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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacteriophages Bacteriophage lambda'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Blasche, Sonja, Stefan Wuchty, Seesandra V. Rajagopala, and Peter Uetz. "The Protein Interaction Network of Bacteriophage Lambda with Its Host, Escherichia coli." Journal of Virology 87, no. 23 (September 18, 2013): 12745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02495-13.

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Although most of the 73 open reading frames (ORFs) in bacteriophage λ have been investigated intensively, the function of many genes in host-phage interactions remains poorly understood. Using yeast two-hybrid screens of all lambda ORFs for interactions with its hostEscherichia coli, we determined a raw data set of 631 host-phage interactions resulting in a set of 62 high-confidence interactions after multiple rounds of retesting. These links suggest novel regulatory interactions between theE. colitranscriptional network and lambda proteins. Targeted host proteins and genes required for lambda infection are enriched among highly connected proteins, suggesting that bacteriophages resemble interaction patterns of human viruses. Lambda tail proteins interact with both bacterial fimbrial proteins andE. coliproteins homologous to other phage proteins. Lambda appears to dramatically differ from other phages, such as T7, because of its unusually large number of modified and processed proteins, which reduces the number of host-virus interactions detectable by yeast two-hybrid screens.

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2

Timmons, Michael S., M. Lieb, and Richard C. Deonier. "RECOMBINATION BETWEEN IS5 ELEMENTS: REQUIREMENT FOR HOMOLOGY AND RECOMBINATION FUNCTIONS." Genetics 113, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.4.797.

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ABSTRACT Intermolecular recombination between two IS5 elements was measured, using bacteriophage lambda recombination vectors, and was compared to recombination between two copies of an SV40 segment cloned into the same vectors. Experiments were conducted in the presence and in the absence of RecA and Red functions, and with the recombining inserts in the same or in reversed orientation. Under all conditions, IS5 elements recombined in a manner similar to the SV40 inserts, indicating that IS-encoded functions did not confer measurable additional intermolecular recombination ability to IS5 in E. coli K-12. Bacteriophages containing reversed IS5 inserts, for which the 16 base pair (bp) termini are identical in 15 positions and which display 12 bp of uninterrupted homology, recombined at approximately the same low frequency under Rec+ and Rec- conditions, indicating that these short homologies were not good substrates for the Rec system. Bacteriophages having reversed inserts recombined better under Red+ than under Red- conditions, but the crossovers were located in nonhomologous regions flanking the element termini. This suggests that 12-bp homologies are not good substrates for the Red system.

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3

Kim, Min Soo, Young Deuk Kim, Sung Sik Hong, Kwangseo Park, Kwan Soo Ko, and Heejoon Myung. "Phage-Encoded Colanic Acid-Degrading Enzyme Permits Lytic Phage Infection of a Capsule-Forming Resistant Mutant Escherichia coli Strain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 3 (November 21, 2014): 900–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02606-14.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, we isolated a bacteriophage T7-resistant mutant strain ofEscherichia coli(named S3) and then proceeded to characterize it. The mutant bacterial colonies appeared to be mucoid. Microarray analysis revealed that genes related to colanic acid production were upregulated in the mutant. Increases in colanic acid production by the mutant bacteria were observed whenl-fucose was measured biochemically, and protective capsule formation was observed under an electron microscope. We found a point mutation in thelongene promoter in S3, the mutant bacterium. Overproduction of colanic acid was observed in some phage-resistant mutant bacteria after infection with other bacteriophages, T4 and lambda. Colanic acid overproduction was also observed in clinical isolates ofE. coliupon phage infection. The overproduction of colanic acid resulted in the inhibition of bacteriophage adsorption to the host. Biofilm formation initially decreased shortly after infection but eventually increased after 48 h of incubation due to the emergence of the mutant bacteria. Bacteriophage PBECO4 was shown to infect the colanic acid-overproducing mutant strains ofE. coli. We confirmed that the gene product of open reading frame 547 (ORF547) of PBECO4 harbored colanic acid-degrading enzymatic (CAE) activity. Treatment of the T7-resistant bacteria with both T7 and PBECO4 or its purified enzyme (CAE) led to successful T7 infection. Biofilm formation decreased with the mixed infection, too. This procedure, using a phage cocktail different from those exploiting solely receptor differences, represents a novel strategy for overcoming phage resistance in mutant bacteria.

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4

Handa, Naofumi, and Ichizo Kobayashi. "Type III Restriction Is Alleviated by Bacteriophage (RecE) Homologous Recombination Function but Enhanced by Bacterial (RecBCD) Function." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 7362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.21.7362-7373.2005.

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ABSTRACT Previous works have demonstrated that DNA breaks generated by restriction enzymes stimulate, and are repaired by, homologous recombination with an intact, homologous DNA region through the function of lambdoid bacteriophages lambda and Rac. In the present work, we examined the effect of bacteriophage functions, expressed in bacterial cells, on restriction of an infecting tester phage in a simple plaque formation assay. The efficiency of plaque formation on an Escherichia coli host carrying EcoRI, a type II restriction system, is not increased by the presence of Rac prophage—presumably because, under the single-infection conditions of the plaque assay, a broken phage DNA cannot find a homologue with which to recombine. To our surprise, however, we found that the efficiency of plaque formation in the presence of a type III restriction system, EcoP1 or EcoP15, is increased by the bacteriophage-mediated homologous recombination functions recE and recT of Rac prophage. This type III restriction alleviation does not depend on lar on Rac, unlike type I restriction alleviation. On the other hand, bacterial RecBCD-homologous recombination function enhances type III restriction. These results led us to hypothesize that the action of type III restriction enzymes takes place on replicated or replicating DNA in vivo and leaves daughter DNAs with breaks at nonallelic sites, that bacteriophage-mediated homologous recombination reconstitutes an intact DNA from them, and that RecBCD exonuclease blocks this repair by degradation from the restriction breaks.

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5

Rodríguez-Rubio, Lorena, Nadja Haarmann, Maike Schwidder, Maite Muniesa, and Herbert Schmidt. "Bacteriophages of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Their Contribution to Pathogenicity." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040404.

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Shiga toxins (Stx) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are generally encoded in the genome of lambdoid bacteriophages, which spend the most time of their life cycle integrated as prophages in specific sites of the bacterial chromosome. Upon spontaneous induction or induction by chemical or physical stimuli, the stx genes are co-transcribed together with the late phase genes of the prophages. After being assembled in the cytoplasm, and after host cell lysis, mature bacteriophage particles are released into the environment, together with Stx. As members of the group of lambdoid phages, Stx phages share many genetic features with the archetypical temperate phage Lambda, but are heterogeneous in their DNA sequences due to frequent recombination events. In addition to Stx phages, the genome of pathogenic STEC bacteria may contain numerous prophages, which are either cryptic or functional. These prophages may carry foreign genes, some of them related to virulence, besides those necessary for the phage life cycle. Since the production of one or more Stx is considered the major pathogenicity factor of STEC, we aim to highlight the new insights on the contribution of Stx phages and other STEC phages to pathogenicity.

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6

Allison, Heather E., Martin J. Sergeant, Chloë E. James, Jon R. Saunders, Darren L. Smith, Richard J. Sharp, Trevor S. Marks, and Alan J. McCarthy. "Immunity Profiles of Wild-Type and Recombinant Shiga-Like Toxin-Encoding Bacteriophages and Characterization of Novel Double Lysogens." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 6 (June 2003): 3409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.6.3409-3418.2003.

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ABSTRACT The pathogenicity of Shiga-like toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), notably serotype O157, the causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, is based partly on the presence of genes (stx 1 and/or stx 2) that are known to be carried on temperate lambdoid bacteriophages. Stx phages were isolated from different STEC strains and found to have genome sizes in the range of 48 to 62 kb and to carry either stx1 or stx2 genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles were relatively uninformative, but the phages could be differentiated according to their immunity profiles. Furthermore, these were sufficiently sensitive to enable the identification and differentiation of two different phages, both carrying the genes for Stx2 and originating from the same STEC host strain. The immunity profiles of the different Stx phages did not conform to the model established for bacteriophage lambda, in that the pattern of individual Stx phage infection of various lysogens was neither expected nor predicted. Unexpected differences were also observed among Stx phages in their relative lytic productivity within a single host. Two antibiotic resistance markers were used to tag a recombinant phage in which the stx genes were inactivated, enabling the first reported observation of the simultaneous infection of a single host with two genetically identical Stx phages. The data demonstrate that, although Stx phages are members of the lambdoid family, their replication and infection control strategies are not necessarily identical to the archetypical bacteriophage λ, and this could be responsible for the widespread occurrence of stx genes across a diverse range of E. coli serotypes.

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7

Strauch, M. A., M. Baumann, D. I. Friedman, and L. S. Baron. "Identification and characterization of mutations in Escherichia coli that selectively influence the growth of hybrid lambda bacteriophages carrying the immunity region of bacteriophage P22." Journal of Bacteriology 167, no. 1 (1986): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.167.1.191-200.1986.

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8

Langley, Ross, Dervla T. Kenna, Peter Vandamme, Rebecca Ure, and John R. W. Govan. "Lysogeny and bacteriophage host range within the Burkholderia cepacia complex." Journal of Medical Microbiology 52, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05099-0.

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The Burkholderia cepacia complex comprises a group of nine closely related species that have emerged as life-threatening pulmonary pathogens in immunocompromised patients, particularly individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease. Attempts to explain the genomic plasticity, adaptability and virulence of the complex have paid little attention to bacteriophages, particularly the potential contribution of lysogenic conversion and transduction. In this study, lysogeny was observed in 10 of 20 representative strains of the B. cepacia complex. Three temperate phages and five lytic phages isolated from soils, river sediments or the plant rhizosphere were chosen for further study. Six phages exhibited T-even morphology and two were lambda-like. The host range of individual phages, when tested against 66 strains of the B. cepacia complex and a representative panel of other pseudomonads, was not species-specific within the B. cepacia complex and, in some phages, included Burkholderia gladioli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These new data indicate a potential role for phages of the B. cepacia complex in the evolution of these soil bacteria as pathogens of plants, humans and animals, and as novel therapeutic agents.

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9

Becker, A., H. Murialdo, H. Lucko, and J. Morell. "Bacteriophage lambda DNA packaging." Journal of Molecular Biology 199, no. 4 (February 1988): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(88)90304-x.

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10

Fogg, Paul C. M., Heather E. Allison, Jon R. Saunders, and Alan J. McCarthy. "Bacteriophage Lambda: a Paradigm Revisited." Journal of Virology 84, no. 13 (April 7, 2010): 6876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02177-09.

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ABSTRACT Bacteriophage lambda has an archetypal immunity system, which prevents the superinfection of its Escherichia coli lysogens. It is now known that superinfection can occur with toxigenic lambda-like phages at a high frequency, and here we demonstrate that the superinfection of a lambda lysogen can lead to the acquisition of additional lambda genomes, which was confirmed by Southern hybridization and quantitative PCR. As many as eight integration events were observed but at a very low frequency (6.4 × 10−4) and always as multiple insertions at the established primary integration site in E. coli. Sequence analysis of the complete immunity region demonstrated that these multiply infected lysogens were not immunity mutants. In conclusion, although lambda superinfection immunity can be confounded, it is a rare event.

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11

Gao, Ning, Keith Shearwin, John Mack, Laura Finzi, and David Dunlap. "Purification of bacteriophage lambda repressor." Protein Expression and Purification 91, no. 1 (September 2013): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.013.

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12

Christensen, Alan C. "Bacteriophage Lambda-Based Expression Vectors." Molecular Biotechnology 17, no. 3 (2001): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/mb:17:3:219.

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13

Oppenheim, Amos B., Oren Kobiler, Joel Stavans, Donald L. Court, and Sankar Adhya. "Switches in Bacteriophage Lambda Development." Annual Review of Genetics 39, no. 1 (December 2005): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.113656.

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14

Hillyar, C. R. T. "Genetic recombination in bacteriophage lambda." Bioscience Horizons 5 (March 7, 2012): hzs001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biohorizons/hzs001.

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15

Clark, Ewan M., Harry Wright, Kelly-Anne Lennon, Vicki A. Craik, Jason R. Clark, and John B. March. "Inactivation of Recombinant Bacteriophage Lambda by Use of Chemical Agents and UV Radiation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 8 (February 10, 2012): 3033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06800-11.

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ABSTRACTSeveral approaches for the inactivation of bacteriophage lambda, including UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and the chemical agents Virkon-S, Chloros, Decon-90, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), were compared. Virkon, NaOH, and UVGI caused a ≥7-log10reduction in phage titers. This study successfully describes several methods with potential for bacteriophage inactivation in industrial settings.

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16

Wróbel, B., S. Srutkowska, and G. Wegrzyn. "Biochemical and genetic analysis of lambdaW, the newly isolated lambdoid phage." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4308.

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Otherwise isogenic Escherichia coli CP78 (relA+) and CP79 (relA-) strains are commonly used in studies on the stringent control, the bacterial response to amino acid starvation. We found that these strains are lysogenic for a phage which is spontaneously induced with a low frequency, producing virions able to infect other E. coli strains. Genetic studies, restriction analysis of the phage DNA genome, and electron microscopy revealed that this phage is very similar to, but not identical with, bacteriophage lambda. We called the newly isolated phage lambdaW, and found that most of CP78/CP79 ancestor strains are lysogenic for this phage.

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17

Marinus, Martin G., and Anthony R. Poteete. "High efficiency generalized transduction in Escherichia coli O157:H7." F1000Research 2 (January 10, 2013): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-7.v1.

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Genetic manipulation in enterohemorrhagicE. coliO157:H7 is currently restricted to recombineering, a method that utilizes the recombination system of bacteriophage lambda, to introduce gene replacements and base changesinter aliainto the genome. Bacteriophage 933W is a prophage inE. coliO157:H7 strain EDL933, which encodes the genes (stx2AB) for the production of Shiga toxin which is the basis for the potentially fatal Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in infected humans. We replaced thestx2ABgenes with a kanamycin cassette using recombineering. After induction of the prophage by ultra-violet light, we found that bacteriophage lysates were capable of transducing to wildtype, point mutations in the lactose, arabinose and maltose genes. The lysates could also transduce tetracycline resistant cassettes. Bacteriophage 933W is also efficient at transducing markers inE. coliK-12. Co-transduction experiments indicated that the maximal amount of transferred DNA was likely the size of the bacteriophage genome, 61 kB. All tested transductants, in bothE. coliK-12 and O157:H7, were kanamycin-sensitive indicating that the transducing particles contained host DNA.

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18

Patterson, Thomas A., Zhaoshan Zhang, Teresa Baker, Linda L. Johnson, David I. Friedman, and Donald L. Court. "Bacteriophage Lambda N-Dependent Transcription Antitermination." Journal of Molecular Biology 236, no. 1 (February 1994): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1994.1131.

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19

Chauthaiwale, V. M., A. Therwath, and V. V. Deshpande. "Bacteriophage lambda as a cloning vector." Microbiological Reviews 56, no. 4 (1992): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.56.4.577-591.1992.

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20

Chauthaiwale, V. M., A. Therwath, and V. V. Deshpande. "Bacteriophage lambda as a cloning vector." Microbiological Reviews 56, no. 4 (1992): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mr.56.4.577-591.1992.

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21

Grossberger, Dario. "Minipreps of DNA from bacteriophage lambda." Nucleic Acids Research 15, no. 16 (1987): 6737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.16.6737.

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22

Campbell, Allan M. "Bacteriophage lambda as a model system." BioEssays 5, no. 6 (December 1986): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950050611.

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23

Slavcev, Roderick A., Harold J. Bull, and Sidney Hayes. "Bacteriophage λ repressor allelic modulation of the Rex exclusion phenotype." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-021.

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The sensitivity of Δred-gamΔren mutants of bacteriophage λ to Rex exclusion by λrexA+rexB+lysogens is modulated by the prophage cI repressor allele. We show the following: (i) λspi156Δnin5 forms plaques on a cI+rexA+rexB+lysogen with 105-fold higher efficiency than on cI[Ts]rexA+rexB+derivatives. (ii) The cI[Ts]857 allele augmentation of Rex exclusion is recessive to cI+. (iii) The cI857-mediated increase in Rex exclusion activity involves the participation of a genetic element mapping outside of cIrexArexB. Key words: bacteriophage lambda (λ), CI repressor, Rex exclusion phenotype, cIrexArexB operon, bacteriophage λspi156Δnin5, cI[Ts]857, cI[Ts]2.

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24

Hendrix, R., and R. Duda. "Bacteriophage lambda PaPa: not the mother of all lambda phages." Science 258, no. 5085 (November 13, 1992): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1439823.

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25

Casjens, Sherwood R., and Roger W. Hendrix. "Bacteriophage lambda: Early pioneer and still relevant." Virology 479-480 (May 2015): 310–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.010.

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26

Parris, W., A. Davidson, C. L. Keeler, and M. Gold. "The Nu1 subunit of bacteriophage lambda terminase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, no. 17 (June 1988): 8413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68493-5.

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27

Sergueev, Kirill, Donald Court, Lucretia Reaves, and Stuart Austin. "E.coli Cell-cycle Regulation by Bacteriophage Lambda." Journal of Molecular Biology 324, no. 2 (November 2002): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01037-9.

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28

Rajagopala, Seesandra V., Sherwood Casjens, and Peter Uetz. "The protein interaction map of bacteriophage lambda." BMC Microbiology 11, no. 1 (2011): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-213.

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29

Nicastro, Jessica, Katlyn Sheldon, and Roderick A. Slavcev. "Bacteriophage lambda display systems: developments and applications." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98, no. 7 (January 19, 2014): 2853–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5521-1.

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30

Shea, Madeline A., and Gary K. Ackers. "The OR control system of bacteriophage lambda." Journal of Molecular Biology 181, no. 2 (January 1985): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(85)90086-5.

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31

Kypr, Jaroslav, and Jan Mrázek. "Pseudogene in the genome of bacteriophage lambda?" Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 145, no. 1 (May 1987): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(87)91325-8.

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32

Appasani, Krishnarao, David S. Thaler, and Edward B. Goldberg. "Bacteriophage T4 gp2 Interferes with Cell Viability and with Bacteriophage Lambda Red Recombination." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 4 (February 15, 1999): 1352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.4.1352-1355.1999.

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ABSTRACT The T4 head protein, gp2, promotes head-tail joining during phage morphogenesis and is also incorporated into the phage head. It protects the injected DNA from degradation by exonuclease V during the subsequent infection. In this study, we show that recombinant gp2, a very basic protein, rapidly kills the cells in which it is expressed. To further illustrate the protectiveness of gp2 for DNA termini, we compare the effect of gp2 expression on Red-mediated and Int-mediated recombination. Red-mediated recombination is nonspecific and requires the transient formation of double-stranded DNA termini. Int-mediated recombination, on the other hand, is site specific and does not require chromosomal termini. Red-mediated recombination is inhibited to a much greater extent than is Int-mediated recombination. We conclude from the results of these physiological and genetic experiments that T4 gp2 expression, like Mu Gam expression, kills bacteria by binding to double-stranded DNA termini, the most likely mode for its protection of entering phage DNA from exonuclease V.

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33

DE FRUTOS, M., A. LEFORESTIER, and F. LIVOLANT. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GENOME PACKING IN THE BACTERIOPHAGE CAPSID AND THE KINETICS OF DNA EJECTION." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 09, no. 01 (March 2014): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048013500069.

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We present a general survey of experimental and theoretical observations of DNA structure and in vitro ejection kinetics for different bacteriophage species. In some species, like T5, the ejection may present pauses and arrests that have not been detected in others species like Lambda. We propose hypotheses to explain such differences and we discuss how the experimental conditions may be important for their detection. Our work highlights the role of DNA organization inside the bacteriophage capsid on the stochastic and out of equilibrium nature of the ejection process.

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34

Gottesman, Max E., and Robert A. Weisberg. "Little Lambda, Who Made Thee?" Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68, no. 4 (December 2004): 796–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.68.4.796-813.2004.

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SUMMARY The study of the bacteriophage λ has been critical to the discipline of molecular biology. It was the source of key discoveries in the mechanisms of, among other processes, gene regulation, recombination, and transcription initiation and termination. We trace here the events surrounding these findings and draw on the recollections of the participants. We show how a particular atmosphere of interactions among creative scientists yielded spectacular insights into how living things work.

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35

Luo, Cheng-Hung, Pei-Yu Chiou, Chiou-Ying Yang, and Nien-Tsung Lin. "Genome, Integration, and Transduction of a Novel Temperate Phage of Helicobacter pylori." Journal of Virology 86, no. 16 (June 13, 2012): 8781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00446-12.

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Helicobacter pyloriis a common human pathogen that has been identified to be carcinogenic. This study isolated the temperate bacteriophage 1961P from the lysate of a clinical strain ofH. pyloriisolated in Taiwan. The bacteriophage has an icosahedral head and a short tail, typical of thePodoviridaefamily. Its double-stranded DNA genome is 26,836 bp long and has 33 open reading frames. Only 9 of the predicted proteins have homologs of known functions, while the remaining 24 are only similar to unknown proteins encoded byHelicobacterprophages and remnants. Analysis of sequences proximal to the phage-host junctions suggests that 1961P may integrate into the host chromosome via a mechanism similar to that of bacteriophage lambda. In addition, 1961P is capable of generalized transduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation, characterization, genome analysis, integration, and transduction of aHelicobacter pyloriphage.

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36

Slavcev, Roderick A., and Sidney Hayes. "Over-expression ofrexAnullifies T4rIIexclusion inEscherichia coliK(λ) lysogens." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-115.

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Dosage and relative cellular levels of RexA and RexB proteins encoded by the rexA–rexB genes of a λ prophage are important for the Rex+phenotype, which was nullified when greater RexA or RexB was provided than was necessary for the complementation of a rexA–or a rexB–prophage.Key words: bacteriophage lambda (λ), T4rII exclusion (Rex) phenotype, lambda pM–cI–rexA–rexB–timmoperon.

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37

Pearson, R. K., and M. S. Fox. "Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda recombination." Genetics 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.1.13.

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Abstract Previous studies of bacteriophage lambda recombination have provided indirect evidence that substantial sequence nonhomologies, such as insertions and deletions, may be included in regions of heteroduplex DNA. However, the direct products of heterology-containing heteroduplex DNA--heterozygous progeny phage--have not been observed. We have constructed a series of small insertion and deletion mutations in the cI gene to examine the possibility that small heterologies might be accommodated in heterozygous progeny phage. Genetic crosses were carried out between lambda cI- Oam29 and lambda cI+ Pam80 under replication-restricted conditions. Recombinant O+P+ progeny were selected on mutL hosts and tested for cI heterozygosity. Heterozygous recombinants were readily observed with crosses involving insertions of 4 to 19 base pairs (bp) in the cI gene. Thus, nonhomologies of at least 19 bp can be accommodated in regions of heteroduplex DNA during lambda recombination. In contrast, when a cI insertion or deletion mutation of 26 bp was present, few of the selected recombinants were heterozygous for cI. Results using a substitution mutation, involving a 26-bp deletion with a 22-bp insertion, suggest that the low recovery of cI heterozygotes containing heterologies of 26 bp or more is due to a failure to encapsulate DNA containing heterologies of 26 bp or more into viable phage particles.

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38

Murialdo, Helios, Xuekun Xing, Dimitra Tzamtzis, Abraham Haddad, and Marvin Gold. "The product of the bacteriophage lambda W gene: purification and properties." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 81, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o03-059.

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Gene W is one of the 10 genes that control the morphogenesis of the bacteriophage λ head. The morpho genesis of the phage λ head proceeds through the synthesis of an intermediate assembly called the prohead. This is an empty shell into which the bacteriophage DNA is introduced packaged by the phage enzyme DNA terminase. The product of W (gpW) acts after DNA packaging, but before the addition of another phage product, gene product FII, and before the addition of tails. The role of gpW is unknown. The structure of N- and C-tagged gpW has been previously determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Here we report some of the properties of the native protein. The purification of gpW to homogeneity, overproduced by a plasmid derivative, is described. To obtain large amounts of the protein, the ribosome-binding site had to be modified, showing that inefficient translation of the message is the main mechanism limiting W gene expression. The molecular weight of the protein is in close agreement to the value predicted from the DNA sequence of the gene, which suggests that it is not post-transcriptionally modified. It behaves as a monomer in solution. Radioactively labeled gpW is incorporated into phage particles in in vitro complementation, showing that gpW is a structural protein. The stage at which gpW functions and other circumstantial evidence support the idea that six molecules of gpW polymerize on the connector before the incorporation of six molecules of gpFII and before the tail attaches.Key words: bacteriophage morphogenesis, lambda gene W, viral structure.

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39

Kuchanny, D., G. Klein, J. Krzewska, A. Czyz, and B. Lipińska. "Cloning of the groE operon of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi using a lambda vector." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4341.

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groES and groEL genes encode two co-operating proteins GroES and GroEL, belonging to a class of chaperone proteins highly conserved during evolution. The GroE chaperones are indispensable for the growth of bacteriophage lambda in Escherichia coli cells. In order to clone the groEL and groES genes of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi, we constructed the V. harveyi genomic library in the lambdaEMBL1 vector, and selected clones which were able to complement mutations in both groE genes of E. coli for bacteriophage lambda growth. Using Southern hybridization, in one of these clones we identified a DNA fragment homologous to the E. coli groE region. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this fragment showed that the cloned region contained a sequence in 71.7% homologous to the 3' end of the groEL gene of E. coli. This confirmed that the lambda clone indeed carries the groE region of V. harveyi. The positive result of our strategy of cloning with the use of the genomic library in lambda vector suggests that the same method might be useful in the isolation of the groE homologues from other bacteria. The V. harveyi cloned groE genes did not suppress thermosensitivity of the E. coli groE mutants.

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40

Stephenson, Frank H., and W. Paul Diehl. "Rearrangements between the operators in the bacteriophage lambda." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 201, no. 1 (September 1985): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00397994.

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41

Hughes, David C. "Arraying bacteriophage lambda libraries for screening by PCR." Technical Tips Online 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-2120(08)70113-2.

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42

Pearson, R. K., and M. S. Fox. "Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging." Genetics 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.1.5.

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Abstract We have examined the impact of DNA heterologies on the packaging of lambda DNA in vitro. Heterology-containing DNA molecules were constructed by denaturing and reannealing a mixture of DNA from cI+ phage and DNA front phage carrying small insertion or deletion mutations in the cI gene. We found that molecules with heterologies of up to 19 base pairs (bp) can be packaged as viable heterozygous phage with approximately the same efficiency as molecules with a base pair mismatch. In contrast, with a heterology of 26-bp heterozygous plaque formers are rare. In principle, the absence of cI heterozygotes among packaged phage may be due either to a failure to encapsulate the DNA or a failure to inject the packaged DNA on infection. Southern blot analysis of DNA isolated from packaged phage indicates that DNA harboring a 26-bp heterology is almost completely absent in packaged phage. Thus, an upper limit has been established for the size of heterology that can be accommodated by the packaging apparatus The size of the connector portal could be the basis for this limit.

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43

Savva, CK, DK Struck, R. Young, and A. Holzenburg. "Structural Studies of the Bacteriophage Lambda Holin S105." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606065445.

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44

Becker, A., and H. Murialdo. "Bacteriophage lambda DNA: the beginning of the end." Journal of Bacteriology 172, no. 6 (1990): 2819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.6.2819-2824.1990.

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45

Brown, Susan, Julia Ferm, Scott Woody, and Gary Gussin. "Selection for mutations in thePRpromoter of bacteriophage lambda." Nucleic Acids Research 18, no. 20 (1990): 5961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.20.5961.

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46

Raab, R., G. Neal, J. Garrett, R. Grimaila, R. Fusselman, and R. Young. "Mutational analysis of bacteriophage lambda lysis gene S." Journal of Bacteriology 167, no. 3 (1986): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.167.3.1035-1042.1986.

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47

Dokland, Terje, and Helios Murialdo. "Structural Transitions During Maturation of Bacteriophage Lambda Capsids." Journal of Molecular Biology 233, no. 4 (October 1993): 682–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1993.1545.

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48

Russell, R. R. B., P. Morrissey, and G. Dougan. "Cloning of sucrase genes fromStreptococcus mutansin bacteriophage lambda." FEMS Microbiology Letters 30, no. 1-2 (October 1985): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00981.x.

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49

Katsura, I. "Mechanism of length determination in bacteriophage lambda tails." Advances in Biophysics 26 (1990): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0065-227x(90)90004-d.

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50

Vaccaro, Paola, Emiliano Pavoni, Giorgia Monteriù, Pucci Andrea, Franco Felici, and Olga Minenkova. "Efficient display of scFv antibodies on bacteriophage lambda." Journal of Immunological Methods 310, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.003.

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