Academic literature on the topic 'Bacterial fertilization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bacterial fertilization"
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Yang, Zhi-Jian, Xiao-Hui Wu, Lan-Ming Huang, et al. "Soil Bacteria to Regulate Phoebe bournei Seedling Growth and Sustainable Soil Utilization under NPK Fertilization." Plants 10, no. 9 (2021): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091868.
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Soil bacteria play a key role in the plant–soil system and can regulate the growth of Phoebe bournei seedlings under fertilization. However, there are few reports on how soil bacteria respond to fertilization and regulate seedling growth. This study adopted the “3414” field fertilization experiment, combined with soil microbial sequencing, nutrient contents, and biomass measurement, to explore the changes of soil chemical properties and bacterial structure under different NPK fertilization conditions and to establish the coupling relationship between soil bacteria, soil nutrients, and plant growth. The results showed that NPK fertilization decreased soil pH; increased soil N, P, and K content; reduced bacterial diversity and abundance; promoted the growth of dominant bacterial species; and enhanced Phoebe bournei seedlings’ soil N, P, and K elements. NPK fertilization promoted Proteobacteria growth, especially of three genera (Methylobacterium, Sphingobium, and Acinetobacter) and Actinobacteria, while it decreased Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. By reducing the ratio of N to K and increasing P, NPK fertilization can slow soil acidification, promote bacterial reproduction, maintain P. bournei seedlings’ soil ecological stability, and balance the seedlings’ growth and sustainable soil utilization. AD3, Pseudomonas, and Rhodanobacter can be used as the marker species for N, P, and K fertilization, respectively, while Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter, and Sphingobium can be used as indicator species for soil pH and soil N, P, and K content changes, respectively. These results provided a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the effective fertilization and cultivation of robust P. bournei seedlings.
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Yang, Yadong, Peixin Wang, and Zhaohai Zeng. "Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in a 30-Year Fertilized Paddy Field under Different Organic–Inorganic Fertilization Strategies." Agronomy 9, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010014.
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Fertilization plays important roles in improving soil fertility and in increasing crop yield. Soil microbial communities are sensitive indicators of soil quality and health, which could be affected by fertilization strategy. However, our knowledge on how organic–inorganic fertilizers application affects soil bacterial communities remains largely poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of different organic–inorganic fertilization strategies: without fertilizer (CK), fertilizers NPK (CF), fertilizers NPK, plus 30% organic manure (CFM1), and fertilizers NPK plus 60% organic manure (CFM2) on soil bacterial communities in paddy fields. Results showed that the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene abundances in treatments CF, CFM1, and CFM2 were 1.44, 1.54, and 1.28 times higher than that in CK and the ACE index in treatment CFM1 was 9.0% greater than that in treatment CFM2, respectively. Fertilization strategy significantly changed the relative abundance of Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes, and unclassified bacteria at the phylum level and bacteria belonging to order Nitrospira, candidate bacterium SBR2076, unclassified bacteria, Syntrophobacterales, and Solibacterales at the order level, respectively. High organic–inorganic fertilizer application rates inhibited the growth of Nitrospirae by 20–35%, and stimulated the growth of Gemmatimonadetes by 14–77%, relative to the rest of the treatments, respectively. Hierarchical cluster and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the fertilization strategy affected the bacterial community structures, and the organic–inorganic fertilized treatments possessed similar bacterial community structures. Furthermore, soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were the main driving factors altering the bacterial communities. Our results suggested that combined organic–inorganic fertilizers application increased soil nutrient contents and bacterial abundances, and this could be an optimized fertilization strategy in regulating soil bacterial communities for rice production.
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Zhang, Qingqing, Weiwei Zhao, Zaizhi Zhou, et al. "The Application of Mixed Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Drives Soil Nutrient and Bacterial Community Changes in Teak Plantations." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (2022): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050958.
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Appropriate fertilization can enhance forest productivity by maintaining soil fertility and improving the structure of the bacterial community. However, there is still uncertainty surrounding the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient status and bacterial community structure. A fertilization experiment was set up in an eight-year-old teak plantation with five treatments involved: mixed organic and NPK compound fertilizers (OCF), mixed organic and phosphorus fertilizers (OPF), mixed organic, NPK and phosphorus fertilizers (OCPF), mixed NPK and phosphorus fertilizers (CPF) and no fertilization (CK). Soil chemical properties and bacterial communities were investigated, and the co-occurrence pattern of the bacterial community under different fertilization treatments was compared. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter and nitrate nitrogen, and the soil pH values were the highest after OCPF treatment, which were 20.39%, 90.91% and 8.16% higher than CK, respectively. The richness and diversity of bacteria underwent no obvious changes, but the structure of the soil’s bacterial community was significantly altered by fertilization. Of the dominant bacteria taxa, the relative abundance increased for Gemmatimonadetes, Myxococcota, ADurb.Bin063-13 and Candidatus_Koribacter, and decreased for Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, JG30-KF-AS9 and Acidothermus under OCPF treatment in comparison to CK. The number of nodes and edges, the average degree and the network density of bacterial community co-occurrence networks were the greatest in OCPF treatment, indicating that application of OCPF could make the network structure of soil bacteria more stable and complex. Moreover, soil pH and organic matter were significantly correlated with bacterial community structure and were considered the main influencing factors. These findings highlight that the combined application of organic, NPK and phosphorus fertilizers is highly beneficial for improving soil quality and optimizing bacterial community structure in teak plantations.
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Li, Guoqiang, Jiaqing Liu, Wenya Zhang, Jvshui Hu, Peng Shi, and Gehong Wei. "Fertilization Alters Indicator Species Serving as Bioindicators for Evaluating Agricultural Practices Related to Maize Grain Yield." Microorganisms 13, no. 6 (2025): 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061384.
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Diversified agricultural practices reconfigure agroecosystem services by modifying fertilization, tillage intensities, and cropping patterns, altering soil properties and microbial assemblages. However, microbial communities, as critical bioindicators of soil health and productivity, respond to agricultural disturbances, and the effects of multiple practices on productivity-associated indicator species require further validation. Using 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing, this study employed a field experiment to investigate the effects of agricultural practices on soil properties, maize productivity, and microbial communities under two fertilization treatments. Within each treatment, we assessed correlations between indicator species associated with cropping–tillage practices and soil productivity. Results showed that fertilization significantly altered soil properties, increased maize grain yield by 23.9%, and reshaped bacterial and fungal community structures, increasing bacterial richness by 23% but reducing fungal richness and Shannon index by 15% and 20%, respectively. Furthermore, cropping–tillage practices significantly affected microbial communities and grain yields in both fertilized and unfertilized treatments despite a slight influence on soil properties. Distinct sets of bacterial and fungal indicator species were identified for each fertilization treatment: unfertilized soils harbored 21 dominant bacterial indicator species (e.g., Bacillus, Rhizobium, Streptomyces) and 8 fungal indicators (e.g., Cryptococcus, Gibberella, Tetracladium); fertilized soils contained 24 dominant bacterial indicators (e.g., Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Lactobacillus) and 6 fungal indicators (e.g., Gibberella, Cladosporium, Mortierella). Notably, abundances of specific indicator genera (e.g., bacteria: Bacteroides, Gemmatirosa, Iamia, Lysobacter, Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Sutterella; fungi: Glomus, Fusicolla in unfertilized soil; bacteria: Dinghuibacter, Haliangium, Kribbella, Rhodomicrobium, Terrimonas; fungi: Pulvinula in fertilized soil) correlated positively with grain yields. These findings demonstrate that fertilization reshapes the composition of microbial indicator species significantly associated with maize productivity. Tailored microbial indicator assemblages specific to distinct fertilization strategies are therefore essential for evaluating crop productivity and assessing agricultural practice impacts. Consequently, monitoring these indicator species enables rapid assessment of soil fertility changes, offering guidance for fertilization management.
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Yao, Luhua, Dangjun Wang, Lin Kang, et al. "Effects of fertilizations on soil bacteria and fungi communities in a degraded arid steppe revealed by high through-put sequencing." PeerJ 6 (April 16, 2018): e4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4623.
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Background Fertilization as one of the measures in restoring degraded soil qualities has been introduced on arid steppes in recent decades. However, the fertilization use efficiency on arid steppes varies greatly between steppe types and years, enhancing uncertainties and risks in introducing fertilizations on such natural system to restore degraded steppes. Methods The experiment was a completely randomized design with five fertilization treatments, 0 (Control), 60 kg P ha−1 (P), 100 kg N ha−1 (N), 100 kg N ha−1 plus 60 kg P ha−1 (NP), and 4,000 kg sheep manure ha−1 (M, equaling 16.4 kg P ha−1 and 81.2 kg N ha−1). Soils were sampled from a degraded arid steppe which was consecutively applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers for three years. We analyzed the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi using high-throughput sequencing technique, measured the aboveground biomass, the soil chemical properties (organic carbon, available and total phosphorus, available and total nitrogen, and pH), and the microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon. Results In total 3,927 OTU (operational taxonomic units) for bacteria and 453 OTU for fungi were identified from the tested soils. The Ace and Chao of bacteria were all larger than 2,400, which were almost 10 times of those of fungi. Fertilizations had no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. However, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungi phylum or species was sensitive to fertilizations. Fertilization, particularly the phosphorus fertilizer, influenced more on the abundance of the AMF species and colonization. Among the soil properties, soil pH was one of the most important soil properties influencing the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Discussion Positive relationships between the abundance of bacteria and fungi and the soil chemical properties suggested that soil bacteria and fungi communities in degraded steppes could be altered by improving the soil chemical properties through fertilizations. However, it is still not clear whether the alteration of the soil microbe community is detrimental or beneficial to the degraded arid steppes.
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Huo, Chunyu, Jianhui Mao, Jianlang Zhang, et al. "Fertilization- and Irrigation-Modified Bacterial Community Composition and Stimulated Enzyme Activity of Eucalyptus Plantations Soil." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3 (2024): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031385.
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Irrigation and fertilization are essential management practices for increasing forest productivity. They also impact the soil ecosystem and the microbial population. In order to examine the soil bacterial community composition and structure in response to irrigation and fertilization in a Eucalyptus plantations, a total of 20 soil samples collected from Eucalyptus plantations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Experimental treatments consisting of control (CK, no irrigation or fertilization), fertilization only (F), irrigation only (W), and irrigation and fertilization (WF). The results showed a positive correlation between soil enzyme activities (urease, cellulase, and chitinase) and fertilization treatments. These enzyme activities were also significantly correlated with the diversity of soil bacterial communities in Eucalyptus plantations.. Bacteria diversity was considerably increased under irrigation and fertilization (W, F, and WF) treatments when compared with the CK treatment. Additionally, the soil bacterial richness was increased in the Eucalyptus plantations soil under irrigation (W and WF) treatments. The Acidobacteria (38.92–47.9%), Proteobacteria (20.50–28.30%), and Chloroflexi (13.88–15.55%) were the predominant phyla found in the Eucalyptus plantations soil. Specifically, compared to the CK treatment, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was considerably higher under the W, F, and WF treatments, while the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was considerably lower. The contents of total phosphorus, accessible potassium, and organic carbon in the soil were all positively associated with fertilization and irrigation treatments. Under the WF treatment, the abundance of bacteria associated with nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, enzyme activity, and soil nutrient contents showed an increase, indicating the positive impact of irrigation and fertilization on Eucalyptus plantations production. Collectively, these findings provide the scientific and managerial bases for improving the productivity of Eucalyptus plantations.
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GÓRSKI, Rafał, Wiktor PRZEWODOWSKI, and Anna PŁAZA. "PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF REDUCING NITROGEN FERTILIZATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIAL FORMULATIONS IN THE CULTIVATION OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM L." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 371, no. 70 (2024): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2024.70.2.3.
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The use of microorganisms in agriculture is attracting increasing interest. Thus, the state of knowledge on this issue and biotechnological advances are significantly increasing. A field research was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season to evaluate the influence of the combined application of bacterial formulation and mineral nitrogen fertilization on grain and straw yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the structure of the obtained yield. The factors of the conducted field experiment were bacterial formulations: control (no application of bacterial formulations), I – Azotobacter and Arthrobacter, II – Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus azotofixans, III – Bacillus azotofixans; B – mineral nitrogen fertilization: control (no mineral nitrogen fertilization), 43 kg N·ha−1, 86 kg N·ha−1, 130 kg N·ha−1. Research was conducted demonstrating the most favorable effects after applying a bacterial formulation containing Azotobacter and Arthrobacter bacteria. It was statistically significant increase in grain yield by an average of 17%, number of ears per m2 by 15%, ear length by 5% and thousand grain weight by 3% The application of other formulations also caused an increase in the analyzed traits, but they were lower than those given for Azotobacter and Arthrobacter bacteria. A gradual increase in the level of mineral nitrogen fertilization also had a positive effect on the analyzed traits. The research conducted in the field found a possible reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilization under the conditions of the conducted experiment by about 33% without yield losses when using a bacterial formulation containing Azotobacter and Arthrobacter. Thus, it is appropriate to recommend the use of these bacteria in winter wheat cultivation, but due to the possible variable effectiveness of application under different soil and climatic conditions, the presented research should be continued in different areas both in wheat and other crops.
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Ikeda, Seishi, Mizue Anda, Shoko Inaba, et al. "Autoregulation of Nodulation Interferes with Impacts of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on the Leaf-Associated Bacterial Community in Soybeans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 6 (2011): 1973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02567-10.
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ABSTRACTThe diversities leaf-associated bacteria on nonnodulated (Nod−), wild-type nodulated (Nod+), and hypernodulated (Nod++) soybeans were evaluated by clone library analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. To analyze the impact of nitrogen fertilization on the bacterial leaf community, soybeans were treated with standard nitrogen (SN) (15 kg N ha−1) or heavy nitrogen (HN) (615 kg N ha−1) fertilization. Under SN fertilization, the relative abundance ofAlphaproteobacteriawas significantly higher in Nod−and Nod++soybeans (82% to 96%) than in Nod+soybeans (54%). The community structure of leaf-associated bacteria in Nod+soybeans was almost unaffected by the levels of nitrogen fertilization. However, differences were visible in Nod−and Nod++soybeans. HN fertilization drastically decreased the relative abundance ofAlphaproteobacteriain Nod−and Nod++soybeans (46% to 76%) and, conversely, increased those ofGammaproteobacteriaandFirmicutesin these mutant soybeans. In theAlphaproteobacteria, cluster analyses identified two operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (Aurantimonassp. andMethylobacteriumsp.) that were especially sensitive to nodulation phenotypes under SN fertilization and to nitrogen fertilization levels. Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection was not observed on the root tissues examined, presumably due to the rotation of paddy and upland fields. These results suggest that a subpopulation of leaf-associated bacteria in wild-type Nod+soybeans is controlled in similar ways through the systemic regulation of autoregulation of nodulation, which interferes with the impacts of N levels on the bacterial community of soybean leaves.
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Wang, Xiangtao, Ningning Zhao, Wencheng Li, Xin Pu, Peng Xu, and Puchang Wang. "Core Bacterial Taxa Determine Formation of Forage Yield in Fertilized Soil." Microorganisms 12, no. 8 (2024): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081679.
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Understanding the roles of core bacterial taxa in forage production is crucial for developing sustainable fertilization practices that enhance the soil bacteria and forage yield. This study aims to investigate the impact of different fertilization regimes on soil bacterial community structure and function, with a particular focus on the role of core bacterial taxa in contributing to soil nutrient content and enhancing forage yield. Field experiments and high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to analyze the soil bacterial community structure and function under various fertilization regimes, including six treatments, control with no amendment (CK), double the standard rate of organic manure (T01), the standard rate of organic manure with nitrogen input equal to T04 (T02), half the standard rate of inorganic fertilizer plus half the standard rate of organic manure (T03), the standard rate of inorganic fertilizer reflecting local practice (T04), and double the standard rate of inorganic fertilizer (T05). The results demonstrated that organic manure treatments, particularly T01, significantly increased the forage yield and the diversity of core bacterial taxa. Core taxa from the Actinomycetota, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria classes were crucial in enhancing the soil nutrient content, directly correlating with forage yield. Fertilization significantly influenced functions relating to carbon and nitrogen cycling, with core taxa playing central roles. The diversity of core microbiota and soil nutrient levels were key determinants of forage yield variations across treatments. These findings underscore the critical role of core bacterial taxa in agroecosystem productivity and advocate for their consideration in fertilization strategies to optimize forage yield, supporting the shift towards sustainable agricultural practices.
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Qiu, Chongwen, Yuanyuan Bao, Evangelos Petropoulos, et al. "Organic and Inorganic Amendments Shape Bacterial Indicator Communities That Can, In Turn, Promote Rice Yield." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020482.
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The dynamic patterns of the belowground microbial communities and their corresponding metabolic functions, when exposed to various environmental disturbances, are important for the understanding and development of sustainable agricultural systems. In this study, a two-year field experiment with soils subjected to: chemical fertilization (F), mushroom residues (MR), combined application of chemical fertilizers and mushroom residues (MRF), and no-fertilization (CK) was conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilization on the soil bacterial taxonomic and functional compositions as well as on the rice yield. The highest rice yield was obtained under MRF. Soil microbial properties (microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), urease, invertase, acid phosphatase, and soil dehydrogenase activities) reflected the rice yield better than soil chemical characteristics (soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), total K (TK), available P (AP), available K (AK), and pH). Although the dominant bacterial phyla were not significantly different among fertilizations, 10 bacterial indicator taxa that mainly belonged to Actinobacteria (Nocardioides, Marmoricola, Tetrasphaera, and unclassified Intrasporangiaceae) with functions of xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and amino acid and nucleotide metabolism were found to strongly respond to MRF. Random Forest (RF) modeling further revealed that these 10 bacterial indicator taxa act as drivers for soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, pH, TK, and C/N cycling, which directly and/or indirectly determine the rice yield. Our study demonstrated the explicit links between bacterial indicator communities, community function, soil nutrient cycling, and crop yield under organic and inorganic amendments, and highlighted the advantages of the combined chemical and organic fertilization in agroecosystems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacterial fertilization"
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De, Giorgi Stefano. "Bacterial infections of the genital tract of infertile couples and in vitro fertilization." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1138555.
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Infertility is estimated to affect approximately 9-12% of reproductive aged couples worldwide. The causes of infertility can be attributed to several pathological conditions affecting one or both partners. The introduction of “Assisted Reproduction Technologies” (ART) has allowed remarkable scientific and medical advances in the field of assisted reproduction. ART consists of different strategies to overcome some infertility factors, thereby improving reproduction efficacy. Infections of the urogenital tract may contribute to infertility with different sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) being directly or indirectly associated to infertility. Among the pathogens that have been associated to infertility, there is Enterococcus faecalis. This microorganism, previously considered just as a member of the gut microbiota of both animals and humans, is now acknowledged as an important human pathogen responsible for a variety of infections, including infections of the urogenital tract, but also life-threating infections such as sepsis and endocarditis. The presence of acquired resistance to major antibiotic classes, in addition to natural intrinsic resistance, is a relevant issue for the treatment of enterococcal infections. Aminoglycosides in combination with β-lactams is the frontline drug combination therapy for severe enterococcal infections. Of special concern is the acquisition, by horizontal transfer, of genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) which confer resistance to high levels of aminoglycosides (HLA) and eliminate the synergistic bactericidal activity with β-lactams. Despite genital tract infections can affect human fertility, there are no consensus guidelines available on their management (i.e., microbial screening, antibiotic treatment, therapy outcome) in infertile couples undergoing ART treatment.
In the present thesis, an attempt was made to better understand how infections impact on couple fertility. We have also explored the effect of hormone therapy on vaginal microbiota and reproductive outcomes of females undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). In addition, we have characterized the antibiotic susceptibility and population structure of a collection of E. faecalis clinical strains isolated from the genital tract of infertile couples to provide clinicians with relevant data to implement management of urogenital infections in infertile couples.
Chapter 2 is a general introduction to infertility-associated infections with a special focus on E. faecalis. In the first section, virulence determinants, disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of E. faecalis are described. Then, treatment of enterococcal infections with a broad overview on action and resistance mechanisms of major antibiotic classes is provided.
Chapter 3 explores the role of urogenital infections on couple fertility starting from a collection of vaginal/endocervical swabs and semen samples from 285 infertile couples. The impact of different bacterial species on the outcome of IVF was examined. The results showed the negative impact of E. faecalis on sperm quality and the association of different bacterial pathogens with reduced levels of vaginal lactobacilli. Interestingly, the presence of E. faecalis together with Ureaplasma urealyticum/Mycoplasma hominis in genital samples of infertile couples was predictive for a negative outcome of IVF.
Chapter 4 describes the phenotypic and genotypic features of 41 “infertility-associated E. faecalis” (IAF) strains described in chapter 3. Antibiotic susceptibility of different drugs was carried out (Vitek, MIC and disk diffusion methods) and assessed using EUCAST guidelines. The majority of IAF isolates were susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics, except for 8 strains that were resistant to HLA and 1 which was also resistant to fluoroquinolones. In order to characterize the IAF isolates, whole genome sequences were used to get insights into the IAF population structure and analyse the genetic bases of antimicrobial resistance. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed a high diversity of the IAF population. However, a clonal structure of HLA resistant strains was found, as 6 out of 8 resistant IAF isolates belonged to the same clonal complex (CC)/sequence type (ST) CC16/ST480.
The work described in chapter 5 evaluates the effect of treatment with exogenous gonadotropins on the vaginal microbiota of 108 infertile women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation prior to being subjected to IVF. A significant increase of vaginal diamines was observed following hormonal treatment. Analysis of vaginal swabs revealed that a shift occurred after hormone treatment from a Lactobacillus-based microbiota to a microbial population mostly constituted by streptococci, enterococci, enterobacteria, staphylococci and yeasts. A highly significant association between reduced amounts of vaginal lactobacilli and the presence of above mentioned pathogens was found. Finally, IVF outcome was significantly decreased in the patients whose vaginal samples were positive for high levels of diamines and presence of bacterial pathogens, suggesting that a link may exist between vaginal microbiota dysbiosis due to hormonal treatment and IVF failure.
Chapter 6 contains a short paragraph with the main conclusions of this Ph.D. thesis.
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Шумейко, А. Г. "Вплив системи удобрення, сидератів та бактеріальних препаратів на урожайність чіпсової картоплі при використанні крапельного поливу". Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/25096.
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Шумейко, А. Г. Вплив системи удобрення, сидератів та бактеріальних препаратів на урожайність чіпсової картоплі при використанні крапельного поливу : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 201 "Агрономія" / А. Г. Шумейко ; керівник роботи М. М. Селінний ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2021. – 44 с.<br>Однією з найважливіших галузей економіки України є сільське господарство. Світовий попит на продукти переробки картоплі дуже високий та постійно зростає, рівень цін залишається конкурентним. Якщо Україна хоче експортувати, картопляний сектор повинен мати можливість виробляти якісну продукцію з конкурентними цінами. Картопля – цінна технічна, продовольча і кормова культура. Вуглеводи у вигляді крохмалю, являються головним харчовим компонентом.
Актуальність теми. Дослідження ґрунтується на оцінці факторів технології вирощування, технології зрошувальних систем.
Мета роботи: визначити вплив регуляторів росту, добрив та бактерій на ріст, розвиток та формування врожайність чіпсової картоплі. Для реалізації поставленої мети потрібно враховувати: - морфологічні особливості чіпсових сортів картоплі; - визначити вплив бактерій на розвиток картоплі; - визначити вплив регуляторів росту на розвиток картоплі; - розрахувати економічну ефективніссть досліджувальних елементів технології.
Об’єктом дослідження: процеси росту і розвитку чіпсових сортів картоплі під впливом різних факторів.
Предмет дослідження: сорти чіпсової картоплі, бактерії, добрива, сидерати, регулятори росту.
Дослідження проводились за допомогою таких методів: 1. Спостереження - цілеспрямоване вивчення предметів, що спирається в основному на дані органів почуттів (відчуття, сприйняття, уявлення). У ході спостереження отримуються знання не тільки про зовнішні сторони об'єкта пізнання, але - в якості кінцевої мети - про його істотні властивості і відносини. 2. Експеримент - активне і цілеспрямоване втручання у перебіг досліджуваного процесу, відповідну зміну об'єкта або його відтворення в спеціально створених і контрольованих умовах. 3. Порівняння - пізнавальна операція, що лежить в основі суджень про подібність або відмінність об'єктів. За допомогою порівняння виявляються якісні та кількісні характеристики предметів.
Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що технологія вирощування картоплі з використанням зрошувальних систем дуже цікава розробка, яка ще не вдосконалена, інформації дуже багато та мало хто впроваджує таку технологію, господарства які використовують практично таку технологію в Україні дуже мало. Використання регуляторів росту підтверджено дослідами господарства та може буду впроваджена в технології інших сільськогосподарських підприємств.
Апробація матеріалів випускної кваліфікаційної роботи. Шумейко, А.
Г. Стан та перспективи вирощування картоплі в Україні та світі. Новітні технології у науковій діяльності і навчальному процесі : зб. тез Всеукр. наук.- практ. конф. студентів, аспірантів та молодих учених (м. Чернігів, 8-9 квіт. 2020 р.) . Іновації в технології вирощування картоплі. Інноваційний розвиток інформаційного суспільства: економіки-управлінські, правові та соціокультурні аспекти: IX Міжнародна науково-практична конференція студентів, аспірантів та молодих учених (м. Чернігів, 22 грудня 2020 р.).<br>One of the most important sectors of Ukraine's economy is agriculture. Global demand for potato products is very high and constantly growing, the price level remains competitive. If Ukraine wants to export, the potato sector must be able to produce quality products at competitive prices. Potatoes are a valuable technical, food and fodder crop. Carbohydrates in the form of starch are the main food component.
Actuality of theme. The study is based on the assessment of factors of cultivation technology, technology of irrigation systems.
Objective: to determine the impact of growth regulators, fertilizers and bacteria on the growth, development and yield of potato chips. To achieve this goal you need to consider: - morphological features of potato chips; - to determine the influence of bacteria on the development of potatoes; - to determine the influence of growth regulators on the development of potatoes; - calculate the economic efficiency of research elements of technology.
Object of research: the processes of growth and development of potato chips under the influence of various factors.
Subject of research: varieties of potato chips, bacteria, fertilizers, greens, growth regulators.
Research was conducted using the following methods: 1. Observation - purposeful study of objects, based mainly on the data of the senses (sensations, perceptions, ideas). In the course of observation, knowledge is obtained not only about the external aspects of the object of knowledge, but - as the ultimate goal - about its essential properties and relationships. 2. Experiment - active and purposeful intervention in the course of the studied process, the corresponding change of the object or its reproduction in specially created and controlled conditions. 3. Comparison - a cognitive operation that underlies judgments about the similarity or difference of objects. The comparison reveals the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects.
The scientific novelty of the study is that the technology of growing potatoes using irrigation systems is a very interesting development that has not yet been improved, there is a lot of information and few people implement this technology, farms that use almost such technology in Ukraine are very few. The use of growth regulators has been confirmed by farm research and may be implemented in the technology of other agricultural enterprises.
Approbation of materials of final qualification work. Шумейко, А.
D. Status and prospects of potato growing in Ukraine and the world. The latest technologies in scientific activity and educational process: coll. thesis All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conf. students, graduate students and young scientists (Chernihiv, April 8-9, 2020). Innovations in potato growing technology. Innovative development of the information society: economic-managerial, legal and socio-cultural aspects: IX International scientific-practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists (Chernihiv, December 22, 2020).
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Mokoena, Tsitso Zachariah. "The effect of direct phosphorus and potassium fertilization on soybean (Glycine Max L.) yield and quality." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40352.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean is a vital cash, oil and protein crop. To achieve good yields and quality, adequate
amounts of essential nutrients are required. Therefore, application of P and K plus inoculation
with Bradyrhizobium bacteria should be included in the general production of soybean.
However, the practice in South Africa is to apply no P and K when producing soybean since the
farmers rely on residual P and K from the previous cropping season. The objective of this study
was to determine that direct P and K application to a soybean crop may have positive results in
terms of production and quality. The research was conducted at the Hatfield Experimental Farm
of the University of Pretoria under green-house and open field conditions during the 2010/2011
season. The field trial treatments consisted of combinations of 3 levels of P (0, 20 and 40 kg P ha-1) and 3 levels of K (0, 50 and 100 kg K ha-1)applied in factorial combination for a
Completely Randomized Block design, replicated four times. The pot trial was also a factorial
experiment using a Completely Randomized Design with the two factors each at five levels of
application (P at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg P ha-1 and K at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg K ha-1). Each
treatment combination was replicated four times. Phosphorus and K were applied as
Superphosphate (10.5%) and KCl (50%) respectively. The cultivar LS 6161R was planted under
rain-fed conditions while LS 6162R was used as test crop in the green-house. Seeds were
inoculated at planting with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, with no additional N applied during the
season. Composite soil samples were collected from each plot and pot before and after planting
and analyzed for pH (H2O) and plant-available nutrients. During the growing season,the field trial plants were sampled for LAI while canopy closure and
plant height were measured for plants in the middle rows of each plot. Harvesting commenced
after leaves senesced and pods had turned brown. The data recorded was on the number of pods
per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of nodes per plant, fresh and dry root, stem and pod
mass, 100-seed mass, total seed yield as well as protein and oil content. The results for the field
trial showed that K significantly improved plant height, canopy closure and 100-seed mass as
compared to the control. The application of P and K revealed no significant impact on leaf area
index. Although not significantly, pod number per plant was reduced by applying P, resulting in
the control having the highest number of pods. A significant improvement in grain yield was
observed through application of K. The highest grain yield (2.60 t ha-1) was observed at the
highest K level (100 kg K ha-1). The lowest grain yield was observed where no K fertilizer was
applied. Although grain yield was not significantly affected by P nor the P*K interaction, there
was a trend of increased yield with increased levels of P and P*K.Phosphorus, irrespective of the
application rate, increased protein content but decreased oil content, while increased K
application rates resulted in increased oil content while it decreased the protein content as
compared to the control. The green-house data showed that plant height was significantly and positively affected by P, K
as well as the P*K interaction. Maximum mean plant height were recorded with low application
of P and no K (10 kg P + 0 kg K ha-1) as well as medium application of K and no P(0kg P + 100
kg K ha-1) which were significantly higher than the measurements recorded at 20, 30 and 40 kg P
ha-1 regardless of K applied. In general, the range in number of nodes per plant was very narrow
(19 to 21) and node number was not affected by P and K application. The lower levels of P
fertilizer (10 and 20 kg P ha-1) gave the greatest number of pods. P*K interaction effects were
not significant. With two exceptions, plants receiving 40 kg P ha-1 regardless of K tended to have
the highest number of nodules. Although there was no statistical significance recorded between
the treatments, 30 kg P + 150 kg K ha-1 produced the highest root fresh mass which is higher
than that of the control plants but on par with plants receiving 10kg P + 100 kg K ha-1. The data
on dry root mass of soybean had shown that various rates of P had a negative effect on it. There
was a gradual decrease in pod mass with increased application of P from 10 to 40 kg P ha-1with
the latter having the lowest pod mass than even that of the control. Although K and P*K
interaction were not significant, all K application rates resulted in increased fresh and dry stem
mass.
From the current study, medium to high levels (± 100-150 kg K ha-1) of K applied directly to the soybean crop can be recommended as it had a positive impact on soybean growth and yield. On
the other hand, the plant’s reaction to P was very much dependent on the initial soil P level,
resulting in varying reactions. Therefore the farmer’s practice of using residual P from the
previous season could not be proven completely wrong.<br>Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Plant Production and Soil Science<br>unrestricted
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Shah, Parita Raj. "Evaluation of Digital PCR (dPCR) for the Quantification of Soil Nitrogen Turnover Bacteria in Wetland Mesocosms in Response to Season, Fertilization, and Plant Species Richness." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87580.
Full textAbstract:
Excess nutrients from nonpoint sources are an ongoing problem that is expected to worsen as population and fertilizer usage rise. Conventional centralized treatment systems are not well suited to address nonpoint source pollution. More distributed best management practices (BMPs) like constructed wetlands are a promising alternative and have been widely implemented in the US since the 1970's. Constructed wetlands are multi-functional systems that can effectively store and transform harmful contaminants using primarily natural processes. However, the removal of pollutants like nitrogen by wetlands is highly variable, likely due to a combination of factors such as plant species-specific assimilation behavior, the effects of plant communities on microbial diversity and function, and variable nitrogen inputs. In this study, the effect of plant species richness (i.e., number of plant species in a system) and seasonal nutrient loading (i.e., nitrogen fertilization) on the microbial community responsible for regulating nitrogen turnover in wetland mesocosm soils was investigated. The chip-based QuantStudio 3D digital PCR (QS3D dPCR) system was used to quantify ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), comammox, anammox, and denitrifiers. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify dominant patterns in the microbial community and nitrogen species. Resampling-based analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess statistical significance of any observed differences caused by nitrogen fertilization or plant species richness. Results indicated that fertilization or season, which was convolved with fertilization, was the dominant factor influencing the microbial community in the study environment (27% variance explained), as indicated by the disparate clustering of fall (fertilized) and spring (unfertilized) samples about principal component 1 (fall: negative PC1, spring: positive PC1). Because unplanted unfertilized controls sampled in November clustered within the season in which they were collected rather than with other unfertilized samples collected in May, season may have influenced microbial community shifts more than fertilization for unplanted systems. This finding should be interpreted cautiously, however, given the small number of unplanted unfertilized controls (N = 2) and the absence of similar controls in the planted systems. The most abundant bacterial groups detected in May (November) were AOB, nirK, anammox, and Nitrospira spp. NOB (AOB, anammox, Nitrospira spp. NOB, and nosZ). The effects of plant species richness were more nuanced, with greater richness significantly impacting the abundance of only a subset of bacterial groups (i.e., the nitrifying bacteria AOB, Nitrospira spp. NOB, and comammox, but not the denitrifying bacteria). Different relationships between richness and microbial abundance were observed in different seasonal nutrient loadings (i.e., interaction effects between richness and fertilization were detected for some bacterial groups).<br>MS<br>As global population continues to rise, fertilizer application is becoming more commonplace in order to meet increasing agricultural demand. Fertilizers supply nutrients like nitrogen that, in excess, can negatively affect water quality. Since conventional treatment systems are largely impractical to control such diffuse, nonpoint sources of pollution, more distributed best management practices (BMPs) like constructed wetlands are a promising alternative. Several important nitrogen transformations occur within wetlands, of which soil microbial communities have a significant influence over. For instance, nitrifying bacteria can transform ammonia into nitrate and denitrifying bacteria can transform nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen. Constructed wetlands are designed to mimic these complex, dynamic processes, and can be manipulated for more effective nitrogen pollution control. However, the removal of pollutants like nitrogen by wetlands is highly variable, likely due to a combination of factors such as plant species-specific assimilation behavior, the effects of plant communities on microbial diversity and function, and variable nitrogen inputs. In this study, the effects of plant species richness (i.e., number of plant species in a system) and seasonal nutrient loading (i.e., nitrogen fertilization) on several types of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in wetland mesocosm soils were investigated. Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) was used to quantify bacterial abundance. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify dominant patterns within the data and resampling-based analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess statistical significance of any observed differences caused by fertilization, season, and/or plant species richness. Results indicated that fertilization or season, which was convolved with fertilization, wasthe dominant factor influencing the microbial community in the study environment. The effects of plant species richness were more nuanced, with greater richness significantly impacting the abundance of only a subset of bacterial groups (i.e., the nitrifying bacteria AOB, Nitrospira spp. NOB, and comammox, but not the denitrifying bacteria).
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Santos, Talles Eduardo Borges dos [UNESP]. "Comunidade microbiana do solo e produtividade do feijoeiro, com e sem inoculação com rizóbio, associado a fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106183.
Full textAbstract:
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santos_teb_dr_ilha.pdf: 877289 bytes, checksum: a1240fc91e93aa9a506e6626cfbc1bd7 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A cultura do feijão apresenta freqüentes respostas à adubação nitrogenada e à inoculação, porém com diferentes magnitudes, possivelmente reflexo da reação dos microrganismos do solo à interferência antrópica. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar, por meio de variáveis microbiológicas, fertilidade e produtividade do feijoeiro sob semeadura direta, o efeito da inoculação com Rhizobium tropici e da aplicação de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e épocas de aplicação. Os experimentos foram desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada em Selvíria-MS, sendo este, realizados nos anos de 2006 e 2007. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados e analisados em esquema fatorial 2x3x2, com 4 repetições em 2006 e 3 repetições em 2007, sendo constituídos de dois tratamentos de inoculação de sementes (INOC – com inoculação e NINOC- sem inoculação), três épocas de aplicação de N (15A - 15 dias antes da semeadura, SEM - na semeadura e 15D - 15 dias após semeadura) e duas fontes de nitrogênio (uréia - 45% de N e ENTEC® 26 - produto comercial com 26 % de N de liberação lenta) na dose de 90 kg ha-1. Os tratamentos com inoculação, juntamente com a aplicação de nitrogênio de diferentes fontes em diferentes épocas, provocaram alterações significativas na comunidade microbiana, sendo que a inoculação de sementes quando aliada à uréia na semeadura ou o emprego do ENTEC®26 aos 15 dias após a semeadura, proporcionaram os melhores resultados do ponto de vista microbiológico. A produtividade, porém, não foi influenciada pela inoculação ou pela aplicação de 90 kg de N por ha-1 utilizando uréia ou ENTEC®26, aplicados 15 dias antes, na semeadura ou 15 dias após a semeadura.<br>The common bean shows many results to the nitrogen fertilization and to the inoculation, however with different magnitudes, possibly a reflex of the soil microorganisms’ reaction as a consequence of antropic interference. The objective of this work was to verify, through microbiological variables, fertility and the common bean productivity, under no-tillage system, with the inoculation of the Rhizobium tropici and the distinct nitrogen sources and different period applications. The experiments were developed at experimental station of UNESP - São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria- MS, and carried through in the years of 2006 and 2007. A randomized blocks design was the treatment were under a 2x3x2 factorial scheme, with 4 repetitions in 2006 and 3 repetitions in 2007, regarding the two treatments with seeds inoculation (INOC – with inoculation and NINOC- without inoculation), three times of N application (15A - 15 days before sowing, SOW - at the sowing and 15D - 15 days after sowing) and two nitrogen sources (urea - 45% of N and ENTEC® 26 - commercial product with 26% and inhibitor of nitrification) in the doses of 90 kg ha-1. The treatments with inoculation, plus the different sources of N and periods of application, significantly modified the microbian community, being that the seeds inoculation, when applied with the urea in the sowing, or with the ENTEC®26 applied 15 days after the sowing, provided better resulted of the microbiological point of view. The productivity, however, was not influenced by the inoculation, neither by the application of 90 kg of N for ha-1 using urea or ENTEC®26, applied 15 days before, in the sowing or 15 days after the sowing.
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Piotto, Katherine Derlene Batagin. "Atuação da manifestação bacteriana no desenvolvimento in vitro de clones de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-10062013-170117/.
Full textAbstract:
A presença de bactérias na base de microplantas estabelecidas in vitro, acarreta o descarte da cultura, tornando a técnica onerosa. Entretanto, há de se considerar que nem sempre a presença dos microrganismos afeta o desenvolvimento das plantas em diferentes fases da micropropagação, inferindo que essas colônias são resultantes de exsudações de endófitos da espécie cultivada. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visou verificar as possíveis influências da manifestação bacteriana endofítica no desenvolvimento in vitro de clones de Eucalyptus benthamii. Para tanto, foram útilizados quatro clones (BP101; BP115, BP118 e BP120), em duas etapas de desenvolvimento: multiplicação e alongamento e, embora o processo in vitro fosse o principal foco da pesquisa, as análises estenderam-se para a fase de aclimatização, ou seja, desenvolvimento ex vitro. As microcepas foram mantidas in vitro sob dois tipos de manifestações bacterianas, as quais por sua vez, foram distintas quanto à coloração em: manifestação de colônias amarelas e manifestação de colônias brancas e, o controle, sem manifestação. Para compreender o desenvolvimento das microplantas na presença dos microrganismos, foram avaliados os parâmetros referentes ao incremento em massa seca, número de brotações, brotações alongadas e enraizamento, bem como características anatômicas e bioquímicas (produção de malondealdeído e teor de nitrogênio) das mesmas. Por meio da identificação molecular por BOX-PCR os isolados bacterianos foram agrupados e posteriormente identificados por sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA. As linhagens bacterianas identificadas foram analisadas quanto à produção de AIA e fixação de nitrogênio, sendo as linhagens com os melhores resultados utilizadas na bacterização de microcepas de duas diferentes espécies de eucalipto (E. benthamii e E. cloeziana). Os resultados evidenciaram que nem toda presença microbiana in vitro é prejudicial às plantas micropropagadas, pelo contrário, observou-se que na maioria dos casos em E. benthamii, as manifestações possuem efeito neutro ou benéfico, promovendo o desenvolvimento das microplantas. As manifestações brancas e/ou amarelas constituíam uma associação de bactérias, com alta especificidade na interação endófito/microplanta. As análises moleculares identificaram similaridade com seis gêneros bacterianos: Curtobacterium (Actinobacteria), Bacillus e Aneurinibacillus (Firmicutes), Delftia (Betaproteobacteria), Bradyrhizobium, e Novosphingobium (Alphaproteobacteria), onde alguns deles mostraram-se comuns nos diferentes clones, sendo a Curtobacterium presente em todas as manifestações de todos os clones de E. benthamii analisados. Os resultados obtidos com a bacterização de diferentes espécies de eucalipto reforçam a especificidade da microbiota endofítica manifestada com seu hospedeiro, uma vez que a introdução de um isolado (inóculo) pode ocasionar alteração no equilíbrio do sistema de interação estabelecido, acarretando na redução ou simplesmente mantendo estável a taxa de crescimento das microplantas. Dessa forma, diante do atual panorama das biofábricas, as quais descartam inúmeras microplantas cultivadas in vitro em decorrência das manifestações bacterianas, evitar o descarte das microcepas e controlar sua manifestação, representa minimizar consideravelmente os prejuízos para as empresas e setores de pesquisas.<br>The occurrence of bacteria growing together with microplants in vitro conditions frequently lead to discard of the material, increasing the costs on the micropropagation techniques. However, the microorganisms presence on the bacterial cultures do not always affect the plant development during the different phases of micropropagation because the bacteria colony probability are originated from self microplants as endophytic manifestations. This study evaluated the possible influences of the endophytic bacterian manifestation in the development of Eucalyptus benthamii growing on in vitro conditions. To access the evaluations were used four clones (BP101, BP115, BP118 e BP120) in two phases of microplants in vitro development: multiplication and elongation. The microstumps were grown under two different kinds of bacterial manifestations, distinguishable by colors in: white colony manifestations, yellow colony manifestations and no manifestations (control). To elucidate the microstumps development under the microorganisms presence, were evaluated referent parameters to the dry mass increasing, number of shoots, elongated shoots and rooting, as well as anatomical and biochemical characteristics alterations (malondialdehyde and nitrogen content). After bacterial isolation, they were grouped and identified by BOX-PCR, using partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. On the sets of the identified bacteria were analyzed for the AIA production and the nitrogen fixation, and those with better results were used to bacterizate another microstumps of two different Eucalyptus species (E. benthamii and E. cloeziana). The results indicate that the presence of in vitro microrganisms and microstumps together not always affect negatively the plant development. In opposite, bacterial manifestations brought benefits, stimulating the microstumps growth or do not affecting the growth of E. benthamii in vitro conditions. Actually, the white and yellow manifestations represents clusters of different bacteria, with high specificity in the interaction microstumps and endophytic. Molecular approaches identified through similarity analysis, six bacterial genus: Curtobacterium (Actinobacteria), Bacillus and Aneurinibacillus (Firmicutes); Delftia (Betaproteobacteria), Bradyrhizobium and Novosphingobium (Alphaproteobacteria). The occurrences of several of the bacteria were common among some clones, and Curtobacterium was present in all clones of E. benthamii analyzed. The results obtained by bacterization of two different Eucalyptus species confirmed that there is a high specificity between endophytic microorganisms\" manifestations and its host plants, because the artificial bacteria introduction can causes alterations on the equilibrium of the establishment system of plant-microorganism interactions, reducing or stabilizing growth rates on microstumps. Considering the current situation about the biofactories, which usually discard great amount of cultivate microplants in vitro because of the bacterial manifestation, it´s possible avoid these plant discard and make a control of their manifestations, with the intention to minimize substantially the losses in biofactories and also in research laboratories.
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Santos, Talles Eduardo Borges dos. "Comunidade microbiana do solo e produtividade do feijoeiro, com e sem inoculação com rizóbio, associado a fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106183.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato<br>Banca: Francisco Maximino Fernandes<br>Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá<br>Banca: Arnaldo Colozzi Filho<br>Banca: Diva de Souza Andrade<br>Resumo: A cultura do feijão apresenta freqüentes respostas à adubação nitrogenada e à inoculação, porém com diferentes magnitudes, possivelmente reflexo da reação dos microrganismos do solo à interferência antrópica. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar, por meio de variáveis microbiológicas, fertilidade e produtividade do feijoeiro sob semeadura direta, o efeito da inoculação com Rhizobium tropici e da aplicação de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e épocas de aplicação. Os experimentos foram desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada em Selvíria-MS, sendo este, realizados nos anos de 2006 e 2007. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados e analisados em esquema fatorial 2x3x2, com 4 repetições em 2006 e 3 repetições em 2007, sendo constituídos de dois tratamentos de inoculação de sementes (INOC - com inoculação e NINOC- sem inoculação), três épocas de aplicação de N (15A - 15 dias antes da semeadura, SEM - na semeadura e 15D - 15 dias após semeadura) e duas fontes de nitrogênio (uréia - 45% de N e ENTEC® 26 - produto comercial com 26 % de N de liberação lenta) na dose de 90 kg ha-1. Os tratamentos com inoculação, juntamente com a aplicação de nitrogênio de diferentes fontes em diferentes épocas, provocaram alterações significativas na comunidade microbiana, sendo que a inoculação de sementes quando aliada à uréia na semeadura ou o emprego do ENTEC®26 aos 15 dias após a semeadura, proporcionaram os melhores resultados do ponto de vista microbiológico. A produtividade, porém, não foi influenciada pela inoculação ou pela aplicação de 90 kg de N por ha-1 utilizando uréia ou ENTEC®26, aplicados 15 dias antes, na semeadura ou 15 dias após a semeadura.<br>Abstract: The common bean shows many results to the nitrogen fertilization and to the inoculation, however with different magnitudes, possibly a reflex of the soil microorganisms' reaction as a consequence of antropic interference. The objective of this work was to verify, through microbiological variables, fertility and the common bean productivity, under no-tillage system, with the inoculation of the Rhizobium tropici and the distinct nitrogen sources and different period applications. The experiments were developed at experimental station of UNESP - São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria- MS, and carried through in the years of 2006 and 2007. A randomized blocks design was the treatment were under a 2x3x2 factorial scheme, with 4 repetitions in 2006 and 3 repetitions in 2007, regarding the two treatments with seeds inoculation (INOC - with inoculation and NINOC- without inoculation), three times of N application (15A - 15 days before sowing, SOW - at the sowing and 15D - 15 days after sowing) and two nitrogen sources (urea - 45% of N and ENTEC® 26 - commercial product with 26% and inhibitor of nitrification) in the doses of 90 kg ha-1. The treatments with inoculation, plus the different sources of N and periods of application, significantly modified the microbian community, being that the seeds inoculation, when applied with the urea in the sowing, or with the ENTEC®26 applied 15 days after the sowing, provided better resulted of the microbiological point of view. The productivity, however, was not influenced by the inoculation, neither by the application of 90 kg of N for ha-1 using urea or ENTEC®26, applied 15 days before, in the sowing or 15 days after the sowing.<br>Doutor
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Dellabiglia, William José [UNESP]. "Disponibilidade hídrica e utilização do nitrogênio em cana-de-açúcar irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138050.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-24<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A cultura da cana-de-açúcar ocupa posição de destaque entre os cultivos no Brasil. A expansão da cultura está promovendo a ocupação de áreas menos favoráveis, com solos pouco férteis e que apresentam deficiência hídrica, seja pela falta ou má distribuição das chuvas. A disponibilidade hídrica do solo e a adubação nitrogenada caracterizam-se como principais fatores que afetam o rendimento do canavial. Estima-se que parte do nitrogênio utilizado pela cana-de-açúcar, seja proveniente de bactérias diazotróficas (BDs) fixadoras de nitrogênio atmosférico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a contribuição das BDs na eficiência de uso do nitrogênio na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em dois ambientes de produção (irrigado e não irrigado); quantificar o possível efeito de sinergismo entre a adubação nitrogenada e a aplicação de água via irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial na cultura de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Pesquisa Hélio de Moraes, da APTA (Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios), no município de Jaú, SP, (22°17’ S 48°34’ O, em Latossolo Vermelho). A variedade de cana-de-açúcar foi a RB92579. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, composto por fatorial de 2 manejos de irrigação: irrigado (I) e não irrigado (NI), 2 manejos de inoculação: com inoculação (CD) e sem inoculação (SD) com BDs; e com 4 níveis de disponibilidade de nitrogênio (0, 70, 140, 210 kg ha-1 de N), compondo assim 16 tratamentos com 4 repetições. O experimento teve duração de 365 dias e ao longo do ciclo da cultura foram realizadas avaliações para determinação da condutância estomática via porômetro e da estimativa do conteúdo de clorofila aparente por clorofilômetro. Quantificou-se também o acúmulo de nitrogênio na planta; o número de perfilhos, a altura de plantas (folha +1), e o diâmetro dos colmos. Na colheita final, aos 365 dias após o plantio (DAP), foram realizadas as análises tecnológicas e determinou-se a produtividade de colmos (TCH) e de açúcar (TPH). Constatou-se que não houve diferença de produtividade de colmos e de açúcar entre os tratamentos inoculados e não inoculados com BDs, nos dois ambientes de produção. A cana-de-açúcar elevou sua produtividade com a elevação das doses de nitrogênio. Nos tratamentos irrigados essa elevação foi maior comparando-se com os tratamentos não irrigados.<br>The culture of sugarcane occupies a prominent position among the crops in Brazil. The expansion of culture is promoting the occupation of less favorable areas, with low fertility soils which present water deficiency either lack or poor distribution of rainfall. The soil water availability and nitrogen fertilizer characterizes itself as major factors affecting the yield of the sugarcane fields. It is estimated that part of the nitrogen used by sugarcane, comes from diazotrophic bacteria (BDs) atmospheric nitrogen fixers. In this context, the aim of this study was to verify the contribution of BDs in nitrogen use efficiency in the culture of sugarcane in two production environments (with and without irrigation); quantify the possible synergism effect between nitrogen fertilization and water application via subsurface drip irrigation in the culture of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted at Research Unit Hélio de Moraes, of APTA (Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios) in the municipality of Jaú, SP, (22 ° 17 'S 48 ° 34' O, Rhodic). The variety of sugarcane was RB92579. The experimental design was randomized blocks, compoused by factorial of two irrigation management systems: irrigated (I) and non-irrigated (NI); and two inoculation management: with inoculation (CD) and without inoculation (SD) with BDs; and 4 availability levels of nitrogen (0, 70, 140, 210 kg ha-1 de N), compound thus 16 treatments with 4 replications. The experiment lasted 365 days and throughout the crop cycle assessments were performed for determination of the stomatal conductance via porometer and the estimate of the content of apparent chlorophyll by chlorophilometer. It was also quantified the nitrogen accumulation in plant; the number of tillers, plant height (leaf +1), and diameter of the stalks. In the final harvest, at 365 days after planting (DAP), were performed technological analysis and it was determined sugarcane yield (TCH) and sugar (TPH). It was found that, there was no sugarcane yield and sugar difference among the treatments inoculated and non-inoculated with BDs, in the two production environments. The sugarcane raised its productivity with rising nitrogen levels. In the irrigated treatments, was higher this increase compared with non-irrigated treatments.
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Moro, Edemar [UNESP]. "Formas de nitrogênio no solo e produção do arroz de terras altas em plantio direto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99937.
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moro_e_dr_botfca.pdf: 865223 bytes, checksum: 798af3596b6b1788526c0b694c9f35b7 (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>O nitrogênio (N) é o principal nutriente exigido pela cultura do arroz de terras altas, no entanto o aumento no teor de N no solo nem sempre é vantajoso, principalmente, quando cultivado no sistema plantio direto (SPD), onde há predominância de nitrato. Portanto, o insucesso do arroz de terras altas no SPD pode ser decorrente da predominância de nitrato no solo, pois a correção da acidez resulta em condições favoráveis aos microrganismos nitrificadores. A provável razão para isso pode estar associada à baixa atividade da enzima nitrato redutase nos primeiros 30 dias após a emergência. No entanto, tem sido observado por produtores, que sobre palhada de braquiária a cultura se desenvolve melhor no SPD. Uma das hipóteses que pode explicar tal resultado é o provável efeito que espécies desse gênero exercem na inibição da nitrificação. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho estudar a influência da interação plantas de cobertura x fontes de N nas formas de N no solo e as conseqüências na atividade da enzima nitrato redutase, bem como na produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas no sistema plantio direto. A pesquisa foi realizada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da FCA/UNESP - Botucatu-SP e executado em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram realizados três experimentos em casa de vegetação. No experimento 1, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 10 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 10 cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Caiapó, Carajás, IAC-25, Primavera, IAC 202, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Bonança, BRS Curinga, Maravilha e BRS Talento) combinadas com 4 épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a emergência - DAE). Foram avaliadas diferenças entre cultivares de arroz quanto a atividade da enzima nitrato redutase (NR). No experimento 2, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado...<br>Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient required by the upland rice, but the increase in N level in soil it is not always advantageous, especially when grown under no-tillage system (NT), where there is a predominance of nitrate NO3 --N. Therefore, the failure of upland rice in a NT is possibly due to the predominance of nitrate in the soil, because the correction of the soil acidity results in favorable conditions for the nitrifying microorganisms. The probable reason for this may be associated to the low activity of NR in the first 30 days after emergence. However, it has been noticed by farms, that rice grows best in NT when Brachiaria is used as a cover crop. One of the hypothesis that can explain this result is the probable effect that species of this genus do on nitrification inhibition. The objective of this work was to study the influence of interaction between cover crops and N sources in the forms of soil N, the consequences on the NR activity, as well as in grain yield of upland rice in a NT. The research was carried out in an experimental area located in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, in two steps. In the first step three experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. In experiment 1, the experimental design was completely randomized factorial 10 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of 10 cultivars of upland rice (Caiapó, Carajás, IAC-25, Primavera, IAC 202, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Bonança, BRS Curinga, Maravilha and BRS Talento) combined with four evaluation periods (7, 14 , 21 and 28 days after emergence - DAE). Differences between rice cultivars and the activity of the NR enzyme were evaluated. In experiment 2, the experimental design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil pH levels (high acidity - 4,5; medium acidity 5,5 and low 5 acidity - 6,3) combined with 4 N sources... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Lopes, Marlo Markus. "Pulverização dirigida no sulco e inoculação na semente de milho com Azospirillum brasilense." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/13000.
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The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of different methods of plant growth promoting bacterium (PGPB) Azospirillum brasilense inoculated at vegetative development and grain yield of corn in different relief zones. The research was carried in Cruzeiro do Sul (RS) with mechanized sowing of Velox TL® very early hybrid corn, in the 2015/2016 harvest. The treatments were: seed Inoculation and nitrogen fertilization (T1); directed spraying in furrow and nitrogen fertilization (T2); and control, only with nitrogen fertilization (T3). The experimental design was a factorial 3x3, considering three inoculation methods (seed inoculation, directed spraying in furrow and no inoculation) and three relief zones (high, medium and low levels), with three replications. The following variables were determinate: plant height, stem diameter, total dry matter and number of grains per plant. The data were submitted to the Tukey test, at 5% probability of error level. There was no interaction between inoculation methods and relief zones. Both directed spraying in furrow and corn seed inoculation with diazotrophic bacterium Azospirillum brasilense provided only a higher final average height of the plants, when compared to the traditional management, without the use of seed inoculation. Thus, Azospirillum brasilense promotes greater height development of Velox TL® hybrid corn, without, however, influence on stem diameter, total dry matter and number of grains per plant. Stem diameter variable was influenced by relief zones, which presents greater development in the average zone in comparison to the low zone, demonstrating the importance of precision agriculture that not consider areas as being homogeneous.<br>O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do emprego de diferentes métodos de inoculação de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCP) Azospirillum brasilense no desenvolvimento vegetativo e na produção de grãos da cultura do milho em diferentes zonas de relevo. O experimento foi conduzido em Cruzeiro do Sul (RS), com a semeadura mecanizada do híbrido de milho Velox TL®, de ciclo superprecoce, na safra 2015/2016, mediante a inoculação direta das sementes e aplicação de nitrogênio (T1); inoculação dirigida no sulco e aplicação de nitrogênio (T2) e a testemunha, com a aplicação de nitrogênio e sem inoculação das sementes (T3). O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 3x3, considerando três métodos de inoculação (inoculação de sementes, aplicação dirigida no sulco e sem inoculação) e três distintas zonas de relevo (alta, média e baixa altitude), com três repetições. Foram determinadas as variáveis altura de planta, diâmetro do colmo, matéria seca total e número de grãos por planta. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. Não houve interação entre os métodos de inoculação e as zonas de relevo. A inoculação da bactéria diazotrófica Azospirillum brasilense, tanto no tratamento de aplicação dirigida no sulco, como na inoculação direta das sementes de milho, proporcionou apenas maior altura média final das plantas, quando comparadas ao manejo tradicional, sem a utilização de inoculação das sementes. Dessa forma, o Azospirillum brasilense proporcionou maior altura do milho híbrido Velox TL®, sem, contudo, influenciar no diâmetro do colmo, matéria seca total e número de grãos por planta. A variável diâmetro do colmo foi influenciada pela posição no relevo, que apresentou maior tamanho na zona de média altitude, em comparação com a de baixa altitude, demonstrando a importância da agricultura de precisão, ao não considerar as áreas como sendo homogêneas.
Books on the topic "Bacterial fertilization"
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Press, Lynwood Book. Virus Transmission in Humans: Picture Quiz Words Activity and Coloring Book 45 Activity Pandemia, Immune, Poop, Fertilization, Cow, Statistics, Bacteria, Thermometer for Teens Get Creative. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bacterial fertilization"
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Ambreetha, Sakthivel, Kalyanasundaram Geetha Thanuja, Subburamu Karthikeyan, and Dananjeyan Balachandar. "N Fertilization Dependent Bacterial and Archaeal Changes in Paddy Soil." In Soil and Recycling Management in the Anthropocene Era. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51886-8_3.
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Cutter, Asher D. "Hijacking genetics." In Evolving Tomorrow. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198874522.003.0006.
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Abstract Explains how people can edit the DNA sequences of genomes using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and other biotechnologies. Describes how CRISPR-Cas9 itself evolved as a bacterial immune system and how its co-option by humans exploits cellular mechanisms of DNA repair. Explores how humans can intervene into evolution using genetic engineering techniques based on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing or more basic methods of introducing mutations. Some genome editing is transgenic, adding DNA from another species, whereas some genome editing is cisgenic, using DNA sequences from other members of the same species. Examples highlight pigs and Caenorhabditis nematode roundworms. Shows how in vitro fertilization and cloning techniques intersect with the genetic manipulation with CRISPR-Cas9, and how people can apply them to mammals and birds alike.
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Danylcenko, Olesia, and Mykola Radchenko. "PECULIARITIES OF LEGUME SEEDS YIELD FORMATION AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY." In Science, technology and innovation in the context of global transformation. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-499-3-1.
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An important task of modern agricultural production is the formation of plant protein resources. Among various agricultural crops, legumes take a leading place in the raw material balance of the country, ensuring the production of protein products for food and fodder. In connection with the decrease in the production of livestock products, great attention should be paid to the problem of increasing the production of legumes rich in proteins. In the conditions of a steady tendency to narrow the list of main crops, it is important to maintain the species range of legumes, which ensures the growth of crop rotation productivity and reproduction of soil fertility. The potential yield of peas, fodder beans, chickpea and lentils under production conditions remains unrealized. The symbiosis potential of legumes with nodular rhizobia of the soil is often limited by a low level of nitrogen-fixing capacity or an insufficient number of bacteria in the germinating seed zone. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biological preparations based on strains of specific rhizobia should be an expedient agromeasure in the technology of growing leguminous crops. The purpose of the research was to analyze the elements of the technology of growing leguminous crops, namely determining the optimal doses of mineral fertilizers in combination with seed inoculation with bacterial preparations aimed at increasing the yield and quality of pea, fodder beans, chickpea, and lentils. The object of the research is leguminous crops (peas, fodder beans, chickpea, lentils). The subject of the research is the elements of the technology of growing legumes (mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations based on nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms). Relevance of the topic. In order to increase the effectiveness of the functioning of agrocenoses of leguminous crops, it is important to expand and deepen the knowledge of the study of individual technological elements of their cultivation. Until recently, the issue of the complex effect of agrotechnical factors, in particular mineral and bacterial fertilizers, on crop formation has not been solved fully. The influence of complex bacterial preparations, the components of which are nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms, on the nitrogen-fixing capacity of leguminous plants (peas, chickpea, fodder beans, and lentils) at different levels of mineral fertilization remains insufficiently studied. It is necessary to identify agrotechnical measures that would contribute to the maximum realization of the productive potential of peas, chickpea, fodder beans and lentils. The results of the analysis of modern literary sources make it possible to reveal the all-round positive effect of complete mineral fertilizer, individual macro- and microelements, bacterial fertilizers on the activity of symbiotic systems and the productivity of legumes in different soil and climatic zones. Along with this, the issue of developing optimal criteria for the use of fertilizer remains not fully resolved, and this requires solving a number of issues, namely: whether it is advisable to use increased doses of mineral nitrogen in order to obtain high yields, turning leguminous crops into nitrogen users; what optimal doses of nitrogen fertilizers, with their corresponding ratio with phosphorus and potassium, should be applied under grain leguminous crops to ensure a high yield without inhibiting symbiotic nitrogen fixation; to what extent the applied high doses of mineral fertilizers are used by leguminous plants and what are the unproductive losses of nitrogen, which lead to environmental pollution with intermediate products of the transformation of mineral compounds. A scientifically based fertilization system is the basis for the formation of high and stable grain yields of leguminous crops, and the information mentioned above testifies to the insufficient study of the complex effect of agrotechnical factors on the quantity and quality of the crop.
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Hodgkin, Jonathan. "Conventional genetics." In C.elegans. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199637393.003.0012.
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Abstract Caenorhabditis elegans was originally chosen as an experimental organism partly because of the advantageous features of its genetic system (1). Genetic analysis is a particularly powerful approach for investigating complex biological topics. One gene, once thoroughly characterized, can become the starting point for further exploration. With a strain bearing a mutation in the gene, functional interactions between genes/gene products can be examined by generating double mutants through simple crosses with previously charac terized mutants. Genetic screens can be performed for mutations with similar phenotypes or for mutations that suppress or enhance a phenotype. The power of the genetic system in C. elegans means that these experiments can move very quickly, and novel genes thereby identified can be mapped and cloned. Normally, populations of this animal consist almost entirely of diploid self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, which each produce a limited number of sperm and a larger number of oocytes. Both types of gametes result from con ventional meioses, with about one crossover event per c. The advantages of self-fertilization are several: first, mutants with very severe behavioural or anatomical phenotypes can nevertheless grow and reproduce as homozygous stocks, because the animal needs little more than a functional gut and pharynx in order to ingest and digest bacterial food. Second, self-fertilization means that a hermaphrodite carrying a recessive mutation will automatically produce animals homozygous for that mutation, as one quarter of its progeny, according to standard Mendelian principles. As a result, screening for mutants is made much easier, because there is no need to set up specific crosses in order to generate homozygotes. Diploidy also means that lethal or sterile mutations can be maintained, by using heterozygous animals. Finally, self-fertilization means that both recessive and dominant modifier mutations can be easily detected, if screens for suppressors or enhancers of a given phenotype are carried out. Again, there is no need to set up specific crosses; the screening can be carried out on whole populations.
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HAZELBAUER, GERALD L. "Chemotactic Migration by Bacteria." In Biology of Fertilization. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-492602-8.50013-9.
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Nilsson, U. J., and G. Magnusson. "Epitope mapping of carbohydrate binding proteins using synthetic carbohydrates." In Epitope Mapping. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636532.003.0008.
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Abstract Specific recognition of carbohydrates by proteins is involved in a number of important biological phenomena. For example, carbohydrates may act as cell surface antigens, e.g. in the ABO, Lewis, P, and I blood group systems or as tumourspecific antigens; they control growth and tissue development in an embryo, and are involved in fertilization; they regulate nerve growth and neural cell adhesion; and they direct the recruitment of leukocytes to damaged tissue (1, 2). Furthermore, carbohydrates often act as recognition sites for pathogenic bacteria and viruses (3). As a consequence, detailed knowledge on a molecular level concerning the recognition mechanisms and driving forces would open up possibilities to specifically interfere with, or promote, biological phenomena stemming from carbohydrate-protein interactions (i.e. development of therapeutics that target carbohydrate-binding proteins) (4).
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Monteiro, Gabriel, Glauco Nogueira, Cândido Neto, Vitor Nascimento, and Joze Freitas. "Promotion of Nitrogen Assimilation by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria." In Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96634.
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Nitrogen fertilizers are one of the highest expenses in agricultural systems and usually a limitation to the productions of many agricultural crops worldwide. The intensive use of this element in modern agriculture represents a potential environmental threat, one of the many tools for the sustainable use of this resource without losing productivity is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, especially nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, in considering the competitiveness of the market, studies are still needed to determine the most efficient way to use this resource and if the nitrogen mineral fertilization is indeed substitutable. As a result, this study aims to deepen the scientific knowledge of the plant-microbe interactions by addressing their main characteristics and functionalities for plant growth and development and efficiency in the use of nitrogen. For this we reviewed relevant information from scientific works that address these issues.
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Kirchman, David L. "Carbon Sinks and Sources on Land." In Microbes. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197688564.003.0003.
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Abstract Land plants can consume a lot of atmospheric carbon dioxide, thanks to the nutrients released by soil microbes and through symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Microbes are also instrumental in both making and degrading one of the largest carbon stocks on the planet, soil organic matter (SOM). One large part of SOM is the dead remains from microbes, or necromass. Global warming threatens to undo the sequestration of carbon in SOM by stimulating degradation by microbes. The problem is acute for permafrost in the Arctic, which is warming faster than elsewhere on Earth. For now, models project that terrestrial habitats will continue to take up anthropogenic carbon dioxide due to carbon dioxide fertilization, yet many unknowns remain. What is clear is that the size of the terrestrial carbon sink depends in large part on microbes and their response to climate change.
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Larrabee, Melissa M., and Louise M. Nelson. "The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve root function and crop nutrient use efficiency." In Understanding and improving crop root function. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0075.22.
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Bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth and development, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can contribute to more sustainable intensification of agriculture while minimizing detrimental impacts associated with excessive fertilization. In this chapter we review recent research on the use of PGPR as biofertilizers to enhance root function and improve nutrient uptake. PGPR alter root architecture, root metabolism, nutrient use efficiency and enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought by a variety of mechanisms that are not yet well understood. Beneficial effects observed in the laboratory are not always seen consistently in the field due to varying environment and complex biotic interactions, limiting the widespread application of PGPR in agriculture. We highlight new research approaches that will facilitate our understanding of this complex community at the molecular level and from a holistic perspective. Applied research to facilitate registration and commercialization of biofertilizers is also considered.
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Hanif, Muhammad, Zubaria Ashraf, Samar Bashir, et al. "Ectomycorrhizal Fungi as Biofertilizers in Forestry." In Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agriculture - New Insights [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110090.
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Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is an association of fungi with the roots of higher plants in which both the species are equally benefited and appears to be important for the survival of both parties, and no doubt this association offered extensive benefits in the restoration of forest and ecosystem soil aggregation and stabilization. The most important and vital role of ECM fungi, which is analyzed globally, is that they are best and environment friendly biofertilizers. ECM fungi considered as a biotechnological tool in forest management because their role in reforestation, bioremediation, control of soil pathogen, and restoration of ecosystem is reviewed extensively. ECM fungi not only increase the biomass of edible fruiting bodies but also improve soil structure, nutrient cycle, and also produce phytohormones, which increase the growth and survival of seedlings and enhance the photosynthetic rate of plants and also maintain their tolerance level against environmental stresses in forest nursery. Ectomycorrhizas also reduce fertilization expenses in an environment friendly manner. The importance of ECM fungi and mycorrhizal helper bacteria for the growth enhancement of the economically important trees and significantly important role in restoration of sites degraded by forestry operation.
Conference papers on the topic "Bacterial fertilization"
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Galieva, Gulnaz, Kamalya Karamova, Polina Galitskaya, and Svetlana Selivanovskaya. "PATHOGENIC POLLUTION OF CROPS CAUSING BY CHIKEN MANURE BASED FERTILIZERS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.33.
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Chicken manure is one of the most wide spread waste worldwide. One of its hazardous properties is contamination with live pathogens or pathogens� spores. Being introduced into soil for fertilization, fresh, cured or treated manure can cause soil contamination with those pathogens. Further, transmission of the pathogens through soil and plant tissues to human or animal food is possible. The objective of the present work was to reveal the level of pathogenic contamination of wheat grains cultivated on soil that was previously treated with cured chicken manure. Two types of manures M1 and M2 sampled from the large poultry farms situated in Russia were used to fertilize soil and obtain wheat grains (samples G1 and G2, respectively). Grains obtained with mineral fertilizers were used as a control (G0). Among 10 pathogenic bacterial species investigated, 6 were detected in both M1 and M2 samples - Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis,, Enterococus spp,, Campylobacter jejuni,, Bacillus anthracis,, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, the gene copy numbers for those bacteria revealed using RT-PCR was found to range between 2.22*104 and 1.19*108 gene copies per g manure. 5 of those species, except of C. jejuni, were also detected in both types of grains, while the gene copies number were found to be lower, thus they ranged between 1.45*103 and 8.81*103 copies per g grain. No bacterial pathogens were detected in G0 sample. Viral particles of bursal disease virus and avian orthoreovirus were not found either in manures nor in grains. It can be concluded that the risk of pathogenic transmission from the manures to grains exists, and that higher attention should be paid on their treatment to avoid the secondary infection of livestock and human.
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Ellis, Eugenia Victoria, and David Alan Kratzer. "Farmworks: Building as a Machine for Growing Food." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.19.
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Traditional agricultural production is impacted by the fertility and availability of land, length of the growing season, access to freshwater, pests, CO2 fertilization, and extreme weather events. On the other hand, if a farming operation were to be integrated with the built environment in a high-performance building, then the growing operation would not be bound by season or weather conditions. Further, if this farming operation were to be attached or adjacent to a major food supplier, then transportation costs and carbon emissions would be significantly reduced. Most importantly, with today’s technology the building interior could be tuned to optimize a particular plant’s needs for light and the appropriate wavelengths for germinating, growing and flowering; the interior temperature could be adjusted to support the different temperature requirements for growing, harvesting, packaging and shipping (with temperature ranges from 38-75°F); water could be supplied with the appropriate nutrients for a specific plant, eliminating the need for organic fertilizer, which also reduces the likelihood of introducing bacteria or insects into the food; the planting beds could be stacked vertically, accessed via a forklift; and the growing day could be shifted with respect to the outdoor environment to equalize the heat produced by the lighting indoors with outdoor temperatures and seasonal variation. Farmworks is a machine for growing: the wavelength of the lighting in this indoor environment is tuned to optimize plant growth and moves vertically in pace with the plant’s height, the HVAC system keeps temperature and humidity optimal, and the building envelope is insulated and pressurized to balance interior and exterior conditions and to prevent water from condensing in the exterior wall. Here, the entire supply chain of food production occurs in one building, producing the equivalent of one acre of land using only two-and-a-half 4’x9’ towers.
Reports on the topic "Bacterial fertilization"
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report