Journal articles: 'Bacterial Interactions'

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da Silva, Herculano, Tatiane M. P. Oliveira, and Maria Anice M. Sallum. "Bacterial Community Diversity and Bacterial Interaction Network in Eight Mosquito Species." Genes 13, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13112052.

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Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are found widely throughout the world. Several species can transmit pathogens to humans and other vertebrates. Mosquitoes harbor great amounts of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The bacterial composition of the microbiota of these invertebrates is associated with several factors, such as larval habitat, environment, and species. Yet little is known about bacterial interaction networks in mosquitoes. This study investigates the bacterial communities of eight species of Culicidae collected in Vale do Ribeira (Southeastern São Paulo State) and verifies the bacterial interaction network in these species. Sequences of the 16S rRNA region from 111 mosquito samples were analyzed. Bacterial interaction networks were generated from Spearman correlation values. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in all species. Wolbachia was the predominant genus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus. Aedes scapularis, Aedes serratus, Psorophora ferox, and Haemagogus capricornii were the species that showed a greater number of bacterial interactions. Bacterial positive interactions were found in all mosquito species, whereas negative correlations were observed in Hg. leucocelaenus, Ae. scapularis, Ae. serratus, Ps. ferox, and Hg. capricornii. All bacterial interactions with Asaia and Wolbachia were negative in Aedes mosquitoes.

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Libbing, Cassandra L., Adam R. McDevitt, Rea-Mae P. Azcueta, Ahila Ahila, and Minal Mulye. "Lipid Droplets: A Significant but Understudied Contributor of Host–Bacterial Interactions." Cells 8, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8040354.

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are cytosolic lipid storage organelles that are important for cellular lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, and inflammation. Several bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens exploit host LDs to promote infection, thus emphasizing the importance of LDs at the host–pathogen interface. In this review, we discuss the thus far reported relation between host LDs and bacterial pathogens including obligate and facultative intracellular bacteria, and extracellular bacteria. Although there is less evidence for a LD–extracellular bacterial interaction compared to interactions with intracellular bacteria, in this review, we attempt to compare the bacterial mechanisms that target LDs, the host signaling pathways involved and the utilization of LDs by these bacteria. Many intracellular bacteria employ unique mechanisms to target host LDs and potentially obtain nutrients and lipids for vacuolar biogenesis and/or immune evasion. However, extracellular bacteria utilize LDs to either promote host tissue damage or induce host death. We also identify several areas that require further investigation. Along with identifying LD interactions with bacteria besides the ones reported, the precise mechanisms of LD targeting and how LDs benefit pathogens should be explored for the bacteria discussed in the review. Elucidating LD–bacterial interactions promises critical insight into a novel host–pathogen interaction.

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Koskella, Britt, and Tiffany B. Taylor. "Multifaceted Impacts of Bacteriophages in the Plant Microbiome." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045858.

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Plant-associated bacteria face multiple selection pressures within their environments and have evolved countless adaptations that both depend on and shape bacterial phenotype and their interaction with plant hosts. Explaining bacterial adaptation and evolution therefore requires considering each of these forces independently as well as their interactions. In this review, we examine how bacteriophage viruses (phages) can alter the ecology and evolution of plant-associated bacterial populations and communities. This includes influencing a bacterial population's response to both abiotic and biotic selection pressures and altering ecological interactions within the microbiome and between the bacteria and host plant. We outline specific ways in which phages can alter bacterial phenotype and discuss when and how this might impact plant-microbe interactions, including for plant pathogens. Finally, we highlight key open questions in phage-bacteria-plant research and offer suggestions for future study.

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Cavitt, T. Brian, and Niyati Pathak. "Modeling Bacterial Attachment Mechanisms on Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Substrates." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14100977.

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Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic substrates are widely known to inhibit the attachment of a variety of motile and/or nonmotile bacteria. However, the thermodynamics of attachment are complex. Surface energy measurements alone do not address the complexities of colloidal (i.e., bacterial) dispersions but do affirm that polar (acid-base) interactions (ΔGAB) are often more significant than nonpolar (Lifshitz-van der Waals) interactions (ΔGLW). Classical DLVO theory alone also fails to address all colloidal interactions present in bacterial dispersions such as ΔGAB and Born repulsion (ΔGBorn) yet accounts for the significant electrostatic double layer repulsion (ΔGEL). We purpose to model both motile (e.g., P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and nonmotile (e.g., S. aureus and S. epidermidis) bacterial attachment to both superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic substrates via surface energies and extended DLVO theory corrected for bacterial geometries. We used extended DLVO theory and surface energy analyses to characterize the following Gibbs interaction energies for the bacteria with superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic substrates: ΔGLW, ΔGAB, ΔGEL, and ΔGBorn. The combination of the aforementioned interactions yields the total Gibbs interaction energy (ΔGtot) of each bacterium with each substrate. Analysis of the interaction energies with respect to the distance of approach yielded an equilibrium distance (deq) that seems to be independent of both bacterial species and substrate. Utilizing both deq and Gibbs interaction energies, substrates could be designed to inhibit bacterial attachment.

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Kerrigan, Steven W., and Dermot Cox. "Platelet–bacterial interactions." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 67, no. 4 (November 29, 2009): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0207-z.

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Ling, Jessmi M. L., and Anthony B. Schryvers. "Perspectives on interactions between lactoferrin and bacteriaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin: Structure, Function, and Applications, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 84, no. 3 (June 2006): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o06-044.

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Lactoferrin has long been recognized for its antimicrobial properties, initially attributed primarily to iron sequestration. It has since become apparent that interaction between the host and bacteria is modulated by a complex series of interactions between lactoferrin and bacteria, lactoferrin and bacterial products, and lactoferrin and host cells. The primary focus of this review is the interaction between lactoferrin and bacteria, but interactions with the lactoferrin-derived cationic peptide lactoferricin will also be discussed. We will summarize what is currently known about the interaction between lactoferrin (or lactoferricin) and surface or secreted bacterial components, comment on the potential physiological relevance of the findings, and identify key questions that remain unanswered.

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de Vos, Marjon G. J., Marcin Zagorski, Alan McNally, and Tobias Bollenbach. "Interaction networks, ecological stability, and collective antibiotic tolerance in polymicrobial infections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 40 (September 18, 2017): 10666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713372114.

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Polymicrobial infections constitute small ecosystems that accommodate several bacterial species. Commonly, these bacteria are investigated in isolation. However, it is unknown to what extent the isolates interact and whether their interactions alter bacterial growth and ecosystem resilience in the presence and absence of antibiotics. We quantified the complete ecological interaction network for 72 bacterial isolates collected from 23 individuals diagnosed with polymicrobial urinary tract infections and found that most interactions cluster based on evolutionary relatedness. Statistical network analysis revealed that competitive and cooperative reciprocal interactions are enriched in the global network, while cooperative interactions are depleted in the individual host community networks. A population dynamics model parameterized by our measurements suggests that interactions restrict community stability, explaining the observed species diversity of these communities. We further show that the clinical isolates frequently protect each other from clinically relevant antibiotics. Together, these results highlight that ecological interactions are crucial for the growth and survival of bacteria in polymicrobial infection communities and affect their assembly and resilience.

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Borland, Stéphanie, Claire Prigent-Combaret, and Florence Wisniewski-Dyé. "Bacterial hybrid histidine kinases in plant–bacteria interactions." Microbiology 162, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1715–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000370.

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Day, Christopher J., Elizabeth N. Tran, Evgeny A. Semchenko, Greg Tram, Lauren E. Hartley-Tassell, Preston S. K. Ng, Rebecca M. King, et al. "Glycan:glycan interactions: High affinity biomolecular interactions that can mediate binding of pathogenic bacteria to host cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 52 (December 16, 2015): E7266—E7275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421082112.

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Cells from all domains of life express glycan structures attached to lipids and proteins on their surface, called glycoconjugates. Cell-to-cell contact mediated by glycan:glycan interactions have been considered to be low-affinity interactions that precede high-affinity protein–glycan or protein–protein interactions. In several pathogenic bacteria, truncation of surface glycans, lipooligosaccharide (LOS), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been reported to significantly reduce bacterial adherence to host cells. Here, we show that the saccharide component of LOS/LPS have direct, high-affinity interactions with host glycans. Glycan microarrays reveal that LOS/LPS of four distinct bacterial pathogens bind to numerous host glycan structures. Surface plasmon resonance was used to determine the affinity of these interactions and revealed 66 high-affinity host–glycan:bacterial–glycan pairs with equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) ranging between 100 nM and 50 µM. These glycan:glycan affinity values are similar to those reported for lectins or antibodies with glycans. Cell assays demonstrated that glycan:glycan interaction-mediated bacterial adherence could be competitively inhibited by either host cell or bacterial glycans. This is the first report to our knowledge of high affinity glycan:glycan interactions between bacterial pathogens and the host. The discovery of large numbers of glycan:glycan interactions between a diverse range of structures suggests that these interactions may be important in all biological systems.

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Rosenblueth, Mónica, and Esperanza Martínez-Romero. "Bacterial Endophytes and Their Interactions with Hosts." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 8 (August 2006): 827–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-0827.

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Recent molecular studies on endophytic bacterial diversity have revealed a large richness of species. Endophytes promote plant growth and yield, suppress pathogens, may help to remove contaminants, solubilize phosphate, or contribute assimilable nitrogen to plants. Some endophytes are seed-borne, but others have mechanisms to colonize the plants that are being studied. Bacterial mutants unable to produce secreted proteins are impaired in the colonization process. Plant genes expressed in the presence of endophytes provide clues as to the effects of endophytes in plants. Molecular analysis showed that plant defense responses limit bacterial populations inside plants. Some human pathogens, such as Salmonella spp., have been found as endophytes, and these bacteria are not removed by disinfection procedures that eliminate superficially occurring bacteria. Delivery of endo-phytes to the environment or agricultural fields should be carefully evaluated to avoid introducing pathogens.

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Nogueira, Filomena, Shirin Sharghi, Karl Kuchler, and Thomas Lion. "Pathogenetic Impact of Bacterial–Fungal Interactions." Microorganisms 7, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100459.

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Polymicrobial infections are of paramount importance because of the potential severity of clinical manifestations, often associated with increased resistance to antimicrobial treatment. The intricate interplay with the host and the immune system, and the impact on microbiome imbalance, are of importance in this context. The equilibrium of microbiota in the human host is critical for preventing potential dysbiosis and the ensuing development of disease. Bacteria and fungi can communicate via signaling molecules, and produce metabolites and toxins capable of modulating the immune response or altering the efficacy of treatment. Most of the bacterial–fungal interactions described to date focus on the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and different bacteria. In this review, we discuss more than twenty different bacterial–fungal interactions involving several clinically important human pathogens. The interactions, which can be synergistic or antagonistic, both in vitro and in vivo, are addressed with a focus on the quorum-sensing molecules produced, the response of the immune system, and the impact on clinical outcome.

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Gould, Alison L., Vivian Zhang, Lisa Lamberti, Eric W. Jones, Benjamin Obadia, Nikolaos Korasidis, Alex Gavryushkin, Jean M. Carlson, Niko Beerenwinkel, and William B. Ludington. "Microbiome interactions shape host fitness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (December 3, 2018): E11951—E11960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809349115.

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Gut bacteria can affect key aspects of host fitness, such as development, fecundity, and lifespan, while the host, in turn, shapes the gut microbiome. However, it is unclear to what extent individual species versus community interactions within the microbiome are linked to host fitness. Here, we combinatorially dissect the natural microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster and reveal that interactions between bacteria shape host fitness through life history tradeoffs. Empirically, we made germ-free flies colonized with each possible combination of the five core species of fly gut bacteria. We measured the resulting bacterial community abundances and fly fitness traits, including development, reproduction, and lifespan. The fly gut promoted bacterial diversity, which, in turn, accelerated development, reproduction, and aging: Flies that reproduced more died sooner. From these measurements, we calculated the impact of bacterial interactions on fly fitness by adapting the mathematics of genetic epistasis to the microbiome. Development and fecundity converged with higher diversity, suggesting minimal dependence on interactions. However, host lifespan and microbiome abundances were highly dependent on interactions between bacterial species. Higher-order interactions (involving three, four, and five species) occurred in 13–44% of possible cases depending on the trait, with the same interactions affecting multiple traits, a reflection of the life history tradeoff. Overall, we found these interactions were frequently context-dependent and often had the same magnitude as individual species themselves, indicating that the interactions can be as important as the individual species in gut microbiomes.

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Alkatheri, Asma Hussain, Polly Soo-Xi Yap, Aisha Abushelaibi, Kok-Song Lai, Wan-Hee Cheng, and Swee-Hua Erin Lim. "Host–Bacterial Interactions: Outcomes of Antimicrobial Peptide Applications." Membranes 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12070715.

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The bacterial membrane is part of a secretion system which plays an integral role to secrete proteins responsible for cell viability and pathogenicity; pathogenic bacteria, for example, secrete virulence factors and other membrane-associated proteins to invade the host cells through various types of secretion systems (Type I to Type IX). The bacterial membrane can also mediate microbial communities’ communication through quorum sensing (QS), by secreting auto-stimulants to coordinate gene expression. QS plays an important role in regulating various physiological processes, including bacterial biofilm formation while providing increased virulence, subsequently leading to antimicrobial resistance. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have emerged as a threat to global health, and various strategies targeting QS and biofilm formation have been explored by researchers worldwide. Since the bacterial secretion systems play such a crucial role in host–bacterial interactions, this review intends to outline current understanding of bacterial membrane systems, which may provide new insights for designing approaches aimed at antimicrobials discovery. Various mechanisms pertaining interaction of the bacterial membrane with host cells and antimicrobial agents will be highlighted, as well as the evolution of bacterial membranes in evasion of antimicrobial agents. Finally, the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as a cellular device for bacterial secretion systems will be discussed as emerging potential candidates for the treatment of multidrug resistance infections.

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Grossart, Hans-Peter, Thomas KiÃ¯Â¿Â½rboe, Kam Tang, and Helle Ploug. "Bacterial Colonization of Particles: Growth and Interactions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 3500–3509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3500-3509.2003.

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ABSTRACT Marine particles in the ocean are exposed to diverse bacterial communities, and colonization and growth of attached bacteria are important processes in the degradation and transformation of the particles. In an earlier study, we showed that the initial colonization of model particles by individual bacterial strains isolated from marine aggregates was a function of attachment and detachment. In the present study, we have investigated how this colonization process was further affected by growth and interspecific interactions among the bacteria. Long-term incubation experiments showed that growth dominated over attachment and detachment after a few hours in controlling the bacterial population density on agar particles. In the absence of grazing mortality, this growth led to an equilibrium population density consistent with the theoretical limit due to oxygen diffusion. Interspecific interaction experiments showed that the presence of some bacterial strains (“residents”) on the agar particles either increased or decreased the colonization rate of other strains (“newcomers”). Comparison between an antibiotic-producing strain and its antibiotic-free mutant showed no inhibitory effect on the newcomers due to antibiotic production. On the contrary, hydrolytic activity of the antibiotic-producing strain appeared to benefit the newcomers and enhance their colonization rate. These results show that growth- and species-specific interactions have to be taken into account to adequately describe bacterial colonization of marine particles. Changes in colonization pattern due to such small-scale processes may have profound effects on the transformation and fluxes of particulate matter in the ocean.

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Moons, Pieter, Chris W. Michiels, and Abram Aertsen. "Bacterial interactions in biofilms." Critical Reviews in Microbiology 35, no. 3 (March 20, 2009): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408410902809431.

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Slawson, R. M., H. Lee, and J. T. Trevors. "Bacterial interactions with silver." Biology of Metals 3, no. 3-4 (September 1990): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01140573.

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Cervantes, Carlos. "Bacterial interactions with chromate." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59, no. 4 (May 1991): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00583675.

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Loessner, Holger, Insea Schlattmeier, Marie Anders-Maurer, Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding, Christine Rohde, Johannes Wittmann, Cornelia Pokalyuk, Oleg Krut, and Christel Kamp. "Kinetic Fingerprinting Links Bacteria-Phage Interactions with Emergent Dynamics: Rapid Depletion of Klebsiella pneumoniae Indicates Phage Synergy." Antibiotics 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070408.

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The specific temporal evolution of bacterial and phage population sizes, in particular bacterial depletion and the emergence of a resistant bacterial population, can be seen as a kinetic fingerprint that depends on the manifold interactions of the specific phage–host pair during the course of infection. We have elaborated such a kinetic fingerprint for a human urinary tract Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate and its phage vB_KpnP_Lessing by a modeling approach based on data from in vitro co-culture. We found a faster depletion of the initially sensitive bacterial population than expected from simple mass action kinetics. A possible explanation for the rapid decline of the bacterial population is a synergistic interaction of phages which can be a favorable feature for phage therapies. In addition to this interaction characteristic, analysis of the kinetic fingerprint of this bacteria and phage combination revealed several relevant aspects of their population dynamics: A reduction of the bacterial concentration can be achieved only at high multiplicity of infection whereas bacterial extinction is hardly accomplished. Furthermore the binding affinity of the phage to bacteria is identified as one of the most crucial parameters for the reduction of the bacterial population size. Thus, kinetic fingerprinting can be used to infer phage–host interactions and to explore emergent dynamics which facilitates a rational design of phage therapies.

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Stone, Edel, Katrina Campbell, Irene Grant, and Olivia McAuliffe. "Understanding and Exploiting Phage–Host Interactions." Viruses 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060567.

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Initially described a century ago by William Twort and Felix d’Herelle, bacteriophages are bacterial viruses found ubiquitously in nature, located wherever their host cells are present. Translated literally, bacteriophage (phage) means ‘bacteria eater’. Phages interact and infect specific bacteria while not affecting other bacteria or cell lines of other organisms. Due to the specificity of these phage–host interactions, the relationship between phages and their host cells has been the topic of much research. The advances in phage biology research have led to the exploitation of these phage–host interactions and the application of phages in the agricultural and food industry. Phages may provide an alternative to the use of antibiotics, as it is well known that the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has become an epidemic in clinical settings. In agriculture, pre-harvest and/or post-harvest application of phages to crops may prevent the colonisation of bacteria that are detrimental to plant or human health. In addition, the abundance of data generated from genome sequencing has allowed the development of phage-derived bacterial detection systems of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to outline the specific interactions between phages and their host and how these interactions may be exploited and applied in the food industry.

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Vozandychova, Vera, Pavla Stojkova, Kamil Hercik, Pavel Rehulka, and Jiri Stulik. "The Ubiquitination System within Bacterial Host–Pathogen Interactions." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030638.

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Ubiquitination of proteins, like phosphorylation and acetylation, is an important regulatory aspect influencing numerous and various cell processes, such as immune response signaling and autophagy. The study of ubiquitination has become essential to learning about host–pathogen interactions, and a better understanding of the detailed mechanisms through which pathogens affect ubiquitination processes in host cell will contribute to vaccine development and effective treatment of diseases. Pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Legionella pneumophila and Shigella flexneri) encode many effector proteins, such as deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), targeting the host ubiquitin machinery and thus disrupting pertinent ubiquitin-dependent anti-bacterial response. We focus here upon the host ubiquitination system as an integral unit, its interconnection with the regulation of inflammation and autophagy, and primarily while examining pathogens manipulating the host ubiquitination system. Many bacterial effector proteins have already been described as being translocated into the host cell, where they directly regulate host defense processes. Due to their importance in pathogenic bacteria progression within the host, they are regarded as virulence factors essential for bacterial evasion. However, in some cases (e.g., Francisella tularensis) the host ubiquitination system is influenced by bacterial infection, although the responsible bacterial effectors are still unknown.

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Joshi, Abhayraj S., Priyanka Singh, and Ivan Mijakovic. "Interactions of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles with Bacterial Biofilms: Molecular Interactions behind Inhibition and Resistance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207658.

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Many bacteria have the capability to form a three-dimensional, strongly adherent network called ‘biofilm’. Biofilms provide adherence, resourcing nutrients and offer protection to bacterial cells. They are involved in pathogenesis, disease progression and resistance to almost all classical antibiotics. The need for new antimicrobial therapies has led to exploring applications of gold and silver nanoparticles against bacterial biofilms. These nanoparticles and their respective ions exert antimicrobial action by damaging the biofilm structure, biofilm components and hampering bacterial metabolism via various mechanisms. While exerting the antimicrobial activity, these nanoparticles approach the biofilm, penetrate it, migrate internally and interact with key components of biofilm such as polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids via electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, Van der Waals and ionic interactions. Few bacterial biofilms also show resistance to these nanoparticles through similar interactions. The nature of these interactions and overall antimicrobial effect depend on the physicochemical properties of biofilm and nanoparticles. Hence, study of these interactions and participating molecular players is of prime importance, with which one can modulate properties of nanoparticles to get maximal antibacterial effects against a wide spectrum of bacterial pathogens. This article provides a comprehensive review of research specifically directed to understand the molecular interactions of gold and silver nanoparticles with various bacterial biofilms.

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Lee, Kyung-Soo, Yu-Jin Jeong, and Moo-Seung Lee. "Escherichia coli Shiga Toxins and Gut Microbiota Interactions." Toxins 13, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060416.

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Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 are enterohemorrhagic bacteria that induce hemorrhagic colitis. This, in turn, may result in potentially lethal complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure, and neurological abnormalities. Both species of bacteria produce Shiga toxins (Stxs), a phage-encoded exotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis in host cells that are primarily responsible for bacterial virulence. Although most studies have focused on the pathogenic roles of Stxs as harmful substances capable of inducing cell death and as proinflammatory factors that sensitize the host target organs to damage, less is known about the interface between the commensalism of bacterial communities and the pathogenicity of the toxins. The gut contains more species of bacteria than any other organ, providing pathogenic bacteria that colonize the gut with a greater number of opportunities to encounter other bacterial species. Notably, the presence in the intestines of pathogenic EHEC producing Stxs associated with severe illness may have compounding effects on the diversity of the indigenous bacteria and bacterial communities in the gut. The present review focuses on studies describing the roles of Stxs in the complex interactions between pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, the resident microbiome, and host tissues. The determination of these interactions may provide insights into the unresolved issues regarding these pathogens.

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MAHIDA, Yashwant R., and Vivien E. ROLFE. "Host–bacterial interactions in inflammatory bowel disease." Clinical Science 107, no. 4 (September 24, 2004): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20040136.

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Large numbers of different bacterial species are resident in the lumen of the distal gastrointestinal tract. The normal intestinal host–microbial interactions are not well understood, but the relationship is generally believed to be either mutually beneficial or beneficial to one without disadvantage to the other. Animal model and clinical studies suggest that IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) may develop in a susceptible individual when the normal host–bacterial relationship is dysregulated. In addition to rodent models, this article reviews studies that have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of interactions between intestinal mucosal cells and the resident luminal bacteria in healthy individuals and patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Mechanisms by which the intestinal mucosa is able to avoid pro-inflammatory responses to commensal bacteria (and their products) but able to respond appropriately to luminal pathogens is currently an area of active investigation. Such studies are beginning to provide important clues regarding possible alterations in the mucosa that lead to the development of pro-inflammatory responses to resident bacteria in patients with IBD. Approaches to alter the intestinal microflora for therapeutic purposes and their potential mechanisms of action are also discussed.

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Douglas, C. W. I. "Bacterial-Protein Interactions in the Oral Cavity." Advances in Dental Research 8, no. 2 (July 1994): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080021901.

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Bacteria in the oral cavity must interact with salivary proteins if they are to survive. Such interactions can take several forms, either providing nutrients, a means of adhesion to surfaces, or resulting in aggregation or killing and, therefore, clearance of organisms. Recent work has provided an insight into the mechanisms of some of these bacterial-protein interactions, revealing complexity and diversity. For example, the interaction between a putative Streptococcus mutans adhesin, PI (B, I/II, etc.), and a parotid glycoprotein results in adhesion when it occurs at a surface or aggregation when in solution, and different domains of PI appear to be involved in the two processes. An alternative strategy is employed by Actinomyces viscosus, which interacts, via its type-1 fimbriae, with a proline-rich salivary protein; however, this interaction occurs only when the PRP is adsorbed to a surface. A. viscosus takes advantage of a conformational change in the PRP when it becomes surface-bound, which exposes a cryptic part of the molecule. A third, and intriguing, type of interaction is seen between various streptococci and salivary amylase. This does not result in either adherence or aggregation but provides organisms with the ability to utilize starch breakdown products for metabolism. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in bacterial-protein interactions could conceivably lead to novel methods for controlling specific pathogens, but the systems operating in the mouth are numerous, complex, and diverse.

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Prado Acosta, Mariano, and Bernd Lepenies. "Bacterial glycans and their interactions with lectins in the innate immune system." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 6 (November 14, 2019): 1569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170410.

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Bacterial surfaces are rich in glycoconjugates that are mainly present in their outer layers and are of great importance for their interaction with the host innate immune system. The innate immune system is the first barrier against infection and recognizes pathogens via conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Lectins expressed by innate immune cells represent an important class of PRRs characterized by their ability to recognize carbohydrates. Among lectins in innate immunity, there are three major classes including the galectins, siglecs, and C-type lectin receptors. These lectins may contribute to initial recognition of bacterial glycans, thus providing an early defence mechanism against bacterial infections, but they may also be exploited by bacteria to escape immune responses. In this review, we will first exemplify bacterial glycosylation systems; we will then describe modes of recognition of bacterial glycans by lectins in innate immunity and, finally, we will briefly highlight how bacteria have found ways to exploit these interactions to evade immune recognition.

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Karlsson, Fredrik, Carl A. K. Borrebaeck, Nina Nilsson, and Ann-Christin Malmborg-Hager. "The Mechanism of Bacterial Infection by Filamentous Phages Involves Molecular Interactions between TolA and Phage Protein 3 Domains." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 8 (April 15, 2003): 2628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.8.2628-2634.2003.

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ABSTRACT The early events in filamentous bacteriophage infection of gram-negative bacteria are mediated by the gene 3 protein (g3p) of the virus. This protein has a sophisticated domain organization consisting of two N-terminal domains and one C-terminal domain, separated by flexible linkers. The molecular interactions between these domains and the known bacterial coreceptor protein (TolA) were studied using a biosensor technique, and we report here on interactions of the viral coat protein with TolA, as well as on interactions between the TolA molecules. We detected an interaction between the pilus binding second domain (N2) of protein 3 and the bacterial TolA. This novel interaction was found to depend on the periplasmatic domain of TolA (TolAII). Furthermore, extensive interaction was detected between TolA molecules, demonstrating that bacterial TolA has the ability to interact functionally with itself during phage infection. The kinetics of g3p binding to TolA is also different from that of bacteriocins, since both N-terminal domains of g3p were found to interact with TolA. The multiple roles for each of the separate g3p and TolA domains imply a delicate interaction network during the phage infection process and a model for the infection mechanism is hypothesized.

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Bouley, Donna M., Nafisa Ghori, K. Lynne Mercer, Stanley Falkow, and Lalita Ramakrishnan. "Dynamic Nature of Host-Pathogen Interactions inMycobacterium marinum Granulomas." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 7820–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.12.7820-7831.2001.

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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium marinum causes long-term subclinical granulomatous infection in immunocompetent leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). These granulomas, organized collections of activated macrophages, share many morphological features with persistent human tuberculous infection. We examined organs of frogs with chronicM. marinum infection using transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and acid phosphatase cytochemistry to better define the bacterium-host interplay during persistent infection. Bacteria were always found within macrophage phagosomes. These phagosomes were often fused to lysosomes, in sharp contrast to those formed during in vitro infection of J774 macrophage-like cells by M. marinum. The infected macrophages in frog granulomas showed various levels of activation, as evidenced by morphological changes, including epithelioid transformation, recent phagocytic events, phagolysosomal fusion, and disintegration of bacteria. Our results demonstrate that even long-term granulomas are dynamic environments with regard to the level of host cell activation and bacterial turnover and suggest a continuum between constantly replicating bacteria and phagocytic killing that maintains relatively constant bacterial numbers despite an established immune response. Infection with a mutant bacterial strain with a reduced capacity for intracellular replication shifted the balance, leading to a greatly reduced bacterial burden and inflammatory foci that differed from typical granulomas.

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Weiss, Anna S., Anna G. Burrichter, Abilash Chakravarthy Durai Raj, Alexandra von Strempel, Chen Meng, Karin Kleigrewe, Philipp C. Münch, et al. "In vitro interaction network of a synthetic gut bacterial community." ISME Journal 16, no. 4 (December 2, 2021): 1095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01153-z.

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AbstractA key challenge in microbiome research is to predict the functionality of microbial communities based on community membership and (meta)-genomic data. As central microbiota functions are determined by bacterial community networks, it is important to gain insight into the principles that govern bacteria-bacteria interactions. Here, we focused on the growth and metabolic interactions of the Oligo-Mouse-Microbiota (OMM12) synthetic bacterial community, which is increasingly used as a model system in gut microbiome research. Using a bottom-up approach, we uncovered the directionality of strain-strain interactions in mono- and pairwise co-culture experiments as well as in community batch culture. Metabolic network reconstruction in combination with metabolomics analysis of bacterial culture supernatants provided insights into the metabolic potential and activity of the individual community members. Thereby, we could show that the OMM12 interaction network is shaped by both exploitative and interference competition in vitro in nutrient-rich culture media and demonstrate how community structure can be shifted by changing the nutritional environment. In particular, Enterococcus faecalis KB1 was identified as an important driver of community composition by affecting the abundance of several other consortium members in vitro. As a result, this study gives fundamental insight into key drivers and mechanistic basis of the OMM12 interaction network in vitro, which serves as a knowledge base for future mechanistic in vivo studies.

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Burkaltseva, Maria V., A. V. Lazareva, E. A. Pleteneva, O. V. Shaburova, S. V. Krylov, N. A. Mikhailova, A. V. Poddubikov, S. A. Lazarev, V. V. Zverev, and V. N. Krylov. "Imaging of the bacterial interactions in lung co-infection in cystic fibrosis patients." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 22, no. 2 (2020): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2020.2.155-160.

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Objective. To identify bacterial interactions at the site of infection in cystic fibrosis patients and to assess their possible effects on the course of infection. Materials and Methods. The following strains were used in this study: Alcaligenes faecalis LGBP strain, isolated from the environment; clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis strains; the standard laboratory P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain and its lysogens by temperate bacteriophages of various species, and its phageresistant mutants. Imaging and evaluation of the effects of bacterial interaction was performed in an in vitro co-infection with A. faecalis LGBP and the tested strains. Results. The bacteria of A. faecalis which are often involved in the lung co-infection in cystic fibrosis have been shown to stimulate the growth of most of the tested P. aeruginosa strains, as well as bacteria of some other species (for example, B. subtilis). The interspecies interactions pattern depends primarily on the strain of A. faecalis and physiological features of the infecting P. aeruginosa strains. When growing concurrently, the contacts between bacteria may change both the physical properties of the contacting bacteria surface (propagation rate) and the course of biochemical reactions in the contacting bacteria (occurrence of pigmentation, change in auto-plaquing pattern, reduction in alginate production). Conclusions. The results suggest that visually recognizable interactions are similar to the interactions of A. faecalis LGBP, exhibited in vitro with clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, may influence on the course of chronic infections and their treatment results. Expanding of model studies of bacterial interspecies interactions may contribute to better understanding of their molecular mechanism that may be useful for optimizing therapy.

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Nemtseva, N. V., O. A. Gogoleva, and M. E. Ignatenko. "BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF ALGO-BACTERIAL SYMBIOSES." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-4-82-87.

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The analysis of the latest published works on the interactions between microalgae and bacteria is presented. Microalgae as a result of multimillion evolution can interact with each other and with another microorganisms. Interactions between algae and bacteria demonstrate a variety of communication from mutualism to parasitism. They can significantly affect the maintenance of vital activity, determines the direction vector, ensure the integrity of ecosystems. In modern society the attention of researches to algae-bacterial symbiosis increases as a biomass producer and as biologically active compounds. The development of green biotechnology is aimed at creating new directions for the use of algae-bacterial interactions. The analyzes materials testify to the high fundamental and applied potential of symbiosis microalgae with bacteria for biology and medicine.

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Calcagnile, Matteo, Salvatore Maurizio Tredici, Adelfia Talà, and Pietro Alifano. "Bacterial Semiochemicals and Transkingdom Interactions with Insects and Plants." Insects 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120441.

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A peculiar feature of all living beings is their capability to communicate. With the discovery of the quorum sensing phenomenon in bioluminescent bacteria in the late 1960s, it became clear that intraspecies and interspecies communications and social behaviors also occur in simple microorganisms such as bacteria. However, at that time, it was difficult to imagine how such small organisms—invisible to the naked eye—could influence the behavior and wellbeing of the larger, more complex and visible organisms they colonize. Now that we know this information, the challenge is to identify the myriad of bacterial chemical signals and communication networks that regulate the life of what can be defined, in a whole, as a meta-organism. In this review, we described the transkingdom crosstalk between bacteria, insects, and plants from an ecological perspective, providing some paradigmatic examples. Second, we reviewed what is known about the genetic and biochemical bases of the bacterial chemical communication with other organisms and how explore the semiochemical potential of a bacterium can be explored. Finally, we illustrated how bacterial semiochemicals managing the transkingdom communication may be exploited from a biotechnological point of view.

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Li, Tongda, Ross Mann, Jatinder Kaur, German Spangenberg, and Timothy Sawbridge. "Transcriptome Analyses of Barley Roots Inoculated with Novel Paenibacillus sp. and Erwinia gerundensis Strains Reveal Beneficial Early-Stage Plant–Bacteria Interactions." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091802.

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Plant growth-promoting bacteria can improve host plant traits including nutrient uptake and metabolism and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Understanding the molecular basis of plant–bacteria interactions using dual RNA-seq analyses provides key knowledge of both host and bacteria simultaneously, leading to future enhancements of beneficial interactions. In this study, dual RNA-seq analyses were performed to provide insights into the early-stage interactions between barley seedlings and three novel bacterial strains (two Paenibacillus sp. strains and one Erwinia gerundensis strain) isolated from the perennial ryegrass seed microbiome. Differentially expressed bacterial and barley genes/transcripts involved in plant–bacteria interactions were identified, with varying species- and strain-specific responses. Overall, transcriptome profiles suggested that all three strains improved stress response, signal transduction, and nutrient uptake and metabolism of barley seedlings. Results also suggested potential improvements in seedling root growth via repressing ethylene biosynthesis in roots. Bacterial secondary metabolite gene clusters producing compounds that are potentially associated with interactions with the barley endophytic microbiome and associated with stress tolerance of plants under nutrient limiting conditions were also identified. The results of this study provided the molecular basis of plant growth-promoting activities of three novel bacterial strains in barley, laid a solid foundation for the future development of these three bacterial strains as biofertilisers, and identified key differences between bacterial strains of the same species in their responses to plants.

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Campanac, C., L. Pineau, A. Payard, G. Baziard-Mouysset, and C. Roques. "Interactions between Biocide Cationic Agents and Bacterial Biofilms." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 5 (May 2002): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.5.1469-1474.2002.

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ABSTRACT The resistance of bacterial biofilms to physical and chemical agents is attributed in the literature to various interconnected processes. The limitation of mass transfer alters the growth rate, and physiological changes in the bacteria in the film also appear. The present work describes an approach to determination of the mechanisms involved in the resistance of bacteria to quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride) according to the C-chain lengths of those compounds. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIP A 22, the level of resistance of the bacteria in the biofilm relative to that of planktonic bacteria increased with the C-chain length. For cells within the biofilm, the exopolysaccharide induced a characteristic increase in surface hydrophilicity. However, this hydrophilicity was eliminated by simple resuspension and washing. The sensitivity to quaternary ammonium compounds was restored to over 90%. Staphylococcus aureus CIP 53 154 had a very high level of resistance when it was in the biofilm form. A characteristic of bacteria from the biofilm was a reduction in the percent hydrophobicity, but the essential point is that this hydrophobicity was retained after the biofilm bacteria were resuspended and washed. The recovery of sensitivity was thus only partial. These results indicate that the factors involved in biofilm resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds vary according to the bacterial modifications induced by the formation of a biofilm. In the case of P. aeruginosa, we have underlined the involvement of the exopolysaccharide and particularly the three-dimensional structure (water channels). In the case of S. aureus, the role of the three-dimensional structure is limited and drastic physiological changes in the biofilm cells are more highly implicated in resistance.

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Qiu, Mengjia, Xingning Xiao, Yingping Xiao, Jiele Ma, Hua Yang, Han Jiang, Qingli Dong, and Wen Wang. "Dynamic Changes of Bacterial Communities and Microbial Association Networks in Ready-to-Eat Chicken Meat during Storage." Foods 11, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223733.

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Ready-to-eat (RTE) chicken is a popular food in China, but its lack of food safety due to bacterial contamination remains a concern, and the dynamic changes of microbial association networks during storage are not fully understood. This study investigated the impact of storage time and temperature on bacterial compositions and microbial association networks in RTE chicken using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The results show that the predominant phyla present in all samples were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, and the most abundant genera were Weissella, Pseudomonas and Proteus. Increased storage time and temperature decreased the richness and diversity of the microorganisms of the bacterial communities. Higher storage temperatures impacted the bacterial community composition more significantly. Microbial interaction analyses showed 22 positive and 6 negative interactions at 4 °C, 30 positive and 12 negative interactions at 8 °C and 44 positive and 45 negative interactions at 22 °C, indicating an increase in the complexity of interaction networks with an increase in the storage temperature. Enterobacter dominated the interactions during storage at 4 and 22 °C, and Pseudomonas did so at 22 °C. Moreover, interactions between pathogenic and/or spoilage bacteria, such as those between Pseudomonas fragi and Weissella viridescens, Enterobacter unclassified and Proteus unclassified, or those between Enterobacteriaceae unclassified and W.viridescens, were observed. This study provides insight into the process involved in RTE meat spoilage and can aid in improving the quality and safety of RTE meat products to reduce outbreaks of foodborne illness.

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Huang, Guocheng, Dehua Xia, Taicheng An, Tsz Wai Ng, Ho Yin Yip, Guiying Li, Huijun Zhao, and Po Keung Wong. "Dual Roles of Capsular Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Photocatalytic Inactivation of Escherichia coli: Comparison of E. coli BW25113 and Isogenic Mutants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 15 (May 22, 2015): 5174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00775-15.

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ABSTRACTThe dual roles of capsular extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria were demonstrated in a TiO2-UVA system, by comparing wild-typeEscherichia colistrain BW25113 and isogenic mutants with upregulated and downregulated production of capsular EPS. In a partition system in which direct contact between bacterial cells and TiO2particles was inhibited, an increase in the amount of EPS was associated with increased bacterial resistance to photocatalytic inactivation. In contrast, when bacterial cells were in direct contact with TiO2particles, an increase in the amount of capsular EPS decreased cell viability during photocatalytic treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that although capsular EPS can protect bacterial cells by consuming photogenerated reactive species, it also facilitates photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria by promoting the adhesion of TiO2particles to the cell surface. Fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses further confirmed that high capsular EPS density led to more TiO2particles attaching to cells and forming bacterium-TiO2aggregates. Calculations of interaction energy, represented by extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) potential, suggested that the presence of capsular EPS enhances the attachment of TiO2particles to bacterial cells via acid-base interactions. Consideration of these mechanisms is critical for understanding bacterium-nanoparticle interactions and the photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria.

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Gursoy, Ulvi Kahraman. "Periodontal Bacteria and Epithelial Cell Interactions: Role of Bacterial Proteins." European Journal of Dentistry 02, no. 04 (October 2008): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697385.

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Zhang, Mingzhu, Chao Peng, Wentao Sun, Rui Dong, and Jun Hao. "Effects of Variety, Plant Location, and Season on the Phyllosphere Bacterial Community Structure of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102023.

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Plant phyllosphere bacteria are vital for plant health and productivity and are affected by both abiotic and biotic factors. In this study, we surveyed the structure of the phyllosphere bacterial community associated with alfalfa. For two varieties of alfalfa, forty-eight samples of phyllosphere communities were collected at two locations over four seasons in 2020. Proteobacteria and actinobacteria were associated with the dominating phylum in the bacterial communities of the alfalfa phyllosphere. Sphingomonas was the most abundant genus-level bacteria, followed by Methylobacterium, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Pseudomonas. Sampling time had a greater affect than site and variety on alfalfa surface microorganisms. The variation in phyllosphere bacterial community assembly was mostly explained by the season–site interaction (43%), season–variety interaction (35%), and season (28%). Variety, site–variety interaction, and season–site–variety interactions did not have a meaningful effect on phyllosphere bacterial diversity and community structure. The bacterial community in the phyllosphere of alfalfa showed seasonal changes over time. The environmental factors that contributed most to the phyllosphere bacterial community of alfalfa were temperature and sunshine duration, which were significantly positively correlated with most of the dominant bacterial genera in the alfalfa phyllosphere.

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Xu, Qingfu, Anthony Almudervar, Janet R. Casey, and Michael E. Pichichero. "Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 11 (November 2012): 1738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111904.

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Suzuki, Motoi, Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Lay Myint Yoshida, and Koya Ariyoshi. "Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children." Emerging Infectious Diseases 20, no. 2 (February 2014): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.121724.

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Almudevar, Anthony. "Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children." Emerging Infectious Diseases 20, no. 2 (February 2014): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.131701.

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Doty, Sharon. "Symbiotic Plant-Bacterial Endospheric Interactions." Microorganisms 6, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6020028.

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Huang, Ruijie, Mingyun Li, and Richard L. Gregory. "Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm." Virulence 2, no. 5 (September 2011): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.5.16140.

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Peleg, Anton Y., Deborah A. Hogan, and Eleftherios Mylonakis. "Medically important bacterial–fungal interactions." Nature Reviews Microbiology 8, no. 5 (March 29, 2010): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2313.

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Leigh, J. A., and D. L. Coplin. "Exopolysaccharides in Plant-Bacterial Interactions." Annual Review of Microbiology 46, no. 1 (October 1992): 307–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.46.100192.001515.

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Thompson, Christopher R., Rebecca S. Brogan, Lisa Z. Scheifele, and David B. Rivers. "Bacterial Interactions With Necrophagous Flies." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 106, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/an12057.

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Diaz-Diaz, Alejandro, Cristina Garcia-Maurino, Alejandro Jordan-Villegas, Jeffrey Naples, Octavio Ramilo, and Asuncion Mejias. "Viral Bacterial Interactions in Children." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 38 (June 2019): S14—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002319.

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Deng, Jane C. "Viral-bacterial interactions-therapeutic implications." Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7 (November 2013): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12174.

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Mayrand, D., and D. Grenier. "Bacterial interactions in periodontal diseases." Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur 96, no. 2 (April 1998): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-2452(98)80006-7.

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James, G. A., L. Beaudette, and J. W. Costerton. "Interspecies bacterial interactions in biofilms." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 15, no. 4 (October 1995): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01569978.

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Casci, Tanita. "An array of bacterial interactions." Nature Reviews Genetics 9, no. 9 (September 2008): 652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2446.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial Interactions'

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