bursal disease and mycoplasmosis in different kinds of poultry of Gazipur district of Bangladesh.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 107-112
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Ringbauer, Joseph A., Joseph B. James, and Fred J. Genthner. "Effects of large-scale poultry farms on aquatic microbial communities: A molecular investigation." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0006.
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The effects of large-scale poultry production operations on water quality and human health are largely unknown. Poultry litter is frequently applied as fertilizer to agricultural lands adjacent to large poultry farms. Run-off from the land introduces a variety of stressors into the surface waters including nutrients, antimicrobials and pathogenic bacteria. The Delaware, Maryland and Virginia (Delmarva) Peninsula has the highest concentration of broiler chickens per farm acre in the United States and provides an ideal location for studying the effects of stressors from poultry farms. We investigated potential effects by characterizing shifts in the structure of aquatic bacterial communities. DNA was isolated from microorganisms in water samples from streams and rivers at varying distances from, or having different frequencies of, litter applications. Fingerprints of 16S rDNA amplicons from bacteria in water samples collected during late summer 2001 to late spring 2002 were produced by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A statistical analysis of multiple fingerprints from each sampling location demonstrated that each site harboured a bacterial community significantly different from the communities at other sites. Similarly, the bacterial communities from each sampling time differed significantly from communities at other sampling times. Most importantly, a competitive, library-based analysis showed time of sampling (month) had a greater effect on community structure than did location.
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Hossain, Md Al Amin, Sumona Rahman Shewly, Chayanika Mazumder, Shah Murshid Uj Jaman Arowan, and Saurab Kishore Munshi. "The occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria and screening the possible presence of residual antibiotics in poultry feed samples." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v10i1.50730.
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The use of antibiotics in the poultry and livestock industries for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, and as growth promoters in poultry feeds has increased worldwide. Such frequent employment of antibiotics may contribute to the development and dissemination of bacterial antibiotic resistance. The present study was an attempt to isolate drug-resistant bacteria and to screen the probability of having residual antibiotics in the poultry feed samples. Therefore, a total of 18 samples inclusive of starter, grower and finisher of two poultry feed brands of reputed Bangladeshi feed companies were collected and subjected to microbiological analysis, antibiogram and agar well diffusion assay. All the samples contained extended numbers of total viable bacteria and fungi in an average of 108 and 107 cfu/g, respectively. Klebsiellaspp., Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were predominantly present in the tested samples. E. coli and Vibrio spp. were also found in most of the samples. Most isolates have been determined to be multidrug-resistant. All the isolates showed resistance against Cefuroxime. Penicillin resistance was found in most of the isolates in greater proportion. Higher rate of resistance was evident against Novobiocin, Cephradine and Rifampicin. However, the bacterial isolates showed sensitivity to Tobramycin, Nalidixic acid and Neomycin. The poultry feed samples, especially starter and finisher of both brands noticeably had significant antimicrobial activity against the laboratory isolates indicative of the probable presence of residual antibiotics which might be used as supplements in the poultry feed samples.
Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 30-34
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Andreea, Smărăndescu Raluca, Mircea-Constantin Diaconu, Claudia-Mariana Handra, and Agripina Rașcu. "Occupational Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis in a poultry farmer." Romanian Journal of Occupational Medicine 71, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjom-2020-0010.
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AbstractHypersensitivity pneumonitis is a group of inflammatory interstitial lung diseases caused by hypersensitivity immune reactions to the inhalation of various antigens: fungal, bacterial, animal protein, or chemical sources, finely dispersed, with aerodynamic diameter <5μ, representing the respirable fraction. The national register for interstitial lung diseases records very few cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsec allergic alveolitis), a well defined occupational disease. Although not an eminently of occupational origin, the extrinsec allergic alveolitis can occur secondary to occupational exposure to organic substances (animal or insect proteins, bacteria, fungi) or inorganic (low molecular weight chemical compounds) and the occupational doctor is a key actor in the diagnosys. The disease has chronic evolution and exposure avoidance, as early as possible, has major prognostic influence. The occupational anamnesis remains the most important step and the occupational physician is the one in charge for monitoring and detection of the presence of respiratory symptoms in all employees with risk exposure. Next, we present the case of a farmer, without other comorbidities, who develops various respiratory and systemic diseases and manifestations due to repeated exposure to animal proteins and molds, in order to review the risk factors and the consequences of exposure in poultry farms.
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Borges, Karen A., Isabel C. Cisco, Thales Q. Furian, Denise C. Tedesco, Laura B. Rodrigues, Vladimir P. Do Nascimento, and Luciana R. Dos Santos. "Detection and quantification of Campylobacter spp. in Brazilian poultry processing plants." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11973.
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Introduction: Campylobacteriosis is considered the most common bacteria-caused human gastroenteritis in the world. Poultry is a major reservoir of Campylobacter. Human infection may occur by consumption of raw and undercooked poultry or by contamination of other foods by these items. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry processing plants with conventional culture method and real-time PCR.
Methodology: A total of 108 poultry processing plant samples were collected to test with conventional microbiology and qPCR. Sampling included cloacal swabs, swabs of transport crates (before and after the cleaning and disinfection process) and carcasses (after the chiller, cooled at 4°C and frozen at −12°C).
Results: Positivity in cloacal swabs indicated that poultry arrived contaminated at the slaughterhouse. Contamination in transport cages was substantially increased after the cleaning process, indicating that the process was ineffective. The detection of Campylobacter on carcasses was higher than that on cloacal swabs, which could indicate cross-contamination during the slaughtering process. Conventional microbiology and molecular methods revealed a prevalence of 69.4% and 43.5%, respectively. Lower detection by qPCR can be attributed to the high specificity of the kit and to biological components that could inhibit PCR reactions.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that poultry arrive contaminated at the slaughterhouse and that contamination can increase during the slaughtering process due to cross-contamination. The isolation of Campylobacter in cooled and frozen carcasses corroborates the bacterial survival even at temperatures considered limiting to bacterial growth which are routinely used for food preservation.
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Faruk, MI, MM Islam, F. Khatun, MA Hossain, and TK Dey. "Integrated management of bacterial wilt and root knot nematode of brinjal." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i3.43476.
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The field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Hathazari, Chattagram to find out the efficacy of integration of poultry refuse (PR) with stable bleaching powder (SBP) or CaNO3 and Furadan 5G for the management of bacterial wilt (Ralstoniasolanacearum) and root-knot nematode disease (Meloidogyne incognita) of brinjal. Soil was treated with PR @ 3 t/ha 3 weeks before transplanting, stable bleaching powder @ 20 kg/ha during final land preparation and Furadan 5G @ 20 kg/ha on the day of seedlings transplanting while CaNO3 was used as soil drenching 10 days after seedling transplanting. Results showed that integration of poultry refuse with Furadan 5G and stable bleaching powder or CaNO3 reduced root-knot and bacterial wilt diseases and increased plant growth as well as yield of brinjal. The most effective treatment combination was PR + stable bleaching powder + Furadan 5G with early sowing, followed by PR + CaNO3 + Furadan 5G with early sowing for the management of bacterial wilt and root knot nematode diseases and increasing plant growth and yield of brinjal. The technology, poultry refuse+ stable bleaching powder + Furadan 5G was validated at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Regional Agricultural Research Station of Jessore, Hathazari and Jamalpur and also at Agricultural Research Station and farmers field at Burirhat, Rangpur and OFRD farm at Alamnagar, Rangpur. The validation trials showed that integration of poultry refuse + stable bleaching powder+ Furadan 5G in early sowing was an effective management package of bacterial wilt and root knot nematode diseases of brinjal which also offered 21.81 to 25.98% higher yield over the conventional practices.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(3): 427-437, September 2019
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Ali, MZ. "Common Respiratory Diseases of Poultry in Bangladesh: A Review." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i1.48377.
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Now-a-days, the poultry production in Bangladesh has become a sustainable and profitable industry. The poultry sectors are contributing to meet the national demand of proteins as well as implementing food security along with employment generation. The poultry industries are frequently affected by respiratory diseases. There are five viral respiratory diseases associated with respiratory systems such as Avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND), Infectious bronchitis (IB), Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), and Avian metapneumovirus (AE). Among them, AI outbreaks have been occurring regularly with changing genetic characters since 2007 and atotal of 556 AI outbreaks have been reported yet in Bangladesh that placed in most AI reporter countries. Bacterial diseases like Mycoplasmosis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Fowl cholera, and Infectious coryza are mostly prevalent respiratory diseases in Bangladesh. Mycoplasmosis is become a major threat for poultry industry especially Sonali (a cross-bred) type chickens due to poor biosecurity and breeding management. With respect to fungal diseases, Aspergillosis or brooder pneumonia is a highly prevalent respiratory disease in Bangladesh with causing pneumonia in young chickens. However, respiratory diseases are prevalent in higher rates and cause outbreaks frequently.
SAARC J. Agri., 18(1): 1-11(2020)
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Jones, P. J., J. Niemi, J. P. Christensen, R. B. Tranter, and R. M. Bennett. "A review of the financial impact of production diseases in poultry production systems." Animal Production Science 59, no. 9 (2019): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18281.
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While the academic literature widely asserts that production diseases have a significant financial impact on poultry production, these claims are rarely supported by empirical evidence. There is a risk, therefore, that the information needs of poultry producers regarding the costs associated with particular diseases are not being adequately met. A systematic literature review of poultry production diseases was undertaken, first, to scope the availability of studies that estimate the financial impacts of production diseases on poultry systems and, second, on the basis of these studies, estimates were generated of the magnitude of these impacts. Nine production diseases, selected by a panel of stakeholders as being economically important in the EU, were examined. The review found that the poultry disease literature has primarily an epidemiological focus, with very few publications providing estimates of the financial impacts of diseases. However, some publications have quantified the physical impacts of production diseases and control interventions, for example, using measures such as output volumes, mortality rates and bacterial counts. Using these data in standard financial models, partial financial analyses were possible for some poultry production diseases. Coccidiosis and clostridiosis were found to be the most common production diseases in broiler flocks, with salpingoperitonitis being the most common in layers. While the financial impact of untreated diseases varied, most uncontrolled diseases were estimated to make flocks loss-making. However, in all cases, interventions were available that signficantly reduced these losses. The review reinforces the concern that the available academic literature is not providing sufficient information for poultry producers to decide on financially optimal disease-prevention and treatment measures.
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Demyanenko, D. V., and E. V. Vashchik. "MONITORING OF PRINCIPAL FACTORS OF BACTERIAL HAZARDS IN THE INDUSTRIAL RODUCTION OF CHICKEN FOOD GRADE EGGS." Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 57, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2021-57-1-20-24.
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In the production of poultry products, special attention is paid to diseases the causative agents of which are common for poultry and humans; as far as poultry products contaminated with pathogenic and opportunistic microor-ganisms are a potential source of infections, toxic infections and toxicoses in humans. We studied the bacterial risks at all main stages of the industrial production of chicken food grade eggs and, the main critical control points of production were defined in compliance with the principles of the HACCP system.
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Homeier-Bachmann, Timo, Stefan E. Heiden, Phillip K. Lübcke, Lisa Bachmann, Jürgen A. Bohnert, Dirk Zimmermann, and Katharina Schaufler. "Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Wastewater of Abattoirs." Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050568.
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Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are regularly detected in livestock. As pathogens, they cause difficult-to-treat infections and, as commensals, they may serve as a source of resistance genes for other bacteria. Slaughterhouses produce significant amounts of wastewater containing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB), which are released into the environment. We analyzed the wastewater from seven slaughterhouses (pig and poultry) for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-carrying and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. AMRB were regularly detected in pig and poultry slaughterhouse wastewaters monitored here. All 25 ESBL-producing bacterial strains (19 E. coli and six K. pneumoniae) isolated from poultry slaughterhouses were multidrug-resistant. In pig slaughterhouses 64% (12 of 21 E. coli [57%] and all four detected K. pneumoniae [100%]) were multidrug-resistant. Regarding colistin, resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 54% of poultry and 21% of pig water samples. Carbapenem resistance was not detected. Resistant bacteria were found directly during discharge of wastewaters from abattoirs into water bodies highlighting the role of slaughterhouses for environmental surface water contamination.
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Kabir, Aurangazeb, Most Sabina Yasmin, Md Golam Sarwar, Md Obaidullah Al Masum, Soshe Ahmed, and Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman. "Evaluation of Antibiotic Sensitivity Against Bacterial Diseases Prevalent in Commercial Poultry Farm in Western Part of Bangladesh." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.2.262.
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A surge in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major concern. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farming, increased consumption of poultry products containing antimicrobial residues is likely to hasten the development of multidrug resistance in pathogens, as well as in commensal organisms. To substantiate our knowledge on the status of AMR to the Neomycin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Sulfonamide, Amoxicillin and Cephalexin, commonly being used in poultry farms in Rajshahi city (Western Part) of Bangladesh a cross sectional study was carried out using conventional Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. We tried to identify sensitivity of the stated antibiotics against bacterial samples obtained from 30 liver samples of live birds out of which 24 were layer and 6 were broiler from 10 commercial poultry farms. In our study, we observed that Cephalexin, Neomycin, Gentamicin and Levofloxacin retain superior antimicrobial potency at the rate of 33.33%, 23.33%, 20%, and 23.33% respectively. Moreover, Levofloxacin started to show quite (70%) to moderate (6.67%) sensitivity and Neomycin (76.67%), Gentamicin (80%) Cephalexin (33.33%) show only quite sensitivity indicating exacerbation of existing antimicrobial resistance through gradually losing their affectivity against microbial infections. On the other hand, during our observation Ciprofloxacin (33.33%), Amoxicillin (20%), Doxycycline (6.67%) and Sulfonamides (3.33%) were found having no sensitivity at all, however, these drugs still being considered as drug of choice for commercial flocks to treat microbial infection. Farmers ‘knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the use of antibiotics have to be fully compliant in line with manufacturers’ recommendations to reduce risk to public health. This study was, therefore, conducted to collect baseline data on the regularly used antibiotics in poultry production and to provide a greater understanding of the potential impact of antimicrobial resistance on public health.
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SMITH, JAMES L., and PINA M. FRATAMICO. "Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1141.
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Campylobacter is a commensal in poultry, and therefore, poultry and poultry products are major sources of Campylobacter infections in humans. Fluoroquinolones inhibit the growth of Campylobacter and other microorganisms by binding to bacterial DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are associated with bacterial transcription, replication, and chromosome condensation and segregation. Selection pressure in the presence of fluoroquinolones rapidly leads to resistance in Campylobacter, due to the selection for mutations in DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters have been found in poultry feces and carcasses, and in retail poultry meat products in most areas of the world. In addition, other food animals and the meat products from those animals have been shown contaminated with fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters. Even the removal of fluoroquinolones from use in treating animal diseases has not entirely eliminated the presence of resistant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from animals and animal products. Human exposure to Campylobacter infection could be reduced by using strategies that decrease colonization of chickens by the pathogen.
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Knežević, Slobodan, Marko Pajić, Aleksandra Petrović, Suzana Vidaković, Jelena Babić, Milica Živkov Baloš, Ivan Pušić, Sara Savić, and Igor Stojanov. "DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE - OVERVIEW: LIFE CYCLE, MORPHOLOGY, PREVALENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES IN POULTRY FARMS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v10i2.73.
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Dermanyssus gallinae or the poultry red mite is currently the most im-portant ectoparasite aff ecting egg-laying hens in several countries causing reduced poultry welfare, mortality and even allergic reactions in poultry farms workers. Its short life cycle, which in optimal conditions can be com-pleted within 7 days, and ability to survive in extreme circumstances with-out a blood meal up to 13 months, and the ability to infest new fl ock, makes it even more diffi cult to eradicate. Dermanyssus gallinae prevalence rates in diff erent European countries, including Serbia, can reach up to 80-90%. Also, the poultry red mite is responsible in vector transmission of several bacterial and viral avian diseases, including Salmonella spp, Chlamydia spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Newcas-tle disease and Fowl poxvirus. Besides that, the poultry red mite can also transfer antimicrobial resistance genes by carrying pathogenic bacterial fl ora. Control of Dermanyssus gallinae can be divided into conventional and alternative methods. Conventional methods are mostly focused on pre-venting infestations and/or killing Dermanyssus gallinae, while alternative methods include the use of essential oils, vaccines, light, odors, predatory mites, fungi, nematodes and bacterial endosymbionts, and temperature in order to eliminate the poultry red mite. Nevertheless, this small ectopara-site still makes millions worth damage to global poultry industry.
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Żbikowska, Katarzyna, Monika Michalczuk, and Beata Dolka. "The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050872.
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant infections and antibiotic failures have raised concerns over human and veterinary medicine worldwide. Poultry production has had to confront the problems of an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, including zoonotic pathogens. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis have been the most frequently reported human foodborne diseases linked to poultry. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists’ interest in bacteriophages (phages) since the beginning of the 21st century. Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. In this review, we focused on the use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents to treat infections and reduce counts of pathogenic bacteria in poultry, as biocontrol agents to eliminate foodborne pathogens on/in food, and also as disinfectants to reduce contamination on food-contact surfaces or poultry carcasses in industrial conditions. Most of the phage-based products are targeted against the main foodborne pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. Phages are currently addressed at all stages of the poultry production "from farm to fork", however, their implementation into live birds and food products still provokes discussions especially in the context of the current legal framework, limitations, as well as public health and safety.
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Hananeh, W., and M. Ababneh. "Spotty liver disease in Jordan: An emerging disease." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 3 (March 2, 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/73/2020-vetmed.
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Spotty liver disease is an acute bacterial disease that affects the poultry industry throughout the world. In this report, we discuss the first documented outbreak of the recently emerging disease, spotty liver disease, in a poultry flock in Jordan. The clinical history, pathological and molecular findings are described. The outbreak was characterised by recurrent mortalities that subsided with antibiotic treatments. Grossly, there were multiple pinpoint white foci distributed throughout the enlarged liver and less frequently throughout the spleen too. Histologically, the white foci represented areas of acute hepatocellular lytic necrosis and degeneration that were consistent with those of spotty liver disease. An end point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the glycerol kinase gene, coupled with sequencing, confirmed the pathological diagnosis. Continuous surveillance is needed to estimate the prevalence of this disease in Jordanian poultry flocks.
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Noormohammadi, Amir H. "Welfare implications of bacterial and viral infectious diseases for laying hens." Animal Production Science 61, no. 10 (2021): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19595.
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Bacterial and viral infectious diseases are significant welfare concerns as they cause a range of clinical signs and mortality depending on the body system(s) affected and severity of the disease. Basic skills in the detection of the clinical signs in poultry and provisional diagnosis of the infectious disease is important for the immediate course of action that needs to be taken to eliminate or reduce the impact of the disease on bird’s welfare. Therefore, in this chapter, bacterial and viral diseases of laying hens (chickens) have been described on the basis of their clinical signs and lesions, as opposed to the classes of infecting bacterial or viral agents. Diseases causing sudden death, respiratory illness, ill thrift, diarrhoea, lameness or recumbency, and reduced egg production and quality are discussed.
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LITTLE, C. L., F. J. GORMLEY, N. RAWAL, and J. F. RICHARDSON. "A recipe for disaster: outbreaks of campylobacteriosis associated with poultry liver pâté in England and Wales." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 12 (August 23, 2010): 1691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001974.
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SUMMARYDespite the frequency of Campylobacter as the principal cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the UK, outbreaks attributed to this pathogen are rare. One hundred and fourteen general foodborne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis were reported to the Health Protection Agency from 1992 to 2009 with most occurring in food service establishments (64%, 73/114). Poultry meat (38%, 43/114) was the most commonly reported vehicle of infection, of which poultry liver pâté, and undercooking, were strongly associated with this pathogen. Notably, the number of outbreaks of campylobacteriosis linked to consumption of poultry liver pâté in England and Wales increased significantly from 2007 (74% as opposed to 12%, P<0·00001) with a preponderance of these occurring in December. These outbreaks highlight the hazards associated with inappropriate culinary practices leading to undercooking of poultry liver pâté and suggest that improving catering practice is an important last line of defence in reducing exposure to Campylobacter-contaminated products.
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Kakoyiannis, C. K., P. J. Winter, and R. B. Marshall. "The relationship between intestinalCampylobacterspecies isolated from animals and humans as determined by BRENDA." Epidemiology and Infection 100, no. 3 (June 1988): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800067133.
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SummaryIntestinal thermophilicCampylobacterspecies produce stable patterns when subjected to bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA); this technique is therefore of considerable value in epidemiological studies. BRENDA was used to examine thermophilicCampylobacterspecies from humans, wild and domestic animals. One hundred and ninety-four (61%) of 316 isolates ofCampylobacter jejunifrom humans had BRENDA patterns which could be matched to those of animal isolates. Poultry appear to be a major source of nfection forC. jejuniin humans with nearly half (49·7%) of the human isolates giving patterns which were indistinguishable from those isolated from poultry. A total of GO BRENDA types were identified from 316 human isolates and 11 of these had the same pattern as those isolated from poultry. One of the threeCampylobacter coliBRENDA types recovered from poultry was indistinguishable from a human isolate type. Pigs appear to be only a minor source ofC. coliinfection for humans in New Zealand. Rats were found to be infected with strains ofC. jejuniwith BRENDA patterns indistinguishable from those infecting numans, poultry and a horse. None of the 102 isolates ofCampylobacterspecies from wild birds gave BRENDA patterns similar to those of isolates from humans.
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З.А., Литвинова, Мандро Н.М., and Пунина П.В. "РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПТИЦ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ЭТИОЛОГИИ В ВЕРХНЕМ ПРИАМУРЬЕ." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2020-4-102-106.
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Изучены вопросы распространения бактериальных болезней сельскохозяйственных птиц на территории Верхнего Приамурья в период с 2011 по 2017 г. В работе использовали материалы ветеринарной отчетности с применением методики С.И. Джупины, В.А. Ведерникова (1981). Цифровой материал обрабатывали с использованием программы для работы с электронными таблицами «Microsoft Excel». На территории Верхнего Приамурья за изученный период было зарегистрировано семь нозологических единиц инфекционных заболеваний сельскохозяйственных птиц бактериальной этиологии: колибактериоз, орнитоз, сальмонеллез, стафилококкоз, туберкулез, пастереллез и протейная инфекция. Наиболее высокие показатели значимости в эпизоотическом процессе установлены у таких заболеваний птицы, как колибактериоз (56,23 %), стафилококкоз (24,58 %) и сальмонеллез (13,61 %), наименьшие показатели выявлены у туберкулеза (2,79 %), протейной инфекции (1,56 %), пастереллеза (0,97 %) и орнитоза (0,26 %). Наибольшие изменения процентного соотношения среди бактериальных болезней на территории Верхнего Приамурья отмечены в 2013–2014 гг. При идентификации бактерий из представленного патологического материала за все изученные годы выделяли Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella gallinarum (Salmonella pullorum), Salmonella newport, Salmonella gege, Micobacterium avium, Proteus mirabilitis, Staphуlococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Chlamydia psittaci, также выделено 23 серотипа Еcherichia coli, наиболее часто диагностируемыми из которых явились O78, O18, О35, O2, O41. Распространение бактериозов среди сельскохозяйственных птиц характеризовалось разной степенью стабильности. Неблагополучные районы по бактериальным болезням птиц за период 2011–2017 гг. приурочены к южной природно-хозяйственной зоне Амурской области, являющейся приграничной территорией.
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Youssef, Reem A., Ahmad M. Abbas, Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, Mona I. Mabrouk, and Khaled M. Aboshanab. "Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteric Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Febrile Neutropenic Patients and Poultry in Egypt." Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050493.
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A total of 300 human fecal samples were collected from febrile neutropenic patients suffering from severe gastroenteritis, followed by identification and serological characterization of recovered isolates. Fifty nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars were recovered. A total of serologically identified 50 NTS serovars recovered from poultry of the same geographical area and during the same period as well as one standard strain S. Poona were supplied by the Bacterial Bank of Animal Health Research Institute of Egypt. Antibiogram analysis revealed that the human and poultry serovars exhibited similar antimicrobial resistance patterns against 28 different antimicrobial agents, particularly against ampicillin, cefotaxime, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin. Plasmids harboring blaCTX-m, blaSHV, blaTEM, and aac(6’)-Ib were detected in 11 (22%) and 8 (16%) of human and poultry serovars, respectively. Molecular detection of the most clinically relevant virulence genes and analysis of the associated virulence genotypes proved that the human (n = 11) and poultry serovars (n = 12) shared 11 genotypes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analysis revealed that human and poultry serovars were clustered together in 3 out of the 4 clusters with a similarity index ranged from 0.15 to 1. Since poultry are usually consumed by humans, the presence of resistant bacteria harboring transmissible genetic elements is of great health concern.
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Hafez, Hafez M., and Awad A. Shehata. "Turkey production and health: current challenges." German Journal of Veterinary Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.0002.
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Several factors and problems are influencing turkey production and health. These include intense global competition between producing countries, permanent changes in social, political and consumer perceptions regarding food safety, animal welfare and environmental protection. Several human foodborne infections are linked to poultry and poultry products, causing a serious challenge because it is difficult to control. Moreover, contamination of the turkey meat and product with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a constant public health hazard. The loss of consumer confidence and trust in turkey meat product safety and quality will also be a major concern. The current and future turkey health concepts should cover the control of diseases in birds and the relationship between bird’s health, welfare and environmental protection. Additionally, infectious turkey diseases' emergence and re-emergence will remain an important and never-ending challenge. Only a few authorized pharmaceutical veterinary products are available to treat turkeys. The development of efficient vaccines and natural antimicrobials against bacterial infections will reduce antibiotic use and reduce resistant bacteria's development. Genetic selective breeding to improve production traits and health is a long-standing goal of the turkey industry. Furthermore, rearing technology, management, and feeding will help maintain the birds healthy and comfortable. Finally, all other partners involved in the production chain, including farmers, veterinarians, stockholders, need to collaborate to meet the consumer expectations for high quality and safe products
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Tykałowski, B., and A. Koncicki. "The principles of rational chemotherapy of bacterial infections in poultry." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8709.
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Growing levels of microbial resistance to chemotherapeutic agents pose a threat to public health and constitute a global problem. The above can be often attributed to improper and excessive use of antibacterial drugs in veterinary and human medicine, animal breeding, agriculture and industry. To address this problem, veterinary and human health practitioners, animal breeders and the public have to be made aware of the consequences and threats associated with the uncontrolled use of antibacterial preparations. In recent years, many countries have implemented programs for monitoring antibiotic resistance which provide valuable information about the applied antibiotics and the resistance of various bacterial species colonizing livestock, poultry and the environment. Special attention should be paid to the sources and transmission routes of antibiotic resistance. There are no easy solutions to this highly complex problem. The relevant measures should address multiple factors, beginning from rational and controlled use of chemotherapeutic agents in veterinary practice, to biosecurity in animal farms, food production hygiene, and sanitary and veterinary inspections in the food chain. The tissues of treated birds should not contain antibiotic residues upon slaughter. Rational use of antibiotics should minimize the risk of drug resistance and decrease treatment costs without compromising the efficacy of treatment. Therefore, the key principles of antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections in poultry should be the adequate selection and dosage of the administered drug, a sound knowledge of the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as a knowledge of the differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs and between time-dependent and concentration-dependent drugs. There is an urgent need to revise the existing approach to the use of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of poultry diseases, and to increase the awareness that antibiotics cannot compensate for the failure to observe the fundamental principles of biosecurity in all stages of poultry farming.
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Hasan, AKM Rakibul, MH Ali, MP Siddique, MM Rahman, and MA Islam. "CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSES OF COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES OF BROILER AND LAYER CHICKENS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 2 (July 12, 2012): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188.
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The study was undertaken with a view to compare clinical and laboratory diagnoses of various bacterial diseases of poultry during the period from March 2009 to February 2010 in the laboratory of the Dept. of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 135 sick and dead chickens (47 broilers and 88 layers) were collected from 12 different poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers) of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts which were subjected for clinical followed by laboratory diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings of the affected birds whereas; confirmatory diagnosis was made by using cultural examination, Grams staining and different biochemical tests. In this study, out of 47 broilers, 16 (34%) chickens were clinically diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (23.40%) as salmonellosis and 2 (4.25%) as fowl cholera. In the same way, out of 88 layer chickens, 28 (31.82%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 16 (18.18%) as salmonellosis and 11 (12.50%) as fowl cholera. In laboratory, out of 47 suspected broiler chickens, 12 (25.53%) chickens were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 7 (14.89%) as salmonellosis and 0 (0%) as fowl cholera. Correspondingly of the 88 layer chickens 22 (25%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (13.64%) as salmonellosis and 8 (9.09%) as fowl cholera. So the findings concluded that clinical diagnosis is not always accurate like laboratory diagnosis because in most cases clinical history, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions of different bacterial diseases including mixed infections are almost similar to other related diseases and it is recommended to confirm laboratory diagnosis before treatment of the diseases.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 107-115
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ARSENAULT, J., P. MICHEL, O. BERKE, A. RAVEL, and P. GOSSELIN. "Environmental characteristics associated with campylobacteriosis: accounting for the effect of age and season." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 2 (April 14, 2011): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811000628.
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SUMMARYCampylobacteriosis is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis. An ecological study was undertaken to explore the association between environmental characteristics and incidence of campylobacteriosis in relation to four age groups and two seasonal periods. A multi-level Poisson regression model was used for modelling at the municipal level. High ruminant density was positively associated with incidence of campylobacteriosis, with a reduced effect as people become older. High poultry density and presence of a large poultry slaughterhouse were also associated with higher incidence, but only for people aged 16–34 years. The effect of ruminant density, poultry density, and slaughterhouses were constant across seasonal periods. Other associations were detected with population density and average daily precipitation. Close contacts with farm animals are probably involved in the associations observed. The specificity of age and season on this important disease must be considered in further studies and in the design of preventive measures.
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Kozdruń, Wojciech, Hanna Czekaj, and Natalia Styś. "Avian zoonoses – a review." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0026.
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Abstract Birds are one of the most interesting and most colourful groups of animals, but they can also be a source of zoonotic factors dangerous for humans. This paper describes the threats to human health from contact with birds. The most vulnerable occupational groups associated with birds are veterinarians, owners of poultry farms, breeders of ornamental birds, zoo personnel, and poultry slaughterhouse workers. Ornithosis is the most dangerous zoonosis of the avian bacterial diseases. Among other hazardous bacterial factors, Salmonella and Campylobacter are responsible for gastrointestinal diseases. Avian influenza is the most dangerous of the viral diseases. It should be noted, however, that avian influenza is a disease of birds, not humans. The recent threat which has appeared is infection with West Nile virus. The results of serological examinations of birds and humans indicate that the virus exists in our ecosystem. Allergic alveolitis connected with the pigeon tick and the Dermanyssus gallinae mite also merits mention. In any case, where people have contact with birds or their droppings and secretions, special precautions should be taken. This way the negative effects of birds on human health can be minimised or eliminated
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Korf, Imke H. E., Sophie Kittler, Anna Bierbrodt, Ruth Mengden, Christine Rohde, Manfred Rohde, Andrea Kroj, et al. "In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Cocktail Controlling Infections with Escherichia coli." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121470.
Full textAbstract:
Worldwide, poultry industry suffers from infections caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Therapeutic failure due to resistant bacteria is of increasing concern and poses a threat to human and animal health. This causes a high demand to find alternatives to fight bacterial infections in animal farming. Bacteriophages are being especially considered for the control of multi-drug resistant bacteria due to their high specificity and lack of serious side effects. Therefore, the study aimed on characterizing phages and composing a phage cocktail suitable for the prevention of infections with E. coli. Six phages were isolated or selected from our collections and characterized individually and in combination with regard to host range, stability, reproduction, and efficacy in vitro. The cocktail consisting of six phages was able to inhibit formation of biofilms by some E. coli strains but not by all. Phage-resistant variants arose when bacterial cells were challenged with a single phage but not when challenged by a combination of four or six phages. Resistant variants arising showed changes in carbon metabolism and/or motility. Genomic comparison of wild type and phage-resistant mutant E28.G28R3 revealed a deletion of several genes putatively involved in phage adsorption and infection.
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Foley, Steven L., Rajesh Nayak, Irene B. Hanning, Timothy J. Johnson, Jing Han, and Steven C. Ricke. "Population Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Commercial Egg and Poultry Production." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 13 (May 13, 2011): 4273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00598-11.
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ABSTRACTFresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure toSalmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency ofSalmonellacontamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute toSalmonellacolonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s,Salmonella entericaserovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled byS.Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease ofS.Enteritidis,S.Heidelberg andS.Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts inSalmonellapopulations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.
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Hossain, Farzana Ehetasum, Sharmin Akther, and Atqiya Fahmida Tajalli. "Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella spp. in Poultry and Approach for Its Indigenous Bio-control." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v34i2.39617.
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A significant limitation to flourish poultry industry in Bangladesh is the emergence of multidrug resistance pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella spp. due to uncontrolled use of antibiotics for disease treatment. An alternative to antibiotics could be the application of probiotics. About 120 cloacal-swabs from poultry birds were investigated, seventy two (72) isolates of Salmonella spp. and twenty two (22) isolates of lactic acid bacteria (out of 50)were identified respectively by cultural, morphological and biochemical tests presumptively. Antibiotic sensitivity test of Salmonella spp. was performed, followed by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion assay with six antibiotic groups. All those isolates of Salmonella spp. were found to be highly resistant to â-lactam, cephalosporin, tetracycline and macrolide, highly sensitive to carbapenem and moderately sensitive to aminoglycosides. Then Salmonella spp. were used as a target for the prospective probiotic bacteria which were screened based on antimicrobial activity against those multidrug resistance Salmonella spp. In antagonism assay such as disc diffusion and one-streak method, it was revealed that five lactic acid bacteria showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp. Further, lactic acid bacteria were characterized based on their tolerance ability to pH and NaCl, antibiotic susceptibility test. The tolerance range of Lactic acid bacteria was about pH (3.5-9.5), NaCl (4-8) % and also resistant to antibiotics groups like B lactam, aminoglycosides, and quinolone. Then 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis was performed for molecular identification of potential probiotic bacteria. One representative isolate was identified as phylogenetically closed relative to Pediococcus acidilactici. This study was able to demonstrate that Pediococcus acidilactici as anindigenous probiotic candidate to inhibit the growth of isolated multidrug resistant Salmonella spp. in poultry. The potent probiotic candidate Pediococcus sp. could be used to counter bacterial diseases in poultry, thereby it could ensure food safety in the poultry industries of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 83-90
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NJOGA, Emmanuel O., Ekene V. EZENDUKA, and John A. NWANTA. "Surveillance for Campylobacter infections in indigenous poultry reared in Nsukka, Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12210724.
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Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diseases worldwide. Poultry is indisputably the major reservoir of Campylobacter for human infection but dearth of data exists on the epidemiology of the infection in poultry in Nigeria. Consequently, the study determined the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter infections and also the risk practices aiding the transmission in indigenous poultry reared in Nsukka, Nigeria. The bacteria isolation was done following standard microbiological protocol. The overall prevalence of the infection was 18.9%. The specific prevalence was 19.6% and 17.8% in indigenous chicken and turkey respectively. In the chicken, frizzled feather and naked neck breeds had prevalence of 30.8% and 26.1% respectively while the normal feather breed had the lowest prevalence of 13.7%. In both chicken and turkey, the infection was more during the wet season and in birds raised under extensive husbandry management. Major risk practices found were sale of untreated poultry faeces as organic fertilizer, eating during farm operations and non-use of protective clothing. The 18.9% prevalence is lower than 36% reported in 2010 but is very significant from food safety and public health perspectives. Considering the zoonotic and economic consequences associated with Campylobacter infection, adoption of farm-to-fork concept principles in indigenous poultry production in Nsukka is recommended, for further reduction or possible elimination of the infection. Proper treatment of poultry faeces before disposal or before use as feed (in fish or pig farms) or manure (in vegetable gardens) is important to curtail inter species transmission of Campylobacter in the study area.
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Aslam, Rehana, Zaibun-Nisa Memon, Dilpat Rai Menghwar, Qalender Bux, and Hakim Ali Keerio. "Occurrence of Important Viral and Bacterial Diseases in Poultry Flocks in District Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan." OALib 05, no. 04 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104488.
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GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), J., P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ), and P. BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ). "The frequency of respiratory diseases in broiler chickens during 1992-2001." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15082.
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The respiratory diseases of broiler chickens are included among the very important problems in the poultry industry. The pathogenic causes of these diseases are viruses (NDV, IBV, ILTV, etc), bacteria (Mycoplasma spp, Haemophilus paragallinarum, E.coli, ORT, etc), fungi and parasites. These factors can act either alone, leading in complete disease or in combinations, causing respiratory syndromes. In broiler flocks the most frequent respiratory disease with considerable economic losses is Colibacillosis. It is either the result of primary infection of the birds with the pathogenic E.coli or secondary as complicated agent leading in the CDR syndrome. The evaluation of the respiratory diseases incidents in the Clinic of Avian Medicine showed that there has been a gradual decline in the number of the respiratory diseases during the last decade 1992 - 2001. More specifically, the percentages of the incidents of respiratory diseases were: 26,49% (1992), 22,14% (1993), 17,24% (1994), 18,00% (1995), 10,04% (1996), 9,93% (1997), 11,92% (1998), 7,79% (1999), 7,77% (2000) and 6,99% (2001). This significant reduction of the respiratory disease percentages was probably caused by factors relative with a series of measures applied in breeder flocks, in hatcheries and in poultry houses. These measures concern the continuous improvement of the poultry houses and equipment, the application of systematic vaccination programs in breeders and chicks, the good collaboration between farmers and veterinarians, the improvement of nutrition, the supplying of chicks free of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma spp, Salmonella spp, etc, and viruses, such as Reovirus, Chicken anemia virus, e.t.c, and the strict application of appropriate disinfections. The application of the above measures reduces the poultry stress, enhances their immunity, eliminates the presence and the spread of pathogens and secures better health and growth in the birds of the poultry industry. Keywords: Respiratory diseases, broilers, incidents' frequency, decade 1992-2001
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Nguyen, Tien Cuong, Thi Anh Phuong Chu, and Hai Van Nguyen. "IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC ALLIUM SATIVUM AGAINST POULTRY PATHOGENS AND EFFECT OF GARLIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON DUCKLING GROWTH PERFORMANCE." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 3B (November 12, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/3b/14045.
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ABSTRACT-QMFS2019Poultry production provides source of protein and contributes an important income for Vietnamese farmers. Among the poultry in Vietnam, ducks account for 27.3% of head of poultry and even 55.7% in Mekong Delta region. Along with the development of rearing ducks, bacterial, viral and fungal diseases occurring in the two last decades induced bad effect for poultry producer. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcal or Pasteurella act as major pathogenic bacteria in duck. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of garlic Allium sativum against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and to evaluate the effect of garlic on growth performance of duck from 1-28 old-days. The results indicated that fresh garlic and dried garlic powder showed inhibitory effect against pathogenic tested strains from 2% and 4% w/v, respectively. The inhibition zones and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of garlic extract ranged from 11.3-28.3 mm and 0.02-0.2 g/ml, respectively. After 28 days of diet with garlic supplemented, D3 (2% of fresh garlic in water) showed significantly different in weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), average daily weight (ADW); whereas, D2 (2% of garlic powder in basal diet) only possessed a difference significant in feed consumption (FC) compared to the D1 (control without garlic supplementation). The obtained results demonstrated the potential of garlic application in poultry production.
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Erfan, Ahmed Mohammed, and Sherif Marouf. "Cinnamon oil downregulates virulence genes of poultry respiratory bacterial agents and revealed significant bacterial inhibition: An in vitro perspective." November-2019 12, no. 11 (November 2019): 1707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1707-1715.
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Background and Aim: Respiratory bacterial agents represent one of the most harmful factors that ordinarily threaten the poultry industry and usually lead to great economic losses. Meanwhile, there is a global demand to avoid the highly emerging antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in edible meat. Whereas, the use of alternatives became of great priority, especially for those substances extracted from natural plant origin. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil as a herbal extract on different respiratory bacterial agents. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty biological samples were collected through targeted surveillance for respiratory diseased poultry farms representing three governorates, from which bacterial isolation and identification, DNA sequencing of representative strains were performed. Furtherly, phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil was performed by minimum inhibitory concentration, agar disk diffusion, and virulence genes expression real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Cinnamon oil gave rise to acceptable degrees of virulence genes downregulation of 0.15, 0.19, 0.37, 0.41, 0.77, and 0.85 for Staphylococcus aureus sed gene, Escherichia coli stx1 gene, Avibacterium paragallinarum HPG-2 gene, Pasteurella multocida ptfA gene, Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mgc2 gene, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale adk gene, respectively. Phenotypically, using agar disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution susceptibility, cinnamon oil showed also tolerable results as it stopped the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, P. multocida, and A. paragallinarum with varying zones of inhibition. Conclusion: The encountered results declared the successful in vitro effect of cinnamon oil that recommends its application for living birds for future use as a safe antibacterial in the poultry industry.
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Schwartz, Betty, and Vaclav Vetvicka. "Review: β-glucans as Effective Antibiotic Alternatives in Poultry." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123560.
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The occurrence of microbial challenges in commercial poultry farming causes significant economic losses. Antibiotics have been used to control diseases involving bacterial infection in poultry. As the incidence of antibiotic resistance turns out to be a serious problem, there is increased pressure on producers to reduce antibiotic use. With the reduced availability of antibiotics, poultry producers are looking for feed additives to stimulate the immune system of the chicken to resist microbial infection. Some β-glucans have been shown to improve gut health, to increase the flow of new immunocytes, increase macrophage function, stimulate phagocytosis, affect intestinal morphology, enhance goblet cell number and mucin-2 production, induce the increased expression of intestinal tight-junctions, and function as effective anti-inflammatory immunomodulators in poultry. As a result, β-glucans may provide a new tool for producers trying to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in fowl diets. The specific activity of each β-glucan subtype still needs to be investigated. Upon knowledge, optimal β-glucan mixtures may be implemented in order to obtain optimal growth performance, exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, and optimized intestinal morphology and histology responses in poultry. This review provides an extensive overview of the current use of β glucans as additives and putative use as antibiotic alternative in poultry.
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HOTTER, G. S., I. H. LI, and N. P. FRENCH. "Binary genomotyping using lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes distinguishes betweenCampylobacter jejuniisolates within poultry-associated multilocus sequence types." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 7 (November 3, 2009): 992–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809991075.
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SUMMARYCampylobacter jejuniis a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis throughout the industrialized world. We investigated whether or not differences in gene complement at the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus can identify epidemiologically useful binary genomotypes in 87C. jejuniisolates from poultry-associated multilocus sequence types (STs) collected during the course of a sentinel surveillance study. Using a PCR-based approach, we correlated assignment of both isolate LOS locus class and binary genomotype with ST. We found that isolates within STs 45, 190, 354 and 474 displayed mosaicism in gene complement at the intra-ST level. For example, based upon their binary genomotypes, we assigned individual ST-45 isolates from human clinical cases as probably originating from either a poultry or wild-bird source. However, intra-ST mosaicism in gene complement was observed alongside broader patterns of congruence in LOS locus class and gene complement that distinguished between isolates from different STs.
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Meganathan, Velmurugan, Regina Moyana, Kartiga Natarajan, Weshely Kujur, Shilpa Kusampudi, Sachin Mulik, and Vijay Boggaram. "Bacterial extracellular vesicles isolated from organic dust induce neutrophilic inflammation in the lung." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 319, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): L893—L907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00107.2020.
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Inhalation of organic dust is an occupational hazard leading to the development of respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases. Bioaerosols from concentrated animal feeding operations are rich in bacteria and could carry bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) that could induce lung inflammation. It is not known if organic dust contains bacterial EVs and whether they modulate lung inflammation. Herein, we show that poultry organic dust contains bacterial EVs (dust EVs) that induce lung inflammation. Treatment of airway epithelial cells, THP-1-monocytes and -macrophages with dust EVs rapidly induced IL-8, IL-6, ICAM-1, proIL-1β, and TNF-α levels. In airway epithelial cells, induction of inflammatory mediators was due to increased mRNA levels and NF-κB activation. Induction of inflammatory mediators by dust EVs was not inhibited by polymyxin B. Single and repeated treatments of mice with dust EVs increased lung KC, IL-6, and TNF-α levels without significantly altering IL-17A levels. Increases in cytokines were associated with enhanced neutrophil infiltration into the lung. Repeated treatments of mice with dust EVs increased lung mean linear intercept and increased collagen deposition around airways indicating lung remodeling. Peribronchial cell infiltrates and airway epithelial thickening were also observed in treated mice. Because bacterial EVs are nanometer-sized particles, they can reach and accumulate in the bronchiolar and alveolar regions causing lung injury leading to the development of respiratory diseases. Our studies have provided new evidence for the presence of bacterial EVs in organic dust and for their role as one of the causative agents of organic dust-induced lung inflammation and lung injury.
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LAJHAR, S. A., A. V. JENNISON, B. PATEL, and L. L. DUFFY. "Comparison of epidemiologically linkedCampylobacter jejuniisolated from human and poultry sources." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 16 (May 4, 2015): 3498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000886.
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SUMMARYCampylobacter jejuniis responsible for most foodborne bacterial infections worldwide including Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate a combination of typing methods in the characterization ofC. jejuniisolated from clinical diarrhoeal samples (n= 20) and chicken meat (n= 26) in order to identify the source of infection and rank isolates based on their relative risk to humans. Sequencing of theflaAshort variable region demonstrated that 86% of clinical isolates had genotypes that were also found in chicken meat. A polymerase chain reaction binary typing system identified 27 different codes based on the presence or absence of genes that have been reported to be associated with various aspects ofC. jejunipathogenicity, indicating that not all isolates may be of equal risk to human health. The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of theC. jejuniisolates was classified into six classes (A, B, C, E, F, H) with 10·4% remaining unclassified. The majority (72·7%) of clinical isolates possessed sialylated LOS classes. Sialylated LOS classes were also detected in chicken isolates (80·7%). Antimicrobial tests indicated a low level of resistance, with no phenotypic resistance found to most antibiotics tested. A combination of typing approaches was useful to assign isolates to a source of infection and assess their risk to humans.
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Bardina, Carlota, Denis A. Spricigo, Pilar Cortés, and Montserrat Llagostera. "Significance of the Bacteriophage Treatment Schedule in Reducing Salmonella Colonization of Poultry." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 18 (July 6, 2012): 6600–6607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01257-12.
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ABSTRACTSalmonellaremains the major cause of food-borne diseases worldwide, with chickens known to be the main reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. Among the many approaches to reducingSalmonellacolonization of broilers, bacteriophage offers several advantages. In this study, three bacteriophages (UAB_Phi20, UAB_Phi78, and UAB_Phi87) obtained from our collection that exhibited a broad host range againstSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis andSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium were characterized with respect to morphology, genome size, and restriction patterns. A cocktail composed of the three bacteriophages was more effective in promoting the lysis ofS.Enteritidis andS.Typhimurium cultures than any of the three bacteriophages alone. In addition, the cocktail was able to lyse theSalmonella entericaserovars Virchow, Hadar, and Infantis. The effectiveness of the bacteriophage cocktail in reducing the concentration ofS.Typhimurium was tested in two animal models using different treatment schedules. In the mouse model, 50% survival was obtained when the cocktail was administered simultaneously with bacterial infection and again at 6, 24, and 30 h postinfection. Likewise, in the White Leghorn chicken specific-pathogen-free (SPF) model, the best results, defined as a reduction ofSalmonellaconcentration in the chicken cecum, were obtained when the bacteriophage cocktail was administered 1 day before or just after bacterial infection and then again on different days postinfection. Our results show that frequent treatment of the chickens with bacteriophage, and especially prior to colonization of the intestinal tract bySalmonella, is required to achieve effective bacterial reduction over time.
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KOWALSKA, JUSTYNA D., ADRIANA NOWAK, KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA, MAŁGORZATA STAŃCZYK, MAGDALENA ŁUKASIAK, and JAROSŁAW DASTYCH. "Anti-Salmonella Potential of New Lactobacillus Strains with the Application in the Poultry Industry." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-001.
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Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis.
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Brown, D. J., E. J. Threlfall, and B. Rowe. "Instability of multiple drug resistance plasmids inSalmonella typhimuriumisolated from poultry." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 2 (April 1991): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048391.
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SUMMARYPlasmids in five strains ofSalmonella typhimuriumresistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, neomycin/kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim (ACGKSSuTTm), CGKSSuTTm, ACSSuT or CSSuT which had been isolated from poultry in the first 3 months of 1989 have been characterized and compared with plasmids in two strains of R-types ACGKSSuTTm and ASSuTTm isolated from two patients later in the year. With the exception of the human isolate of R-type ASSuTTm, all strains carried two non-conjugative plasmids, one coding for SSu and belonging to incompatibility group Q, and a second coding for multiple resistance and belonging to the FImeincompatibility group. The human isolate of R-type ASSuTTm did not carry theIncQ, SSu plasmid but like the poultry isolates, carried a non-conjugative FImeplasmid.Restriction endonuclease digestion with the enzymesEcoR I,PstI andHindIII demonstrated that the FImeplasmids from strains of different R-types showed a high degree of homology but exhibited numerous fragment size polymorphisms. The restriction digest fingerprint of plasmids in the human isolate of R-type ACGKSSuTTm was indistinguishable from a poultry isolate of the same R-type. Analysis of segregants of one of the poultry isolates of R-type ACGKSSuTTm demonstrated that resistance determinants could be rapidly lost from the FImeplasmid to give rise to a number of R-types and fingerprint patterns. Loss of tetracycline resistance from this plasmid appeared to be correlated with the integration of other plasmid-mediated resistances into the bacterial chromosome. Evidence is presented for the rapid loss of antimicrobial resistance determinants from a multiple resistance plasmid of the FImeincompatibility group in response to withdrawal of antibiotic selective pressure.
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Cadmus, Kyran J., Aslı Mete, Macallister Harris, Doug Anderson, Sherrill Davison, Yuko Sato, Julie Helm, et al. "Causes of mortality in backyard poultry in eight states in the United States." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 3 (May 2019): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719848718.
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A comprehensive understanding of common diseases of backyard poultry flocks is important to providing poultry health information to flock owners, veterinarians, and animal health officials. We collected autopsy reports over a 3-y period (2015–2017) from diagnostic laboratories in 8 states in the United States; 2,509 reports were collected, involving autopsies of 2,687 birds. The primary cause of mortality was categorized as infectious, noninfectious, neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease, or undetermined. Neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease was the most common primary diagnosis and involved 42% of the total birds autopsied; 63% of these cases were diagnosed as Marek’s disease or leukosis/sarcoma. Bacterial, parasitic, and viral organisms were commonly detected, involving 42%, 28%, and 7% of the birds autopsied, respectively, with 2 or more organisms detected in 69% of birds. Our findings demonstrate the importance of educating flock owners about disease prevention and biosecurity practices. The detection of zoonotic bacteria including paratyphoid salmonellae, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium avium, and the detection of lead and other heavy metals, indicate public health risks to flock owners and consumers of backyard flock egg and meat products.
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Mesquita, João R. "Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases: Novel Challenges in Today’s World or More of the Same?" Animals 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082382.
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More than 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, representing 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade. Albeit significant technological leaps in diagnostics development and disease surveillance, zoonotic emerging infectious diseases are evermore a matter of concern, particularly in modern days where global warming keeps providing ideal climatic conditions to the introduction of exotic infectious agents or disease vectors in new territories. Worryingly, the 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic acts as an extreme reminder of the role animal reservoirs play in public health, accounting for over 4,200,000 deaths worldwide until today. In this Special Issue, we approach a myriad of zoonotic infectious diseases and their complex mechanisms. This Special Issue is composed of three reviews on zoonotic diseases of African Lions, hemogregarine classification, and hepatitis E virus in Brazil, followed by one letter and one opinion piece that broadens the spectrum of disease emergence to mechanistic aspects of emerging non-communicable diseases. The Special Issue is completed by six research papers covering a wide array of emerging and re-emerging diseases of poultry, bovine, poultry and tortoises, of various nature such as parasitic, bacterial, and viral. This is a brief but assertive collection that showcases the need to address health at the animal–human–environment interface, in a One Health perspective.
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Mickael, Claudia Silva, Po-King S. Lam, Emil M. Berberov, Brenda Allan, Andrew A. Potter, and Wolfgang Köster. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis tatB and tatC Mutants Are Impaired in Caco-2 Cell Invasion In Vitro and Show Reduced Systemic Spread in Chickens." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 8 (May 24, 2010): 3493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00090-10.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis is a leading causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. This pathogen also colonizes the intestinal tracts of poultry and can spread systemically in chickens. Transfer to humans usually occurs through undercooked or improperly handled poultry meat or eggs. The bacterial twin-arginine transport (Tat) pathway is responsible for the translocation of folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. In order to study the role of the Tat system in the infection and colonization of chickens by Salmonella Enteritidis, we constructed chromosomal deletion mutants of the tatB and tatC genes, which are essential components of the Tat translocon. We observed that the tat mutations affected bacterial cell morphology, motility, and sensitivity to albomycin, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and EDTA. In addition, the mutant strains showed reduced invasion of polarized Caco-2 cells. The wild-type phenotype was restored in all our Salmonella Enteritidis tat mutants by introducing episomal copies of the tatABC genes. When tested in chickens by use of a Salmonella Enteritidis ΔtatB strain, the Tat system inactivation did not substantially affect cecal colonization, but it delayed systemic infection. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the Tat system plays a role in Salmonella Enteritidis pathogenesis.
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Ahmed, S. Rehan. "Poultry Farming Procedure and Minimization of Poultry Waste through Urban Agriculture: A Case Study of Dey Poultry Farm." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8762.
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Poultry farming is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in Garhbeta, Midnapore. It has become a source of revenue for individual farmers. However poultry farming is associated with various environmental pollutants that causes environmental risk like airborne bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms into the environment and food chain. Poultry production is quickly becoming more intensive, geographically concentrated, vertically integrated and link with global supply chain. In Garhbeta, Midnapore area broiler poultry sector has a great potential for providing employment opportunities to the unemployed youth, rural women, small and marginal farmers. Here huge poultry waste managed by land disposal, resulting in environmental problems and odour is very local issue and waste almost attract flies, rotten and other pests that create local nuisances and carry diseases. At improper disposal of poultry carcasses contribute huge water quality problem specially in this areas. This paper present the poultry farming procedure and waste generation from poultry farm which is a significant matter of our environment and management of these waste is also a great challenge for those poultry farm.