Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial diseases – Vaccination'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial diseases – Vaccination"
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Hone, D., and J. Hackett. "Vaccination Against Enteric Bacterial Diseases." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 853–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.6.853.
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Mohd-Aris, Aslizah, Mohd Hafiz Ngoo Muhamad-Sofie, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Hassan Mohd Daud, and Md Yasin Ina-Salwany. "Live vaccines against bacterial fish diseases: A review." November-2019 12, no. 11 (November 2019): 1806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1806-1815.
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Fish diseases are often caused either by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or a combination of these pathogens. Of these, bacterial fish diseases are considered to be a major problem in the aquaculture industry. Hence, the prevention of such diseases by proper vaccination is one of the integral strategies in fish health management, aimed at reducing the fish mortality rate in the aquaculture farms. Vaccination offers an effective yet low-cost solution to combat the risk of disease in fish farming. An appropriate vaccination regime to prevent bacterial diseases offers a solution against the harmful effects of antibiotic applications. This review discusses the role of live-attenuated vaccine in controlling bacterial diseases and the development of such vaccines and their vaccination strategy. The current achievements and potential applications of live-attenuated and combined vaccines are also highlighted. Vaccine development is concluded to be a demanding process, as it must satisfy the requirements of the aquaculture industry.
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PAPADOPOULOS (Π. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), P., K. BITCHAVA (Κ. ΜΠΙΤΧΑΒΑ), E. TZIRONI (Ε. ΤΖΙΡΩΝΗ), and F. ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ). "Fish vaccination." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 59, no. 4 (November 22, 2017): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14965.
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In intensive fish rearing system, fish are kept in high densities and their chance to be exposed to micro organisms that can cause infection, such as bacteria, parasites or viruses, is very high. Under these circumstances, the problem of infectious diseases is becoming very important and has significant results. Bacterial and viral diseases of the cultured fish species have led to high mortalities and have decreased the income of the fish farming industries. There are many examples in the Mediterranean Sea, in the production of sea bream (Spams aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and many other cultured fish species. In the last years, this production has been followed by important outbreaks of known diseases and also by the appearance and identification of new ones. Until recently, for the control of the bacterial and parasite diseases, only antibiotics and chemical products were used that often demonstrated side effects, like residues in the fish muscle, development of resistance to the antibiotics and environmental pollution. Moreover, for the viral diseases, for which there is no treatment, the onset of the disease usually demands the destruction of the infected population. All the above, showed that there was a need to find methods to prevent the infection of the fish populations and this led to the development of vaccines. At the beginning, vaccines were produced only for the most common diseases and were easy to prepare bacterial vaccines, for example for vibriosis, furunculosis and red mouth disease (ERM). Nowadays, the production of new and more effective vaccines has began, even for diseases that are caused by viruses, like the subunit vaccines, the live recombinant and the genetic vaccines.
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Peltola, H. "Vaccination Against Bacterial Meningitis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (March 2010): e331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2229.
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Fielder, Mark, and David J. M. Lewis. "Vaccination against bacterial gut infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 11, no. 5 (October 1998): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199810000-00011.
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Sharma, Nikhil, and Nitin Khuller. "Periodontal Vaccine: A New Paradigm for Prevention of Periodontal Diseases." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 4, Spl (2010): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-4-spl-23.
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ABSTRACT Vaccination is a process that induces specific immune resistance to a bacterial or viral infectious disease. Vaccines have prevented several infectious diseases for many years, and are still being investigated. In late eighteenth century, Edward Jenner developed and established the principle of vaccination using the cross protection conferred by cowpox virus, which is non pathogenic in humans. Regarding a vaccine against the periodontal disease, the complexity of the periodontopathic bacteria might be a problem in determination of Antigens. Among some 300 species of bacteria involved in subgingival plaque, 5-7 species have been implicated in the etiology of periodontitis but one or two species; P.gingivalis or B. forsythus might play an important role as primary pathogens. Vaccination accomplished can be active immunization, passive immunization or DNA vaccination, made from the antigenic epitopes in periodontopathic bacteria. In light of the increasing evidence that periodontitis significantly increases risk for potentially fatal diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke and complications from diabetes mellitus a successful vaccine for periodontitis could have health benefits far exceeding the prevention of periodontitis.
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Zügel, Ulrich, Anne-Marit Sponaas, Jutta Neckermann, Bernd Schoel, and Stefan H. E. Kaufmann. "gp96-Peptide Vaccination of Mice against Intracellular Bacteria." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 4164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.6.4164-4167.2001.
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ABSTRACT This work demonstrates that gp96 preparations isolated from cells infected with intracellular bacteria induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and confer protection. Our findings extend previous reports on the immunogenicity of gp96-associated peptides to antigens derived from intracellular bacteria. Immunization with gp96 may therefore represent a promising vaccination strategy against bacterial pathogens.
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Guo, Jianguo, Jun Tang, Taisheng Kang, Yi Xiong, Zhiguang Xiang, and Chuan Qin. "Different immunization methods lead to altered gut flora and varied responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12697.
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Introduction: Vaccination is an essential means for prevention of tuberculosis infection, but the effects of various vaccines on the intestinal flora of mice and their response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remain poorly understood.
Methodology: In this study, two different vaccinations − ESAT6 and ESAT6 + TLR8 agonists - were administered to mice transgenic for human TLR8 to investigate gut microbiota characteristics following vaccination. Gut microbiota was investigated by next generation sequencing in the MiSeq Sequencing System. Adonis analysis was used to evaluate the effect of variables on gut bacterial community stucture. Chao1, Shannon index, and phylogenetic diversity index were used to explore the gut bacterial diversity.
Results: The results showed that different vaccines have significant influence on mice intestinal bacteria (adonis analysis, p < 0.01), with gut bacterial diversity within the ESAT6 + TLR8 agonists group being significantly decreased compared to the ESAT6 treatment group (p < 0.01). Following infection with Mtb via tail vein injection, the bacterial community structure within the control versus vaccinated groups altered significantly (adonis analysis, p < 0.01), and the altered changed genera were markedly different between the groups. Following infection, Bifidobacteria differed between the groups, indicated that they play a vital role in the response to infection.
Conclusions: Our results indicated that different vaccines might have distinct influences on intestinal flora, and their role should not be ignored.
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Root-Bernstein, Robert. "Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccination Rates and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Rates Set Geographical and Ethnic Population Susceptibility to Serious COVID-19 Cases and Deaths." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050474.
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This study examines the relationship of pneumococcal vaccination rates, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations (DTP), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), and Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (tuberculosis) vaccination rates to COVID-19 case and death rates for 51 nations that have high rates of COVID-19 testing and for which nearly complete childhood, at-risk adult and elderly pneumococcal vaccination data were available. The study is unique in a large number of nations examined, the range of vaccine controls, in testing effects of combinations of vaccinations, and in examining the relationship of COVID-19 and vaccination rates to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Analysis of Italian regions and the states of the United States were also performed. Significant positive correlations were found between IPD (but not lower respiratory infections) and COVID-19 rates, while significant negative correlations were found between pneumococcal vaccination and COVID-19 rates. Influenza and MMR vaccination rates were negatively correlated with lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates and may synergize with pneumococcal vaccination rates to protect against COVID-19. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates were independent of other vaccination rates. These results suggest that endemic rates of bacterial pneumonias, for which pneumococci are a sentinel, may set regional and national susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease and death.
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Cesaro, Simone, Mareva Giacchino, Francesca Fioredda, Angelica Barone, Laura Battisti, Stefania Bezzio, Stefano Frenos, et al. "Guidelines on Vaccinations in Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Patients." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/707691.
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Objective.Vaccinations are the most important tool to prevent infectious diseases. Chemotherapy-induced immune depression may impact the efficacy of vaccinations in children.Patients and Methods. A panel of experts of the supportive care working group of the Italian Association Paediatric Haematology Oncology (AIEOP) addressed this issue by guidelines on vaccinations in paediatric cancer patients. The literature published between 1980 and 2013 was reviewed.Results and Conclusion. During intensive chemotherapy, vaccination turned out to be effective for hepatitis A and B, whilst vaccinations with toxoid, protein subunits, or bacterial antigens should be postponed to the less intensive phases, to achieve an adequate immune response. Apart from varicella, the administration of live-attenuated-virus vaccines is not recommended during this phase. Family members should remain on recommended vaccination schedules, including toxoid, inactivated vaccine (also poliomyelitis), and live-attenuated vaccines (varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella). By the time of completion of chemotherapy, insufficient serum antibody levels for vaccine-preventable diseases have been reported, while immunological memory appears to be preserved. Once immunological recovery is completed, usually after 6 months, response to booster or vaccination is generally good and allows patients to be protected and also to contribute to herd immunity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial diseases – Vaccination"
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Patel, Amit, Richard Veerman, Jodi Polaha, Leigh Johnson, Gina Flack, Michelle Goodman, Leona McAllister, and Monaco Briggs. "Addressing Gaps in Immunization Rates in a Family Medicine Residency Clinic." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/200.
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Adult immunizations effectively reduce morbidity, mortality, and transmission rates of multiple diseases; however, outpatient providers often a struggle to convince patients to accept vaccinations. This project’s aim is to address vaccination rates in our adult population, focusing first on the influenza vaccine in year one (2016), and then on pneumococcal vaccine in year two (2017), by 1) using a strong quality improvement strategy (known as a Champion Team) and 2) implementing a clinic program consisting of provider training, improved documentation, and informative posters targeted at patients. A quality improvement strategy known as a “Champion Team” provided a strong mechanism through which we developed and implemented the interventions across both years. Specifically, the Champion Team consisted of key stakeholders (nurses, residents, physician faculty, and informatics expert) who identified, developed, and evaluated the program. Programming included an annual health care professional training session for each vaccine (early fall of 2016 and 2017 for flu, spring 2017 for pneumococcal), improved documentation strategies and nursing uptake, and informative posters in the clinic. We assayed data from our patient electronic health record to evaluate: the percentage of our patient population for whom an immunization was documented relative to the number of unique patients seen in our clinic during that time frame. This approach in year one showed a marked increase in influenza vaccination rates in our clinic. During the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 flu seasons our clinic vaccination rates were 39.98% and 42.05% respectively. After implementation of our champion team and clinic wide program to increase rates in 2016 our vaccination rates for the 2016/2017 flu seasons was 50.88%. Pneumonia data for a full year are under analyses and will be included in this presentation. We anticipate a similar increase in rates for our pneumococcal vaccinations. Our Champion Team and clinic wide program were perceived as relatively low-effort interventions yet appeared to increase vaccinations over the course of this study. The replication of these findings across pneumonia data (pending) and, in future work, with the herpes zoster vaccine (planned for Year 3), will increase our confidence that increases in rates were attributable to these very accessible interventions.
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Martin, Matthew David. "Time-dependent alterations in memory CD8 T cell function after infection." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3138.
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CD8 T cells play a critical role in the clearance of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites. Upon encountering their cognate antigen through either infection or vaccination, naïve CD8 T cells undergo robust proliferative expansion, which is followed by contraction and the formation of a memory population. Memory CD8 T cells are long-lived, and because they persist in increased numbers and possess enhanced functional abilities compared to naïve CD8 T cells, they are able to provide the host with increased protection following re-infection. Because of these properties, vaccines designed to elicit memory CD8 T cells have the potential to reduce health care burdens related to infection with pathogens including human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), malaria, influenza, and hepatitis virus. However, stimulating protective CD8 T cell responses against these pathogens through vaccination has proven challenging. Therefore, a better understanding of the properties of memory CD8 T cells generated following vaccination, and the characteristics of memory CD8 T cells best suited for providing protection against diverse pathogens is needed.
While memory CD8 T cells can be maintained for as long as the life of the host, evidence suggests that their properties change with time after infection. Because CD8 T cell-mediated protection is based upon both the numbers and quality or functional abilities of memory cells present at the time of re-infection, changes in memory CD8 T cell function over time could impact their ability to provide protection upon re-infection. Therefore, a better understanding of how memory CD8 T cells change with time after infection is needed. As part of the studies presented in this thesis, I found that the phenotype and function of memory CD8 T cells including localization, interleukin (IL)-2 cytokine production, responsiveness to homeostatic cytokines, metabolic capabilities, and proliferation and secondary memory generation potential change with time after infection. Interestingly functional changes could not be completely explained by changes in subset composition that occur with time, as changes over time were also seen in defined CD62Lhi subsets. Importantly, functional changes of memory CD8 T cells that occurred with time led to an increased ability to provide protection against a chronic viral infection. These data improve our knowledge of the capabilities of memory CD8 T cells generated following infection, and suggests that the outcome of vaccination strategies designed to elicit protective memory CD8 T cells using single or prime-boost immunizations will depend upon the timing between antigen encounters.
Following re-infection, memory CD8 T cells become activated and produce effector cytokines and cytolytic molecules that aid the host in clearing invading microbes. Activation can be triggered not only through cognate antigen recognition, but also by antigen-independent cytokine driven signals. However, our knowledge of how antigen-dependent and –independent signals contribute to CD8 T cell activation and protection following infection is incomplete. In the second part of my thesis, I show that the ability of memory CD8 T cells to become activated in response to inflammation decreases with time after infection, that antigen and inflammation act synergistically to induce activation of memory CD8 T cells, that the presence of cognate antigen enhances activation of memory CD8 T cells that contribute to clearance of infection, and that bystander memory CD8 T cell responses following unrelated bacterial infection do not provide the host with a protective benefit.
Together, the data in this thesis further our understanding of memory CD8 T cells generated following infection and/or vaccination, and the properties of memory CD8 T cells important for providing protection upon re-infection with invading pathogens.
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Angelin, Martin. "Travel – a risk factor for disease and spread of antibiotic resistance." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Infektionssjukdomar, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111057.
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As international travel is rapidly increasing, more people are being exposed to potentially more antibiotic resistant bacteria, a changed infectious disease epidemiology, and an increased risk of accidents and crime. Research-based advice is needed to adequately inform travellers about these risks. We studied travellers who sought advice from the Travel Medicine Clinic at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Umeå University Hospital, as well as university students from Umeå, Stockholm, and Gothenburg travelling abroad for study, research, and clinical exchange programs. From retrospective data at the Travel Medicine Clinic, we found that pre-existing health problems were rare among travellers from Umeå seeking pre- travel health advice and vaccinations. In addition, we found that the travel destination and the sex of the traveller affected vaccination levels. Although hepatitis A is endemic to both Thailand and Turkey, compared to travellers to Thailand few travellers to Turkey visited the clinic for hepatitis A vaccination. The data also revealed that more women than men were vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis despite comparable trips. A prospective survey study showed that travellers felt that the pre-travel health advice they received was helpful. Two-thirds of the travellers followed the advice given although they still fell ill to the same extent as those who were not compliant with the advice. Factors outside the control of travellers likely affect the travel-related morbidity. Compared to older travellers, younger travellers were less compliant with advice, fell ill to a greater extent, and took greater risks during travel. In a prospective survey study, we found that healthcare students had higher illness rates and risk exposure when abroad compared to students from other disciplines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that healthcare students more often travelled to developing regions during their study period abroad. When abroad, half of all students increased their alcohol consumption and this was linked to an increased risk of theft and higher likelihood of meeting a new sex partner. The healthcare students participating in the survey study also submitted stool samples before and after travel. These samples were tested for the presence of antibiotic resistance, both by selective culturing for ESBL-PE (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae) as well as by metagenomic sequencing. About one-third (35%) of the students became colonised by ESBL-PE following their study abroad. The strongest risk factor for colonisation was travel destination; for example, 70% of students who had travelled to India became colonised. Antibiotic treatment during travel was also a significant risk factor for colonisation. The stool samples from a subset of study subjects were analysed using metagenomic sequencing. From this we learned that although the majority of resistance genes in the gut microbiome remained unchanged following travel, several clinically important resistance genes increased, most prominently genes encoding resistance to sulphonamide, trimethoprim, and beta-lactams. Overall, taxonomic changes associated with travel were small but the proportion of Proteobacteria, which includes several clinically important bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae), increased in a majority of the study subjects. Clearly, there are risks associated with international travel and these risks include outside factors as well as the personal behaviour of travellers. We believe our results can be used to develop better pre-travel advice for tourists as well as university students studying abroad resulting in safer travel.
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Bruffaerts, Nicolas. "Preclinical studies on a new strategy combining the Bacillus of Calmette-Guérin with plasmid DNA-based subunit vaccines against tuberculosis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209082.
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La tuberculose est une maladie contagieuse causée par les bactéries appartenant au complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On estime près de neuf millions de nouveaux cas et un million de décès chaque année dans le monde. De plus, approximativement un tiers de la population mondiale est infecté de manière latente, donc à risque de développer la maladie. Le seul vaccin préventif jusqu’à présent disponible est le Bacille de Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Cependant, son efficacité contre la forme pulmonaire de la maladie, contagieuse et plus fréquente chez l’adulte, est extrêmement variable. Le développement de nouveaux vaccins prophylactiques contre la tuberculose est basé sur une stratégie de remplacement ou d’amélioration de l’actuel vaccin BCG. De nombreux candidats vaccins sous-unitaires sont évalués dans un protocole de vaccination de rappel après le BCG. Ce dernier est en effet administré à plus de 80% des nouveau-nés et des nourrissons des populations à haut risque.Le présent travail a eu pour but principal d’étudier une nouvelle approche de vaccination combinant le Bacille de Calmette-Guérin avec des vaccins sous-unitaires à ADN plasmidique dans différents modèles précliniques.
Plusieurs hypothèses tentent d’expliquer la faible efficacité du vaccin BCG, comme la faible induction de réponses immunitaires de type cellulaire T CD8+, le déclin de l’immunité protectrice induite au cours du temps, ou son répertoire antigénique limité. Les vaccins à ADN plasmidique induisant de telles réponses, le travail proposé a consisté au développement d’un nouveau protocole de vaccination basé sur la coadministration par la voie intradermique du vaccin BCG formulé avec un vaccin à ADN plasmidique codant pour un antigène mycobactérien. Nous avons observé dans plusieurs modèles murins (adulte et néonatal) une augmentation significative des réponses cellulaires de type CD4+ Th1 et CD8+, ainsi que de la réponse humorale spécifique. L’immunogénicité de cette approche a également été analysée dans un modèle animal de grande taille, à savoir le modèle porcin. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les vaccins à ADN plasmidique sont capables d’augmenter les réponses spécifiques à l’antigène codé par le plasmide mais également celles spécifiques à d’autres antigènes exprimés par le vaccin BCG. Enfin, dans la deuxième partie du travail, nous avons développé des vaccins plasmidiques codant pour des combinaisons d’antigènes phase-spécifiques de M. tuberculosis et nous avons analysé leur immunogénicité en modèle murin.
En conclusion, nous avons montré que la stratégie de coadministration par la voie intradermique du vaccin BCG avec un vaccin à ADN plasmidique encodant des antigènes mycobactériens s’avère être un protocole de vaccination réaliste et efficace pour améliorer l’immunité induite par le vaccin BCG. Elle offre par ailleurs des perspectives pour être appliquée avec des plasmides codant pour des antigènes caractéristiques de la tuberculose latente, peu reconnus après vaccination BCG, pour protéger à la fois contre la tuberculose active d’une primo-infection et contre la réactivation d’une infection latente.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Carpenter, Stephen M. "Memory CD8+ T Cell Function during Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/860.
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T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRb deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3b sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection.
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Mannam, Praveen. "Immune response and protection against Streptococcus pyogenes after vaccination with Lactococcus lactis that expresses conserved region of M6 protein." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30816.
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Most pathogens gain access to their host through mucosal surfaces. It is
therefore desirable to develop mucosal vaccines that elicit an immune response
to prevent this crucial first step in infection. Current mucosal vaccines are live
attenuated strains of pathogens. More recent efforts have focused on the use of
recombinant non-pathogenic gram-positive bacteria as live vaccine delivery
vectors. Here I have tested the potential of Lactococcus lactis to be used as a
vaccine vector. A recombinant strain of L. lactis has been constructed which
expresses and displays on its surface the C repeat region (CRR) of the M6
protein of Streptococcus pyogenes. I show that nasal vaccination of mice with
this strain elicited strong salivary IgA and serum lgG response. These responses
protected mice against a nasal challenge with S. pyogenes. Subcutaneous
vaccination with the same strain of L. lactis produced a strong serum lgG
response, but no salivary lgA response. Subcutaneous vaccination did not
protect the mice against nasal infections when the mice were challenged with
S. pyogenes. The immune response and protection afforded by concomitant
vaccination by both nasal and subcutaneous routes were better that that seen in
nasal vaccination alone. This study shows that an effective vaccine against
S. pyogenes is possible using L. lactis as a vaccine vector. It also opens up the
potential of L. lactis to be used in the development of vaccines to other mucosal
infections.Graduation date: 2004
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Cardoso, Cláudia Sofia Gomes. "Cyanobacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles and Lipopolysaccharides Virulence In Zebrafish Larvae: Towards The Development Of A New Vaccination Platform." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94260.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Investigação Biomédica apresentada à Faculdade de MedicinaAquaculture provides a controlled environment to produce aquatic animals and plants, aiming to answer human nutritional needs. Disease outbreaks in aquaculture production can represent significant constraints, with losses reaching 3 billion per year. Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for some of the most common bacterial diseases affecting aquaculture, including Aeromonas spp. (furunculosis; haemorrhagic septicaemia), Vibrio spp. (Vibriosis), Photobacterium damselae (photobacteriosis), or Tenacibaculum maritimum (tenacibaculosis), and Gram-positive bacteria such as Mycobacterium marinum (mycobacteriosis). Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are naturally produced by Gram-negative bacteria, and nowadays, their potential as tools for carrying immunogenic antigens is being studied. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are an important constituent of Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane and are linked to strong immunogenic responses in fish. Cyanobacteria display less immunogenic LPS when compared with other Gram-negative bacteria. Several trials were carried out to evaluate how LPS and OMV affected zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae survival. LPS from common fish pathogens, namely Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, T. maritimum, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae were extracted through a hot-phenol protocol and tested at different concentrations (50, 100, 250, 500, and 750 μg/mL) in 3 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae, for five days. OMV and LPS from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (WT) and its mutants, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ΔTolC (ΔTolC), Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ΔTolCΔSpy (ΔTolCΔSpy) and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ΔFucS (ΔFucS) were tested at 250 and 500 μg/mL concentrations, in 3 dpf zebrafish larvae, for five days. The results show that LPS from V. harveyi and T. maritimum are a major virulence factor, whereas the LPS from A. hydrophila and P. damselae are not. The results regarding the LPS from Synechocystis strains showed that LPS from ΔTolC and ΔTolCΔSpy are toxic for zebrafish larvae, while those from WT and ΔFucS are not. On the other hand, the OMVs isolated from the different Synechocystis strains did not affect zebrafish larvae survival. Overall, this study presents evidence that LPS is a highly virulent component in Gram-negative bacteria and the main virulent component of cyanobacterial OMVs. It was also possible to conclude that OMVs from ΔFucS present the most promising adjuvant effect, having the potential to be further developed as new vaccine delivery platforms.
A aquacultura promove um ambiente controlado para a produção de animais e plantas aquáticas, e foi criada com a intenção de responder às necessidades do Homem. O aparecimento de doenças nas produções de aquacultura representa um grande constrangimento, levando a perdas de 3 mil milhões de euros por ano. As doenças bacterianas mais comuns são causadas por bactérias Gram negativas, nomeadamente o género Aeromonas (septicemia hemorrágica), o género Vibrio (Vibriosis), a espécie Photobacterium damselae (photobacteriosis), ou a espécie Tenacibaculum maritimum (tenacibaculosis), e bactérias Gram positivas como a Mycobacterium marinum (micobacteriosis). As bactérias Gram negativas libertam vesículas extracelulares com origem na sua membrana externa, as OMVs, e têm sido usadas para o desenvolvimento do transporte de antigénios. Os lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) são um constituinte importante da membrana externa das bactérias Gram negativas e está associado a intensas respostas imunitárias em peixes. O LPS presente nas cianobactérias apresenta uma menor imunogenicidade quando comparado com o LPS de outras bactérias Gram negativas. Para avaliar o efeito do LPS e das OMVs foram feitos ensaios de imersão com larvas de peixe-zebra (Danio rerio). O LPS foi extraído de patogénicos comuns em peixes através de um protocolo de fenol quente, e as OMVs e o LPS de cianobactérias foram extraídos da espécie Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (S6803) e dos mutantes ΔTolC, ΔTolCΔSpy e ΔFucS. O LPS purificado de A. hydrophila, V. harveyi, T. maritimum e P. damselae foi testado em diferentes concentrações (50, 100, 250, 500 e 750 μg/mL) em larvas com 3 dias após a sua fertilização de peixe-zebra, enquanto que as OMVs e o LPS de Synechocystis e dos seus mutantes foram testados às concentrações de 250 e 500 μg/mL. Os resultados mostram que o LPS de V. harveyi e T. maritimum é um fator de virulência importante, enquanto que o LPS de A. hydrophila e P. damselae não é. Os resultados relativamente às OMVs e LPS de S6803 e dos seus mutantes mostram que o LPS de ΔTolC e ΔTolCΔSpy são nocivos para as larvas de peixe-zebra, enquanto que o LPS de S6803 e o mutante ΔFucS não são. Todas as OMVs testadas das diferentes estirpes de S6803 não causam mortalidade nas larvas de peixe-zebra. Concluindo, este estudo prova que o LPS é um componente altamente virulento nas bactérias Gram-negativas, como nas OMVs das cianobactérias. Também possível concluir que a estirpe ΔFucS tem as OMVs com o maior potencial de virem a ser desenvolvidas como novos meios de entrega de antigénios.
Outro - Projeto POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029540 (PTDC/BIAOUT/29540/2017), “Vesículas de membrana externa de Cianobactérias como plataformas inovadoras para a tecnologia de Vacinas” financiado pelo Portugal 2020, no âmbito do Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (COMPETE 2020) - e através da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,
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Haelle, Tara Susan. "Overlooked casualties : stories of families affected by vaccine-preventable diseases." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5167.
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The invention of the vaccine has been one of the greatest public health triumphs of the modern world. Each new vaccine has saved thousands - even millions - of lives worldwide, but this success has been fraught with controversy over the safety and even the effectiveness of vaccines. Vaccines have not always had a spotless safety record, but today’s vaccines are incredibly safe and continue to protect millions of people against diseases that have significantly declined or nearly disappeared from the developing world. It is this very success that has led many people to forget, or never discover, what those diseases are and how destructive they can be. This report tells the story of several families whose lives were deeply affected by vaccine-preventable diseases, accompanied with images that help tell their story. Following these stories is a broader discussion of the issues related to vaccines, the misunderstandings and misinformation that often circulate about them, a brief mention of their safety and efficacy, and a general discussion of many of the diseases they can prevent.text
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Chen, Chih-Yuan, and 陳志遠. "Effects of Multispecies Combinations of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Protective Effect Against Salmonella Infection of Mice and Chicks as well as their Application to the Vaccination for Newcastle Disease Vaccine." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38t6yv.
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博士國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
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Day old chicks and immature animals are susceptible to the infection of Salmonella enteric subspecies and other pathogen bacteria species. It has been reported that multistrain probiotics are more effective than monostrain probiotics due to the additive and synergistic effects. In this study, we evaluated the function of two multistrain formulas (MF), ie, MFA and MFB. Each formula consisted of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains. These strains were selected by the ability to enhance the TNF-α production in mouse macrophage 264.7 cells, and the ability to adhere human intestinal epithelium cell line Caco-2 and to chicken crop epithelial cells. Assessments of the functions of these two MFs we assayed include: The function to inhibit Salmonella invasion of chicks organs, and the enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines in Salmonella challenged chicks; The function to inhibit common parasitic infections in chicken, such as Eimeria infection. The effects on antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chicken. Results showed that MF are able to reduce the Salmonella invasion of chick organs, such as livers and spleens, e.g. reduction of Salmonella counts 1~2 log CFU/per organ; to reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes, ie, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and enhance the anti-inflammatory cytokine gene, ie, IL-10 in cecal tonsil of chicks after Salmonella invasion. MF could reduce the Eimeria infection of chicken. MF could enhance the vaccine efficacy against Newcastle disease in broiler chickens, e.g., by increase of the sera NDV antibody titer of broiler chickens. Both MFA and MFB showed anti-Salmonella and anti-Eimeria infection effects, however, MFA showed better efficacy than MFB. Thus, MFA was formulated to feed supplement for field trial use. Results showed that MFA powder, could inhibit the invasion of Salmonella, reduce the inflammatory responses, and enhance the anti-inflammatory response in chicks after invasion, and moreover, may increase the growth rate of chicken. Compared to live probiotics, heat killed (HK) LAB are easier for storage and transportation. Both MFA and MFB were heat-killed (HKMFA and HKMFB), and their adherent properties and immunomodulatory activities were evaluated. In vitro assays showed that HKMFA and HKMFB could induce high levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) production in mouse macrophages. No difference was observed for the adherent capabilities to Caco-2 cells between HK-LAB and viable LAB. In vivo assay showed that HKMFA and HKMFB could reduce Salmonella invasion of mice, reduce the inflammatory cytokines, ie, IL-6 and TNF-α, and enhance the anti-inflammatory cytokine response, ie, IL-10, in mouse serum after Salmonella infection. Finally, long-term (2 months) feeding HKMFA and HKMFB results showed that HKMFA and HKMFB could enhance the phagocytic activity in peritoneal macrophage cells. In conclusion, these results showed that the MFs of LAB use developed are with potential for feed supplement use.
Books on the topic "Bacterial diseases – Vaccination"
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Amargier, Jean-Claude. Vaccination against brucellosis in ruminants using inactivated H 38 vaccine. New Delhi: Translated and published under an agreement for the United States Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1987.
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R, Stratton Kathleen, ed. Adverse effects of vaccines: Evidence and causality. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2012.
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Kaattari, S. L. Development of a vaccine for bacterial kidney disease in salmon: Final report. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish & Wildlife, 1991.
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Vaccines 88: New Chemical And Genetic Approaches to Vaccination : Prevention of AIDS And Other Viral, Bacterial, And Parasitic Diseases (Vaccines). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Pr, 1988.
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Zoysa, Aruni De. Other bacterial diseasesDiseases caused by corynebacteria and related organisms. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0019.
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The genus Corynebacterium contains the species Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the non-diphtherial corynebacteria. C. diphtheriae is the major human pathogen in this genus, but several species of nondiphtheria corynebacteria appear to be emerging as important pathogens.Zoonotic corynebacteria rarely cause disease in humans, but recent reports have indicated that the frequency and severity of infection associated with Corynebacterium ulcerans has increased in many countries. In the past most human C.ulcerans infections have occurred through close contact with farm animals or by consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. However, recently, there have been cases of human infection following close contact with household pets. Rhodococcus equi appears to be emerging as an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human infections caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still a very rare occurrence.Antibiotics in combination with surgery and vaccination are the treatment of choice for human infection. Control of human infection is best achieved by raising awareness in those at risk (e.g. domestic pet owners, sheep shearers, the immunocompromised), clinicians involved in treating these groups and by vaccination. Reducing prevalence in the animal population could be achieved by improving hygiene in farms and husbandry practices, reducing minor injuries (e.g. cuts and abrasions) during routine procedures, and by vaccination.
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Stephen, Kaattari, United States. Bonneville Power Administration. Division of Fish and Wildlife., and Oregon State University. Dept. of Microbiology., eds. Development of a vaccine for bacterial kidney disease in salmon: Annual report FY 1984. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish & Wildlife, 1985.
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Baillie, Les, and Theresa Huwar. Anthrax. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0006.
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Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive aerobic spore-forming bacillus, primarily infecting herbivores. Although rare in the developed world the organism remains a threat to livestock in African and Asian countries where control depends on appropriate animal husbandry approaches such as vaccination and disposal/decontamination of carcasses. Animals are thought to contract anthrax by ingesting spores from contaminated soil while humans become infected via contact with diseased animals, their products or as a consequence of acts of bio-terrorism such as occurred in 2001. This unprecedented act has stimulated a burst of research, shedding new light on the biology of the organism and its ability to cause disease. It is to be hoped that this renewed interest will see anthrax once more regain the status of an exotic disease of antiquity.
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Jacquet, Gabrielle, and Andrea Dugas. Influenza. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0026.
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Influenza is a viral syndrome caused by a highly contagious viral infection. It presents with acute fever, respiratory symptoms, rigors, malaise, myalgia, and/or fatigue. Substantial morbidity and mortality can result in susceptible populations, including patients who are at the extremes of age; have chronic medical conditions; or are immunocompromised, pregnant, reside in a nursing home, obese, or of Native American descent. Antiviral treatment is recommended for those requiring hospital admission, those with lower respiratory tract disease, and inpatient populations at high risk for complications. In addition to causing a viral pneumonia, influenza damages the respiratory epithelium. This increases the risk of bacterial coinfection, especially in those with severe illness, pneumonia, and otitis media. Preventive recommendations include vaccination for everyone over the age of 6 months, minimizing potential exposures, attention to respiratory and hand hygiene, adherence to standard precautions, and minimizing visitors for patients in isolation for influenza.
Book chapters on the topic "Bacterial diseases – Vaccination"
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Elliott, Diane G., Gregory D. Wiens, K. Larry Hammell, and Linda D. Rhodes. "Vaccination against Bacterial Kidney Disease." In Fish Vaccination, 255–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118806913.ch22.
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Swanton, Claudia L., Barbara J. Timm, and Heidi K. Roeber Rice. "Immunization." In Mayo Clinic Preventive Medicine and Public Health Board Review, 93–109. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199743018.003.0007.
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The use of vaccines can be traced back to China and India before 200 BC. Vaccination, now considered one of the most effective public health interventions, became common practice in the 1940s with the introduction of vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus. Since that time, many infectious diseases have been well controlled through vaccination. This chapter focuses on live and attenuated bacterial and viral vaccines and those that are composed of toxoids. Hepatitis B, pneumococcal disease, and influenza are the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in adults. Rates of childhood vaccination remain suboptimal. Ideally, vaccination begins before infants are dismissed home after birth. Targeted awareness campaigns can be used to educate providers and the public about the importance of immunization.
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Goldblatt, David, and Mary Ramsay. "Immunization." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 706–12. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0074.
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Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ever developed: it prevents infectious diseases worldwide. The basis for its success is that the human immune system can respond to vaccines by producing pathogen-specific antibody and memory cells (both B and T cells) which protect the body should the pathogen be encountered. Most currently licensed vaccines contain live or killed bacterial or viral constituents, bacterial polysaccharides, or bacterial toxoids, while new types of vaccines are being developed that contain DNA. Most vaccines are delivered directly into skin or muscle via needles, or they are administered orally. New edible vaccines and vaccines delivered via the skin without the use of needles are being developed. The Expanded Programme on Immunization, set up by the World Health Organization to define which vaccines should be delivered in resource-poor countries, has done much to increase vaccination coverage among infants most at risk of infectious diseases.
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Humphreys, Hilary. "Case 8." In Oxford Case Histories in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, edited by Maheshi Ramasamy, 47–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846482.003.0008.
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Influenza occurring during pregnancy is associated with increased cardio-respiratory complications which are exacerbated by underlying disease. Oseltamavir is recommended despite the potential risks to the foetus. Influenza may be complicated by bacterial pneumonia or co-infection with other viruses such as metapneumovirus. Patients with suspected influenza should be isolated with respiratory precautions on admission to hospital to prevent nosocomial spread. Poor uptake of influenza vaccination amongst healthcare professionals is partly due to the mistaken belief that it may cause influenza and the fear of side-effects. In the United Kingdom, pregnant women, those with chronic diseases, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, morbid obesity, members of the public over 65 years of age, residents in long-stay homes, and children 2–9 years of age should all be vaccinated. Avian influenza was first described in 1997, occurs in younger patients, has a mortality of 50%, and, through adaptive mutations, may result in pandemic strains.
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Shin, Gee Yen. "Vaccination Schedules." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0062.
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The vaccines included in the current UK Immunisation Schedule offer protection against the following pathogens: A. Viruses ● Measles ● Mumps ● Rubella ● Polio ● Human Papilloma Virus (certain serotypes) ● Rotavirus ● Influenza virus (flu A and B) ● Varicella zoster virus (shingles) ● Hepatitis B virus B. Bacteria ● Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) ● Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) ● Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) ● Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) ● Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal disease—certain serotypes) ● Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcal disease—certain serotypes) The UK Immunisation Schedule has evolved over several decades and reflects changes in vaccine development and commercial availability, national and sometimes international disease epidemiology, and the latest expert opinion. It is designed to offer optimal protection against infectious diseases of childhood to infants and children at the most appropriate age. The most up-to-date information about the UK Immunisation Schedule is available on the online version of the Department of Health publication commonly known as the ‘Green Book’: Immunisation Against Infectious Disease Handbook (see Further reading. Various chapters of the online version are updated at regular intervals; thus, it is very important to refer to the online version of the Green Book on the website for current guidance. Changes to the UK Immunisation Schedule are made on the recommendation of the independent Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunisation (JCVI). Several of the UK Immunisation Schedule vaccines are combined vaccines: ● Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). ● Hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio virus, Haemophilus influenza type b, hepatitis B (DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB). ● Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, and Haemophilus influenzae (DTaP/IPV/Hib). ● Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio (DTaP/IPV). ● Tetanus, diphtheria, and inactivated polio (Td/IPV). ● Inactivated influenza vaccine: influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B. ● Live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine: influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B. In the UK, vaccines against single pathogens covered by the MMR vaccine are not recommended and not available in the National Health Service (NHS). There has been some limited demand for single-target vaccines, e.g. measles, due to misguided and unfounded concerns about the alleged risks of autism following MMR.
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Austin, B. "Developments in vaccination against fish bacterial disease." In Infectious Disease in Aquaculture, 218–43. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095732.2.218.
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Thwaites, C. Louise, and Lam Minh Yen. "Tetanus." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 1109–15. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0127.
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Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacillus able to infect and cause disease in both humans and animals. The bacterium is highly sensitive to oxygen but can survive in the environment as an extremely resistant metabolically inactive spore. Under suitable anaerobic conditions the spore germinates and the bacteria multiply, releasing a highly potent neurotoxin, tetanus toxin, which is responsible for the clinical features of tetanus. Tetanus is a disease characterized by muscle spasms caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Without treatment mortality is high due to muscle spasms which prevent respiration or due cardiovascular system instability secondary to autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Tetanus is prevented by good wound hygiene and/or vaccination and, although rare in developed countries, the disease remains a significant problem in many countries where facilities for treatment are often poor and mortality remains high.
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Oldstone, Michael B. A. "Introduction to the Principles of Immunology." In Viruses, Plagues, and History, 23–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how the human immune system combats viruses, either by spontaneously eliminating infections or by becoming stimulated via vaccination to prevent viral diseases. The proteins in viruses and bacteria that trigger an immune response are called antigens or immunogens, and the result of a satisfactory immune response to these antigens is immunity—long-term protection from repeated disease caused by a specific type of virus or bacteria. Similarly, a vaccine primes the immune response by programming it to anticipate and resist future pathogens like those in that particular vaccine. The immune system has evolved to deal with enormous numbers and varieties of every conceivable foreign antigen. However, the immune system must discriminate between foreign antigens, such as viral proteins, that are non-self and those antigens that are self, one’s own proteins (i.e., hormones such as insulin and cell proteins that make up muscle or nerve cells). Ultimately, the success of this system defines an organism’s capacity for survival.
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Sohail, M. Rizwan. "Select Anaerobic Bacteria: Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum." In Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review, 102–9. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199827626.003.0008.
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The focus of this chapter is 2 types of gram-negative aerobic bacteria, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, and the diseases they cause. Tetanus is a nervous system disorder characterized by intense, painful muscle spasm caused by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is prevalent in developing countries, but it is rare in developed nations owing to universal childhood vaccination. Common modes of acquisition are puncture wounds, gunshot wounds, burns, compound fractures, and contaminated or unsterile injections. Botulism is a neuroparalytic syndrome caused by neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The US Food and Drug Administration approved botulinum toxin for treatment of neuromuscular disorders, including blepharospasm, strabismus, and torticollis, and for many cosmetic procedures.
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Woodhouse, Andrew. "Case 11." In Oxford Case Histories in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, edited by Maheshi Ramasamy, 69–73. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846482.003.0011.
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Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the bacterium Bordatella pertussis. Neonates and infants under 2 months of age are at most risk of severe disease and even death. The vast burden of disease is in resource-poor areas of the world due to the beneficial impact of effective vaccination programmes in wealthy regions. Nonetheless outbreaks continue to occur and sporadic cases in older people can be an important source of infection for susceptible groups