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1
Hone, D., and J. Hackett. "Vaccination Against Enteric Bacterial Diseases." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 853–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.6.853.
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Mohd-Aris, Aslizah, Mohd Hafiz Ngoo Muhamad-Sofie, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Hassan Mohd Daud, and Md Yasin Ina-Salwany. "Live vaccines against bacterial fish diseases: A review." November-2019 12, no. 11 (November 2019): 1806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1806-1815.
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Fish diseases are often caused either by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or a combination of these pathogens. Of these, bacterial fish diseases are considered to be a major problem in the aquaculture industry. Hence, the prevention of such diseases by proper vaccination is one of the integral strategies in fish health management, aimed at reducing the fish mortality rate in the aquaculture farms. Vaccination offers an effective yet low-cost solution to combat the risk of disease in fish farming. An appropriate vaccination regime to prevent bacterial diseases offers a solution against the harmful effects of antibiotic applications. This review discusses the role of live-attenuated vaccine in controlling bacterial diseases and the development of such vaccines and their vaccination strategy. The current achievements and potential applications of live-attenuated and combined vaccines are also highlighted. Vaccine development is concluded to be a demanding process, as it must satisfy the requirements of the aquaculture industry.
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PAPADOPOULOS (Π. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), P., K. BITCHAVA (Κ. ΜΠΙΤΧΑΒΑ), E. TZIRONI (Ε. ΤΖΙΡΩΝΗ), and F. ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ). "Fish vaccination." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 59, no. 4 (November 22, 2017): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14965.
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In intensive fish rearing system, fish are kept in high densities and their chance to be exposed to micro organisms that can cause infection, such as bacteria, parasites or viruses, is very high. Under these circumstances, the problem of infectious diseases is becoming very important and has significant results. Bacterial and viral diseases of the cultured fish species have led to high mortalities and have decreased the income of the fish farming industries. There are many examples in the Mediterranean Sea, in the production of sea bream (Spams aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and many other cultured fish species. In the last years, this production has been followed by important outbreaks of known diseases and also by the appearance and identification of new ones. Until recently, for the control of the bacterial and parasite diseases, only antibiotics and chemical products were used that often demonstrated side effects, like residues in the fish muscle, development of resistance to the antibiotics and environmental pollution. Moreover, for the viral diseases, for which there is no treatment, the onset of the disease usually demands the destruction of the infected population. All the above, showed that there was a need to find methods to prevent the infection of the fish populations and this led to the development of vaccines. At the beginning, vaccines were produced only for the most common diseases and were easy to prepare bacterial vaccines, for example for vibriosis, furunculosis and red mouth disease (ERM). Nowadays, the production of new and more effective vaccines has began, even for diseases that are caused by viruses, like the subunit vaccines, the live recombinant and the genetic vaccines.
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Peltola, H. "Vaccination Against Bacterial Meningitis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (March 2010): e331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2229.
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Fielder, Mark, and David J. M. Lewis. "Vaccination against bacterial gut infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 11, no. 5 (October 1998): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199810000-00011.
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Sharma, Nikhil, and Nitin Khuller. "Periodontal Vaccine: A New Paradigm for Prevention of Periodontal Diseases." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 4, Spl (2010): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-4-spl-23.
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ABSTRACT Vaccination is a process that induces specific immune resistance to a bacterial or viral infectious disease. Vaccines have prevented several infectious diseases for many years, and are still being investigated. In late eighteenth century, Edward Jenner developed and established the principle of vaccination using the cross protection conferred by cowpox virus, which is non pathogenic in humans. Regarding a vaccine against the periodontal disease, the complexity of the periodontopathic bacteria might be a problem in determination of Antigens. Among some 300 species of bacteria involved in subgingival plaque, 5-7 species have been implicated in the etiology of periodontitis but one or two species; P.gingivalis or B. forsythus might play an important role as primary pathogens. Vaccination accomplished can be active immunization, passive immunization or DNA vaccination, made from the antigenic epitopes in periodontopathic bacteria. In light of the increasing evidence that periodontitis significantly increases risk for potentially fatal diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke and complications from diabetes mellitus a successful vaccine for periodontitis could have health benefits far exceeding the prevention of periodontitis.
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Zügel, Ulrich, Anne-Marit Sponaas, Jutta Neckermann, Bernd Schoel, and Stefan H. E. Kaufmann. "gp96-Peptide Vaccination of Mice against Intracellular Bacteria." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 4164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.6.4164-4167.2001.
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ABSTRACT This work demonstrates that gp96 preparations isolated from cells infected with intracellular bacteria induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and confer protection. Our findings extend previous reports on the immunogenicity of gp96-associated peptides to antigens derived from intracellular bacteria. Immunization with gp96 may therefore represent a promising vaccination strategy against bacterial pathogens.
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Guo, Jianguo, Jun Tang, Taisheng Kang, Yi Xiong, Zhiguang Xiang, and Chuan Qin. "Different immunization methods lead to altered gut flora and varied responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12697.
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Introduction: Vaccination is an essential means for prevention of tuberculosis infection, but the effects of various vaccines on the intestinal flora of mice and their response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remain poorly understood.
Methodology: In this study, two different vaccinations − ESAT6 and ESAT6 + TLR8 agonists - were administered to mice transgenic for human TLR8 to investigate gut microbiota characteristics following vaccination. Gut microbiota was investigated by next generation sequencing in the MiSeq Sequencing System. Adonis analysis was used to evaluate the effect of variables on gut bacterial community stucture. Chao1, Shannon index, and phylogenetic diversity index were used to explore the gut bacterial diversity.
Results: The results showed that different vaccines have significant influence on mice intestinal bacteria (adonis analysis, p < 0.01), with gut bacterial diversity within the ESAT6 + TLR8 agonists group being significantly decreased compared to the ESAT6 treatment group (p < 0.01). Following infection with Mtb via tail vein injection, the bacterial community structure within the control versus vaccinated groups altered significantly (adonis analysis, p < 0.01), and the altered changed genera were markedly different between the groups. Following infection, Bifidobacteria differed between the groups, indicated that they play a vital role in the response to infection.
Conclusions: Our results indicated that different vaccines might have distinct influences on intestinal flora, and their role should not be ignored.
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Root-Bernstein, Robert. "Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccination Rates and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Rates Set Geographical and Ethnic Population Susceptibility to Serious COVID-19 Cases and Deaths." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050474.
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This study examines the relationship of pneumococcal vaccination rates, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations (DTP), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), and Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (tuberculosis) vaccination rates to COVID-19 case and death rates for 51 nations that have high rates of COVID-19 testing and for which nearly complete childhood, at-risk adult and elderly pneumococcal vaccination data were available. The study is unique in a large number of nations examined, the range of vaccine controls, in testing effects of combinations of vaccinations, and in examining the relationship of COVID-19 and vaccination rates to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Analysis of Italian regions and the states of the United States were also performed. Significant positive correlations were found between IPD (but not lower respiratory infections) and COVID-19 rates, while significant negative correlations were found between pneumococcal vaccination and COVID-19 rates. Influenza and MMR vaccination rates were negatively correlated with lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates and may synergize with pneumococcal vaccination rates to protect against COVID-19. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates were independent of other vaccination rates. These results suggest that endemic rates of bacterial pneumonias, for which pneumococci are a sentinel, may set regional and national susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease and death.
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Cesaro, Simone, Mareva Giacchino, Francesca Fioredda, Angelica Barone, Laura Battisti, Stefania Bezzio, Stefano Frenos, et al. "Guidelines on Vaccinations in Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Patients." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/707691.
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Objective.Vaccinations are the most important tool to prevent infectious diseases. Chemotherapy-induced immune depression may impact the efficacy of vaccinations in children.Patients and Methods. A panel of experts of the supportive care working group of the Italian Association Paediatric Haematology Oncology (AIEOP) addressed this issue by guidelines on vaccinations in paediatric cancer patients. The literature published between 1980 and 2013 was reviewed.Results and Conclusion. During intensive chemotherapy, vaccination turned out to be effective for hepatitis A and B, whilst vaccinations with toxoid, protein subunits, or bacterial antigens should be postponed to the less intensive phases, to achieve an adequate immune response. Apart from varicella, the administration of live-attenuated-virus vaccines is not recommended during this phase. Family members should remain on recommended vaccination schedules, including toxoid, inactivated vaccine (also poliomyelitis), and live-attenuated vaccines (varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella). By the time of completion of chemotherapy, insufficient serum antibody levels for vaccine-preventable diseases have been reported, while immunological memory appears to be preserved. Once immunological recovery is completed, usually after 6 months, response to booster or vaccination is generally good and allows patients to be protected and also to contribute to herd immunity.
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BORBA, RODRIGO C. N., VINÍCIUS M. VIDAL, and LILIAN O. MOREIRA. "The re-emergency and persistence of vaccine preventable diseases." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 2 suppl (August 25, 2015): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140663.
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The introduction of vaccination worldwide dramatically reduced the incidence of pathogenic bacterial and viral diseases. Despite the highly successful vaccination strategies, the number of cases among vaccine preventable diseases has increased in the last decade and several of those diseases are still endemic in different countries. Here we discuss some epidemiological aspects and possible arguments that may explain why ancient diseases such as, measles, polio, pertussis, diphtheria and tuberculosis are still with us.
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Choi, Christopoulou, Saelens, García-Sastre, and Schotsaert. "TIV Vaccination Modulates Host Responses to Influenza Virus Infection that Correlate with Protection against Bacterial Superinfection." Vaccines 7, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030113.
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Background: Influenza virus infection predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Currently licensed influenza vaccines aim at the induction of neutralizing antibodies and are less effective if the induction of neutralizing antibodies is low and/or the influenza virus changes its antigenic surface. We investigated the effect of suboptimal vaccination on the outcome of post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Methods: We established a mouse vaccination model that allows control of disease severity after influenza virus infection despite inefficient induction of virus-neutralizing antibody titers by vaccination. We investigated the effect of vaccination on virus-induced host immune responses and on the outcome of superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Vaccination with trivalent inactivated virus vaccine (TIV) reduced morbidity after influenza A virus infection but did not prevent virus replication completely. Despite the poor induction of influenza-specific antibodies, TIV protected from mortality after bacterial superinfection. Vaccination limited loss of alveolar macrophages and reduced levels of infiltrating pulmonary monocytes after influenza virus infection. Interestingly, TIV vaccination resulted in enhanced levels of eosinophils after influenza virus infection and recruitment of neutrophils in both lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes after bacterial superinfection. Conclusion: These observations highlight the importance of disease modulation by influenza vaccination, even when suboptimal, and suggest that influenza vaccination is still beneficial to protect during bacterial superinfection in the absence of complete virus neutralization.
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EL-Osta, Youssef Abs, and Rima Youil. "Use of bacterial vaccines in the livestock industries." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 3 (2012): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12106.
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The prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal feed has been a long-held practice in intensive livestock production for maintaining animal health by controlling disease and promoting growth enhancement. However, the continuous use of antibiotics has evoked strong concerns over emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. There has been a concerted effort over the years by US, EU and Australian legislative authorities to reduce or eliminate prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal feed. In principle, these efforts are commendable; however, an alternative and effective method to managing disease must be available to ensure the health and welfare of livestock. There will likely be a greater reliance on vaccination programs to protect livestock from various infectious diseases. With respect to bacterial diseases, bacteria themselves form the core of vaccine development. In this article, an overview of bacterial vaccine technologies available to the livestock industries will be presented.
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Desheva, Yulia A., Galina F. Leontieva, Tatiana A. Kramskaya, Tatiana A. Smolonogina, Kornelia B. Grabovskaya, Galina O. Landgraf, Vadim E. Karev, Alexander N. Suvorov, and Larisa G. Rudenko. "Prevention of Influenza A(H7N9) and Bacterial Infections in Mice Using Intranasal Immunization With Live Influenza Vaccine and the Group B Streptococcus Recombinant Polypeptides." Virology: Research and Treatment 8 (January 1, 2017): 1178122X1771094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178122x17710949.
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We investigate the protective effect of combined vaccination based on live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and group B streptococcus (GBS) recombinant polypeptides against potential pandemic H7N9 influenza infection followed by GBS burden. Mice were intranasally immunized using 107 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of H7N3 LAIV, the mix of the 4 GBS peptides (group B streptococcus vaccine [GBSV]), or combined LAIV + GBSV vaccine. The LAIV raised serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against H7N9 in higher titers than against H7N3. Combined vaccination provided advantageous protection against infections with A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9)CDC-RG influenza and serotype II GBS. Combined vaccine significantly improved bacterial clearance from the lungs after infection compared with other vaccine groups. The smallest lung lesions due to combined LAIV + GBSV vaccination were associated with a prevalence of lung interferon-γ messenger RNA expression. Thus, combined viral and bacterial intranasal immunization using H7N3 LAIV and recombinant bacterial polypeptides induced balanced adaptive immune response, providing protection against potential pandemic influenza H7N9 and bacterial complications.
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Germanier, R. "Oral vaccination against enteric bacterial infections: An overview." Infection 13, S2 (March 1985): S206—S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01644432.
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Osterloh, Anke. "Vaccine Design and Vaccination Strategies against Rickettsiae." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080896.
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Rickettsioses are febrile, potentially lethal infectious diseases that are a serious health threat, especially in poor income countries. The causative agents are small obligate intracellular bacteria, rickettsiae. Rickettsial infections are emerging worldwide with increasing incidence and geographic distribution. Nonetheless, these infections are clearly underdiagnosed because methods of diagnosis are still limited and often not available. Another problem is that the bacteria respond to only a few antibiotics, so delayed or wrong antibiotic treatment often leads to a more severe outcome of the disease. In addition to that, the development of antibiotic resistance is a serious threat because alternative antibiotics are missing. For these reasons, prophylactic vaccines against rickettsiae are urgently needed. In the past years, knowledge about protective immunity against rickettsiae and immunogenic determinants has been increasing and provides a basis for vaccine development against these bacterial pathogens. This review provides an overview of experimental vaccination approaches against rickettsial infections and perspectives on vaccination strategies.
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Jagelavičienė, Agnė, and Vytautas Usonis. "Relationship between vaccination and atopy." Acta medica Lituanica 21, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v21i3.2995.
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Background. The rising prevalence of atopic diseases during last decades brings concern for the “Western life-style” countries. Although there is general consensus on the importance of the genetic predisposition for atopic disorders (asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis), only changes in environmental factors can explain the rise of allergic diseases during the last forty years. Vaccinations in infancy have been incriminated as an additional risk factor for development of atopic diseases. A potential relationship between vaccination and atopy could be analysed by two directions: either by activation of the Th2 network in the vaccine-specific memory response, or exposition to (attenuated or inactivated) pathogens or their components at a very young age of vaccinated children and possible promotion of Th1 proliferation. Materials and methods. The major electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane Library) were searched using key words: vaccination, atopy, relationship and children. Recent studies analysing a relationship between atopic disorders and vaccination in infancy were reviewed. Moreover, possible mechanisms of immune response to vaccines in atopic children were analysed. Results. Available evidence is rather convincing that the current regular childhood vaccination does not increase the risk of atopic disorders. Large epidemiological, prospective, cohort and multi-central studies all over the world published in last 10 years with quite large proportions of unvaccinated children included showed that vaccination in infancy was not related to development of atopic conditions starting from the first year of life up to the middle age. Even conversely, some studies detected that vaccinated children had a moderately reduced rate of atopic diseases. It was also denoted that atopy could be suppressed due to high vaccination coverage. Conclusions. Allergic or atopic children just like non-atopic children require routine immunization to be protected from serious life and health threatening viral and bacterial infections. The risks of infection by vaccine avoidance outweigh by far the possible minimal risks of immunization, moreover, anti-infectious treatment or natural infection (like pertussis) per se could be potential triggers of atopic disorders.
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Jomaa, Maha, Jose Yuste, James C. Paton, Christopher Jones, Gordon Dougan, and Jeremy S. Brown. "Antibodies to the Iron Uptake ABC Transporter Lipoproteins PiaA and PiuA Promote Opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 6852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6852-6859.2005.
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ABSTRACT PiaA and PiuA are the lipoprotein components of the Pia and Piu Streptococcus pneumoniae iron uptake ABC transporters and are required for full virulence in mouse models of infection. Active or passive vaccination with recombinant PiuA and PiaA protects mice against invasive S. pneumoniae disease. In this study we have analyzed the antibody responses and mechanism of protection induced by PiuA and PiaA in more detail. For both proteins, two booster vaccinations induced stronger antibody responses in mice than a single or no booster vaccinations, and 5 μg of protein induced similar levels of antibody responses as 20 μg. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the antibody response to PiuA and PiaA was predominantly IgG1, with induction of only low levels of IgG2a. Anti-PiaA and anti-PiuA polyclonal rabbit antibodies bound to the surface of live S. pneumoniae when assessed by flow cytometry but did not inhibit growth of S. pneumoniae in cation-depleted medium or bacterial susceptibility to the iron-dependent antibiotic streptonigrin. However, anti-PiaA and anti-PiuA did increase complement-independent and -dependent opsonophagocytosis of different serotypes of S. pneumoniae by the human neutrophil cell line HL60. Hence, vaccination with PiaA and PiuA protects against S. pneumoniae infection by inducing antibodies that promote bacterial opsonophagocytosis rather than inhibiting iron transport.
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Mojgani, N., Y. Shahali, and M. Dadar. "Immune modulatory capacity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and applications in vaccine development." Beneficial Microbes 11, no. 3 (May 11, 2020): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0121.
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Vaccination is one of the most important prevention tools providing protection against infectious diseases especially in children below the age of five. According to estimates, more than 5 million lives are saved annually by the implementation of six standard vaccines, including diphtheria, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b, polio, tetanus and yellow fever. Despite these efforts, we are faced with challenges in developing countries where increasing population and increasing disease burden and difficulties in vaccine coverage and delivery cause significant morbidity and mortality. Additionally, the high cost of these vaccines is also one of the causes for inappropriate and inadequate vaccinations in these regions. Thus, developing cost-effective vaccine strategies that could provide a stronger immune response with reduced vaccination schedules and maximum coverage is of critical importance. In last decade, different approaches have been investigated; among which live bacterial vaccines have been the focus of attention. In this regard, probiotic lactic acid bacteria have been extensively studied as safe and effective vaccine candidates. These microorganisms represent the largest group of probiotic bacteria in the intestine and are generally recognised as safe (GRAS) bacteria. They have also attracted attention due to their immunomodulatory actions and their effective role as novel vaccine adjuvants. A significant property of these bacteria is their ability to mimic natural infections, while intrinsically possessing mucosal adjuvant properties. Additionally, as live bacterial vaccines are administered orally or nasally, they have higher acceptance and better safety, but also avoid the risk of contamination due to needles and syringes. In this review, we emphasise the role of probiotic Lactobacillus strains as putative oral vaccine carriers and novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Lynch, Joyce M., David E. Briles, and Dennis W. Metzger. "Increased Protection against Pneumococcal Disease by Mucosal Administration of Conjugate Vaccine plus Interleukin-12." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 8 (August 2003): 4780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.8.4780-4788.2003.
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ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections, its main entry route being the nasal mucosa. The recent development of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines has led to a dramatic improvement in protection against invasive disease in infants and children, but these vaccines have been found to be only 50 to 60% protective against bacterial carriage. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of intranasal (i.n.) conjugate vaccine delivery using interleukin-12 (IL-12) as a mucosal adjuvant. Immunized mice treated with IL-12 demonstrated increased expression of lung and splenic gamma interferon and IL-10 mRNAs; high levels of antibody, particularly serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and respiratory IgA; and significantly increased opsonic activity. After intraperitoneal challenge with type 3 pneumococci, there was 75% survival of i.n. vaccinated mice compared to 0% survival of unvaccinated mice. In addition, after i.n. challenge with type 14 pneumococci, vaccinated mice possessed fewer bacterial colonies in the upper respiratory tract than unvaccinated mice. However, no significant difference in type 14 carriage was observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups following intramuscular vaccination, the typical route of vaccination in humans. Using mice with a genetic disruption in IgA expression, it was found that pneumococcus-specific IgA played a significant role in the clearance of bacteria from the upper respiratory tract. We conclude that i.n vaccination in the presence of IL-12 is able to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses to pneumococci and efficiently protect against both invasive infection and bacterial carriage.
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Loessner, Holger, Anne Endmann, Sara Leschner, Heike Bauer, Andrea Zelmer, Susanne zur Lage, Kathrin Westphal, and Siegfried Weiss. "Improving live attenuated bacterial carriers for vaccination and therapy." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 298, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.07.005.
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Reljic, Rajko, Laura Sibley, Jen-Min Huang, Ilaria Pepponi, Andreas Hoppe, Huynh A. Hong, and Simon M. Cutting. "Mucosal Vaccination against Tuberculosis Using Inert Bioparticles." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 11 (August 19, 2013): 4071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00786-13.
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ABSTRACTNeedle-free, mucosal immunization is a highly desirable strategy for vaccination against many pathogens, especially those entering through the respiratory mucosa, such asMycobacterium tuberculosis. Unfortunately, mucosal vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) is impeded by a lack of suitable adjuvants and/or delivery platforms that could induce a protective immune response in humans. Here, we report on a novel biotechnological approach for mucosal vaccination against TB that overcomes some of the current limitations. This is achieved by coating protective TB antigens onto the surface of inert bacterial spores, which are then delivered to the respiratory tract. Our data showed that mice immunized nasally with coated spores developed humoral and cellular immune responses and multifunctional T cells and, most importantly, presented significantly reduced bacterial loads in their lungs and spleens following pathogenic challenge. We conclude that this new vaccine delivery platform merits further development as a mucosal vaccine for TB and possibly also other respiratory pathogens.
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LeClaire, Ross D., Robert E. Hunt, and Sina Bavari. "Protection against Bacterial Superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B by Passive Vaccination." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 5 (May 2002): 2278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.5.2278-2281.2002.
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ABSTRACT We investigated the ability of two overlapping fragments of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), which encompass the whole toxin, to induce protection and also examined if passive transfer of chicken anti-SEB antibodies raised against the holotoxin could protect rhesus monkeys against aerosolized SEB. Although both fragments of SEB were highly immunogenic, the fragments failed to protect mice whether they were injected separately or injected together. Passive transfer of antibody generated in chickens (immunoglobulin Y [IgY]) against the whole toxin suppressed cytokine responses and was protective in mice. All rhesus monkeys treated with the IgY specific for SEB up to 4 h after challenge survived lethal SEB aerosol exposure. These findings suggest that large fragments of SEB may not be ideal for productive vaccination, but passive transfer of SEB-specific antibodies protects nonhuman primates against lethal aerosol challenge. Thus, antibodies raised in chickens against the holotoxin may have potential therapeutic value within a therapeutic window of opportunity after SEB encounter.
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ZHANG, Y., K. AURANEN, and M. EICHNER. "The influence of competition and vaccination on the coexistence of two pneumococcal serotypes." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 6 (November 16, 2004): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002894.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most important bacterial pathogens and a leading cause of mucosal infections (e.g. otitis media) and various forms of serious diseases (e.g. pneumonia, meningitis, bacteraemia) in developing and developed countries. Based on the polysaccharide capsule, there are at least 90 different pneumococcal serotypes, which may compete with each other to colonize the nasopharynx. Newly developed protein–polysaccharide conjugated vaccines have been shown to provide protection against disease caused by the serotypes included in the vaccine, and also against colonization (carriage). It is feared that yet uncommon, but nonetheless pathogenic serotypes which have been suppressed by competition, may become more prevalent in carriage and disease after large-scale use of conjugate vaccines. In this paper, we use transmission models of pneumococcal carriage to study how competition and vaccination influence the coexistence of two serotypes. According to our results, direct (physical) competition between two pneumococcal serotypes only influences colonization if the duration of naturally acquired immunity is short. By contrast, indirect (antibody-mediated) competition is of influence only if naturally acquired immunity is long lasting. Vaccination reduces the prevalence of the target serotype – an effect that is enforced by the presence of directly competing bacteria. The emergence of a non-target serotype after vaccination is only observed if bacteria compete directly. These results emphasize the importance of studying whether bacteria compete directly or indirectly and for how long people are protected in order to assess the long-term effects of sero-competition.
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Gavrilova, N. A., Е. А. Ustyugova, N. F. Nikityuk, Yu I. Obukhov, and V. P. Bondarev. "Special Considerations on the Use of Vaccines for Immunoprophylaxis of Bacterial Infections." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 19, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2019-19-3-145-153.
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Mass vaccination is an essential element of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, and the global community has agreed that it is crucial for preserving the lives and health of children and adults. The objective of this study was to analyse the current state of vaccination of infants under one year old against bacterial infections, given that the National Immunisation Schedule is overladen with various vaccines, and there are apparent inconsistencies between the types of marketed vaccines and recommendations on their use. The article summarises the types of antibacterial vaccines marketed in the Russian Federation, analyses some aspects of combination of different antigens and interchangeability of vaccines. The authors justify the need to amend recommendations on antibacterial vaccination and to develop common rules for the use and combination of vaccines, as well as for their interchangeability. Another important issue is adoption of requirements for the contents of patient information leaflets. The article summarises the main safety concerns regarding the use of polyvalent vaccines and simultaneous vaccination against several pathogens. It discusses safety issues of multiple immunisation and the strategy to reduce potential risks associated with an intensive vaccination schedule. The authors highlight the safety of current immunisations schedules and the need to update vaccination standards. They also demonstrate the need to harmonise national recommendations on the use of vaccines based on clinical data and the results of international clinical trials.
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Orlova, N. V. "Complex therapy of acute respiratory diseases." Medical Council, no. 15 (December 8, 2019): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-15-91-97.
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Acute respiratory disease (ARD) is a common pathology. Untimely diagnosis and treatment, co-morbidities, old age and children under 1 year of age, pregnancy can increase the severity of the condition and lead to complications and death. According to IDSA recommendations, vaccination is an effective way to prevent complications and fatal influenza cases. Vaccination is primarily for people at risk of serious illness. In cases of suspected influenza, molecular diagnostics is recommended. At the same time, treatment of suspected influenza should be prescribed immediately, without waiting for laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. Etiotropic treatment aimed at suppressing virus replication should be the first priority in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. Bacterial agents may be the primary cause of respiratory diseases or may complicate viral diseases. In the presence of a bacterial pathogen, antibacterial agents are prescribed. ARD symptoms worsen the quality of life of patients. Complex treatment of respiratory diseases includes the prescription of symptomatic therapy: antipyretics, antitussives, vasoconstrictor drugs in rhinorrhea. Cough is the most common respiratory symptom. In various diseases, cough has its own peculiarities, which allows you to carry out differential diagnosis. The American Thoracic Society has proposed schemes of differential search for acute and chronic coughs, which allow rational diagnosis of diseases. The use of antitussive drugs has its own peculiarities: when the cough is non-productive, drugs are prescribed to suppress cough, when the cough is productive - drugs are aimed at facilitating the evacuation of sputum. One of the preparations possessing expectorant, mucolytic and antispasmodic action, is Hedelix syrup on the basis of ivy.
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Toh, Zheng Quan, Rachel A. Higgins, Nadia Mazarakis, Elysia Abbott, Jordan Nathanielsz, Anne Balloch, Kim Mulholland, and Paul V. Licciardi. "Evaluating Functional Immunity Following Encapsulated Bacterial Infection and Vaccination." Vaccines 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060677.
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Encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis cause significant morbidity and mortality in young children despite the availability of vaccines. Highly specific antibodies are the primary mechanism of protection against invasive disease. Robust and standardised assays that measure functional antibodies are also necessary for vaccine evaluation and allow for the accurate comparison of data between clinical studies. This mini review describes the current state of functional antibody assays and their importance in measuring protective immunity.
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Falynskova, I. N., A. Yu Egorov, A. V. Poddubikov, N. O. Vartanova, N. P. Kartashova, E. A. Glubokova, V. A. Mkhitarov, D. S. Dzhalilova, O. V. Makarova, and I. A. Leneva. "Vaccination with virus-like particles containing hemagglutinin protects the lungs of mice with postifluenza bacterial pneumonia: virological, microbiological and clinical data." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 65, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-3-150-158.
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Introduction. Influenza is a severe viral disease, a frequent complication of which is a secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza vaccines prevent secondary bacterial complications. Virus-like particles are one of the promising areas for the development of new vaccines. The aim of this work is to study the correlation of the pathomorphological characteristics of the lungs with clinical, virological, and microbiological markers of the disease at vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs), containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus (HA-Gag-VLPs) in a murine model of secondary bacterial pneumonia induced by S. pneumoniae after influenza infection. Material and methods. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with VLPs containing influenza HA. After 21 days, mice were infected with two strains of influenza viruses, homologous and non-homologous, and 5 days after viral infection, were infected with S. pneumoniae. The vaccination effect was evaluated by morphological, virological (titer of the virus in the lungs) and microbiological (titer of bacteria in the lungs) data, and was confirmed by clinical data (survival, change in body weight). Results. Immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs, followed by infection with a homologous influenza virus and S. pneumoniae, reduced the area of foci of inflammation, inhibited the replication of the virus and bacteria in the lungs, and also protected animals from death and reduced their weight loss. Immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs upon infection with a heterologous strain and S. pneumoniae did not affect these criteria. Conclusion. The immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs prevented the viral replication, providing a reduction of S. pneumoniae titer and the degree of lung damage, protecting animals from the disease in a murine model of secondary bacterial pneumonia, induced by S. pneumoniae, after influenza infection with homologous strain of the virus.
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Chen, I. B., and H. B. Humeniuk. "Outstanding scientist and bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1291.
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Waldemar Haffkine is an outstanding bacteriologist, immunologist and epidemiologist who was born in Ukraine. He studied at the Department of Natural Sciences at the Imperial Novorossiisk University (now Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University), and his scientific career as a zoologist began under the guidance of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Ilia Mechnikov. Working at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, he developed a vaccine against cholera, tested its effectiveness on himself and for the first time vaccinated people against bacterial diseases. During the cholera epidemic in India, he established a vaccine production, organized preventive vaccinations and inoculated tens of thousands of people, as a result of which morbidity and mortality decreased tenfold. When the plague epidemic struck Bombay, W. Haffkine soon developed a plague vaccine and re-tested its safety. He founded a bacteriological laboratory in Bombay for the production of vaccines and organized large-scale vaccination schemes. The Haffkine Institute still makes millions of doses of vaccines and serums, saving people from cholera, plague, typhus, rabies, tetanus and other diseases.
Keywords: anticholera vaccine, antiplague vaccination, inoculation schemes, the Haffkine Institute.
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Eckel, Emily F., and Burim N. Ametaj. "Bacterial Endotoxins and Their Role in Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows: Mucosal Vaccine Perspectives." Dairy 1, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy1010006.
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During the periparturient period there is a significant increase in the incidence of multiple metabolic and infectious diseases in dairy cows. Dairy cows are fed high-grain diets immediately after calving to support production of large amounts of milk. Mounting evidence indicates these types of diets are associated with the release of high amounts of endotoxins in the rumen fluid. If infected, the udder and uterus additionally become important sources of endotoxins during the postpartum period. There is increasing evidence that endotoxins translocate from rumen, uterus, or udder into the systemic circulation and trigger chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions associated with multiple diseases including fatty liver, mastitis, retained placenta, metritis, laminitis, displaced abomasum, milk fever, and downer cow syndrome. Interestingly, endotoxin-related diseases are triggered by a bacterial component and not by a specific bacterium. This makes prevention of these type of diseases different from classical infectious diseases. Prevention of translocation of endotoxins into the host systemic circulation needs to take priority and this could be achieved with a new approach: mucosal vaccination. In this review article, we discuss all the aforementioned issues in detail and also report some of our trials with regards to mucosal vaccination of periparturient dairy cows.
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LEINO, T., T. TAKALA, K. AURANEN, P. H. MÄKELÄ, and A. K. TAKALA. "Indirect protection obtained by Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination: analysis in a structured population model." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 5 (October 2004): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880400250x.
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We used a structured population model to study factors determining the magnitude of indirect protection in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination. On a simulation platform mimicking the population of Finland, a Hib transmission and immunity model, including cross-reactive bacterial encounters, was formulated. Utilizing different vaccination coverages and vaccine types we could study how fast the incidence of Hib disease declined due to direct and indirect vaccination effects. With the Finnish vaccination schedule we could reproduce the observed disappearance of Hib cases. Our results show that an indirect effect was already significant with a relatively low vaccine coverage, even with a vaccine only partly reducing carriage acquisition. This suggests that the vaccination schedule and vaccine to be used should be chosen to result, in addition to immunological memory, in high antibody concentrations, sufficient to reduce carriage, the latter being the main factor behind successful elimination of transmission and disease.
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Panthel, Klaus, Wolfgang Jechlinger, Alexander Matis, Manfred Rohde, Michael Szostak, Werner Lubitz, and Rainer Haas. "Generation of Helicobacter pylori Ghosts by PhiX Protein E-Mediated Inactivation and Their Evaluation as Vaccine Candidates." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.109-116.2003.
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ABSTRACT Bacterial ghosts are empty cell envelopes, which may be generated by the controlled expression of the PhiX174 lysis gene E in gram-negative bacteria to obtain vaccine candidates. We describe here the application of this technology to Helicobacter pylori. The lysis gene cassette was cloned into an Escherichia coli-Helicobacter pylori shuttle vector and introduced into an H. pylori recipient strain by bacterial conjugation. Temperature induction of the lysis gene cassette revealed a quantitative killing of the H. pylori culture without induction of lysis-resistant bacteria. Biochemical and transmission electron microscopic studies identified structurally intact H. pylori. Prophylactic oral vaccination experiments using these H. pylori ghosts in the BALB/c mouse model showed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in the ghost group, as measured by a quantitative bacterial reisolation procedure. Ten of 10 and 5 of 10 mice were protected, respectively, without the use of a mucosal adjuvant. Coadministration of ghosts with cholera toxin as mucosal adjuvant resulted in a complete protection of 10 of 10 and 8 of 8 mice against H. pylori challenge, with three animals showing a sterile immunity.
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Duc, Le H., Huynh A. Hong, Neil Fairweather, Ezio Ricca, and Simon M. Cutting. "Bacterial Spores as Vaccine Vehicles." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 5 (May 2003): 2810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.5.2810-2818.2003.
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ABSTRACT For the first time, bacterial spores have been evaluated as vaccine vehicles. Bacillus subtilis spores displaying the tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) antigen were used for oral and intranasal immunization and were shown to generate mucosal and systemic responses in a murine model. TTFC-specific immunoglobulin G titers in serum (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) reached significant levels 33 days after oral dosing, while responses against the spore coat proteins were relatively low. Tetanus antitoxin levels were sufficient to protect against an otherwise lethal challenge of tetanus toxin (20 50% lethal doses). The robustness and long-term storage properties of bacterial spores, coupled with simplified genetic manipulation and cost-effective manufacturing, make them particularly attractive vehicles for oral and intranasal vaccination.
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Jia, Siyuan, Andrea R. McWhorter, Daniel M. Andrews, Gregory J. Underwood, and Kapil K. Chousalkar. "Challenges in Vaccinating Layer Hens against Salmonella Typhimurium." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040696.
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Salmonella Typhimurium is among the most common causes of bacterial foodborne gastrointestinal disease in humans. Food items containing raw or undercooked eggs are frequently identified during traceback investigation as the source of the bacteria. Layer hens can become persistently infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and intermittently shed the bacteria over the course of their productive lifetime. Eggs laid in a contaminated environment are at risk of potential exposure to bacteria. Thus, mitigating the bacterial load on farms aids in the protection of the food supply chain. Layer hen producers use a multifaceted approach for reducing Salmonella on farms, including the all-in-all-out management strategy, strict biosecurity, sanitization, and vaccination. The use of live attenuated Salmonella vaccines is favored because they elicit a broader host immune response than killed or inactivated vaccines that have been demonstrated to provide cross-protection against multiple serovars. Depending on the vaccine, two to three doses of Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines are generally administered to layer hens within the first few weeks. The productive life of a layer hen, however, can exceed 70 weeks and it is unclear whether current vaccination regimens are effective for that extended period. The objective of this review is to highlight layer hen specific challenges that may affect vaccine efficacy.
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MONSÓ, E., J. GARCIA-AYMERICH, N. SOLER, E. FARRERO, M. A. FELEZ, J. M. ANTÓ, and A. TORRES. "Bacterial infection in exacerbated COPD with changes in sputum characteristics." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 1 (August 2003): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008872.
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We examined the risk factors for bacterial exacerbation, defined as the presence of pathogenic bacteria in sputum, in 90 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with an exacerbation and changes in sputum characteristics. Smoking, alcohol, lung function, body mass index, medical visits and treatments were the independent variables assessed using multivariable logistic regression modelling (OR, 95% CI). A bacterial exacerbation was diagnosed in 39 (43·3%) of 90 patients. Bacterial exacerbations were more prevalent among current smokers (OR 3·77, 95% CI 1·17–12·12), in patients with poor compliance with inhalation therapy (OR 3·25, 95% CI 1·18–8·93) and with severe lung function impairment (FEV1 OR 0·96, 95% CI 0·93-1·00). Prior use of antibiotics was a risk factor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (OR 6·06, 95% CI 1·29–28·44) and influenza vaccination appeared to have a protective effect against this infection (OR 0·15, 95% CI 0·03–0·67). We conclude that severe impairment of lung function, smoking and poor compliance with therapy are risk factors for bacterial infection in COPD, and P. aeruginosa should be suspected in patients who have been treated with antibiotics and in those not vaccinated against influenza.
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Murthy, Ashlesh K., James P. Chambers, Patricia A. Meier, Guangming Zhong, and Bernard P. Arulanandam. "Intranasal Vaccination with a Secreted Chlamydial Protein Enhances Resolution of Genital Chlamydia muridarum Infection, Protects against Oviduct Pathology, and Is Highly Dependent upon Endogenous Gamma Interferon Production." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 2 (November 21, 2006): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01280-06.
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ABSTRACT There is currently no licensed vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. Conventional vaccination attempts using surface-exposed chlamydial antigens have achieved only partial success. We have employed a novel vaccination strategy using a secreted protein, chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF), which has been shown to degrade host major histocompatibility complex transcription factors and keratin-8 and therefore may allow immune evasion and establishment of a productive infection. Intranasal immunization using recombinant CPAF (rCPAF) plus interleukin-12 (IL-12) (rCPAF+IL-12 immunization) was used to assess the protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection in BALB/c mice. rCPAF+IL-12 immunization induced robust gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production and minimal IL-4 production by splenocytes upon in vitro recall with rCPAF. The total and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) anti-rCPAF antibody levels in serum were significantly elevated after rCPAF+IL-12 vaccination, as were the total antibody, IgG2a, and IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and vaginal fluids when the animals were compared to animals that received rCPAF alone. rCPAF+IL-12-vaccinated mice displayed significantly reduced bacterial shedding upon chlamydial challenge and accelerated resolution of infection compared to mock-immunized (phosphate-buffered saline) animals. Moreover, rCPAF+IL-12-immunized animals exhibited protection against pathological consequences of chlamydial infection, including the development of hydrosalpinx and oviduct dilatation. This vaccination regimen also reduced the development of fibrosis and the influx of neutrophils into the upper genital tract when the animals were compared to mock-immunized (phosphate-buffered saline) animals after bacterial challenge. rCPAF+IL-12-mediated resolution of the bacterial infection and protection against Chlamydia-induced inflammatory disease were highly dependent on endogenous IFN-γ production. Together, these results demonstrate that secreted chlamydial antigens may be novel vaccine candidates to induce protective immunity.
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Praharaj, Ira, Edward P. K. Parker, Sidhartha Giri, David J. Allen, Sophia Silas, R. Revathi, Saravanakumar Puthupalayam Kaliappan, et al. "Influence of Nonpolio Enteroviruses and the Bacterial Gut Microbiota on Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Response: A Study from South India." Journal of Infectious Diseases 219, no. 8 (September 24, 2018): 1178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy568.
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AbstractBackgroundOral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is less immunogenic in low- or middle-income than in high-income countries. We tested whether bacterial and viral components of the intestinal microbiota are associated with this phenomenon.MethodsWe assessed the prevalence of enteropathogens using TaqMan array cards 14 days before and at vaccination in 704 Indian infants (aged 6–11 months) receiving monovalent type 3 OPV (CTRI/2014/05/004588). Nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) serotypes were identified by means of VP1 sequencing. In 120 infants, the prevaccination bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.ResultsWe detected 56 NPEV serotypes on the day of vaccination. Concurrent NPEVs were associated with a reduction in OPV seroconversion, consistent across species (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.57 [.36–.90], 0.61 [.43–.86], and 0.69 [.41–1.16] for species A, B, and C, respectively). Recently acquired enterovirus infections, detected at vaccination but not 14 days earlier, had a greater interfering effect on monovalent type 3 OPV seroresponse than did persistent infections, with enterovirus detected at both time points (seroconversion in 44 of 127 infants [35%] vs 63 of 129 [49%]; P = .02). The abundance of specific bacterial taxa did not differ significantly according to OPV response, although the microbiota was more diverse in nonresponders at the time of vaccination.ConclusionEnteric viruses have a greater impact on OPV response than the bacterial microbiota, with recent enterovirus infections having a greater inhibitory effect than persistent infections.
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Rawnuck, Tanzila, Md Selim Reza, and Sabiha Monowar. "Bacterial and Viral Vaccination (non EPI) Coverage among Students in Three Educational Institutions in Bangladesh." Medicine Today 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v33i1.52168.
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Introduction: The implementation of the vaccine has already been shown to be a great success to reduce communicable diseases and its associated morbidity among human globally. The aim of this study was to figure out the actual rate of population who received non EPI bacterial and viral vaccines and to determine the risk factors associated with it.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted between September 2011 and August 2014 among 3600 students aged from 18 years to 24 years. Data of total 12 non EPI vaccines (5 bacterial - Cholera and ETEC diarrhea vaccine, Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, Tetanus and Typhoid; 7 viral- Chicken pox, Cervical vaccine, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Measles Mumps Rubella vaccine, Rota viral and Seasonal flu vaccine) were collected from the individuals’ vaccine cards. All vaccine timelines were categorized into timely, early, delayed and missed based on recommended time of vaccination. Different parameters were considered to determine the socio-demographic factors related to vaccination.
Results: Total of 3600 study population were selected from three different institutes. Percentage of rural students was almost 3.2 times higher than that of urban. About 1746(48.5%) student were from middle class family. About 2125(59.03%) of the participant’s had not adequate knowledge of vaccination. Out of 3600 study population for bacterial vaccine, rate of Tetanus vaccine was the highest in percentage which was 1248(34.67%). Percentage of other bacterial vaccines such as Cholera and ETEC diarrhea, Meningococcal, Pneumococcal and Typhoid vaccination percentages were only 27(0.75%), 29(0.81%), 111(3.08%) and 34(0.94%) respectively. Among viral vaccines, the highest receiving vaccine was Hepatitis B. 2763(76.75%) people were immune with hepatitis B vaccine. Percentage of Hepatitis A was 337(9.36%), Rota viral vaccine was 330(9.17%), Measles Mumps Rubella was 249(6.92%) and Chicken pox was 83(2.31%). The percentage was less in case of Cervical HPV and Seasonal flu vaccines which were 12(0.33%) and 20(0.56%) respectively.
Conclusion: Vaccines have proven the potential capability to reduce vaccine-preventable diseases, however, findings from the study show that people have still not been aware of non EPI bacterial and viral vaccines which can protect people from life threatening diseases and their complications.
Medicine Today 2021 Vol.33(1): 80-83
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Miccoli, Andrea, Matteo Manni, Simona Picchietti, and Giuseppe Scapigliati. "State-of-the-Art Vaccine Research for Aquaculture Use: The Case of Three Economically Relevant Fish Species." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020140.
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In the last three decades, the aquaculture sector has experienced a 527% growth, producing 82 million tons for a first sale value estimated at 250 billion USD. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections. The objective of the present review is to provide the reader with an updated perspective on the most significant and innovative vaccine research on three key aquaculture commodities. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were chosen because of their economic relevance, geographical distinctiveness, and representativeness of different culture systems. Scientific papers about vaccines against bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases will be objectively presented; their results critically discussed and compared; and suggestions for future directions given.
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Eaton, Kathryn A., and Megan E. Mefford. "Cure of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Resolution of Gastritis by Adoptive Transfer of Splenocytes in Mice." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.2.1025-1031.2001.
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ABSTRACT Vaccination suppresses Helicobacter pylori colonization but does not cure infection. Furthermore, postvaccination gastritis, likely induced by enhanced host response to residual colonization, may exacerbate disease. The goal of this study was to determine if adoptive transfer of C57BL/6 splenocytes to C57BL/6scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficient [SCID]) mice cures infection without exacerbating gastritis. H. pylori-infected and uninfected C57BL/6 mice and SCID recipients of normal splenocytes were killed at intervals between 5 and 51 weeks after infection. Colonization and gastritis were quantified, humoral immune responses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cellular immune responses were determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity response and by a proliferative response of cultured splenocytes to H. pylorisonicate. In infected C57BL/6 mice, gastritis developed gradually and bacterial colonization diminished but persisted throughout the experiment. In contrast, gastritis in infected recipient SCID mice developed rapidly and bacterial colonization decreased precipitously. Gastritis in those mice peaked 9 weeks after adoptive transfer, however, and began to resolve. By 45 weeks after transfer, gastritis had returned to background levels and bacteria were no longer detectable. Resolution of gastritis and elimination of infection were associated with a cellular but not humoral immune response to H. pylori antigens. These results demonstrate that although the host response fails to clear bacterial colonization in normal mice, enhanced cellular immune responses in recipient SCID mice are capable of clearing H. pylori infection and allowing resolution of gastritis. Thus, immune mechanisms of cure exist, and effective and safe vaccination protocols may be feasible.
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Jakimovski, Dejan, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Murali Ramanathan, Michael G. Dwyer, and Robert Zivadinov. "Infections, Vaccines and Autoimmunity: A Multiple Sclerosis Perspective." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010050.
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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is associated with multiple environmental factors. Among suspected susceptibility events, studies have questioned the potential role of overt viral and bacterial infections, including the Epstein Bar virus (EBV) and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV). Furthermore, the fast development of immunomodulatory therapies further questions the efficacy of the standard immunization policies in MS patients. Topics reviewed: This narrative review will discuss the potential interplay between viral and bacterial infections and their treatment on MS susceptibility and disease progression. In addition, the review specifically discusses the interactions between MS pathophysiology and vaccination for hepatitis B, influenza, human papillomavirus, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DTP), and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Data regarding potential interaction between MS disease modifying treatment (DMT) and vaccine effectiveness is also reviewed. Moreover, HERV-targeted therapies such as GNbAC1 (temelimab), EBV-based vaccines for treatment of MS, and the current state regarding the development of T-cell and DNA vaccination are discussed. Lastly, a reviewing commentary on the recent 2019 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice recommendations regarding immunization and vaccine-preventable infections in the settings of MS is provided. Conclusion: There is currently no sufficient evidence to support associations between standard vaccination policies and increased risk of MS. MS patients treated with immunomodulatory therapies may have a lower benefit from viral and bacterial vaccination. Despite their historical underperformance, new efforts in creating MS-based vaccines are currently ongoing. MS vaccination programs follow the set back and slow recovery which is widely seen in other fields of medicine.
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Baron, Shawn D., Rajendra Singh, and Dennis W. Metzger. "Inactivated Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain Protects against Respiratory Tularemia by Intranasal Vaccination in an Immunoglobulin A-Dependent Fashion." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 5 (February 12, 2007): 2152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01606-06.
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ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that is considered to be a potential category A biological weapon due to its extreme virulence. Although vaccination with the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis can protect against lethal challenge, use of inactivated or subunit forms as vaccine candidates for induction of protective antibody responses has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, we examined whether immune protection in the lung could be stimulated by intranasal administration of inactivated LVS together with interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant. LVS was inactivated by heat, paraformaldehyde treatment, or exposure to UV, and inactivation of the preparations was confirmed by assessing bacterial growth and the survival of mice after direct inoculation. We found that mucosal vaccination with inactivated LVS provided 90 to 100% protection in mice after lethal intranasal challenge with 104 CFU of LVS, and this protection was dependent on inclusion of exogenous IL-12 during vaccine administration. Survival of vaccinated mice after live bacterial challenge was correlated with reduced bacterial burden, decreased pulmonary inflammation, increased serum antibody titers, and lower levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 in the lungs, livers, and spleens. Whereas NK cells were primarily responsible for the production of IFN-γ in unvaccinated, challenged animals, vaccinated mice had increased levels of lung IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells after challenge. Significantly, mice genetically deficient in immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression were unable to survive lethal challenge after vaccination. These results are the first results to demonstrate that IgA-mediated protection against lethal respiratory tularemia occurs after mucosal vaccination with inactivated F. tularensis LVS.
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Tchalla, Essi Y. I., Manmeet Bhalla, Elizabeth A. Wohlfert, and Elsa N. Bou Ghanem. "Neutrophils Are Required During Immunization With the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine for Protective Antibody Responses and Host Defense Against Infection." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 8 (May 11, 2020): 1363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa242.
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Abstract Neutrophils can shape adaptive immunity; however, their role in vaccine-induced protection against infections in vivo remains unclear. Here, we tested their role in the clinically relevant polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). We antibody depleted neutrophils during vaccination, allowed them to recover, and 4 weeks later challenged mice with pneumococci. We found that while isotype-treated vaccinated controls were protected against an otherwise lethal infection in naive mice, full protection was lost upon neutrophil depletion. Compared to vaccinated controls, neutrophil-depleted mice had higher lung bacterial burdens, increased incidence of bacteremia, and lower survival rates. Sera from neutrophil-depleted mice had less antipneumococcal IgG2c and IgG3, were less efficient at inducing opsonophagocytic killing of bacteria by neutrophils in vitro, and were worse at protecting naive mice against pneumococcal pneumonia. In summary, neutrophils are required during vaccination for optimal host protection, which has important implications for future vaccine design against pneumococci and other pathogens.
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Rajan, Pethannan Raja, Malla Sudhakar, Bhaskar Bhaskar, Anubroto Gosh, and Sachin Karmakar. "MOLECULAR EVALUATION OF ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL SECONDARY METABOLITES OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM HOSPITAL WASTEWATER ENVIRONMENT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17560.
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Objective: Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. The lantibiotics form a particular group among the antimicrobial peptides and are characterized by unique structural features. They are produced by a group of bacteria against some gram-positive bacteria. The present study was designed to screen for the lantibiotic producing organisms from the hospital samples.Methods: The bacterial isolates were identified based on Bergey’s manual of bacteriology and screened for the epidermin gene by polymerase chain reaction amplification.Results: Of the 21 isolates screened, only 10 of them showed positive amplification for the epigene. Based on the biochemical characteristics, the isolates obtained were identified and labeled.Conclusion: Further study on the purification of the compound need to be done. Some bacterial samples may not have the epidermin gene which does not show amplification, this confers that the epidermin gene is absent in certain organisms.
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Araújo, Adriano F. S., Bruna C. G. de Alencar, José Ronnie C. Vasconcelos, Meire I. Hiyane, Cláudio R. F. Marinho, Marcus L. O. Penido, Silvia B. Boscardin, Daniel F. Hoft, Ricardo T. Gazzinelli, and Mauricio M. Rodrigues. "CD8+-T-Cell-Dependent Control of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in a Highly Susceptible Mouse Strain after Immunization with Recombinant Proteins Based on Amastigote Surface Protein 2." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (September 2005): 6017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.6017-6025.2005.
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ABSTRACT We previously described that DNA vaccination with the gene encoding amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP-2) protects approximately 65% of highly susceptible A/Sn mice against the lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Here, we explored the possibility that bacterial recombinant proteins of ASP-2 could be used to improve the efficacy of vaccinations. Initially, we compared the protective efficacy of vaccination regimens using either a plasmid DNA, a recombinant protein, or both sequentially (DNA priming and protein boosting). Survival after the challenge was not statistically different among the three mouse groups and ranged from 53.5 to 75%. The fact that immunization with a recombinant protein alone induced protective immunity revealed the possibility that this strategy could be pursued for vaccination. We investigated this possibility by using six different recombinant proteins representing distinct portions of ASP-2. The vaccination of mice with glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins representing amino acids 261 to 500 or 261 to 380 of ASP-2 in the presence of the adjuvants alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 provided remarkable immunity, consistently protecting 100% of the A/Sn mice. Immunity was completely reversed by the in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, and was associated with the presence of CD8+ T cells specific for an epitope located between amino acids 320 and 327 of ASP-2. We concluded that a relatively simple formulation consisting of a recombinant protein with a selected portion of ASP-2, alum, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 might be used to cross-prime strong CD8+-T-cell-dependent protective immunity against T. cruzi infection.
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Noale, Marianna, Caterina Trevisan, Stefania Maggi, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, Claudio Pedone, Mauro Di Bari, Fulvio Adorni, et al. "The Association between Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccinations and SARS-Cov-2 Infection: Data from the EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (August 23, 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030471.
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The present study aims to evaluate whether influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations are associated with positive nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) testing to detect SARS-CoV-2. Data from the Italian cross-sectional web-based survey (EPICOVID19), based on a self-selection sample of individuals aged ≥18, were considered. The probability of a positive SARS-CoV-2 NPS test result as a function of influenza or anti-pneumococcal vaccination was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression, stratifying analysis by age (<65 years, ≥65 years). From April 2020, 170,731 individuals aged <65 years and 28,097 ≥65 years filled out the EPICOVID19 questionnaire. Influenza and anti-pneumococcal vaccinations were received, respectively, by 16% and 2% of those <65 years, and by 53% and 13% of those ≥65 years. SARS-CoV-2 NPS testing was reported by 6680 participants. Anti-pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations were associated with a decreased probability of a SARS-CoV-2 NPS positive test in the younger participants (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.41–0.91; OR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.74–0.98; respectively). A significantly lower probability of a positive test result was detected in the individuals ≥65 years who received anti-pneumococcal vaccination (OR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.33–0.95). These results need to be confirmed by further investigations, but they are relevant given the probable coexistence of influenza, bacterial infections, and COVID-19 over the coming autumn–winter season.
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Santema, Wiebren, Victor Rutten, Ruud Segers, Jacqueline Poot, Selma Hensen, Hans Heesterbeek, and Ad Koets. "Postexposure Subunit Vaccination against Chronic Enteric Mycobacterial Infection in a Natural Host." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 6 (March 18, 2013): 1990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01121-12.
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ABSTRACTThe control of chronic bacterial diseases with high prevalence in areas of endemicity would strongly benefit from availability of postexposure vaccines. The development of these vaccines against mycobacterial infections, such as (para)tuberculosis, is hampered by lack of experience in natural hosts. Paratuberculosis in cattle is both a mycobacterial disease of worldwide importance and a natural host model for mycobacterial infections in general. The present study showed beneficial effects of therapeutic heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) vaccination in cattle with naturally acquired chronic infection withMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. Vaccination-induced protection was associated with antibody responses, rather than with induction of specific T helper 1 cells. Targeted therapeutic postexposure vaccination complementary to selective use of antibiotics could be an effective approach for control of chronic mycobacterial infections.
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Asamoah, Joshua Kiddy K., Farai Nyabadza, Baba Seidu, Mehar Chand, and Hemen Dutta. "Mathematical Modelling of Bacterial Meningitis Transmission Dynamics with Control Measures." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2657461.
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Vaccination and treatment are the most effective ways of controlling the transmission of most infectious diseases. While vaccination helps susceptible individuals to build either a long-term immunity or short-term immunity, treatment reduces the number of disease-induced deaths and the number of infectious individuals in a community/nation. In this paper, a nonlinear deterministic model with time-dependent controls has been proposed to describe the dynamics of bacterial meningitis in a population. The model is shown to exhibit a unique globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium E0, when the effective reproduction number RVT≤1, and a globally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium E1, when RVT>1; and it exhibits a transcritical bifurcation at RVT=1. Carriers have been shown (by Tornado plot) to have a higher chance of spreading the infection than those with clinical symptoms who will sometimes be bound to bed during the acute phase of the infection. In order to find the best strategy for minimizing the number of carriers and ill individuals and the cost of control implementation, an optimal control problem is set up by defining a Lagrangian function L to be minimized subject to the proposed model. Numerical simulation of the optimal problem demonstrates that the best strategy to control bacterial meningitis is to combine vaccination with other interventions (such as treatment and public health education). Additionally, this research suggests that stakeholders should press hard for the production of existing/new vaccines and antibiotics and their disbursement to areas that are most affected by bacterial meningitis, especially Sub-Saharan Africa; furthermore, individuals who live in communities where the environment is relatively warm (hot/moisture) are advised to go for vaccination against bacterial meningitis.
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Dagan, R. "S218 Childhood bacterial respiratory tract infections in the conjugate vaccination era." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 29 (March 2007): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70143-7.
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Hinton, M., and G. C. Mead. "Bacterial pathogens in animal feed and their control." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019723.
Full textAbstract:
Many tens of thousands of tonnes of manufactured feed are consumed by farm animals each year and yet the incidence of infectious diseases contracted from this source is extremely low.The potential disease hazards include, in alphabetical order, anthrax, botulism, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot and mouth disease, listeriosis, Newcastle disease (pigeon paramyxovirus infection), salmonellosis, swine fever and swine vesidular disease. The control of each of these diseases involves a number of different procedures, including the appropriate handling and treatment of the feed, the use of suitable management techniques on the farm, the vaccination of susceptible stock and either the treatment or slaughter of infected animals, or those animals in contact with them.Several of the diseases (foot and mouth disease, swine fever and swine vesicular disease) have been eradicated from the U.K. while others (anthrax and botulism) occur only infrequently. On the other hand, the presence of salmonellas in feed does constitute a continuing problem since, although organisms do not usually cause disease in animals consuming the feed, they may ultimately cause gastroenteritis in people who either handle or consume meat derived from the animals concerned.