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1

Mellaratna, Wizal Putri, and Della Vega Nisha Ayuna. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Proceedings of Malikussaleh International Conference on Health and Disaster Medicine (MICOHEDMED) 1 (October 7, 2022): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/micohedmed.v1i1.11.

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 Introduction: The vagina is normally inhabited by a number of organism, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, diphteroids, Candida and others. Normal vaginal flora contains aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus species being the prominent microorganism with number more than 95% of the total bacteria present. Vaginal discharge can be classified into physiologic and pathologic discharge. Discussion: Bacterial vaginosis is a clinical syndrome caused by the alteration of Lactobacillus Sp that producing hydrogen peroxide with anaerobic bacteria that caused the disrupti
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2

Djukic, Slobodanka, Natasa Opavski, Vera Mijac, and Lazar Ranin. "Current knowledge of bacterial vaginosis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, no. 5-6 (2011): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1106402d.

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Bacterial vaginosis, earlier termed nonspecific vaginitis (anaerobic vaginosis) because of the absence of recognized pathogens, is most common vaginal syndrome of women of childbearing age affecting 15-30%. This syndrome, whose aetiology and pathogenesis remains unknown, is characterized by significant changes in the vaginal ecosystem. These changes consist of a decrease in the number of lactobacilli and a large increase in the number of anaerobic organisms. The bacteria adhere to desquamated epithelial cells with a distinctive appearance of clue cells The main complaints of women with symptom
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3

Shakori, Laiba, Adila Ashraf, Shazia Abid, Agha Syed Ali Haider Naqvi, and Saira Niaz. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS AND PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANE (PROM) IN PREGNANT WOMEN PRESENTING IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." Journal of Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College 03, no. 02 (2021): 57–62. https://doi.org/10.51127/jamdcv3i2oa02.

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Background: Premature rupture of the membranes(PROM)is a frequent pregnancy problem. One of the most frequent causes of vaginal discharge in women is bacterial vaginosis. It has been hypothesizedthat PROM risks and the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, as well as its connection with PROM, vary across populations.The study aimed tofind outthe association between premature rupture of membrane (PROM) and bacterial vaginosisin pregnant women presenting in a tertiary care hospital.Material and Methods:This was a six-month case control study performed in the Department of Obstetrics an
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Numanovic, Nedzib, Snezana Ribis, Jelena Cukic, et al. "Quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae and Lactobacillus spp. in bacterial vaginosis." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 09 (2021): 1293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13091.

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Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate prevalence of bacteria most frequently associated with bacterial vaginosis using Amsel’s criteria as well as to quantify these bacteria by real-time PCR and to explore the difference in their quantity between healthy and bacterial vaginosis samples.
 Methodology: For classification of vaginal discharge samples Amsel’s criteria have been used. To detect and quantify Gardnerella vaginalis Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus spp. and total vaginal microbiome, real-time PCR has been applied.
 Results: According to results of our study Am
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5

Rizky Aprilia Wikayanti, Bagus Pratama, and Rodiani. "Diagnosis and Management of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women." MAJORITY 11, no. 1 (2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.59042/mj.v11i1.127.

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Bacterial vaginosis is a disease that is a public health problem, especially in women, both non-pregnant and pregnant women. Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an excess and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mobiluncus sp., Prevotella sp., and other anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by the presence of an itchy greyish white discharge with a fishy odor, an increase in the pH of the vaginal fluid and is found clue cells on Whiff's test using KOH10%. Management of bacterial vaginosis is in the form of a
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6

Sweet, Richard L. "Gynecologic Conditions and Bacterial Vaginosis: Implications for the Non-Pregnant Patient." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 3-4 (2000): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744900000260.

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Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a shift from the predominant lactobacillus vaginal flora to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of gynecologic complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative infection, cervicitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and possibly cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The obstetrical risks associated with bacterial vaginosis include premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor and delivery, chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis. Despite the health risks associated w
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7

Nazarova, Veronika V., Kira V. Shalepo, Yulia N. Menukhova, and Alevtina M. Savicheva. "Vaginal flora in bacterial vaginosis - the criteria Amsel." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 65, no. 1 (2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65148-53.

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The article presents the results of a survey of 84 women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis on the basis of criteria of Amsel. The frequency of detection of various microorganisms/groups of microorganisms present in the vaginal microbiocenosis when different diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis Amsel. Structure and diversity vaginal microbiocenosis assessed using molecular PCR in real time. Bacterial vaginosis is polyetiology syndrome. However, the search for individual bacteria and their combinations in bacterial vaginosis is an actual problem of modern researchers.
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8

O'Brien, G., and J. R. Serwint. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Pediatrics in Review 29, no. 6 (2008): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29-6-209.

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9

Melestean-Bratu, Madalina-Ioana, Marina Antonovici, Alexandru Ispas, et al. "Bacterial vaginosis." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 16, S6 (2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2021.s6.13.

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Bacterial vaginosis is an important public health issue, affecting women worldwide. Despite its increased incidence, the etiology is yet unclear. In all symptomatic cases, treatment must be started immediately to cure this condition that favors the acquirement of sexually transmitted diseases. Symptomatic pregnant women should always be treated, and treatment regimens are the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women. Possible complications of this disease include infertility, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, premature rupture of membranes, premature birth, intra-amniotic infections and post
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10

Saleem, Faiqa, Munazza Malik, Muhammad Sohaib Shahid, and Muhammad Tayyab. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (2017): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.520.

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In women of reproductive age bacterial vaginosis is a most common polymicrobialdisease and is the leading reason for vaginal discharge in this age group. Additionally itis further linked with sizeable disease burden of community problem in terms of infectiouscomplications. Clindamycin vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel are effective in themanagement of vaginal infections caused by multi bacteria. Objectives: To compare thetherapeutic efficacy of Metronidazole vaginal gel and clindamycin vaginal cream as modality oftreatment for bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Randomized control tri
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11

Waheed, Afifa, Humera Yasmeen, and Nabeela Shami. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 08 (2015): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.08.1143.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vulvovaginal infection and representsthe 35% of all the infections occurring in women in the reproductive age. Serious forms ofcan induce several complications such as spontaneous preterm labour and preterm birth, latemiscarriage and postpartum endometritis, PID, infertility, vaginal cuff infection and postabortalsepsis. Objective: To compare the efficacy of vaginal metronidazole and vaginal clindamycinin the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Interventional: Quasi experimental study.Setting: Obstetrics outpatient department, Ghurki Trust Tea
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12

SHAIKH, SHAHIDA, SALEEM AKHTER SHAIKHM, and BASMA ZIA. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 02 (2013): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.02.687.

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Objective: To establish the frequency of bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women. Study design: Crossst Sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Private tertiary care hospital of Larkana. Period: 1 June 2011 to 31st December 2011. Materialand methods: 120 asymptomatic pregnant women at 14-28 weeks of gestation were included in this study after fulfilling selectioncriteria. A high vaginal swab stick was dipped into secretion through speculum and slides were made and sent to attached laboratory forclue cells. Vaginal PH was tested with PH paper (change in color noted). Whiff test was per
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13

O'Brien, Grael. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Pediatrics In Review 29, no. 6 (2008): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29.6.209.

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14

Eschenbach, David A. "Bacterial Vaginosis:." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 16, no. 3 (1989): 593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(21)00410-1.

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15

Bano, Saeeda, Bushra Ujala, and Asma Mehreen. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 11 (2017): 1657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.11.667.

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Objectives: The aim of the study is to detect the frequency of BacterialVaginosis in the outpatient clinic of Obs & Gyne Department of GHAQ Sahiwal. Design: It isan observational study. Materials and methods: Setting: In the outpatient gyne department ofGHAQ Sahiwal. Period: Six months. 500 patients were selected with complaint of discharge.Amsel criteria was used for diagnosis. For statistical analysis “Association test of Significance”was used. Main outcome measures: Occurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis in OPD patients and itsassociation with certain risk factors and complications. Results:
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16

Spiegel, C. A. "Bacterial vaginosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 4 (1991): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.4.485.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common of the vaginitides affecting women of reproductive age. It appears to be due to an alteration in the vaginal ecology by which Lactobacillus spp., the predominant organisms in the healthy vagina, are replaced by a mixed flora including Prevotella bivia, Prevotella disiens, Porphyromonas spp., Mobiluncus spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp. All of these organisms except Mobiluncus spp. are also members of the endogenous vaginal flora. While evidence from treatment trials does not support the notion that BV is sexually transmitted, recent studies have show
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17

Spiegel, C. A. "Bacterial vaginosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 4 (1991): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.4.485-502.1991.

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18

BISWAS, MANOJ K. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 36, no. 1 (1993): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199303000-00022.

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19

MacDermott, Robert I. J. "Bacterial vaginosis." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 102, no. 2 (1995): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09058.x.

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20

Sobel, Jack D. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Annual Review of Medicine 51, no. 1 (2000): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.349.

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21

OSBORNE, NEWTON G. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 16, no. 2 (2000): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gyn.2000.16.93.

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22

OʼBrien, Rebecca Flynn. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology 25, no. 23 (2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00256406-200511300-00001.

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23

&NA;. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology 25, no. 23 (2005): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00256406-200511300-00002.

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24

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." F1000Research 6 (September 27, 2017): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11417.1.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most prevalent cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. It can have a major impact on quality of life and psychological wellbeing if frequently recurrent and strongly symptomatic. The use of molecular techniques to study the vaginal microbiome is increasing our understanding of the dynamic changes in flora that occur in health and disease. It might soon be possible to separate Gardnerella into different pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Many groups are studying compounds that can disrupt the biofilm which is dominated by Gardnerella and
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25

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." Medicine 33, no. 10 (2005): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.2005.33.10.58.

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26

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Medicine 29, no. 8 (2001): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.29.8.44.28400.

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27

VEJTORP, MOGENS, ANNE CATHRINE BOLLERUP, LlSSlE VEJTORP, et al. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 44, no. 6 (1989): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198906000-00020.

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28

Neri, A., D. Rabinerson, and B. Kaplan. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 49, no. 12 (1994): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199412000-00003.

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29

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." Medicine 38, no. 6 (2010): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.03.008.

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30

Hay, Phillip. "Bacterial vaginosis." Medicine 42, no. 7 (2014): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.04.011.

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31

Chaudhuri, Aulena, John D. Tamerius, Jane R. Schwebke, and David E. Soper. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrics & Gynecology 107, Supplement (2006): 43S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200604001-00100.

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32

Nguyen, Thaihang T., Martin E. Adelson, Shlomo M. Stemmer, Eli Mordechai, and Melanie Feola. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Obstetrics & Gynecology 107, Supplement (2006): 55S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200604001-00129.

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33

Keane, F., C. A. Ison, H. Noble, and C. Estcourt. "Bacterial vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 82, suppl_4 (2006): iv16—iv18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.023119.

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34

Wang, Jeff. "Bacterial vaginosis." Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 7, no. 5 (2000): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1068-607x(00)00043-3.

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35

Schwebke, Jane R. "Bacterial vaginosis." Current Infectious Disease Reports 2, no. 1 (2000): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0082-0.

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36

Spiegel, Carol A. "Bacterial vaginosis." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 13, no. 2 (2002): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-200204000-00001.

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37

Bagnall, Paulette, and Denise Rizzolo. "Bacterial vaginosis." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 30, no. 12 (2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000526770.60197.fa.

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38

Watkins, Jean. "Bacterial vaginosis." Practice Nursing 20, no. 4 (2009): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2009.20.4.41208.

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39

Young, H. "Bacterial vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 61, no. 3 (1985): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.61.3.213.

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40

Pattman, R. S. "Bacterial vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 64, no. 3 (1988): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.64.3.208.

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41

O'Dowd, T. "Bacterial Vaginosis." ACOG Clinical Review 1, no. 5 (1996): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1085-6862(96)85131-4.

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42

Mengel, Mark B. "Bacterial Vaginosis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 13 (1986): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370130063016.

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43

Pennachio, Dominic. "Bacterial Vaginosis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 13 (1986): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370130063017.

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44

Nieves, Beatriz. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Anaerobe 5, no. 3-4 (1999): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anae.1999.0298.

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45

Priestley, CJF, and GR Kinghorn. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS." International Journal of Clinical Practice 50, no. 6 (1996): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.1996.tb09564.x.

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46

Braunstein, Michal, and Amanda Selk. "Bacterial vaginosis." Canadian Medical Association Journal 196, no. 21 (2024): E728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.231688.

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47

Manga, M. M., H. U. Farouk, M. Ali-Gombe, A. I. Lawan, and U. M. Hassan. "Bacterial Vaginosis." Jewel Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 2 (2021): 101–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5576302.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> In the context of human microbiota, the vagina is a complex anatomical site with several species of microorganisms coexisting in a mutual relationship that contribute in the maintenance of normal vaginal environment necessary for a healthy state. Abnormal vaginal discharge is one of the most common clinical presentations among women of reproductive age and multiple etiologies exist with bacterial vaginosis (BV) being the commonest globally. Bacterial Vaginosis is a complex polymicrobial clinical syndrome which occurs usually in women of childbearing age due to imbalan
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48

Onwuzuligbo, Theresa Chidiebere, Ogechukwu Calista Dozie-Nwakile, Somtochukwu Richard Ewuzie, et al. "Pessaries of Gentamicin Sulphate for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis: Formulation Development." Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases 16, no. 7 (2025): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2025/v16i7466.

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Aim: To develop pessaries for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Vaginosis is a disease resulting from abnormal bacterial or fungal proliferation of the vagina, causing discomfort to the patient. There are numerous pessaries for the treatment of fungal vaginosis, but a paucity of such pessaries exists for bacterial vaginosis. Development of pessaries for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis therefore becomes pertinent. Study Design: In vitro and In vivo evaluation of the effectiveness of pessaries formulated for bacterial vaginosis. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutics a
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49

Bitew, Adane, Yeshiwork Abebaw, Delayehu Bekele, and Amete Mihret. "Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Risk Factors among Women Complaining of Genital Tract Infection." International Journal of Microbiology 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4919404.

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Background. Bacterial vaginosis is a global concern due to the increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections.Objectives. To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 patients between September 2015 and July 2016 at St. Paul’s Hospital. Gram-stained vaginal swabs were examined microscopically and graded as per Nugent’s procedure. Bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis were characterized, and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined.Results. The overall prevalence
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50

Djukic, Slobodanka, Ivana Cirkovic, Biljana Arsic, and Eliana Garalejic. "Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 141, no. 7-8 (2013): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1308560d.

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Bacterial vaginosis is a common, complex clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in the normal vaginal flora. When symptomatic, it is associated with a malodorous vaginal discharge and on occasion vaginal burning or itching. Under normal conditions, lactobacilli constitute 95% of the bacteria in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with severe reduction or absence of the normal H2O2?producing lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mobiluncus species. Most types of infectious disease are diagnosed by
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