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Books on the topic 'Bacterial meningitis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 May 2022

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1

Ireland. Working Group on Bacterial Meningitis and Related Conditions. Report of Working Group on Bacterial Meningitis and Related Conditions. Dublin: Department of Health, 1996.

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2

Winter, Andrew John. Hearing loss in experimental bacterial meningitis. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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3

Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (France). Méningites bactériennes: Stratégies de traitement et de prévention. Paris: INSERM, 1996.

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4

Modaï, J. Present-day antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis. Basel: Editiones "Roche", 1990.

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5

Ireland. Department of Health. Working Group on Bacterial Meningitis and Related Conditions. Report of the Working Group on Bacterial Meningitis nd Related Conditions. Dublin: Department of Health, 1997.

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6

Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker. Bacterial meningitis: A medical dictionary, bibliography, and annotated research guide to Internet references. San Diego, CA: ICON Health Publications, 2004.

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7

Drew, Shelley. Hearing loss induced by bacterial meningitis: Investigations into the possible involvement of, (i) bacterial ototoxins, (ii) nitric oxide, excitotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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8

Amaee, Farzin. Deafness in bacterial meningitis: Ototoxic potential of Haemophilus influenzae type b cell fractions, pneumolysin and nitric oxide. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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9

Noah, Norman. Surveillance of bacterial meningitus in Europe 1995. London: Department of Public Health & Epidemiology, King's College School of Medicine & Dentistry, 1996.

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10

Singhi, Pratibha, Naveen Sankhyan, and Sunit Singhi. Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0144.

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Bacterial meningitis is one of the severest infections in childhood. Neuronal damage in meningitis is largely due to the extensive inflammatory cascade induced by pathogenic bacteria. This chapter discusses the current understanding of the interaction of multitude of factors in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. This includes the mechanisms involved in transcellular traversal of the bacteria, and induction and release of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The management of a child with bacterial meningitis requires meticulous supportive care and timely, appropriate, and adequate antibiotic therapy. The chapter also reviews the current understanding of some important clinical aspects of care of a child with bacterial meningitis.
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11

Bacterial Meningitis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

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12

Williams, J. D. 1931 Mar.-, Burnie J, and Beecham Colloquium (8th : 1985 : London, England), eds. Bacterial meningitis. London: Academic Press, 1987.

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13

1939-, Sande Merle A., Smith Arnold L, and Root Richard K, eds. Bacterial meningitis. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985.

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14

Chang, Mary P. Bacterial Meningitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0005.

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Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the meninges, the lining around the brain and spinal cord. It is important for emergency physicians to recognize potential bacterial meningitis early. They are usually the providers that the patient will present to first. If the patient is critically ill and suspicion for meningitis is high, immediately give steroids followed by antibiotics and then pursue diagnostic workup. Lumbar puncture will aid in definitive diagnosis. If this procedure will be delayed and suspicion for bacterial meningitis is high, give dexamethasone followed by antibiotics, even in a currently stable patient. Meningitis is a treatable condition, and early intervention will have a great impact on reducing morbidity and mortality.
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15

H, Schönfeld, and Helwig Helmut, eds. Bacterial meningitis. Basel: Karger, 1992.

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16

Bacterial Meningitis. MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-1808-4.

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17

Rudd. Neontal Bacterial Meningitis. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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18

Solomon, Tom. Meningitis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0969.

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Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the brain meninges, characterized clinically by inflammatory cells in CSF. When there is concurrent parenchymal brain involvement the term meningoencephalitis is used, meningoencephalomyelitis implies that there is spinal cord involvement too.Although increased cellularity in the CSF, or pleocytosis, is traditionally considered the hallmark of meningitis, some organisms, particularly fungi, can cause meningitis without a pleocytosis, especially in the immunocompromised. The advent of more sensitive methods of detecting viral nucleic acid in the CSF such as the polymerase chain reaction, have also shown that viral central nervous system infection can occur without an associated pleocytosis. When none of the common bacterial agents is easily identified the term aseptic meningitis is often used. The majority of such cases are caused by viruses; non-viral causes of an aseptic meningitis picture include certain bacteria which are not readily cultured, and do not grow in standard culture media, such as Borrelia burgdorferi. The clinical presentations of meningitis can be broadly divided into the acute, recurrent, and chronic. The development of meningitis depends on the infecting organism, and also whether there is any particular host susceptibility.
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19

Sharp, Michelle. Aseptic Meningitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0006.

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Aseptic meningitis is defined as acute meningeal inflammation, fever, and headache in the absence of detectable organisms in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Organisms involved can include viruses (enteroviruses being most common), fungi, atypical bacteria, or parasites. Often, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and meningitis overlap. In contrast to the mental status changes typical of encephalitis, however, aseptic meningitis characteristically presents as a headache without alteration of mentation or personality. Additional causes include drug-induced aseptic meningitis (eg, NSAIDs and antibiotics); chemical meningitis from the rupture of an epidermoid cyst or malignancy; and autoimmune diseases, such as lupus. Aseptic meningitis is typically self-limited, and, therefore, treatment is supportive. Most patients require treatment with antibiotics until CSF is obtained to rule out bacterial meningitis.
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20

Airede, Kareem. Perspectives of Neonatal-Perinatal Bacterial Meningitis. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2012.

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21

MD, Charles Berkeley. Bacterial Meningitis: Causes, Tests, and Treatment Options. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.

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22

Lang, Diana E. Bacterial Meningitis: Clinical Characteristics, Modes of Transmission and Treatment Options. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.

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23

Nadel, Simon, and Johnny Canlas. Management of meningitis and encephalitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0241.

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Management of CNS infections requires specific antimicrobial agents, as well as specific supportive treatment targeted at reducing raised intracranial pressure and other life-threatening complications. It is important that the need for management in an intensive care setting is considered early in the illness. Antibiotic resistance amongst the most common organisms causing bacterial meningitis is becoming more common and antibiotic therapy should be adjusted accordingly. Anti-inflammatory treatment such as steroids should be started as soon as possible in patients with proven acute bacterial meningitis. Optimally, this should be before or with the first dose of antibiotics. Vaccine research is progressing so that effective vaccines should be available in the future against all the common causes of bacterial meningitis and encephalitis, including Neisseria meningitidis serogroup b.
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24

K, Schoolnik Gary, and Brooks George F, eds. The pathogenic neisseriae: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, Asilomar, California, 21-25 October, 1984. Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 1985.

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25

Nageshwaran, Sathiji, Heather C. Wilson, Anthony Dickenson, and David Ledingham. Neurological infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199664368.003.0015.

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This chapter reviews the clinical features and management of meningitis (community-acquired bacterial meningitis and chronic meningitis), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, encephalitis and myelitis, Lyme disease, brain abscess and parameningeal infection, neurological infections in the immunocompromised, fungal infection, parasitic infection, and bacterial neurotoxins.
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26

J, Pollard Andrew, and Maiden Martin C. J, eds. Meningococcal vaccines: Methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2001.

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27

(Editor), Andrew J. Pollard, and Martin C.J. Maiden (Editor), eds. Meningococcal Vaccines: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine, 66) (Methods in Molecular Medicine). Humana Press, 2001.

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28

Publications, ICON Health. Bacterial Meningitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References. ICON Health Publications, 2004.

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29

Kaplan, Tamara, and Tracey Milligan. Infections of the CNS: Meningitis and Encephalitis (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650261.003.0007.

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The video in this chapter discusses infections of the central nervous system (CNS), meningitis including its symptoms (fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, altered level of consciousness), its causes (bacterial, fungal, viral, or aseptic), and how the CSF profile provides clues to the etiology. The chapter also discusses encephalitis, its symptoms (seizures, other focal neurologic symptoms). Patients with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis may show T2 hyperintensities in the anterior temporal lobes and limbic structures on MRI. CSF may show xanthochromia and positive PCR for HSV1 or HSV2.
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30

Nadel, Simon, and Johnny Canlas. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment of meningitis and encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0240.

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Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy, central nervous system infections have a high morbidity and mortality. Most pathogens reach the brain by haematogenous spread following invasion through the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx. The cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory response is responsible for most of the deleterious effects of the infection. Understanding this response has allowed a more rational approach to therapy. Patients may present with non-specific features, especially neonates, infants, post-neurosurgical patients, and the elderly. This chapter will review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis and encephalitis.
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31

K, Schoolnik Gary, and American Society for Microbiology, eds. The Pathogenic Neisseriae: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium, Asilomar, California, 21-25 October 1984. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 1985.

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32

Cruz, Andrea T., and Jeffrey R. Starke. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0154.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in areas with high HIV prevalence and its diagnosis often is delayed in industrialized nations. Children (particularly infants) and immunocompromised persons are at higher risk of developing TB meningitis. Lymphocytic meningitis, high CSF protein, and (in children) frequently an abnormal chest radiograph should raise clinician index of suspicion for TB meningitis. Neuroimaging may show hydrocephalus, basilar leptomeningeal enhancement, ischemia, and/or tuberculomas. Prompt recognition and initiation of antituberculous antibiotics and corticosteroids can decrease morbidity and mortality.
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33

National Institutes of Health (U.S.), ed. A Vaccine against Hemophilus influenzae type B (HIB), the leading cause of bacteterial [i.e. bacterial] meningitis. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, 1988.

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34

Surveillance of Bacterial Pneumonia and Meningitis in Children Aged Under 5 Years: Field Guide. Second Edition. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121894.

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The field guide on Surveillance of Bacterial Pneumonia and Meningitis in Children Aged Under 5 Years has become an important reference manual for health professionals in the Region of the Americas involved in epidemiological surveillance. It provides information on diseases, principal etiologic agents, available vaccines, laboratory procedures, and surveillance activities to detect and monitor cases, as well as data analysis to generate relevant information. This second edition describes some new developments as well as updating procedures to reflect advances in molecular testing for laboratory diagnoses and the availability of new vaccines.
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35

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Neurological infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0019.

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This chapter covers both acute bacterial and viral, and chronic, meningitis, as well as tuberculous, cryptococcal, coccidioidal, and Histoplasma meningitis, describing meningeal symptoms (headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, photophobia) and cerebral dysfunction (confusion, coma). The chapter also covers neurocysticercosis (including parenchymal and extra-parenchymal cysts), encephalitis (an inflammatory process in the brain characterized by cerebral dysfunction), as well as brain abscess, cerebritis, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.
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36

Greenlee, John E. Cerebrospinal Fluid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0145.

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Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid is of essential importance in the diagnosis of central nervous system infections, with a major role in the diagnosis of meningitis and encephalitis. In bacterial and viral meningitis, CSF evaluation is usually straightforward, and well-defined serological and molecular techniques are available for CSF examination in many of the more common viral encephalitides. This is in contrast to CSF evaluation in cases of tuberculous and chronic meningitis, in which organisms may be difficult to detect by culture or polymerase chain methods or antigen detection. This chapter first discusses the anatomy and physiology of CSF production, reviews concepts of CSF analysis, and then reviews CSF changes in the major categories of central nervous system infections.
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37

Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque, and Timothy Watts. Infection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0012.

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This chapter provides a problem-oriented approach to investigation and treatment of early and late onset neonatal bacterial infection, including group B streptococcus, meningitis, urine infection, conjunctivitis, umbilical sepsis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. In addition, the prevention and management of congenital infection is covered, including hepatitis B and C, HIV, syphilis, CMV, toxoplasma, rubella, herpes simplex, and chickenpox. Other topics covered are infection control (including MRSA), fungal sepsis, TB, and an overview of immunizations in the first year of life.
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38

Schlossberg, David. Infections of the Nervous System. Springer, 2011.

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39

David, Schlossberg, ed. Infections of the nervous system. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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40

Infections of the Nervous System. Springer, 2012.

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41

Girogi, P. L., and Robert M. Suskind. The Obese Child: Proceedings (Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine). S Karger Pub, 1992.

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42

1929-, Giorgi P. L., Suskind Robert M. 1937-, Catassi C, and Università degli studi di Ancona. Istituto di clinica pediatrica., eds. The Obese child. Basel: Karger, 1992.

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43

Martinez, Tyler. Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0007.

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Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, typically due to a viral infection. Pure encephalitis will lack the signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation (eg, stiff neck and photophobia). New-onset seizures, cognitive deficits, new psychiatric symptoms, lethargy/coma, cranial nerve abnormalities, or movement disorders should alert the clinician to possible encephalitis. It is important to question the patient about foreign travel, immunocompromised state, and potential exposures. Empiric treatment for presumed viral encephalitis is with the antiviral acyclovir. Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics are also typically given to cover for possible bacterial meningitis. If there are signs of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), neurosurgical consultation should be obtained for possible decompressive craniotomy. Standard therapy for ICP (ie, hyperventilation, steroids, mannitol, hypertonic saline, and elevation of the head of the bed) should also be considered. The most concerning complication of encephalitis is the development of life-threatening cerebral edema with resultant brainstem compression and herniation.
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44

Rizzuto, Gabrielle A., and Anna I. Bakardjiev. Listeria monocytogenes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0020.

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Listeria monocytogenes is a intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes serious foodborne illness in humans. Among all infectious diseases caused by gastrointestinal pathogens, listeriosis has the highest mortality rate, likely because of its ability to cross the gastrointestinal barrier and cause sepsis and infection of other organs such as the brain and placenta. Infection of the placenta leads to fetal infection, and otherwise healthy pregnant women have a significantly increased incidence of listeriosis than the general population, likely due to changes in the maternal cell-mediated immune response during pregnancy. Clinical manifestations include miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, and neonatal infection and death. Neonates develop early-onset sepsis or late-onset meningitis. Physicians must evaluate pregnant women and neonates with febrile illnesses for listeriosis, since prompt treatment with antibiotics can cure it. It is important to note that L. monocytogenes is resistant to cephalosporins. Ampicillin is the treatment of choice in patients without penicillin allergy.
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45

Gilsdorf, Janet R. Continual Raving. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677312.001.0001.

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This book explores the lives and work of scientists who unraveled the mysteries of meningitis and describes the steps (and sometimes missteps) they used to accomplish their splendid achievements. Although symptoms of meningitis were recorded as early as the time of Hippocrates, its origin remained obscure. Then, in 1892, one of the bacteria that cause meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae, was discovered when Richard Pfeiffer saw it in material coughed up by a patient with influenza. Pfeiffer mistakenly thought the bacteria caused influenza, and it has carried that unfortunate, erroneous name since that time. Discovery, however, marched forward, and Quincke discovered how to obtain spinal fluid by inserting a needle between two bones in the patient’s back. Pittman discovered the sugar overcoat that protects H. influenzae from being eaten by white blood cells. Flexner managed epidemics of meningitis with serum from a horse. Griffith unknowingly stumbled on DNA, the master of all life. Weech gave the first antibiotic used in America to a little girl with meningitis. Alexander learned why antibiotics sometimes fail in such patients. Smith won the Nobel Prize for showing how DNA invades bacteria, the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. And four scientists, in two teams, vied to be the first to create the best vaccine to prevent meningitis in infants.
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46

Informe regional de SIREVA II, 2016. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275321850.

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[Prefacio, español]. La red SIREVA (Sistema Regional de Vacunas), conocida en toda la Región, completa sus 25 años de existencia y, en todos esos años, viene prestando un trabajo relevante en la vigilancia de laboratorio de enfermedades bacterianas invasivas, especialmente aquellas causadas por el Streptococcus pneumoniae (neumococo), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) y la Neisseria meningitidis (meningococo), con reconocido nivel de excelencia. La red también caracteriza los respectivos serotipos/serogrupos y la susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las mencionadas bacterias. Desde el 2005, los laboratorios de la red SIREVA empezaron a contribuir con la red centinela de vigilancia de neumonías y meningitis bacteriana en menores de 5 años, de la cual forman parte nueve países y 21 hospitales. En el 2014, esta red centinela pasó a integrar la red global, coordinada por la OMS, compartiendo mundialmente la información que es generada en la Región. La continuidad y el fortalecimiento de la red de laboratorios son fundamentales para la vigilancia de esas enfermedades. Es primordial que los países garanticen el financiamiento de las actividades de los laboratorios de la red SIREVA. Por otro lado, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud seguirá ofreciendo cooperación técnica a los países y a sus programas nacionales de inmunización de manera de contribuir en la continua mejoría de esta red de vigilancia para mantenerse generando información de calidad que pueda subsidiar a los gestores en la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia. En este volumen están siendo presentados los datos del 2016 generados por los países que forman parte de la red SIREVA II. [Prefácio, português]. A rede SIREVA (Sistema Regional de Vacinas), conhecida em toda a Região, completa seus 25 años de existência e, em todos esses anos, vem prestando um trabalho relevante na vigilância de laboratório de doenças bacterianas invasivas, especialmente aquelas causadas pelo Streptococcus pneumoníae (pneumococo), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi), e pela Neisseria meningitidis (meningococo), com reconhecido nível de excelência. A rede também caracteriza os respectivos sorotipos/sorogrupos e a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das mencionadas bactérias. A partir de 2005, os laboratórios da rede SIREVA começaram a contribuir com a rede sentinel de vigilância de pneumonias e meningites bacterianas em menores de 5 anos, da qual fazem parte atualmente nove países e 21 hospitais. Em 2014, esta rede sentinela passou a integrar à rede global, coordenada pela OMS, compartilhando mundialmente a informação que é gerada na Região. A continuidade e o fortalecimento da rede de laboratórios são fundamentais para a vigilância epidemiológica dessas doenças. É primordial que os países garantam o financiamento das atividades dos laboratórios da rede SIREVA. Por outro lado, a OPAS continuará oferecendo cooperação técnica aos países e aos seus programas nacionais de imunização de maneira a contribuir no contínuo aprimoramento dessa rede de vigilância, para que se mantenha gerando informação de qualidade que possa subsidiar os gestores para tomar decisões baseadas em evidência. Neste volume estão sendo apresentados os dados de 2016 gerados pelos 19 países que fazem parte da rede SIREVA II.
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47

Vigilância das pneumonias e meningites bacterianas em crianças menores de 5 anos. Guia prático. Segunda edição. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275721889.

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O Manual de Vigilância de Pneumonia Bacteriana e Meningite em Menores de 5 anos: Guia Prático tornou-se referência de destaque para os profissionais de saúde da Região das Américas que lidam com atividades de vigilância epidemiológica. Abrange doenças, principais agentes etiológicos, vacinas disponíveis, procedimentos laboratoriais e de vigilância para captura e monitoramento de casos, bem como análise de dados para a produção de informações relevantes. Esta segunda edição introduz novos conceitos e procedimentos de atualização para refletir a introdução de testes de biologia molecular em diagnósticos laboratoriais e a disponibilidade de novas vacinas.
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48

Sun, Lisa, and Michael V. Johnston. Rickettsial Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0157.

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Tick-borne rickettsioses are emerging as more important health problems throughout the world. The spotted fever group including Rickettsia rickettsia can cause encephalopathy, meningitis and brain damage by selectively targeting capillary endothelial cells in the brain, and stimulating inflammation, capillary leakage, hemorrhage, and intravascular coagulation. Rickettsia are are arthropod-borne gram-negative coccobacilli bacteria and are obligate intracellular organisms that do not survive in artificial medium. In North and South America, the most common rickettsial disorder is rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) transmitted by the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis or the wood tick Dermacentor andersoni. A characteristic “starry sky” pattern can be seen on MRI imaging of the brain in some patients with RMSF encephalopathy and is thought to reflect the organisms targeting of brain endothelial cells in capillaries the white matter. Early treatment with doxycycline is curative and reverses signs of encephalopathy if given within a few day of onset, but delayed treatment can be associated with permanent neurological disability. The typhus group of rickettsia bacteria include R. prowazekii, which causes epidemic typhus and R. typhi, which causes murine typhus (endemic) typhus in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Flying squirrels and humans carry R prowazekii and rats are carry R. typhi. Q fever caused by the rickettsia organism Coxiella burnetti is transmitted from farm animals including sheep and is seen throughout the world including the United States.
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49

McLauchlin, J. Listeriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0014.

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Listeriosis occurs in a variety of animals including humans, and most often affects the pregnant uterus, the central nervous system (CNS) or the bloodstream. During pregnancy, infection spreads to the foetus, which will either be born severely ill or die in-utero. In non-pregnant animals, listeriosis usually presents as meningitis, encephalitis. In humans, infection most often occurs in the immunocompromised and elderly, and to a lesser extent the pregnant woman, the unborn, or the newly delivered infant. Infection can be treated successfully with antibiotics, however 20–40% of human cases are fatal..In domestic animals (especially in sheep and goats) listeriosis usually presents as encephalitis, abortion, or septicaemia, and is a cause of considerable economic loss.The genus Listeria comprises six species of Gram-positive bacteria. Almost all cases of listeriosis are due to Listeria monocytogenes although up to 10% of cases in sheep are due to Listeria ivanovii.Listeriae are ubiquitous in the environment worldwide, especially in sites with decaying organic vegetable material. Many animals carry the organism in the faeces without serious infection. The consumption of contaminated food or feed is the principal route of transmission for both humans and animals, however other means of transmission occur.Human listeriosis is rare (<1 to > 10 cases per million people in North America and Western Europe), but because of the high mortality rate, it is amongst the most important causes of death from food-borne infections in industrialized countries. In the UK, human listeriosis is the biggest single cause of death from a preventable food-borne disease. Listeriosis in domestic animals is a cause of considerable economic loss. Control measures should be directed towards both to exclude Listeria from food or feed as well as inhibiting its multiplication and survival. Silage which is spoiled or mouldy should not be used, and care should be taken to maintain anaerobic conditions for as long as possible.Dietary advice is available for disease prevention, particularly targeted at ‘at risk’ individuals to modify their diet to avoid eating specific foods such as soft cheese and pâté.
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