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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacterial Vaginosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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1

Djukic, Slobodanka, Natasa Opavski, Vera Mijac, and Lazar Ranin. "Current knowledge of bacterial vaginosis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, no. 5-6 (2011): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1106402d.

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Bacterial vaginosis, earlier termed nonspecific vaginitis (anaerobic vaginosis) because of the absence of recognized pathogens, is most common vaginal syndrome of women of childbearing age affecting 15-30%. This syndrome, whose aetiology and pathogenesis remains unknown, is characterized by significant changes in the vaginal ecosystem. These changes consist of a decrease in the number of lactobacilli and a large increase in the number of anaerobic organisms. The bacteria adhere to desquamated epithelial cells with a distinctive appearance of clue cells The main complaints of women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis include vaginal discharge and odour. However, a significant number of all women who have bacterial vaginosis deny symptoms. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with a number of gynaecologic and obstetric complications including cervicitis, cervical neoplasia, pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative infections, and preterm labour. The diagnosis is most frequently made based on vaginal smear stained according to Gram (Nugent scoring method). Metronidazole and clindamycin are the drugs of choice for treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis. Which women should undergo treatment? According to the prevailing attitude, it should include women with symptoms. Symptomatic women with frequent relapses of bacterial vaginosisas, as a rule, have poor response to the applied therapy. To achieve better efficiency in the treatment of such women, it is necessary to have more extensive understanding of all factors in the pathogenesis of the syndrome.

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2

Wang, Jeff. "Bacterial vaginosis." Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 7, no. 5 (September 2000): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1068-607x(00)00043-3.

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3

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." Medicine 38, no. 6 (June 2010): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.03.008.

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4

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." Medicine 42, no. 7 (July 2014): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.04.011.

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5

OSBORNE, NEWTON G. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 16, no. 2 (January 2000): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gyn.2000.16.93.

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6

VEJTORP, MOGENS, ANNE CATHRINE BOLLERUP, LlSSlE VEJTORP, ERIK FANOE, EVA NATHAN, ANITA REITER, MARY E. ANDERSEN, BODIL STROMSHOLT, and STEEN STEENBEK SCHRODER. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 44, no. 6 (June 1989): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198906000-00020.

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7

Neri, A., D. Rabinerson, and B. Kaplan. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 49, no. 12 (December 1994): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199412000-00003.

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8

Young, H. "Bacterial vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 61, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.61.3.213.

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9

Pattman, R. S. "Bacterial vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 64, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.64.3.208.

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10

OʼBrien, Rebecca Flynn. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology 25, no. 23 (November 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00256406-200511300-00001.

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11

&NA;. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology 25, no. 23 (November 2005): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00256406-200511300-00002.

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12

Spiegel, Carol A. "Bacterial vaginosis." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 13, no. 2 (April 2002): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-200204000-00001.

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13

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." F1000Research 6 (September 27, 2017): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11417.1.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most prevalent cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. It can have a major impact on quality of life and psychological wellbeing if frequently recurrent and strongly symptomatic. The use of molecular techniques to study the vaginal microbiome is increasing our understanding of the dynamic changes in flora that occur in health and disease. It might soon be possible to separate Gardnerella into different pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Many groups are studying compounds that can disrupt the biofilm which is dominated by Gardnerella and Atopobium vaginae. Several studies in the last decade support the concept of bacterial vaginosis as a sexually transmitted infection.

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14

Sobel, Jack D. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Annual Review of Medicine 51, no. 1 (February 2000): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.349.

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15

O'Dowd, T. "Bacterial Vaginosis." ACOG Clinical Review 1, no. 5 (September 10, 1996): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1085-6862(96)85131-4.

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16

Bagnall, Paulette, and Denise Rizzolo. "Bacterial vaginosis." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 30, no. 12 (December 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000526770.60197.fa.

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17

Keane, F., C. A. Ison, H. Noble, and C. Estcourt. "Bacterial vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 82, suppl_4 (December 1, 2006): iv16—iv18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.023119.

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18

Chaudhuri, Aulena, John D. Tamerius, Jane R. Schwebke, and David E. Soper. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrics & Gynecology 107, Supplement (April 2006): 43S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200604001-00100.

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19

Nguyen, Thaihang T., Martin E. Adelson, Shlomo M. Stemmer, Eli Mordechai, and Melanie Feola. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrics & Gynecology 107, Supplement (April 2006): 55S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200604001-00129.

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20

BISWAS, MANOJ K. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 36, no. 1 (March 1993): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199303000-00022.

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21

MacDermott, Robert I. J. "Bacterial vaginosis." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 102, no. 2 (February 1995): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09058.x.

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22

Mengel, Mark B. "Bacterial Vaginosis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 13 (April 4, 1986): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370130063016.

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23

Pennachio, Dominic. "Bacterial Vaginosis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 13 (April 4, 1986): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370130063017.

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24

Nieves, Beatriz. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Anaerobe 5, no. 3-4 (June 1999): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anae.1999.0298.

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25

Spiegel, C. A. "Bacterial vaginosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 4 (October 1991): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.4.485.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common of the vaginitides affecting women of reproductive age. It appears to be due to an alteration in the vaginal ecology by which Lactobacillus spp., the predominant organisms in the healthy vagina, are replaced by a mixed flora including Prevotella bivia, Prevotella disiens, Porphyromonas spp., Mobiluncus spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp. All of these organisms except Mobiluncus spp. are also members of the endogenous vaginal flora. While evidence from treatment trials does not support the notion that BV is sexually transmitted, recent studies have shown an increased risk associated with multiple sexual partners. It has also been suggested that the pathogenesis of BV may be similar to that of urinary tract infections, with the rectum serving as a reservoir for some BV-associated flora. The organisms associated with BV have also been recognized as agents of female upper genital tract infection, including pelvic inflammatory disease, and the syndrome BV has been associated with adverse outcome of pregnancy, including premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, and fetal loss; postpartum endometritis; cuff cellulitis; and urinary tract infections. The mechanisms by which the BV-associated flora causes the signs of BV are not well understood, but a role for H2O2-producing Lactobacillus spp. in protecting against colonization by catalase-negative anaerobic bacteria has been recognized. These and other aspects of BV are reviewed.

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26

Spiegel, C. A. "Bacterial vaginosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 4 (1991): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.4.485-502.1991.

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27

Watkins, Jean. "Bacterial vaginosis." Practice Nursing 20, no. 4 (April 2009): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2009.20.4.41208.

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28

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." Medicine 33, no. 10 (October 2005): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.2005.33.10.58.

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29

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Medicine 29, no. 8 (August 2001): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.29.8.44.28400.

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30

O'Brien, G., and J. R. Serwint. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Pediatrics in Review 29, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29-6-209.

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31

Schwebke, Jane R. "Bacterial vaginosis." Current Infectious Disease Reports 2, no. 1 (February 2000): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0082-0.

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32

Bano, Saeeda, Bushra Ujala, and Asma Mehreen. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 11 (November 3, 2017): 1657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.11.667.

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Objectives: The aim of the study is to detect the frequency of BacterialVaginosis in the outpatient clinic of Obs & Gyne Department of GHAQ Sahiwal. Design: It isan observational study. Materials and methods: Setting: In the outpatient gyne department ofGHAQ Sahiwal. Period: Six months. 500 patients were selected with complaint of discharge.Amsel criteria was used for diagnosis. For statistical analysis “Association test of Significance”was used. Main outcome measures: Occurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis in OPD patients and itsassociation with certain risk factors and complications. Results: Out of 500 patients, 105 werefound to have BV. So frequency is 21%. Out of 105 cases of BV, 16 (15.2%) were asymptomatic,12 (11.42%) pregnant, 93 (88.57%) non pregnant. Significant association was found betweenBV, preterm labour, pre PROM and IUCD use. Conclusion: Vaginal discharge is one of thecommonest reasons for hospital visit and Bacterial vaginosis is the commonest diagnosis soscreening of patients with this condition is advised.

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33

Saleem, Faiqa, Munazza Malik, Muhammad Sohaib Shahid, and Muhammad Tayyab. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (February 14, 2017): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.520.

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In women of reproductive age bacterial vaginosis is a most common polymicrobialdisease and is the leading reason for vaginal discharge in this age group. Additionally itis further linked with sizeable disease burden of community problem in terms of infectiouscomplications. Clindamycin vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel are effective in themanagement of vaginal infections caused by multi bacteria. Objectives: To compare thetherapeutic efficacy of Metronidazole vaginal gel and clindamycin vaginal cream as modality oftreatment for bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit-3 Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Period: Six months from 02-05-2011 to 01-11-2011. Material & Methods: A total of 300 patients were included in this study.They were divided into two groups. Group A received metronidazole vaginal gel (5 g dailyfor 7 days) while group B administered with clindamycin vaginal cream (5g daily for 7 days).Results: Mean age of the patient was observed 34.3+3.5 and 32.9+ 2.1 years in group –A andB respectively. Vaginal discharge was absent in 104 patients (69.3%) from group A and 127(84.7%) from group-B. Absence of clue cells on microscopy revealed in 112 patients (74.7%)from group A and 137 patients (91.3%) from group B. Absence of amine odour found in 116patients (77.3%) of group A and 134 patients (89.3%) of group B. Significant difference wasfound between two groups with p value of 0.006 in respect of efficacy. Conclusion: Clindamycinvaginal cream is more effective in comparison to Metronidazole vaginal gel for the treatment ofbacterial vaginosis.

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34

Waheed, Afifa, Humera Yasmeen, and Nabeela Shami. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 08 (August 10, 2015): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.08.1143.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vulvovaginal infection and representsthe 35% of all the infections occurring in women in the reproductive age. Serious forms ofcan induce several complications such as spontaneous preterm labour and preterm birth, latemiscarriage and postpartum endometritis, PID, infertility, vaginal cuff infection and postabortalsepsis. Objective: To compare the efficacy of vaginal metronidazole and vaginal clindamycinin the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Interventional: Quasi experimental study.Setting: Obstetrics outpatient department, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Durationof study: Six months i.e. from 01-01-2009 to 30-06-2009. Results: Mean age of patients wasfound to be 24.33 years. In the 100 patients enrolled, no statistically significant difference wasfound between Clindamycin 2% vaginal cream compared with metronidazole 0.75% vaginalgel using Amsell’s criteria. Metronidazole has a failure rate of 13% while failure rate was 6% inthe clindamycin group. Conclusion: A 3 day regimen of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream wasas effective as 5 day regimen of metronidazole 0.75% vaginal gel in the treatment of bacterialvaginosis.

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35

Eschenbach, David A. "Bacterial Vaginosis:." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 16, no. 3 (September 1989): 593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(21)00410-1.

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36

SHAIKH, SHAHIDA, SALEEM AKHTER SHAIKHM, and BASMA ZIA. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 02 (February 7, 2013): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.02.687.

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Objective: To establish the frequency of bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women. Study design: Crossst Sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Private tertiary care hospital of Larkana. Period: 1 June 2011 to 31st December 2011. Materialand methods: 120 asymptomatic pregnant women at 14-28 weeks of gestation were included in this study after fulfilling selectioncriteria. A high vaginal swab stick was dipped into secretion through speculum and slides were made and sent to attached laboratory forclue cells. Vaginal PH was tested with PH paper (change in color noted). Whiff test was performed by adding two drops of KOH onposterior blade of speculum for fishy odour. The diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was made with the help of Amsel’s criteria. Presence of>3 signs was labeled as bacterial vaginosis positive. Data analysis was done on statistical package of social science (SPSS version 13).Results: Although total 120 patients who were recruited in our study, all did not present with any symptom of vaginal discharge, but thefrequency of pregnant women having Bacterial Vaginosis was quite high. A total of 77 (64.1%) patients discovered positive for bacterialvaginosis, while only 43 (35.8%) patient’s samples were negative for bacterial vaginosis. The mean age of our patients was 28.56 ±3.71years, while mean gestational age was 24.65 ±2.34 weeks. Homogenous milky discharge was observed in total 65 (54.16 %) patients,while in rest of patients, we did not detect any discharge. Bacterial Vaginosis was more prevalent in women belonging to lowsocioeconomic group and who had low literacy rate. Conclusions: The frequency of bacterial vaginosis was found to be very high amongasymptomatic pregnant women. Timely diagnosis can be helpful in treating complications related with it.

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37

O'Brien, Grael. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Pediatrics In Review 29, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29.6.209.

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38

Numanovic, Nedzib, Snezana Ribis, Jelena Cukic, Dane Nenadic, Aleksandar Zivanovic, Predrag Sazdanovic, Violeta Ninkovic, and Dejan Baskic. "Quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae and Lactobacillus spp. in bacterial vaginosis." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 1293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13091.

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Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate prevalence of bacteria most frequently associated with bacterial vaginosis using Amsel’s criteria as well as to quantify these bacteria by real-time PCR and to explore the difference in their quantity between healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples. Methodology: For classification of vaginal discharge samples Amsel’s criteria have been used. To detect and quantify Gardnerella vaginalis Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus spp. and total vaginal microbiome, real-time PCR has been applied. Results: According to results of our study Amsel’s criteria matched well with real-time PCR diversification of healthy women and women with BV. Nevertheless, real-time PCR has been more sensitive in diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. DNA quantification of bacteria demonstrated that mutual abundance of G.vaginalis and A. vaginae was good bacterial vaginosis marker . On the contrary, Lactobacillus spp. was present in high amount in both healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples, but ratio of investigated bacteria was different between them. In fact, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae comprised only 0.1% of total microbiome in healthy, whereas Lactobacillus spp. took 99.3% of it. Nonetheless, in bacterial vaginosis, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae made up 34.4% of total microbiome, while Lactobacillus spp. was 21.6%. Conclusions: According to the results of our study real-time PCR analysis was more sensitive in diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis than Amsel’s method, as well as it represented fine tool in making a difference between microbial entities in healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples.

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39

Djukic, Slobodanka, Ivana Cirkovic, Biljana Arsic, and Eliana Garalejic. "Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 141, no. 7-8 (2013): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1308560d.

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Bacterial vaginosis is a common, complex clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in the normal vaginal flora. When symptomatic, it is associated with a malodorous vaginal discharge and on occasion vaginal burning or itching. Under normal conditions, lactobacilli constitute 95% of the bacteria in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with severe reduction or absence of the normal H2O2?producing lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mobiluncus species. Most types of infectious disease are diagnosed by culture, by isolating an antigen or RNA/DNA from the microbe, or by serodiagnosis to determine the presence of antibodies to the microbe. Therefore, demonstration of the presence of an infectious agent is often a necessary criterion for the diagnosis of the disease. This is not the case for bacterial vaginosis, since the ultimate cause of the disease is not yet known. There are a variety of methods for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis but no method can at present be regarded as the best. Diagnosing bacterial vaginosis has long been based on the clinical criteria of Amsel, whereby three of four defined criteria must be satisfied. Nugent?s scoring system has been further developed and includes validation of the categories of observable bacteria structures. Up?to?date molecular tests are introduced, and better understanding of vaginal microbiome, a clear definition for bacterial vaginosis, and short?term and long?term fluctuations in vaginal microflora will help to better define molecular tests within the broader clinical context.

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40

Wielgoś, Mirosław, and Bronisława Pietrzak. "Bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis and treatment." Menopausal Review 5 (2012): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pm.2012.31459.

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41

Sweet, Richard L. "Gynecologic Conditions and Bacterial Vaginosis: Implications for the Non-Pregnant Patient." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 3-4 (2000): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744900000260.

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Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a shift from the predominant lactobacillus vaginal flora to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of gynecologic complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative infection, cervicitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and possibly cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The obstetrical risks associated with bacterial vaginosis include premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor and delivery, chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis. Despite the health risks associated with bacterial vaginosis and its high prevalence in women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis continues to be largely ignored by clinicians, particularly in asymptomatic women. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 8:184–190, 2000.

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42

Nazarova, Veronika V., Kira V. Shalepo, Yulia N. Menukhova, and Alevtina M. Savicheva. "Vaginal flora in bacterial vaginosis - the criteria Amsel." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 65, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65148-53.

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The article presents the results of a survey of 84 women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis on the basis of criteria of Amsel. The frequency of detection of various microorganisms/groups of microorganisms present in the vaginal microbiocenosis when different diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis Amsel. Structure and diversity vaginal microbiocenosis assessed using molecular PCR in real time. Bacterial vaginosis is polyetiology syndrome. However, the search for individual bacteria and their combinations in bacterial vaginosis is an actual problem of modern researchers.

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43

Manhart, Lisa E., Christine M. Khosropour, Congzhu Liu, Catherine W. Gillespie, Kevin Depner, Tina Fiedler, Jeanne M. Marrazzo, and David N. Fredricks. "Bacterial Vaginosis–Associated Bacteria in Men." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 40, no. 12 (December 2013): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000054.

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44

Bitew, Adane, Yeshiwork Abebaw, Delayehu Bekele, and Amete Mihret. "Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Risk Factors among Women Complaining of Genital Tract Infection." International Journal of Microbiology 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4919404.

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Background. Bacterial vaginosis is a global concern due to the increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections.Objectives. To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 patients between September 2015 and July 2016 at St. Paul’s Hospital. Gram-stained vaginal swabs were examined microscopically and graded as per Nugent’s procedure. Bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis were characterized, and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined.Results. The overall prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 48.6%. Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with number of pants used per day (p=0.001) and frequency of vaginal bathing (p=0.045). Of 151 bacterial isolates, 69.5% were Gram-negative and 30.5% were Gram-positive bacteria. The overall drug resistance level of Gram-positive bacteria was high against penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Cefoxitin and tobramycin were the most active drugs against Gram-positive bacteria. The overall drug resistance level of Gram-negative bacteria was high against tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Amikacin and tobramycin were the most active drugs against Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was high and was affected by individual hygiene. Routine culture of vaginal samples should be performed on patients with vaginitis and the drug susceptibility pattern of each isolate should be determined.

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45

Hay, Phillip E. "RECURRENT BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS." Dermatologic Clinics 16, no. 4 (October 1998): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70044-9.

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46

Hay, Phillip. "Recurrent bacterial vaginosis." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 22, no. 1 (February 2009): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0b013e32832180c6.

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47

Swedberg, Jay. "Bacterial Vaginosis-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 13 (April 4, 1986): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370130063018.

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48

Ellington, Kelly, and Scott J. Saccomano. "Recurrent bacterial vaginosis." Nurse Practitioner 45, no. 10 (October 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000696904.36628.0a.

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49

Hay, Phillip. "Recurrent bacterial vaginosis." Current Infectious Disease Reports 2, no. 6 (December 2000): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0053-5.

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50

Ellington, Kelly, and Scott J. Saccomano. "Recurrent bacterial vaginosis." Nursing 51, no. 3 (March 2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000724356.86273.e7.

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