Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial ecological interactions'

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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial ecological interactions"

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de Vos, Marjon G. J., Marcin Zagorski, Alan McNally, and Tobias Bollenbach. "Interaction networks, ecological stability, and collective antibiotic tolerance in polymicrobial infections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 40 (2017): 10666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713372114.

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Polymicrobial infections constitute small ecosystems that accommodate several bacterial species. Commonly, these bacteria are investigated in isolation. However, it is unknown to what extent the isolates interact and whether their interactions alter bacterial growth and ecosystem resilience in the presence and absence of antibiotics. We quantified the complete ecological interaction network for 72 bacterial isolates collected from 23 individuals diagnosed with polymicrobial urinary tract infections and found that most interactions cluster based on evolutionary relatedness. Statistical network
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Koskella, Britt, and Tiffany B. Taylor. "Multifaceted Impacts of Bacteriophages in the Plant Microbiome." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (2018): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045858.

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Plant-associated bacteria face multiple selection pressures within their environments and have evolved countless adaptations that both depend on and shape bacterial phenotype and their interaction with plant hosts. Explaining bacterial adaptation and evolution therefore requires considering each of these forces independently as well as their interactions. In this review, we examine how bacteriophage viruses (phages) can alter the ecology and evolution of plant-associated bacterial populations and communities. This includes influencing a bacterial population's response to both abiotic and bioti
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Wang, Rongyu, Xiaodong Li, Jing Li, Wei Dai, and Yaning Luan. "Bacterial Interactions with Nanoplastics and the Environmental Effects They Cause." Fermentation 9, no. 11 (2023): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9110939.

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Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the relationship between microorganisms and micro/nanoplastics. Particularly in natural environments, bacteria play an important role. For the ecological risk assessment of plastic particles, a proper understanding of how bacteria and plastic particles interact is crucial. According to a review of the research, the interaction between bacteria and nanoplastics is primarily caused by the interaction of nanoplastics with bacterial cell membranes and the induction of oxidative stress, which can have an impact on bacterial growth, lead to alterat
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Shi, Yi-Ming, and Helge B. Bode. "Chemical language and warfare of bacterial natural products in bacteria–nematode–insect interactions." Natural Product Reports 35, no. 4 (2018): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7np00054e.

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This review provides a chemical biology perspective on the different confirmed and predicted ecological roles of natural products fromPhotorhabdusandXenorhabdus, two genera of entomopathogenic bacteria living in symbiosis withHeterorhabditisandSteinernemanematodes.
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Siciliano, S. D., and J. J. Germida. "Mechanisms of phytoremediation: biochemical and ecological interactions between plants and bacteria." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 1 (1998): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-005.

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The use of plants to reduce contaminant levels in soil is a cost-effective method of reducing the risk to human and ecosystem health posed by contaminated soil sites. This review concentrates on plant-bacteria interactions that increase the degradation of hazardous organic compounds in soil. Plants and bacteria can form specific associations in which the plant provides the bacteria with a specific carbon source that induces the bacteria to reduce the phytotoxicity of the contaminated soil. Alternatively, plants and bacteria can form nonspecific associations in which normal plant processes stim
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Gonzalez Moreno, Perla Jazmin, and Michele K. Nishiguchi. "The Competitive Edge: T6SS-Mediated Interference Competition by Vibrionaceae Across Marine Ecological Niches." Microorganisms 13, no. 6 (2025): 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061370.

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Interference competition, wherein bacteria actively antagonize and damage their microbial neighbors, is a key ecological strategy governing microbial community structure and composition. To gain a competitive edge, bacteria can deploy a diverse array of antimicrobial weapons—ranging from diffusible toxins to contact-mediated systems in order to eliminate their bacterial rivals. Among Gram-negative bacteria, the type VI secretion system (T6SS) has emerged as a potent and sophisticated contact-dependent mechanism that enables the delivery of toxic cargo into neighboring cells, thereby promoting
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Jia, Meiqing, Zhiwei Gao, Huijun Gu, et al. "Effects of precipitation change and nitrogen addition on the composition, diversity, and molecular ecological network of soil bacterial communities in a desert steppe." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0248194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248194.

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Currently, the impact of changes in precipitation and increased nitrogen(N) deposition on ecosystems has become a global problem. In this study, we conducted a 8-year field experiment to evaluate the effects of interaction between N deposition and precipitation change on soil bacterial communities in a desert steppe using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results revealed that soil bacterial communities were sensitive to precipitation addition but were highly tolerant to precipitation reduction. Reduced precipitation enhanced the competitive interactions of soil bacteria and made the
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Long, Richard A., Asfia Qureshi, D. John Faulkner, and Farooq Azam. "2-n-Pentyl-4-Quinolinol Produced by a Marine Alteromonas sp. and Its Potential Ecological and Biogeochemical Roles." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (2003): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.568-576.2003.

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ABSTRACT Bacterium-bacterium interactions occur at intimate spatial scales on the order of micrometers, but our knowledge of interactions at this level is rudimentary. Antagonism is a potential interaction in such microenvironments. To study the ecological role of antibiosis, we developed a model system involving an antibiotic-producing isolate (SWAT5) derived from a marine particle and its dominant antibiotic product, 2-n-pentyl-4-quinolinol (PQ). This system was used to address questions about the significance of this antibiotic for microbial ecology and carbon cycling on particles. We chara
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Ma, Jing, Yongqiang Lu, Fu Chen, Xiaoxiao Li, Dong Xiao, and Hui Wang. "Molecular Ecological Network Complexity Drives Stand Resilience of Soil Bacteria to Mining Disturbances among Typical Damaged Ecosystems in China." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030433.

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Understanding the interactions of soil microbial species and how they responded to disturbances are essential to ecological restoration and resilience in the semihumid and semiarid damaged mining areas. Information on this, however, remains unobvious and deficiently comprehended. In this study, based on the high throughput sequence and molecular ecology network analysis, we have investigated the bacterial distribution in disturbed mining areas across three provinces in China, and constructed molecular ecological networks to reveal the interactions of soil bacterial communities in diverse locat
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Calcagnile, Matteo, Salvatore Maurizio Tredici, Adelfia Talà, and Pietro Alifano. "Bacterial Semiochemicals and Transkingdom Interactions with Insects and Plants." Insects 10, no. 12 (2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120441.

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A peculiar feature of all living beings is their capability to communicate. With the discovery of the quorum sensing phenomenon in bioluminescent bacteria in the late 1960s, it became clear that intraspecies and interspecies communications and social behaviors also occur in simple microorganisms such as bacteria. However, at that time, it was difficult to imagine how such small organisms—invisible to the naked eye—could influence the behavior and wellbeing of the larger, more complex and visible organisms they colonize. Now that we know this information, the challenge is to identify the myriad
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial ecological interactions"

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Rastelli, Eugenio. "Interactions between Viruses, Bacteria and Archaea in extreme marine environments." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242893.

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I mari profondi comprendono oltre il 95 % della biosfera globale. La scoperta della porzione profonda degli oceani è ancora agli esordi, ed è considerata una delle attuali sfide scientifiche. Gli ambienti profondi sono considrati estremi, in quanto oscuri, tipicamente freddi e caratterizzati da elevate pressioni e forte scarsità di risorse trofiche. Il presente studio fornisce nuove informazioni sui fattori che controllano il funzionamento degli ecosistemi bentonici dei mari profondi a scala globale. I sedimenti oggetto di studio sono stati raccolti usando le più sofisticate tecnologie attualm
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ZOCCARATO, LUCA. "Marine communities of bacteria and protists, their biodiversity and interactions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2908057.

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There are more than 1029 bacteria on our planet which represent the most abundant living form and that act as key players within biogeochemical cycles and in the ecosystem functioning. The photo-/autotrophic prokaryotes are one of the major primary producers in the oceans fueling pelagic food webs especially in oligotrophic conditions, while the heterotrophic fraction represents the principal consumers of the dissolved organic matter (that represent 14 to 20 times the amount of terrestrial organic carbon) contributing to the remineralization of nutrients. Inside the microbial loop, biomass of
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Ferreira, Almir José. "Diversidade e estrutura da comunidade bacteriana associada às armadilhas da planta carnívora Utricularia gibba (Lentibulariaceae) e ao ambiente aquático." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-10022012-162729/.

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A diversidade microbiana em ambientes aquáticos e sua associação com plantas carnívoras ainda é pouco estudada. Assim, a comunidade bacteriana da planta carnívora Utricularia gibba e do seu meio aquático foi avaliada por meio do seqüenciamento em larga escala (454 Roche) de uma biblioteca do gene 16S rRNA. Os resultados indicaram que a comunidade bacteriana na água é significativamente diferente da comunidade dos utrículos. Além disso, a comunidade bacteriana da água é composta principalmente por membros dos filos Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes e Verrucomicrobia, enquanto que a com
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Chen, Chen. "Earthworm interactions with denitrifying bacteria in riparian buffers: significance for nitrogen dynamics from the physiological to ecological scales." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121489.

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Denitrification is responsible for gaseous nitrogen (N) loss from in riparian buffers. Earthworms affect denitrification in controlled laboratory and field studies; however, the small-scale effects of earthworm on denitrification need to be extrapolated to the field scale. The general objective of this thesis was to determine how earthworm-denitrifying bacteria interactions could affect N dynamics at a physiological level (within the earthworm body), the individual level (earthworm drilosphere), then finally determine whether these small-scale effects could be detected at the field scale (in r
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Lopez, Fernandez Juan Sebastian [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinert. "Molecular ecological interaction of bacterial endophytes with their host Vitis vinifera (L) / Juan Sebastian Lopez Fernandez ; Betreuer: Michael Steinert." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1175817228/34.

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Lopez, Fernandez Juan Sebastian Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Steinert. "Molecular ecological interaction of bacterial endophytes with their host Vitis vinifera (L) / Juan Sebastian Lopez Fernandez ; Betreuer: Michael Steinert." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-2017072708547.

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Seebah, Shalin [Verfasser]. "Molecular and ecological analysis of cellular attachment and induction of transparent exopolymeric particle formation in diatom-bacteria interactions / Shalin Seebah." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035219999/34.

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Dourado, Manuella Nóbrega. "Ecologia de Methylobacterium spp. na planta hospedeira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-21062010-152920/.

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O gênero Methylobacterium é composto por bactérias de coloração rósea, metilotróficas facultativas (PPFM - pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic), que podem fixar nitrogênio, nodular a planta hospedeira, produzir o fitohormônio citocinina e as enzimas pectinase e celulase, podendo dessa forma promover o crescimento vegetal devido à disponibilidade de nitrogênio e à indução de resistência sistêmica. Methylobacterium spp. têm sido descritas como endófitos ou epífitas em diferentes plantas hospedeiras, onde a sua colonização e distribuição no hospedeiro podem ser influenciadas pelo genótipo d
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Valera, Martínez María José. "Development of techniques for the analysis of acetic acid bacteria populations and their interaction in different food environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284451.

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El desenvolupament de tècniques moleculars per a la detecció, identificació i tipificació de bacteris acètics és la clau per a un millor enteniment de la coexistència d’aquesta microbiota relacionada amb productes alimentaris. S’han aplicat diferents tècniques dependents e independents de cultiu per a la identificació i quantificació de bacteris acètics que es troben en raïm i vi procedents de les Illes Canàries, així com en biofilm de vinagre de maduixa. Es van detectar espècies i generes de bacteris acètics que no s’havien descrit prèviament en aquests nínxols ecològics. El disseny d’enceb
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Martins, Suzana ClÃudia Silveira. "FacilitaÃÃo como atenuante do estresse ambiental entre populaÃÃes microbianas imobilizadas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8938.

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A facilitaÃÃo como atenuante do estresse ambiental, resultante de atividades antrÃpicas, entre populaÃÃes microbianas imobilizadas, Ã o principal objetivo do presente estudo, que foi dividido em cinco capÃtulos. O primeiro consta do estado da arte sobre imobilizaÃÃo microbiana, importÃncia das interaÃÃes facilitadoras entre espÃcies sob estresse ambiental e a imobilizaÃÃo celular como ferramenta para aumentar a eficiÃncia de tratamento de poluentes tÃxicos em Ãguas residuÃrias de origem industrial. No segundo capÃtulo, foi definido o tipo de espuma de poliuretano e meio de cultura a ser usado
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Books on the topic "Bacterial ecological interactions"

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Sirová, Dagmara, Jiří Bárta, Jakub Borovec, and Jaroslav Vrba. The Utricularia-associated microbiome: composition, function, and ecology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0025.

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This chapter reviews current advances regarding plant–microbe interactions in aquatic Utricularia. New findings on the composition and function of trap commensals, based mainly on the advances in molecular methods, are presented in the context of the ecological role of Utricularia-associated microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa colonize the Utricularia trap lumen and form diverse, interactive communities. The involvement of these microbial food webs in the regeneration of nutrients from complex organic matter is explained and their potential contribution to the nutrient acquisi
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Money, Nicholas P. 6. Microbial ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0006.

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Many ecosystems are wholly microbial and the activities of microorganisms provide the biochemical foundation for plant and animal life. ‘Microbial ecology and evolution’ describes how plants depend upon the complex redox reactions of microbes that fertilize the soil by fixing nitrogen, converting nitrites to nitrates, enhancing the availability of phosphorus and trace elements, and recycling organic matter. Eukaryotic microorganisms are similarly plentiful and essential for the sustenance of plants and animals. Bacteria, archaea, and single-celled eukaryotes are the masters of the marine envir
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Kirchman, David L. Processes in Microbial Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.001.0001.

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Processes in Microbial Ecology discusses the major processes carried out by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and other protists—the microbes—in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. The book shows how advances in genomic and other molecular approaches have uncovered the incredible diversity of microbes in natural environments and unraveled complex biogeochemical processes carried out by uncultivated bacteria, archaea, and fungi. The microbes and biogeochemical processes are affected by ecological interactions, including competition for limiting nutrients, viral lysis, and predatio
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Book chapters on the topic "Bacterial ecological interactions"

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Godheja, Jai, S. K. Shekhar, and D. R. Modi. "Bacterial Rhizoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC)." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6593-4_20.

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Sahu, Pramod Kumar, Amrita Gupta, G. Lavanya, Rahul Bakade, and Dhananjaya P. Singh. "Bacterial Endophytes: Potential Candidates for Plant Growth Promotion." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5813-4_31.

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Laslo, Éva, Éva György, Beáta Ábrahám, and Gyöngyvér Mara. "Bacterial Strains with Nutrient Mobilisation Ability from Ciuc Mountains (Transylvania Region, Romania)." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5813-4_27.

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Jansson, Mats. "Nutrient Limitation and Bacteria — Phytoplankton Interactions in Humic Lakes." In Ecological Studies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03736-2_9.

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Robdrup, Melissa, Michelle Hubbard, Linda Yuya Gorim, and Monika A. Gorzelak. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Under Intercrop, Regenerative, and Conventional Agriculture Systems." In Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Higher Plants. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8220-2_13.

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AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase in diversity and abundance in agricultural systems that emphasize soil health practices, including regenerative agriculture and intercropping. Regenerative agriculture in principle includes any practice that increases biodiversity and living roots and integrates livestock while reducing tillage, bare soil, and agrichemical inputs. Intercropping increases biodiversity in an annual system and reduces disease prevalence and weeds while improving soil conditions and yielding more than the equivalent monocrop. These principles and practices simult
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Figueiredo, Guilherme Grodzki Oliveira, Valeria Rosa Lopes, Ricardo Cancio Fendrich, and Vivian Jaskiw Szilagyi-Zecchin. "Interaction Between Beneficial Bacteria and Sugarcane." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6593-4_1.

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Goel, Reeta, Vinay Kumar, Deep Kumar Suyal, Biplab Dash, Prahalad Kumar, and Ravindra Soni. "Root-Associated Bacteria: Rhizoplane and Endosphere." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5813-4_9.

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Falony, Gwen, and Luc De Vuyst. "Ecological Interactions of Bacteria in the Human Gut." In Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79058-9_16.

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Ma, Ying. "Beneficial Bacteria for Disease Suppression and Plant Growth Promotion." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5813-4_26.

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Ullah, Sana, Muhammad Baqir Hussain, Muhammad Yahya Khan, and Hafiz Naeem Asghar. "Ameliorating Salt Stress in Crops Through Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5813-4_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bacterial ecological interactions"

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Breica Borozan, Aurica, Despina-Maria Bordean, Gabriel Bujanca, Delia Dumbrava, and Sorina Popescu. "CONTROL OF PLANTS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. ON AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC FREE NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/07.

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The free nitrogen fixing bacteria are able to mobilize important soil nutrients, transforming through biological processes the unusable molecular nitrogen into an active form and to improve soil fertility, influence many aspects of plant health and ensure their growth, showing interest for the scientific world and farmers. But, on the other hand, this bacterial segment may be influenced by the edaphic factors and the interconnection with the plants, the growth phase, the physiological state and the root system of the plant, by the root exudates, which demonstrates the importance of the bacteri
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Карпин, Владимир Александрович, and Ольга Ивановна Шувалова. "MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL PERSISTENCE IN INTERACTION WITH THE MACROORGANISM." In Перспективные научные исследования: актуальные вопросы, достижения и инновации: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2024). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/240502.2024.42.99.002.

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Наиболее часто наблюдаемый исход инфекционного процесса имеет достаточно четкую альтернативу: процесс заканчивается либо выздоровлением организма, либо его гибелью. Но может возникать и третье состояние, когда между взаимодействующими биологическими объектами возникает «вооруженный нейтралитет», и микроб надолго поселяется в новой для него экологической нише. Феномен микробного персистирования является важнейшей проблемой современной инфектологии. В статье обсуждаются наиболее изученные механизмы выживания патогенных бактерий в организме хозяина, позволяющие уклоняться от биологической защиты.
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Rotariu, Mariana, Iustina Condurache, Catalin Ionite, and Marius Turnea. "ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF BURULI ULCER DISEASE WITH ARIMA AND NARNN, A DIDACTIC TOOL APPROACH." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-178.

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Mycobacterium ulcers (MU) is pathogenic bacterium transmitted in aquatic environments that produces dermal ulcers, commonly known as "buruli ulcers" via complex networks of ecological interactions that can be modelled by compartments. The prevalence of aquatic insects and arsenic concentration are factors that determine the geographical spread of MU infection. Three approaches are taken into account: one based on a compartment model that led to a system of differential equation usually solved by numerical methods, an autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) and the third one base
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Reports on the topic "Bacterial ecological interactions"

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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.

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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invas
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic marke
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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.

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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) m
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