Journal articles: 'Bacterial kidney disease (Fish disease)'

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Sergeenko, NV, EA Ustimenko, MG Eliseikina, AD Kuhlevskiy, EV Bochkova, and TV Ryazanova. "First report of bacterial kidney disease in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Russia." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 140 (June 18, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03486.

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This paper describes the first case of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) to be identified in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Russia. The fish in question was caught in Lake Bolshoi Vilyui on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The diseased fish had foci of granulomatous inflammation in the kidneys. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolating the bacterium Renibacterium salmoninarum from kidney tissue in pure culture, and by determining the partial 16S RNA gene sequence of the isolate. This is the first detection of this pathogen in the genus Oncorhynchus in Russia, and detection of BKD in coho salmon indicates that the pathogen is present in the natural fish populations of Kamchatka. Therefore, it will be necessary to conduct screening studies of mature salmon selected for artificial reproduction, for the presence of BKD signs and asymptomatic infection with R. salmoninarum, which will allow us to estimate the prevalence of the pathogen.

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Delghandi, Mohammad Reza, Mansour El-Matbouli, and Simon Menanteau-Ledouble. "Renibacterium salmoninarum—The Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Salmonid Fish." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100845.

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Renibacterium salmoninarum is one of the oldest known bacterial pathogens of fish. This Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a chronic infection that is mostly known to infect salmonid fish at low temperatures. Externally, infected fish can display exophthalmia as well as blebs on the skin and ulcerations alongside haemorrhages at the base of the fins and alongside the lateral line. Internally, the kidney, heart, spleen and liver can show signs of swelling. Granulomas can be seen on various internal organs, as can haemorrhages, and the organs can be covered with a false membrane. Ascites can also accumulate in the abdominal cavity. The bacterium is generally cultivated on specialized media such as kidney disease medium-1 (KDM-1), KDM-2 and selective kidney disease medium (SKDM), and a diagnostic is performed using molecular tools such as PCRs or real-time quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs). Several virulence mechanisms have been identified in R. salmoninarum, in particular the protein p57 that is known to play a role in both agglutination and immunosuppression of the host’s defense mechanisms. Control of the disease is difficult; the presence of asymptomatic carriers complicates the eradication of the disease, as does the ability of the bacterium to gain entrance inside the eggs. Bacterin-killed vaccines have proven to be of doubtful efficacy in controlling the disease, and even more recent application of a virulent environmental relative of R. salmoninarum is of limited efficacy. Treatment by antibiotics such as erythromycin, azithromycin and enrofloxacin can be effective but it is slow and requires prolonged treatment. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant strains have been reported. Despite being known for a long time, there is still much to be discovered about R. salmoninarum, notably regarding its virulence mechanisms and its vaccine potential. Consequently, these gaps in knowledge continue to hinder control of this bacterial disease in aquaculture settings.

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Murwantoko, Murwantoko, Eka Diniarti, and Triyanto Triyanto. "Isolation, Characterization and Pathogenicity of Edwardsiella tarda a Causative Disease on Freshwater Fish in Yogyakarta." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 21, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.39920.

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Edwarsiella tarda is a cosmopolitan bacterium and is a cause of Edwardsiellosis in various fish species. The bacterial infection causes large losses on aquaculture in Asia, especially Japan. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize E. tarda as causative disease in freshwater fishes, and to determine its pathogenicity to catfish (Pangasius sp.). Bacteria were isolated from kidney of diseased fishes on Tryptone Soya Agar medium. Identification was conducted based on morphological colonies, morphological cells and biochemical tests. Fulfillment of Koch Postulates was done by injecting bacteria intraperitoneally on 7-9 cm fishes at dose of 107 cfu/fish. Pathogenicity test was carried out by intraperitoneal injection at 104, 105, 106, and 107 cfu/fish to 7-9 cm-catfish (Pangasius sp.) and followed by observation of disease signs and mortality every six hours for 7 days. Pathogenicity was determined as Lethal Dosage (LD50) using Dragstedt Behrens method. In this research we have isolated three isolates E. tarda causing disease in fishes. The clinical signs of this disease were lose of pigmentation over the lession, swollen of stomach, haemorhage on fins , small cutaneous lesions, and necrotic on fins area. The LD50 of E. tarda isolate L2, L3, and N3 were 4.64 ± 0.35x105, 1.54 ± 0.07x105, and 1.13 ± 0.13x106 cfu/fish, respectively.

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White, Melvin Randall, Ching Ching Wu, and Sharon R. Albregts. "Comparison of Diagnostic Tests for Bacterial Kidney Disease in Juvenile Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 4 (October 1995): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700412.

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In order to accurately diagnose bacterial kidney disease caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum in steelhead trout, kidney tissue from experimentally infected fish was evaluated using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit, fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, bacteriologic culture, and histopathology. Seventy-five steelhead trout were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and intraperitoneally inoculated with 0.15 ml saline ( n = 20), 1 × 1010 organisms/ml ( n = 18), 1 × 108 organisms/ml ( n = 18), or 1 × 106 organisms/ml ( n = 19) of R. salmoninarum. ELISA, FA, and bacteriologic culture were positive for R. salmoninarum from the kidney tissue of the 2 groups infected with the highest doses. Although the ELISA and FA tests were accurate when compared to the bacteriologic culture from the 2 groups infected with the higher doses of the organism, they were less sensitive at the lowest level of inoculum. Histopathology was not specific for this disease; however, all infected fish had a marked proliferative histiocytic interstitial nephritis, characterized by marked expansion of the renal hematopoietic tissue by histiocytes without tissue necrosis. Other microscopic findings included splenitis and myositis (at the injection site) of some fish.

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Kristianingrum, Yuli Purwandari, Bambang Sutrisno, Sitarina Widyarini, and Kurniasih Sugiyono. "Disease incidence of freshwater fish in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213306001.

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The potential of freshwater farming in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is very high. Infectious and non-infectious diseases can cause significant economic losses. The main problem of infectious disease is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. This study was conducted to identify diseases that attack freshwater fish using data analysis on fish disease cases in the Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UGM in 2019. A total of 239 cases of fish diseases were examined by the Laboratory Diagnostic Co-assistance students in 2019 from the Special Region of Yogyakarta which includes Sleman district, Kulonprogo district, Yogyakarta City, Bantul district and Gunungkidul district. Based on data analysis, it showed that the highest fish sample was tilapia (52%), came from Sleman Regency (94%). The highest disease infection was caused by bacterial infections (54%) followed by parasite infections (35%). Macroscopic changes were observed in the liver (25%), skin (19%). and gills (26%). These changes included a yellow swollen liver, ulcer in the skin, fragile consistency and nodules in the surface of kidneys, attachment lamella and necrosis of gill lamellas. The parasite identification resulted in following parasite taxa/species Dactylogyrus., Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Ichtyopthirius sp. in the Parasitology Laboratory. The histopathological changes were identified using the the Hematoxillin & Eosin st aining technique, the organs showed dermatitis (18%), hepatitis (27%) and branchitis (23%). It can be concluded that in this research the highest cases of freshwater fish disease in Yogyakarta Special Region were caused by bacterial infections of tilapia from the Sleman district.

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Rejeki, Sri, Triyanto Triyanto, and Murwantoko Murwantoko. "ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI Aeromonas sp. DARI LELE DUMBO (Clarias sp.) DI KABUPATEN NGAWI." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 18, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.26917.

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African catfish (Clarias sp.) is one of important freshwater fish which prefer consumed by people due to many advantages. Aeromonas sp. bacteria are dangerous patogen for freshwater fishes. This objective of the research was to isolate, identify and determine pathogenicity of Aeromonas sp. bacteria from African catfish from District Ngawi. The samples of catfish with 20 - 25 cm length showing clinical signs disease were obtained from three sub districts. Bacteria were isolated from kidney and inoculated into GSP medium. Characterization and identification through morphology of bacterial colonies, cells and biochemical test. Postulate Koch was conducted to verify abaility to couse disease. Pathogenicity was analyzed by determination of value of Lethal Dosage-50 on catfish on 7 - 9 cm length. The result showed that the disease symptoms of fish infected by the bacteria were skin ulcer, abdominal swelling and kidney damage. Fifteen bacterial isolates were collected which five, six and four isolates were from Kecamatan Karang Jati, Geneng dan Paron.sub-district respectively. The result showed 12 isolates (GKJ1, GKJ3, GKJ4, GGN1, GGN2, GGN3, GGN4, GGN5, GGN6, GPR2, GPR3 and GPR4) were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila. Three isolates (GKJ2, GKJ5 and GPR1) were identified as A. salmonicida. Isolate of A. hydrophila GKJ1, GKJ4, GGN2, GGN5, GPR2 and GPR4 were virulent to African catfish with LD50 values of 1,55 x 105, 3,89 x 105, 7,24 x 105, 2,39 x 105, 6,61 x 104 and 1,95 x 104 cfu/fish.

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Rashid, MM, MA Hasan, K. Mostafa, and MA Islam. "Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from EUS Affected Shing Heteropneustes fossilis of a Fish Farm in Mymensingh." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 1 (December 18, 2013): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.17362.

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Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria was isolated from the suspected EUS-affected shing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). The disease investigations were primarily based on clinical signs and subsequently confirmed by the isolation of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila from lesion of liver and kidney. The A. hydrophila isolates were identified by a series of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The total bacterial load in liver, intestine and kidney were 1.67 × 104 to 6.46 × 108 CFU/g, 1.71 × 103 to 1.18 × 109 CFU/g and 1.47 × 104 to 3.70 × 108 CFU/g respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.17362 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 117 - 124, 2008

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AUSTIN, B., and J. N. RAYMENT. "Epizootiology of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causal agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish." Journal of Fish Diseases 8, no. 6 (November 1985): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00965.x.

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Guz, Leszek, and Krzysztof Puk. "Molecular detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Poland." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2020-0028.

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Abstract Renibacterium salmoninarum causes bacterial kidney disease mainly in salmonid fish. Oligonucleotide primers incorporating R. salmoninarum unique sequences were designed to amplify a 501 bp region of the gene encoding a 57 kDa soluble extra-cellular protein. The primers did not amplify other wide varieties of aquatic or piscine bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida or Yersinia ruckeri. This assay provides a molecular description and definitive identification of R. salmoninarum in Poland.

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Meylani, Vita, and Rinaldi Rizal Putra. "DETEKSI BAKTERI GENUS VIBRIO SEBAGAI CAUSATIVE AGENT PADA IKAN LELE SANGKURIANG (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS VAR. SANGKURIANG) DI KOTA TASIKMALAYA." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan) 5, no. 1 (August 8, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v5i1.1689.

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Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var Sangkuriang) is the main commodity that widely cultivated in Tasikmalaya City. However, farmers have difficulty because of the disease which causes death in fish. High mortality is suspected as a vibriosis disease by genus Vibrio because redness wounds on dead fish. The purpose of this study is to know the genus Vibrio which causes of disease in Sangkuriang catfish. 10 samples of fish were taken from Sangkuriang catfish pond culture in Kelurahan Kersanagara Tasikmalaya City which were potentially suspected of vibriosis disease. Isolation of bacteria were done on TCBS medium. Bacterial isolates were collected from fish lesion on the body surface, liver, and kidneys of catfish. Isolation were able to gained 21 isolates and then 5 isolates (VK1, VK5, VK7, VK17, and VK21) were selected based on colony morphology and Postulates Koch’s were tested. The results showed that the clinical symptoms of catfish infected by vibriosis were redness lesions/ulcers on the body surface, hemorrhagic, fluid inside stomach, and fin eroded with redness wound. Bacterial identification through biochemical test revealed the causative agent of catfish disease at brackish pond area were bacteria of the genus Vibrio (VK 1, VK 5, and VK 7), Vibrio vulnificus (VK 17 and VK 21).

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Papadopoulou, A., T. Wallis, JG Ramirez-Paredes, SJ Monaghan, A. Davie, H. Migaud, and A. Adams. "Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida vapA type V and Vibrio spp. are predominant bacteria recovered from ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in Scotland." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 140 (July 2, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03489.

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Healthy and/or moribund farmed and wild ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta (>0.5 to 900 g) were sampled from hatcheries (n = 2) and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar cage sites (n = 8) in Scotland between February 2016 and October 2018. Less than half of the sampled individuals (n = 43; 32.3%) had been vaccinated (autogenous polyvalent vaccine; dip and/or injection) against atypical furunculosis (type V and VI), while 20 (15.0%) fish were not vaccinated, and the rest (70 individuals, 52.7%) were of unknown vaccination status. Swab samples from skin lesions, gill, liver, spleen and kidney were inoculated onto a variety of bacteriological agar plates, and bacteriology identification and sequencing analysis was performed on significant bacterial colonies. Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (aAs) vapA type V was the predominant bacterial species (70/215 bacterial isolates, 32.5% of bacterial samples; 43/117 positive individual fish, 36.8%) isolated in this survey followed by Vibrio species, which were the most geographically prevalent bacteria. Photobacterium indicum/profundum was also isolated from L. bergylta for the first time during this study. The collection of these bacterial isolates provides useful information for disease management. Identifying the aAs isolates involved in disease in ballan wrasse could provide vital information for improving/updating existing autogenous vaccines.

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Park, Se Chang, Ichiro Shimamura, Minoru Fukunaga, Koh-Ichiro Mori, and Toshihiro Nakai. "Isolation of Bacteriophages Specific to a Fish Pathogen, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, as a Candidate for Disease Control." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1416-1422.2000.

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ABSTRACT Two types of bacteriophage specific to Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, the causative agent of bacterial hemorrhagic ascites disease in cultured ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis), were isolated from diseased ayu and the rearing pond water. One type of phage, which formed small plaques, was tentatively classified as a member of the familyMyoviridae, and the other type, which formed large plaques, was classified as a member of the family Podoviridae. All 27 strains of P. plecoglossicida examined, which were isolated from diseased ayu from geographically different areas in 1991 to 1999, exhibited quite similar sensitivities to either type of phage. One strain of P. plecoglossicida was highly virulent for ayu, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) when intramuscular injection was used was 101.2 CFU fish−1; in contrast, phage-resistant variants of this organism were less virulent (LD50, >104 CFU fish−1). Oral administration of phage-impregnated feed to ayu resulted in protection against experimental infection with P. plecoglossicida. After oral administration of P. plecoglossicida cells of this bacterium were always detected in the kidneys of control fish that did not receive the phage treatment, while the cells quickly disappeared from the phage-treated fish. Bacterial growth in freshwater was lower in the presence of phage, and the number of phage PFU increased rapidly. These results suggest that it may be possible to use phage to control the disease caused by P. plecoglossicida.

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Arslan, Gökhan. "Cytokine Gene Expression, Immune Responses and Disease Resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss after Raphanus sativus By-products Supplementation." Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 21, no. 10 (June 24, 2021): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v21_10_05.

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In the present study, we examined the effects of aqueous methanolic extract of radish seed (Raphanus sativus) by-products (RS) on innate immune responses and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish was fed diets containing 4 different doses of RS (0 % (Control), 0.1% (RS0.1), 0.5% (RS0.5) and 1% (RS1)) for 14 days. The results showed an increased activity of respiratory burst in fish of treatment groups compared to that of control on 14th day (P<0.05). An enhanced bacterial killing activity was observed in R.05 and RS1 treatment groups compared to control (P<0.05) on 7th day of the study. Lysozyme activity was elevated in fish of RS1 group on 7th day, and in all treatment groups on 14th day compared to that of the control. Myeloperoxidase activity increased significantly in RS1 and RS0.1 groups compared to the control on 7th day. IL-1b was up- regulated in head kidney of fish in RS0.1 group on 7th day and in RS0.5 group on 14th day of the study. In intestine of fish of experimental groups, IL-1b expression was significantly elevated on 7th day compared to the control. IL-12 was also up-regulated both in kidney and intestine of treatment group fish on 7th day. Similar results were observed on IL-10 expression. IL8 was up-regulated both in kidney and intestine of treated fish groups. Growth performance was affected positively in the RS1 group compared to the control. However, FCR value did not vary among different groups. Survival also improved against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in RS administered fish. All these results suggest that supplementation of RS through diets for 7 days could improve immune responses and growth in rainbow trout.

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Long, Amy, and Simon R. M. Jones. "Piscirickettsia salmonis shedding and tissue burden, and hematological responses during cohabitation infections in chum Oncorhynchus keta, pink O. gorbuscha and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): e0248098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248098.

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Background Salmonid rickettsial septicemia is an emergent and geographically widespread disease of marine-farmed salmonids caused by infection with the water-borne bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Very little is known about the route, timing, or magnitude of bacterial shedding from infected fish. Methodology/principal findings A cohabitation challenge model was used to assess shedding from chum Oncorhynchus keta, pink O. gorbuscha and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Infections in donor fish were established by intraperitoneal injection of P. salmonis. Naïve recipients were cohabitated with donor fish after which cumulative percent morbidity and mortality (CMM) was monitored, and bacterial burdens in kidney and in tank water were measured by qPCR. All donor fish died with mean days-to-death (MDD) among species ranging from 17.5 to 23.9. Among recipients, CMM ranged from 42.7% to 77.8% and MDD ranged from 49.7 to 56.4. In each trial, two peaks of bacterial DNA concentrations in tank water closely aligned with the MDD values of donor and recipient fish. Bacterial tissue burden and shedding rate, and plasma physiological parameters were obtained from individual donors and recipients. Statistically significant positive correlations between the shedding rate and P. salmonis kidney burden were measured in donor pink and in donor and recipient chum salmon, but not in donor or recipient Atlantic salmon. In Atlantic salmon, there was a negative correlation between kidney bacterial burden and hematocrit, plasma Ca++ and Mg++ values, whereas in infected chum salmon the correlation was positive for Na+ and Cl- and negative for glucose. Conclusions A dependency of bacterial shedding on species-specific patterns of pathogenesis was suggested. The coincidence of bacterial shedding with mortality will inform pathogen transmission models.

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Mesa, Matthew G., Thomas P. Poe, Alec G. Maule, and Carl B. Schreck. "Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-049.

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We experimentally infected juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to examine the vulnerability to predation of fish with differing levels of Rs infection and assess physiological change during progression of the disease. Immersion challenges conducted during 1992 and 1994 produced fish with either a low to moderate (1992) or high (1994) infection level of Rs during the 14-week postchallenge rearing period. When equal numbers of treatment and unchallenged control fish were subjected to predation by either northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. In 1994, we also sampled fish every 2 weeks after the challenge to determine some stressful effects of Rs infection. During disease progression in fish, plasma cortisol and lactate increased significantly whereas glucose decreased significantly. Our results indicate the role that BKD may play in predator-prey interactions, thus ascribing some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality. In addition, the physiological changes observed in our fish during the chronic progression of BKD indicate that this disease is stressful, particularly during the later stages.

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Campbell, W. Bruce. "Assessing developmental errors in branchiostegal rays as indicators of chronic stress in two species of Pacific salmon." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-187.

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Stress during ontogeny reduces homeostasis, increasing the formation of developmental errors. Fused and partial branchiostegal rays were assessed as indicators of stress throughout embryogenesis in coho salmon (Oncorhy nchus kisutch Walbaum) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). Error frequencies and the proportion of fish possessing them should increase when development is stressed. Coho parr were examined from reciprocal crosses between two hatchery stocks experiencing artificially fluctuated (between 7 and 12 °C) or ambient (natural) temperatures throughout embryogenesis. Temperature means and ranges were equivalent between treatments, allowing patterns of thermal variance to be compared. Chinook presmolts, having high versus low levels of infection with bacterial kidney disease owing to similar levels of parental infection, also were examined. Sampled fish were cleared and stained and the errors analyzed using categorical linear models and observations of positional distributions. Although partial rays in coho were genetically influenced, fusion frequency increased significantly under fluctuating (551) versus ambient temperatures (163), as did the number of fish with fusions (207 versus 104, respectively). No significant difference between bacterial kidney disease groups was observed, indicating the disease had little influence over error development. Positional distributions of fused rays were bimodal in both species, showing anterior and posterior zones of weaker developmental control. Partial rays occurred at initial and terminal positions in the series, suggesting evolutionary vestigialization in both species. Branchiostegal ray fusions are shown to be useful traits for further investigation of thermal stress during embryogenesis in salmon.

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Firma, Rahman Rizky Amalia, Utami Sari, Chotimah Chusbul, and Abdulgani Amri Siregar. "Detection of Edwardsiella tardain catfish (Clarias sp.)by fluorescent antibody technique (FAT)." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.11.96-102.

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The fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) can be used to detectEdwardsiellatarda rapidly. As prelimenary step, it have been performed purity test of bacteria by PCR, specificity test of mouse anti-E. tarda monoclonal antibody by blocking using chicken and rabbit serum, and optimization of conjugate secondary antibody mouse IgG-H&L (FITC) dillution rate. Fourty eights catfish were intraperitoneally injected by 0,3 mL of E. tarda with different concentration, namely: 102 CFU/mL, 103 CFU/mL, 105 CFU/mL. Kidney, spleen, and liver from three fishes in each treatment were collected at interval time of six hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after infection. The results showed that E. tarda could be detected in fish infected with 102 CFU of E. tarda after six hours of injection in kidney,liver, and spleen of infected fish. Hence, FAT is faster than detection by bacterial culture method, and this technique can be useful to prevent the spread of fish disease. Keywords: fluorescent antibody technique, Edwardsiella tarda, detection, catfish

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Matejusova, Iveta, Nicola Bain, Duncan J. Colquhoun, Edward J. Feil, Una McCarthy, Darryl McLennan, Michael Snow, et al. "Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping of Renibacterium salmoninarum, a bacterium causing bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish." BMC Microbiology 13, no. 1 (2013): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-285.

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Gregori, Michela, Vincenzo Miragliotta, Roberto Leotta, Stefano Cecchini, Marino Prearo, and Francesca Abramo. "Morphometric Evaluation of Interrenal Gland and Kidney Macrophages Aggregates in Normal Healthy Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and after Bacterial Challenge withYersinia ruckeri." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210625.

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Macrophage aggregates (MA) occur in various organs of fish as discrete aggregations of pigmented macrophages. The study presented herein investigates the quantitative modifications from normal anatomical condition, of interrenal gland (IG) and kidney MA in six treatment groups of adult rainbow trout submitted to either specific or aspecific immune stimulation and subsequently challenged withYersinia ruckeri. Routinely stained tissue sections from both IG and kidney were analysed. The percentage of tissues occupied by MA and the MA density (number/mm2) were calculated on at least 10 randomly selected nonoverlapping fields taken from each tissue section. MA morphometric findings from challenged fish were compared to those from a control group. Results showed that fish from control group displayed a statistically significant (P<0.05) higher percentage of tissue occupied by MA and MA density. Among different treatment groups, anti-Yersinia ruckeriimmunized fish, which did not show clinical signs of disease after bacterial challenge, displayed higher values of morphometric parameters compared with symptomatic fish from other groups. Our study demonstrates that the quantification of the area occupied by MA might be an efficient parameter to evaluate the general condition of a salmonid population since it positively correlates with the health status and negatively with stress factor such as the acute bacterial infection.

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Ortega, Cesar, Rute Irgang, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza, Constanza Collarte, and Ruben Avendaño-Herrera. "First Identification and Characterization of Lactococcus garvieae Isolated from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cultured in Mexico." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091609.

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Lactococcosis is a hyperacute hemorrhagic septicemia disease caused by Lactococcus garvieae, which is an emerging pathogen in global fish farming. Between 2016 and 2018, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from five farms that presented outbreaks were sampled as part of a Mexican surveillance program for the detection of fish diseases. Fourteen L. garvieae isolates were recovered from sampled fish, as confirmed by biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and clinical and histological insights. The biochemical and protein profiles of the isolates obtained were homogeneous. Repetitive extragenic palindromic—(REP)—and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) analyses established weak genetic heterogeneity. Rainbow trout challenged with two of the isolates used at different bacterial concentrations (10−2 and 10−4 CFU/mL) showed melanosis, and hemorrhages were observed in the fins, liver, kidney, and spleen. Isolates were obtained from all of the organs sampled, including from surviving fish, as either pure or mixed cultures. The present study is the first to confirm the presence of L. garvieae as the agent of severe lactococcosis outbreaks in the two primary Mexican states for trout farming.

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HOLLAND, J. W., C. R. W. GOULD, C. S. JONES, L. R. NOBLE, and C. J. SECOMBES. "The expression of immune-regulatory genes in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during a natural outbreak of proliferative kidney disease (PKD)." Parasitology 126, no. 7 (March 2003): S95—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003767.

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Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a parasitic infection of salmonid fish characterized by an apparently abnormal immune response to the presence of the myxozoan parasite,Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. In order to examine the nature of the immune response at the molecular level, the expression of a range of immune regulatory genes, including cytokines and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 was examined in naive unexposed fish and in naive fish exposed to parasite-infected water at three points during the course of a natural outbreak of PKD. Since fish with advanced PKD pathology generally exhibit increased susceptibility to secondary infections which is typical of stress/cortisol-mediated immune suppression, a further aim of this work was to examinein vitrothe influence of the glucocorticoid cortisol on the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of the trout cytokine genes studied. Two weeks after the initial sampling, naive exposed fish showed a specific profile of up-regulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α2, COX-2 and, to a lesser extent, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression. As the disease pathology increased, TNF-α2 and COX-2 expression returned to normal levels. Stress levels of cortisol suppressed the LPS inducibility of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, although TGF-β1 and TNF-α2 appeared to be refractory. These data demonstrate that specific immune responses at the molecular level are affected during PKD infection, with the cortisol suppression of cytokine expressionin vitroproviding a possible link to PKD-mediated cytokine down-regulation and immune suppression.

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Sakai, Masahiro, and Masanori Kobayashi. "Detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Salmonid Fish, from Pen-Cultured Coho Salmon." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58, no. 3 (1992): 1061–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.58.3.1061-1063.1992.

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Munro, L. A., and I. S. Wallace. "Analysis of farmed fish movements between catchments identifies a simple compartmentalised management strategy for bacterial kidney disease in Scottish aquaculture." Aquaculture 338-341 (March 2012): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.02.007.

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24

Servizi, J. A., R. W. Gordon, D. W. Martens, W. L. Lockhart, D. A. Metner, I. H. Rogers, J. R. McBride, and R. J. Norstrom. "Effects of Biotreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Fingerling Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 846–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-097.

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Fingerling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were chronically exposed in the laboratory to nonlethal biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (TBKME) at concentrations and temperatures typical of the Fraser River. Laboratory exposure was for 144 d in freshwater followed by 66 d in seawater without TBKME. Exposed fish bioconcentrated chlorophenols, chloroguiacols, and extractable organochlorine substances in proportion to the aqueous concentrations of the substances. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD's) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF's) were also bioaccumulated, but the low body burdens compared with wild fingerling chinook indicated that the laboratory environment did not account for biomagnification via the food chain. Growth, mortality, hematocrit, protein and fat content, liver somatic index, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and tolerance to hypoxia were not affected by TBKME exposure. Increased nuclear diameters of interrenal cells among TBKME-exposed fish indicated that these fish were experiencing chronic stress. Hepatic and renal granulomas of Bacterial Kidney Disease origin were observed in some TBKME-exposed fish, but there was only a tenuous link between TBKME exposure and disease resistance. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was correlated with dioxin toxic equivalency (TEQ). From this analysis, we estimated a threshold for EROD induction between 0.3 and 1.0 ng TEQ∙kg−1.

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25

Amer, Shimaa A., Ali Osman, Naif A. Al-Gabri, Shafika A. M. Elsayed, Ghada I. Abd El-Rahman, Mohamed Tharwat Elabbasy, Shaimaa A. A. Ahmed, and Rowida E. Ibrahim. "The Effect of Dietary Replacement of Fish Meal with Whey Protein Concentrate on the Growth Performance, Fish Health, and Immune Status of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings, Oreochromis niloticus." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121003.

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The present study was conducted to assess the effect of replacing fish meal with whey protein concentrate (WPC) on the growth performance, histopathological condition of organs, economic efficiency, disease resistance to intraperitoneal inoculation of Aeromonas hydrophila, and the immune response of Oreochromis niloticus. The toxicity of WPC was tested by measuring the activity of caspase 3 as an indicator of cellular apoptosis. Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings with average initial weight 18.65 ± 0.05 gm/fish (n = 225) for a 10-week feeding trial. The fish were randomly allocated to five experimental groups, having five replacement percentages of fish meal with WPC: 0%, 13.8%, 27.7%, 41.6%, and 55.5% (WPC0, WPC13.8, WPC27.7, WPC41.6, and WPC55.5); zero percentage represented the control group. The results show that the fish fed WPC had the same growth performance as the WPC0. The total weight of bacterially challenged surviving fish increased linearly and quadratically (p ≤ 0.05) by increasing the replacement percentage of fish meal with WPC. The growth hormone, nitric oxide, IgM, complement 3, and lysozyme activity were seen to increase significantly in WPC27.7, especially after a bacterial challenge. The phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index increased significantly in WPC27.7, WPC41.6, and WPC55.5 groups. Histopathological examination of liver sections was badly affected by high replacement in WPC41.6–55.5. The activity of caspase 3 in the immunohistochemical stained sections of the intestine was increased significantly by increasing the inclusion level of WPC. Economically, the total return of the total surviving fish after the bacterial challenge was increased significantly by fish meal replacement with WPC. It could be concluded that WPC could replace the fish meal in Nile tilapia diets up to 27.7%, with improving the gut health, the total weight of survival fish, and immune status of fish challenged with A. hydrophila. High inclusion levels of WPC are not recommended in fish diets, since they negatively affected the intestinal and liver tissues and increased the level of cellular apoptosis, as indicated by the increased caspase 3 activity. Further researches are recommended to evaluate the effect of fish meal replacement with WPC on the histopathological examination of the kidney and to test the capacity of serum IgM to clot the bacteria used for the challenge.

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Grayson, T. Hilton, Martyn L. Gilpin, Andrew J. Evenden, and Colin B. Munn. "Evidence for the immune recognition of two haemolysins of Renibacterium salmoninarum by fish displaying clinical symptoms of bacterial kidney disease (BKD)." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 11, no. 4 (May 2001): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2000.0317.

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Mumford, Sonia, Chris Patterson, Joy Evered, Ray Brunson, Jay Levine, and Jim Winton. "Comparison of Individual and Pooled Sampling Methods for Detecting Bacterial Pathogens of Fish." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 4 (July 2005): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700401.

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Examination of finfish populations for viral and bacterial pathogens is an important component of fish disease control programs worldwide. Two methods are commonly used for collecting tissue samples for bacteriological culture, the currently accepted standards for detection of bacterial fish pathogens. The method specified in the Office International des Epizooties Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals permits combining renal and splenic tissues from as many as 5 fish into pooled samples. The American Fisheries Society (AFS) Blue Book/US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Inspection Manual specifies the use of a bacteriological loop for collecting samples from the kidney of individual fish. An alternative would be to more fully utilize the pooled samples taken for virology. If implemented, this approach would provide substantial savings in labor and materials. To compare the relative performance of the AFS/USFWS method and this alternative approach, cultures of Yersinia ruckeri were used to establish low-level infections in groups of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were sampled by both methods. Yersinia ruckeri was cultured from 22 of 37 groups by at least 1 method. The loop method yielded 18 positive groups, with 1 group positive in the loop samples but negative in the pooled samples. The pooled samples produced 21 positive groups, with 4 groups positive in the pooled samples but negative in the loop samples. There was statistically significant agreement (Spearman coefficient 0.80, P < 0.001) in the relative ability of the 2 sampling methods to permit detection of low-level bacterial infections of rainbow trout.

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Gibbs, Gordon D., Matthew J. Griffin, Michael J. Mauel, and Mark L. Lawrence. "Validation of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection of 2 Flavobacterium columnare genomovars." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720915760.

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Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in a variety of fish hosts. Using modifications to previously established protocols, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was validated for the detection of 2 predominant F. columnare genomovars. The oligonucleotide primer and probe combination was designed to amplify a 203-bp region of the chondroitin AC lyase gene (GenBank AY912281) of F. columnare. There were no significant differences in amplification between genomovars. Comparable quantities of genomic DNA from 10 F. columnare strains, 5 representatives of each genomovar, produced similar results. Serial dilutions of purified PCR product demonstrated the limit of sensitivity for the assay was ~ 10 copies per reaction. The presence of gill and spleen tissue did not significantly affect the sensitivity of the assay. Comparably, bacterial DNA detected from the liver and kidney was less sensitive than pure bacterial DNA. However, detection from these tissues was within one order of magnitude of other tissues, indicating this reduction may have minimal analytic significance. This validated assay was used to approximate the minimum infectious dose for F. columnare isolate 94-081 in channel catfish and assess bacterial loads in gill and kidney tissues 48 h post-infection.

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Magnússon, H. B., O. H. Fridjónsson, O. S. Andrésson, E. Benediktsdóttir, S. Gudmundsdóttir, and V. Andrésdóttir. "Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish, detected by nested reverse transcription-PCR of 16S rRNA sequences." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, no. 12 (1994): 4580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.12.4580-4583.1994.

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Rhodes, Linda D., Alison M. Coady, and Rebecca K. Deinhard. "Identification of a Third msa Gene in Renibacterium salmoninarum and the Associated Virulence Phenotype." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6488-6494.2004.

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ABSTRACT Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus, causes bacterial kidney disease, a condition that can result in extensive morbidity and mortality among stocks of fish. An immunodominant extracellular protein, called major soluble antigen (MSA), is encoded by two identical genes, msa1 and msa2. We found evidence for a third msa gene, msa3, which appears to be a duplication of msa1. Unlike msa1 and msa2, msa3 is not present in all isolates of R. salmoninarum. The presence of the msa3 locus does not affect total MSA production in culture conditions. In a challenge study, isolates possessing the msa3 locus reduced median survival in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by an average of 34% at doses of ≤105 cells per fish compared to isolates lacking the msa3 locus. In contrast, no difference in survival was observed at the highest dose, 106 cells per fish. The phenotype associated with the msa3 locus and its nonuniform distribution may contribute to observed differences in virulence among R. salmoninarum isolates.

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31

Pilarski, F., AJ Rossini, and PS Ceccarelli. "Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare (Bernardet et al. 2002) from four tropical fish species in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 2 (May 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000200025.

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Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, implicated in skin and gill disease, often causing high mortality. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare in tropical fish in Brazil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) were examined for external lesions showing signs of colunmaris disease such as greyish white spots, especially on the head, dorsal part and caudal fin of the fish. The sampling comprised 50 samples representing four different fish species selected for study. Samples for culture were obtained by skin and kidney scrapes with a sterile cotton swabs of columnaris disease fish and streaked onto Carlson and Pacha (1968) artificial culture medium (broth and solid) which were used for isolation. The strains in the liquid medium were Gram negative, long, filamentous, exhibited flexing movements (gliding motility), contained a large number of long slender bacteria and gathered into ‘columns'. Strains on the agar produced yellow-pale colonies, rather small, flat that had rhizoid edges. A total of four Flavobacterium columnare were isolated: 01 Brycon orbignyanus strain, 01 Piaractus mesopotamicus strain, 01 Colossoma macropomum strain, and 01 Hypostomus plecostomus strain. Biochemical characterization, with its absorption of Congo red dye, production of flexirubin-type pigments, H2S production and reduction of nitrates proved that the isolate could be classified as Flavobacterium columnare.

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32

Kristianingrum, Yuli Purwandari, Sitarina Widyarini, Kurniasih Kurniasih, Bambang Sutrisno, Charles Rangga Tabbu, and Sugiyono Sugiyono. "IMMUNODIAGNOSIS INFEKSI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 36, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.38858.

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Aeromonas hydrophila causes a disease that often infects fish and is known as Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS), Hemorrhagi Septisemia, Ulcer disease or Red-Sore disease. The aims of this study were to develop polyclonal antibody of Aeromonas hydrophila in the rabbits to confirm the diagnosis of Aeromonas hydrophila in the fish by immunohistochemistry staining method. Preparation of polyclonal antibodies was performed on the rabbits used to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria that have been tested biochemically by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection. Doses of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were 109 CPU/ml of 0.5 ml at first injection, 1 ml at second injection, 2 ml at thirth injection and 3 ml at fourth injection. Blood serum collection was performed at week 5 after injection from an ear and intracardial vein. The result of antibody titer was 28 = 1024 which measured by tube test. Furthermore, polyclonal antibody was used to immunohistochemistry staining with 400x dilution. The results of the staining showed that an immunopositive reaction in the liver, skin,lien, gill, kidney, and heart of fish to Aeromonas hydrophila antibody. The research conclution was polyclonal antibody from rabbit can be used to accurately confirm the diagnosis of Aeromonas hydrophila based on antigen and antibody reaction.

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Burr, Sarah E., Dmitri Pugovkin, Thomas Wahli, Helmut Segner, and Joachim Frey. "Attenuated virulence of an Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type III secretion mutant in a rainbow trout model." Microbiology 151, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 2111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27926-0.

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Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a severe systemic disease affecting salmonid fish. This bacterium contains a type III protein secretion system that is responsible for the secretion and translocation of the ADP-ribosylating toxin, AexT, into the cytosol of fish cells. This study showed that inactivation of the type III secretion system by marker-replacement mutagenesis of the gene ascV, which encodes an inner-membrane component of the type III secretion system, attenuated virulence in a rainbow trout model. The isogenic ascV deletion mutant was phagocytosed by peripheral blood leukocytes but the wild-type (wt) A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolate was not. Histological examination of fish experimentally infected with the wt bacterium revealed extensive tissue necrosis and bacterial aggregates in all organs examined, including the heart, kidney and liver, indicating that the isolate established a systemic infection. Cumulative mortality of fish experimentally infected with the wt bacterium reached 88 %. In contrast, no mortality was observed among fish infected with the same dose of the ascV mutant, and histological examination of fish infected with this strain revealed healthy organs. The results indicate that the type III secretion system of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is required to establish systemic infection.

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Fetherman, Eric R., Brad Neuschwanger, Tracy Davis, Colby L. Wells, and April Kraft. "Efficacy of Erymicin 200 Injections for Reducing Renibacterium salmoninarum and Controlling Vertical Transmission in an Inland Rainbow Trout Brood Stock." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070547.

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Bacterial Kidney Disease, caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), is widespread and can cause significant mortality at most life stages in infected salmonids. Rs is commonly found in inland trout, which can be carriers of the bacterium. Lethal spawns can be used to control vertical transmission to progeny through the culling of eggs from infected parents, but can be costly, time-consuming, and can negatively impact important and rare brood stocks. Erymicin 200 is an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) intended to reduce Rs levels in hatchery brood stocks and control vertical transmission to progeny. We tested the efficacy of Erymicin 200 injections in a positive, hatchery-resident rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) brood stock in Colorado, USA. Brood fish age two and three were injected with 25 mg per kg of body weight Erymicin 200 three times prior to spawning. Erymicin 200 was effective in reducing Rs to below detectable levels in treated fish. However, both negative treated and control brood fish produced positive progeny, suggesting that Erymicin 200 did not prevent the vertical transmission of Rs.

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35

Tamba, Jaya Maruli, Henni Syawal, and Iesje Lukistyowati. "Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Striped Catfish (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus) kept in Aquaculture Ponds." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.26.1.40-46.

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Koto Masjid Village is the largest production center in striped catfish fish farming activities in Riau Province. One of the inhibiting factors is the disease caused by bacteria, this study aims to determine the types of pathogenic bacteria that have the potential to infect striped catfish. This research was conducted in August - November 2019, samples of striped catfish used in the study amounted to 15 tails with an average length of 15-25 cm taken from 5 ponds in Kampung II, Koto Masjid Village, XIII Koto Kampar Subdistrict, and then identified bacteria by Conventional Laboratory in Fish Parasites and Diseases, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Riau University, Pekanbaru. This study uses a survey method that is by taking samples from the field in Pu and then the isolation of bacteria is carried out from the kidney organ in the TSB media then purified on the TSA media. The results of the study found 3 types of pathogenic bacteria namely Aeromonas sp., Edwardsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Water quality during the study was pH 6.6-70, DO 4.05-4.35 mg/L, NH3 0.035-0.2 mg/L and Temperature 28-300C.

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Hossain, Md Mer Mosharraf, Amimul Ehsan, Md Anisur Rahman, Monjurul Haq, and Md Bazlur Rashid Chowdhury. "Transmission and pathology of Streptococcus inane in monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in aquaculture of Bangladesh." Journal of Fisheries 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i1.2014.28.

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Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen, recently emergent outbreaks were recorded in commercially cultured monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) result in significant losses termed “streptococcosis”-causes unusual appearances with multi-focal pin-point haemorrhages, abscesses, necrosis and ascites in skin, fin, muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, blood, interstitial fluid specially in central nervous system and brain. This disease was more prevalent (>26%) at summer when the water temperature was approximately >25oC, percentage of mortality was higher >41% during the overcrowding and improper water chemistry. Raised levels of glucose and ammonium in blood serum causes reduced number of free blood cells released into the haemolymph to stomach and gut, result in refrain from eating in diseased tilapia. Stocking density (200 fish/decimal; class IV) had significant effect (P<0.01) on the total production (5,000 to 5,500 kg/ha). S. iniae in the circulating blood cells, extra-tubular haemal spaces containing blood vessels, fixed phagocytes in the hepatopancreas (gastrointestinal tract), bacteria-like particles in the brain tissue, vacuum and necrosis in hepatocytes revealed with histopathology. In vitro study revealed that cohabitation of dead or infected fish with healthy fish resulted infection (horizontal transmission mechanism) to the healthy fish.

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Ali, Nadia G. M., Ibrahim M. Aboyadak, and Heba S. El-Sayed. "Chemotherapeutic control of Gram-positive infection in white sea bream (Diplodus sargus, Linnaeus 1758) broodstock." Veterinary World 12, no. 2 (February 2019): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.316-324.

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Aim: This study aimed to identify the pathogenic bacteria responsible for the septicemic disease affecting white sea bream brooders and determining the sensitivity of the recovered isolates to different antibiotics followed by estimation of long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) efficacy in controlling this disease, and finally, determining the proper dose regimen. Materials and Methods: Biolog microbial identification system was used for determination of the pathogens which are responsible for this disease. Agar disk diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of recovered isolates. Oxytetracycline (OTC) was used at a dose level of 100 mg/kg body weight for the treatment of diseased fish, and the OTC concentration in the serum samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Fifteen Staphylococcus epidermidis and 11 Bacillus cereus isolates were recovered from the lesion of muscle, tail, eye, and heart blood. S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive to OTC, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, spiramycin, erythromycin (E), and florfenicol. B. cereus isolates were sensitive to all mentioned antibiotics except E. Based on the MIC test, all B. cereus isolates were sensitive to OTC with MIC ranging between <0.125 and 4 μg/ml and 11 S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive with MIC ranging between <0.125 and 8 μg/ml, while four isolates were resistant. Different degrees of degenerative changes were present in the hepatopancreas, posterior kidney, eye, and skin tissues of diseased fish. Conclusion: Single intraperitoneal injection of long-acting OTC at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was effective in termination of S. epidermidis and B. cereus infection in white sea bream (D. sargus) broodstock.

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Savan, Ram, Arisa Igarashi, Satoru Matsuoka, and Masahiro Sakai. "Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Edwardsiellosis in Fish by a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.621-624.2004.

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ABSTRACT Here we report a rapid and sensitive method (using loop-mediated isothermal amplification [LAMP]) for the diagnosis of edwardsiellosis, a fish disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda, in Japanese flounder. A set of four primers was designed, and conditions for the detection were optimized for the detection of E. tarda in 45 min at 65°C. No amplification of the target hemolysin gene was detected in other related bacteria. When the LAMP primers were used, detection of edwardsiellosis in infected Japanese flounder kidney, and spleen and seawater cultures was possible. We have developed a rapid and sensitive diagnostic protocol for edwardsiellosis detection in fish. This is the first report of the application of LAMP for the diagnosis of a fish pathogen.

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39

Pascho, Ronald J., Dorothy Chase, and Connie L. McKibben. "Comparison of the Membrane-Filtration Fluorescent Antibody Test, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Renibacterium Salmoninarum in Salmonid Ovarian Fluid." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10, no. 1 (January 1998): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000111.

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Ovarian fluid samples from naturally infected chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined for the presence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT), an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of the MF-FAT, 64% (66/103) samples contained detectable levels of R. salmoninarum cells. Among the positive fish, the R. salmoninarum concentrations ranged from 25 cells/ml to 4.3 × 109 cells/ml. A soluble antigenic fraction of R. salmoninarum was detected in 39% of the fish (40/103) by the ELISA. The ELISA is considered one of the most sensitive detection methods for bacterial kidney disease in tissues, yet it did not detect R. salmoninarum antigen consistently at bacterial cell concentrations below about 1.3 × 104 cells/ml according to the MF-FAT counts. When total DNA was extracted and tested in a nested PCR designed to amplify a 320-base-pair region of the gene encoding a soluble 57-kD protein of R. salmoninarum, 100% of the 100 samples tested were positive. The results provided strong evidence that R. salmoninarum may be present in ovarian fluids thought to be free of the bacterium on the basis of standard diagnostic methods.

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BRUNO, D. W. "Histopathology of bacterial kidney disease in laboratory infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with reference to naturally infected fish." Journal of Fish Diseases 9, no. 6 (November 1986): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1986.tb01049.x.

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Samsel, Anthony, and Stephanie Seneff. "Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0026.

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ABSTRACT Celiac disease, and, more generally, gluten intolerance, is a growing problem worldwide, but especially in North America and Europe, where an estimated 5% of the population now suffers from it. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, macrocytic anemia and depression. It is a multifactorial disease associated with numerous nutritional deficiencies as well as reproductive issues and increased risk to thyroid disease, kidney failure and cancer. Here, we propose that glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide, Roundup®, is the most important causal factor in this epidemic. Fish exposed to glyphosate develop digestive problems that are reminiscent of celiac disease. Celiac disease is associated with imbalances in gut bacteria that can be fully explained by the known effects of glyphosate on gut bacteria. Characteristics of celiac disease point to impairment in many cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved with detoxifying environmental toxins, activating vitamin D3, catabolizing vitamin A, and maintaining bile acid production and sulfate supplies to the gut. Glyphosate is known to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes. Deficiencies in iron, cobalt, molybdenum, copper and other rare metals associated with celiac disease can be attributed to glyphosate’s strong ability to chelate these elements. Deficiencies in tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine and selenomethionine associated with celiac disease match glyphosate’s known depletion of these amino acids. Celiac disease patients have an increased risk to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which has also been implicated in glyphosate exposure. Reproductive issues associated with celiac disease, such as infertility, miscarriages, and birth defects, can also be explained by glyphosate. Glyphosate residues in wheat and other crops are likely increasing recently due to the growing practice of crop desiccation just prior to the harvest. We argue that the practice of "ripening" sugar cane with glyphosate may explain the recent surge in kidney failure among agricultural workers in Central America. We conclude with a plea to governments to reconsider policies regarding the safety of glyphosate residues in foods

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42

Mauel, Michael J., Debra L. Miller, Eloise Styer, Deborah B. Pouder, Roy P. E. Yanong, Andrew E. Goodwin, and Thomas E. Schwedler. "Occurrence of Piscirickettsiosis-Like Syndrome in Tilapia in the Continental United States." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 6 (November 2005): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700616.

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From 2001 to 2003, tilapia ( Oreochromis sp.) farms in Florida, California, and South Carolina experienced epizootics of a systemic disease causing mortality. The fish exhibited lethargy, occasional exophthalmia, and skin petechia. The gills were often necrotic, with a patchy white and red appearance. Grossly, the spleen and kidneys were granular with whitish irregular nodules throughout. Granulomatous infiltrates were observed in kidney, spleen, testes, and ovary tissues, but not in the liver. The granulomas contained pleomorphic coccoid bacteria, measuring 0.57 ± 0.1 × 0.8 ± 0.2 μm, that were Giemsa-positive, acid-fast-negative, and Gram-negative. The bacteria had a double cell wall, variable electron-dense and -lucent areas, and were present in the cytoplasm and within phagolysosomes. The syndrome was associated with cold stress and poor water conditions. These findings are consistent with an infectious process caused by a Piscirickettsia-like bacterium described previously in tilapia in Taiwan and Hawaii. This report involves the first identified cases of a piscirickettsiosis-like syndrome affecting tilapia in the continental United States.

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Deshmukh, Sidhartha, Per W. Kania, Jiwan K. Chettri, Jakob Skov, Anders M. Bojesen, Inger Dalsgaard, and Kurt Buchmann. "Insight from Molecular, Pathological, and Immunohistochemical Studies on Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccine-Induced Protection of Rainbow Trout against Yersinia ruckeri." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 10 (August 21, 2013): 1623–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00404-13.

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ABSTRACTThe immunological mechanisms associated with protection of vaccinated rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, against enteric redmouth disease (ERM), caused byYersinia ruckeri, were previously elucidated by the use of gene expression methodology and immunochemical methods. That approach pointed indirectly to both humoral and cellular elements being involved in protection. The present study correlates the level of protection in rainbow trout to cellular reactions in spleen and head kidney and visualizes the processes by applying histopathological, immunohistochemical, andin situhybridization techniques. It was shown that these cellular reactions, which were more prominent in spleen than in head kidney, were associated with the expression of immune-related genes, suggesting a Th2-like response.Y. ruckeri, as shown byin situhybridization (ISH), was eliminated within a few days in vaccinated fish, whereas nonprotected fish still harbored bacteria for a week after infection. Vaccinated fish reestablished normal organ structure within a few days, whereas nonprotected fish showed abnormalities up to 1 month postinfection. Protection in the early phase of infection was mainly associated with the expression of genes encoding innate factors (complement factors, lysozyme, and acute phase proteins), but in the later phase of infection, increased expression of adaptive immune genes dominated. The histological approach used has shown that the cellular changes correlated with protection of vaccinated fish. They comprised transformation of resident cells into macrophage-like cells and increased occurrence of CD8α and IgM cells, suggesting these cells as main players in protection. Future studies should investigate the causality between these factors and protection.

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Qiu, Jun Qiang, Zeng Fu Song, Huai Yu Su, Shu Ting Yang, Kun Hu, and Pei Min He. "Research of the Unknown Cause of Death of Caesio diagramma." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.373.

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To find out the etiology and prevention methods of the death ofCaesio diagramma. Isolate the pathogen from the fester surface, liver, kidney , intestinal and other organizations of the diseasedCaesio diagramma; After the purification of the predominant strains, the phylogenetic analysis of genetic relationships was done by determining 16s rDNA gene and Homology comparison was done with the BLAST sequence detected and registered in GenBank sequence ; In the end, phylogenetic trees were constructed and the drug sensitivity experiment and pathological observation were taken.Aeromonas hydrophilais the cause of the death ofCaesio diagramma, it is highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, cefotaxime, gentamicin, amikacin; The pathological results indicate that the wax buildups causes increasing energe consumption ofCaesio diagramma,which decreased the resistance ofCaesio diagrammaand even leads to secondary bacterial infection. Pathogen infected the liver and spleen tissues which causes the disease and death ofCaesio diagramma.Aeromonas hydrophilacauses the death ofCaesio diagramma, and the results have an important guiding significance for the healthy breeding ofCaesio diagrammaand other ornamental fish

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Wiens, Gregory D., Daniel D. Rockey, Zaining Wu, Jean Chang, Ruth Levy, Samuel Crane, Donald S. Chen, et al. "Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum Suggests Reductive Evolution away from an Environmental Arthrobacter Ancestor." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 21 (August 22, 2008): 6970–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00721-08.

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ABSTRACT Renibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease and a significant threat to healthy and sustainable production of salmonid fish worldwide. This pathogen is difficult to culture in vitro, genetic manipulation is challenging, and current therapies and preventative strategies are only marginally effective in preventing disease. The complete genome of R. salmoninarum ATCC 33209 was sequenced and shown to be a 3,155,250-bp circular chromosome that is predicted to contain 3,507 open-reading frames (ORFs). A total of 80 copies of three different insertion sequence elements are interspersed throughout the genome. Approximately 21% of the predicted ORFs have been inactivated via frameshifts, point mutations, insertion sequences, and putative deletions. The R. salmoninarum genome has extended regions of synteny to the Arthrobacter sp. strain FB24 and Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 genomes, but it is approximately 1.9 Mb smaller than both Arthrobacter genomes and has a lower G+C content, suggesting that significant genome reduction has occurred since divergence from the last common ancestor. A limited set of putative virulence factors appear to have been acquired via horizontal transmission after divergence of the species; these factors include capsular polysaccharides, heme sequestration molecules, and the major secreted cell surface antigen p57 (also known as major soluble antigen). Examination of the genome revealed a number of ORFs homologous to antibiotic resistance genes, including genes encoding β-lactamases, efflux proteins, macrolide glycosyltransferases, and rRNA methyltransferases. The genome sequence provides new insights into R. salmoninarum evolution and may facilitate identification of chemotherapeutic targets and vaccine candidates that can be used for prevention and treatment of infections in cultured salmonids.

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Vásquez-Machado, Gersson, Miguel Rubiano-Garzón, Jonny Yepes-Blandón, Daniel Gordillo-González, and Jersson Avila-Coy. "Weissellosis in rainbow trout in Colombia." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 13, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i3p575-580.

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Weissellosis is an emergent disease caused by Weissella, a Gram-positive bacteria correlated with hemorrhagic illness and mortality in farm-raised trout in several countries. The current study reports the first outbreaks of weissellosis by Weissella ceti in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which caused severe mortalities in trout farms in Colombia between May 2016 to June 2019. The disease occurred in several farms irrigated by the same river where temperatures were above 17 °C. Symptoms of the disease were limited almost exclusively to trout above 250 g. The clinical signs consisted of lethargic and anorexic fish, swimming in circles at the surface or against the walls. Pathological findings were mainly ocular lesions like bilateral exophthalmia, periocular and intraocular hemorrhage, lenticular opacity and corneal rupture usually leading to blindness, muscular hemorrhages and necrosis. Microbial isolating from eye, brain, kidney, liver and muscle was performed and W. ceti was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA. The aim of this work was to characterize the Weisellosis by Weissella ceti in trouts in Colombia, including microbiological isolating, molecular analysis, gross and microscopic characterization.

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Khoo, Lester H., Andrew E. Goodwin, David J. Wise, William E. Holmes, Larry A. Hanson, James M. Steadman, Larry M. McIntyre, and Patricia S. Gaunt. "The pathology associated with visceral toxicosis of catfish." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 23, no. 6 (November 2011): 1217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711425577.

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Visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC) syndrome was recognized in the late 1990s and recently has been associated with exposure to Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin. Tentative diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and gross findings, and is confirmed by bioassay. In April 2009, channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) from 2 different farms presented with abnormal swimming behavior and mortalities. Nine fish were submitted to the Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (Stoneville, Mississippi) for evaluation. Bacterial cultures from these fish were negative. Necropsy findings included intestinal intussusceptions, ascites, pale proximal intestines with engorged serosal blood vessels, splenic congestion, and a reticular pattern to the liver. Significant histopathologic findings were limited to cerebral, splenic, and hepatic congestion, splenic lymphoid depletion and perivascular edema, vascular dilation and edema of the gastrointestinal tract, and perivascular edema in the anterior and posterior kidneys. Intoxication from C. botulinum type E neurotoxin was suspected based on the clinical signs and lack of gross and microbiological evidence of an infectious disease process. The toxicosis was confirmed with a positive bioassay using serum collected from the submitted fish.

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Chang, P. H., Y. C. Chen, W. L. Hsu, M. S. Chen, and M. M. Chen. "DETECTION OF NON-GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS OFMYCOBACTERIUMSPECIES IN CULTURED FRESHWATER HYBRID STURGEON." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 40, no. 03 (September 2014): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648514500164.

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A disease outbreak with 71% (cumulative) mortality was reported in a freshwater hybrid sturgeon farm located in Hualien County, Taiwan. The moribund fish showed signs of lethargy, anorexia, diffuse external hemorrhages around mouth and anus, and on the base of fin and abdomen surface accompanied with abdomen swelling. Post-mortem examination revealed multiple red patches ranging from 1 to 5 cm in size on the liver. The histopathology revealed extensive coagulative to liquefied necrosis of various sizes in the liver and spleen. Focal necrosis of kidney was also evident. The lesions were positive with Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast staining. A rapid growth of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) was isolated from liver of moribund sturgeon and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies using primer sets derived from Mycobacterium sp. suggested this NTM was closely related to Mycobacterium marinum. There was only one bacterial colony been isolated in brain heart infusion agar (BHI Agar) and been identified as Streptococcus iniae. These findings suggest that a bacterium identified as belonging to M. marinum might cause heavy mortality.

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Rockey, D. D., P. S. D. Turaga, G. D. Wiens, B. A. Cook, and S. L. Kaattari. "Serine proteinase of Renibacterium salmoninarum digests a major autologous extracellular and cell-surface protein." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-130.

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Renibacterium salmoninarum is a pathogen of salmonid fish that produces large amounts of extracellular protein (ECP) during growth. A proteolytic activity present in ECP at elevated temperatures digested the majority of the proteins in ECP. This digestion was also associated with the loss of ECP immunosuppressive function. In vitro activity of the proteinase in ECP was temperature dependent: it was not detected in an 18-h digest at 4 and 17 °C but became readily apparent at 37 °C. Proteinase activity was detected at bacterial physiological temperatures (17 °C) in reactions incubated for several days. Under these conditions, digestion of partially purified p57, a major constituent of ECP and a major cell-surface protein, yielded a spectrum of breakdown products similar in molecular weight and antigenicity to those in ECP. This pattern of digestion suggests that most of the immunologically related constituents of ECP are p57 and its breakdown products. The proteolytic activity was sensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, methanol, and ethanol and to 10-min incubation at temperatures above 65 °C. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteinase on polyacrylamide gels containing proteinase substrates indicated the native form to be 100 kDa or greater. The enzyme was active against selected unrelated substrates only when coincubated with a denaturant (0.1% lauryl sulfate) and (or) a reducing agent (20 mM dithiothreitol). Key words: Renibacterium salmoninarum, proteinase, hemagglutinin, antigen F, bacterial kidney disease.

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Phan-Aram, Pagaporn, Gunanti Mahasri, Pattanapon Kayansamruaj, Piti Amparyup, and Prapansak Srisapoome. "Immune Regulation, but Not Antibacterial Activity, Is a Crucial Function of Hepcidins in Resistance against Pathogenic Bacteria in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.)." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081132.

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In this study, the functions of a recombinant propeptide (rProOn-Hep1) and the synthetic FITC-labelled mature peptides sMatOn-Hep1 and sMatOn-Hep2 were analyzed. Moreover, sMatOn-Hep1 and sMatOn-Hep2 were mildly detected in the lymphocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and strongly detected in head kidney macrophages. The in vitro binding and antibacterial activities of these peptides were slightly effective against several pathogenic bacteria. Immune regulation by sMatOn-Hep1 was also analyzed, and only sMatOn-Hep1 significantly enhanced the phagocytic index in vitro (p < 0.05). Interestingly, intraperitoneal injection of sMatOn-Hep1 (10 or 100 µg) significantly elevated the phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and lysozyme activity and clearly decreased the iron ion levels in the livers of the treated fish (p < 0.05). Additionally, sMatOn-Hep1 enhanced the expression levels of CC and CXC chemokines, transferrin and both On-Hep genes in the liver, spleen and head kidney, for 1–96 h after injection, but did not properly protect the experimental fish from S. agalactiae infection after 7 days of treatment. However, the injection of S. agalactiae and On-Heps indicated that 100 μg of sMatOn-Hep1 was very effective, while 100 μg of rProOn-Hep1 and sMatOn-Hep2 demonstrated moderate protection. Therefore, On-Hep is a crucial iron-regulating molecule and a key immune regulator of disease resistance in Nile tilapia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial kidney disease (Fish disease)'

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