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Academic literature on the topic 'Bacteris patògens'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bacteris patògens"
Gaviria, Cantín Tania Cristina. "Factores Gre de Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, su papel en el control de la filosofía y patogenicidad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/397788.
Full textGre factors regulate gene transcription elongation in prokaryotes. In Escherichia coli they promote cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript within the elongation complex when the RNA polymerase is paused by a backtracking. Although the Gre factors have been characterized in other enterobacteria, in Salmonella there are not studies about their role in cellular physiology. The main objective of this thesis was to study the role of Gre factors in physiology and pathogenicity of Salmonella. In this study we describe Gre factors that are part of the complex regulatory network of gene expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2. The results indicate that Gre factors are pivotal in the control of predominant phenotypes in pathogenicity. They are essential for the correct expression of effector proteins encoded within (SipA, SipC and SipD) and outside SPI-1 (SopE), and they also play an important role in motility of the bacterial cell. It was determined that the regulation of gene expression of SPI-1 and SPI-2 by Gre factors is through transcriptional regulation of hilD gene. Regulation mediated by Gre factors requires hilD 3'UTR region. We demonstrated that Gre antipausa activity during transcription is necessary for the correct expression of hilD. It was also observed that Gre factors play an important role in transcriptional expression of csgD, main regulator of biofilm formation in Salmonella. This regulation is also apparently exerted through the 5'UTR region of the csgD gene, and is temperature- independent. In transcriptome analysis using Microarray, it was observed that Gre factors are implicated in the correct expression of many horizontally transferred genes (HGT) such as genes present in pathogenicity islands, plasmids and phages. It was also noted that there is a large number of genes distributed into different functional categories, which are co-regulated by Gre factors together with DksA protein, a protein that increases the accuracy of the transcript to decrease the rate of nucleotide missincorporation. These results indicate that the overall pattern of gene expression of Salmonella is the result of a complex interaction between Gre factors and DksA protein, involving the mutual control, competition for binding to ARNpol, and similar or opposite action on ARNpol activity. We can conclude that Gre factors are part of complex regulatory network of virulence genes of Salmonella.
Merino, Montero Susana. "Mecanismos moleculares de la patogenicidad de "Aeromonas hydrophila"." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2410.
Full textLas cepas de "Aeromonas" mesófilas mótiles son microorganismos que se caracterizan por su elevada diversidad en cuanto al grado de virulencia. Estas diferencias se hallan estrechamente relacionadas con las estructuras moleculares presentes a nivel de la superficie bacteriana.
La incidencia y variabilidad de este grupo hizo que obtuviesen a partir de muestras de agua diferentes bacteriófagos específicos para las estructuras superficiales bacterianas, los cuales pudiesen emplearse como marcadores biológicos que permitiesen diferenciar a un serotipo de los restantes dentro del grupo de "Aeromonas" mótiles. De este modo, se aislaron los bacteriófagos PM1, PM2 y PM3.
El bacteriófago PM1 presenta doble cadena de DNA, capside poliédrica y una placa con fibras en la cola. Además, posee como receptor el antígeno O del lipopolisacárido (LPS) de las cepas de serotipo 0:34 y, en consecuencia, los mutantes espontáneos resistentes al citado bacteriófago carecen de antígeno 0 del LPS, aunque presentan sensibilidad a bacteriófagos de "Aeromonas" cuyo receptor es el núcleo del LPS.
El bacteriófago PM2 presenta doble cadena de DNA, cápside poliédrica y una placa basal con espinas. Además, posee como receptor el núcleo del LPS de diferentes cepas de serotipo 0:34 y 0:11 (así como "A. salmonicida"); en consecuencia, los mutantes resistentes al mismo presentan alteraciones en los oligosacáridos del núcleo del LPS, careciendo en todos los casos de antígeno 0 del LPS.
El bacteriófago PM3 presenta doble cadena de DNA y posee como receptor el flagelo monopolar de diferentes serotipos de "A. hydrophila" tanto con lámina S como sin lámina. Los mutantes resistentes a este bacteriófago presentan alteraciones en el flagelo o en la motilidad de dichas cepas bacterianas.
Estos bacteriófagos han permitido la agrupación de diferentes cepas de "Aeromonas" mesófilas que luego han correspondido a serotipos distintos. Así, las cepas sensibles al bacteriófago PM1 pertenecen al serogrupo 0:34 y presentan las siguientes características:
1.- Un perfil de proteínas de membrana externa tremendamente homogéneo.
2.- Un LPS heterogéneo, químicamente formado por KDO, L-heptosas, glucosa y hesoxaminas, y carente en D-heptosas, galactosa, rhamnosa y pentosas.
3.- Una DL(50) a 20ºC menos elevada que a 37°C, tanto en ratón como en pez, lo cual indica que son más virulentas a 20ºC que a 37°C. Este hecho se debe a la producción de antígeno 0 del LPS a 20ºC y a la práctica ausencia del mismo a 37°C. Todo ello implica al antigeno 0 del LPS en la virulencia de estas cepas.
Uno de los serotipos más importantes dentro de las "Aeromonas" mesófilas a causa de su elevado grado de virulencia es el denominado serotipo 0:11. Este serotipo presenta:
1. Un LPS homogéneo, formado químicamente por KDO y L-heptosas en el núcleo del LPS y glucosa, galactosa, mañosa y hexosaminas en el antígeno 0 del LPS.
2. Una lámina proteínica de estructura tetragonal, denominada lámina S, que recubre prácticamente la superficie celular haciendo que el LPS quede totalmente recubierto. Esta poca accesibilidad del antígeno 0 del LPS hace difícil encontrar marcadores biológicos (bacteriófagos) para este serotipo.
3. Todas las cepas de serotipo 0: 11 al igual que las de "A. salmonicida" poseen la propiedad de autoaglutinar. Dicha propiedad está ligada fundamentalmente a la presencia de lámina S y de flagelo.
4. La DL(50) de este serotipo es dos logaritmos inferior a la existente en las cepas de serotipo 0:34 y además es muy similar en todos los mutantes isogénicos obtenidos para las diferentes estructuras superficiales.
Una vez estudiados los serotipos 0:34 y 0:11 de las "Aeromonas" mesófilas se obtuvieron mutantes isogénicos, bien por resistencia a bacteriófagos específicos para las diferentes estructuras superficiales o bien mediante mutagénesis con un agente alquilante y contraselección con anticuerpos especificos frente a 1as estructuras superficiales a alterar.
Con el uso de los citados mutantes se determinó que la vía clásica del complemento es la responsable en las "Aeromonas" pertenecientes al serotipo 0:34 y 0:11 de la activación del complemento y por consiguiente, de la actividad bactericida del suero. Además, se obeservó que la lámina S peresente en las cepas de serotipo 0:11 no activaba la acción del complemento (a diferencia de la lámina A de "A. salmonicida"), sino que el determinante a nivel de las estructuras superficiales de la resistencia a la actividad bactericida del suero en ambos serotipos son los oligosacáridos del núcleo del LPS. Finalmente se demostró que el LPS de todas las "Aeromonas" mesófilas es capaz de activar el complemento, y la razón de ser sensible o resistente a la actividad bactericida del suero se debe a la fijación o no de C3b pegado a la membrana y la consiguiente formación de los complejos C5b-9.
The motile "Aeromonas" group is characterized by their high diversity degree of virulence. These differences are related with molecular structures located on the bacterial surface.
Several bacteriophages of motile "Aeromonas" were isolated and characterized from water samples. Thus, it was obtained bacteriophages whose receptors are: the 0 antigen lipopolisaccharide (LPS) of 0:34 serotype strains, the core LPS of 0:34 and 0:11 serotype strains (as soon as "Aeromonas salmonicida" and the monopolar flagellum of motile "Aeromonas".
Then, motile "Aeromnas" 0:34 and 0:11 isogenic mutants were obtained by resistance to the specific bacteriophages for different structures, or by mutagenesis with an alquilant agent and contraselection with specific antibodies.
Using the different isogenic mutants it was possible to determinate: a) the complement activation pathway in the 0:34 and 0:11 serotypes motile "Aeromonas" is the classical pathway, b) the S-layer present on the 0:11 serotype strains not activate the complement action; but, in contrast, the A-layer present on the "Aeromonas salmonicida" strains active this action, c) the complement activation determinant at the structural bacterial surface are the core LPS oligosaccharides, and d) the LPS present at all motile "Aeromonas" strains activate the classical complement pathway; and the sensibility or resistance from the bactericidal action was due to the presence or absence of C3b linked on the membranes and the subsequence formation of C5b-9 complexes.
El, Mouali Benomar Youssef. "CRP-cAMP mediated silencing of virulence expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456373.
Full textLa regulación de la expresión de genes de virulencia en Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium es una característica intensamente estudiada en Salmonella. La forma en que Salmonella integra señales ambientales para activar los genes relacionados con la virulencia dentro del huésped ha sido explorada. Los genes codificados en la isla de patogenicidad I de Salmonella (SPI-1) son necesarios para la invasión de células epiteliales, están bien caracterizados y se han descrito muchos reguladores implicados en su activación. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre el mecanismo implicado en la represión de SPI-1 en condiciones en las que Salmonella no requiere la expresión de genes relacionados con la virulencia. Es sabido que la expresión de genes codificados por SPI-1 son una carga para la fisiología de Salmonella y por lo tanto el mecanismo para controlar la represión de SPI-1 en condiciones no permisivas podría desempeñar un papel crucial en la fisiología de Salmonella. Aquí se describe que en fase exponencial, CRP-cAMP, que actúa como un activador en fase estacionaria, reprime la expresión de los genes SPI-1. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue caracterizar cómo el CRP-cAMP silencia la expresión de SPI-1 en condiciones no permisivas y describir el mecanismo molecular detrás de esta observación fenotípica. El CRP-cAMP reprime la expresión de hilA en la fase exponencial (condiciones no permisivas para la expresión de SPI-1) y actúa como un activador en fase estacionaria (condiciones permisivas para la expresión de SPI-1). La represión mediada por CRP-cAMP de hilA provoca una atenuación concomitante en el nivel de expresión de proteínas efectoras codificadas por SPI-1. La regulación de SPI-1 durante la fase de crecimiento logarítmico se produce aguas arriba de HilA mediante la represión hilD, hilC y rtsA expresión y está mediada por la regulación de hilD a nivel post transcripcional a través de la hilD 3'UTR. La regulación mediada por CRP-cAMP de hilD requiere, además de la hilD 3'UTR, la chaperona Hfq y la endonucleasa RNAsa E. CRP-cAMP reprime la expresión del sRNA Spot 42 en la fase exponencial. Mostramos que Spot 42 regula positivamente la expresión hilD en la fase de crecimiento exponencial, Spot 42 interacciona físicamente con los últimos 150 nt de la hilD 3'UTR.
Cortés, Cortés Ivania Loreto. "Diversidad genética, genes de virulencia y estructuras de superficie implicadas en la patogenicidad del género Aeromonas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386312.
Full textIn the last years, several studies demonstrating the pathogenicity of the Aeromonas genera, their taxonomic updates, their virulence factors and their antimicrobial resistance profile. Aeromonas are very ubiquitous in the environment and it is linked to aquatic ecosystems. The epidemiology strongly suggests that infections are a consequence of the contact with contaminated water and/or food. In spite of this, the predominant lineages linked to human infections have not been described. Our Hypothesis was that clinical human strains possess different virulence factors than those from environmental origin, and corresponds with different genetic lineages. The Aim was to characterize an Aeromonas collection from different origins. First, we realized a retrospective study between 1996-2014 of the Aeromonas clinical strains collected at the University Hospital Ramon and Cajal. Second, we collected 40 strains of different origins [Rio Loa, Antofagasta in Chile (n=6), waste water of Tunis (n=5), diarrhoea (n=19), bacteraemia (n=9), and pneumonia (n=1)]. All strains were identify and we determine their virulence factors, their antibiotics susceptibility and their genetic diversity by PFGE. Furthermore, 15 selected strains were typed by MLST and also analyzed the lipopolysaccharide. Finally, the adherence/invasion ability of 6 strains to Caco-2 was evaluated. The results showed that A. hydrophila (84 %) is the more prevalent specie in our clinical samples followed for A. caviae (12 %). Their frequency has doubled from 1996 to 2014, being the faeces the most frequent sample. Inside our collection of 40 strains, antibiotic resistance was not observed and the clinical strains carried more virulence genes than the environmental ones. The PFGE studies showed a great genetic diversity and the 15 MLST-typed strains corresponded with not previously described STs. The lipopolysaccharide structure was strain dependent, and the most complex structures correspond to clinical isolates. Our strains were unable to invade the Caco2 cells differentiated to mucous intestinal. Finally, and as general conclusion, the virulence and pathogencity might be studied to level for each strain individually, since it is not possible to generalize inside the same species. In addition, the immunological condition of the patients also might play a relevant role in the Aeromonas infection.
Gómez-Zorrilla, Martín Silvia. "Impacto de la multirresistencia en la patogenicidad de Pseudomonas aeruginosa: perspectiva epidemiológica-clinica y experimental." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401750.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens worldwide, and continuously evolving resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents has become a significant health problem. However, the biological implications of antibiotic resistance on the pathogenicity and virulence of P. aeruginosa are not clearly established. It is believed that acquisition of resistance mechanisms may have a negative impact on bacterial fitness (a fitness cost), resulting in impaired bacterial physiology and, in turn, a loss of virulence. Improve knowledge about the possible biological cost associated with resistance may help to implement infection control strategies as well as improve antibiotic prescription. In this context, this doctoral thesis evaluates the impact of multidrug resistance on the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa through epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Using clinical and epidemiological data, we investigated if there were differences in the outcome, in the ability to develop colonization and infection between multidrug resistant (MDR) and non-MDR P. aeruginosa strains. In a retrospective study we observed that early mortality was higher in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by non-MDR P. aeruginosa than those caused by MDR strains. In a prospective study we demonstrated that intestinal colonization occurred more prematurely for non-MDR P. than for MDR isolates. The ability to produce infection (clinical invasiveness) was also higher in patient colonized by non-MDR isolates than those colonized by MDR strains. Furthermore, using in vitro and in vivo models we demonstrated that MDR profiles were associated with a reduction in virulence of P. aeruginosa. In vitro growth rate was shorter in non-MDR than in MDR isolates. In a mice peritonitis/sepsis model we observed that non-MDR P. aeruginosa isolates had a greater ability to produce infection, to elicit inflammatory response and to cause mortality than MDR strains. Overall, our data suggest that multidrug resistance is associated with a biological cost in P. aeruginosa.
Pons, Casellas Maria Jesús. "Resistència antimicrobiana en patògens bacterians causants de diarrea: recerca d’alternatives." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/296675.
Full textDiarrhea is the second leading cause of child mortality worldwide, being also the most common of the effects on travelers after trip to the tropics. The most frequent pathogen isolated are bacteria, and among these diarrheogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp are relevant. Usually diarrhoea is a self-limiting disease, but sometimes depending of the duration or severity, the use of antimicrobials is required. Unfortunately, over in the last years, the levels of antimicrobial resistance have been increased and the introduction of alternatives of treatment are necessary. In this thesis both the levels and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial strains causing childhood diarrhea in peri-urban areas of Lima (Peru) are analyzed, as well as samples causing diarrhea in travelers. The results show high levels of antimicrobial resistance in use, especially ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and quinolones. In the latter case, the obtained results showed unusual high levels of resistance because quinolones are not used in this age, which suggests the acquisition of resistant strains was exogenously, perhaps due to the high use of quinolones is done in other environments. In these strains the high frequency of mutations in genes gyrA and parC as well as the presence of transferable mechanisms as qnrB or aac (6 ') Ib-cr was verified. The potential of rifaximin as an alternative to current treatments are evaluated. The data from in vitro development of antimicrobial resistant mutants showed its potential usefulness, although the selected strains the resistance was stable. However the results obtained by analyzing diarrheogenic and commensal strains of E. coli isolated from children under 2 years in the area of Chorrillos (Lima) showed elevated levels of antimicrobial resistance associated with efflux pumps overexpression (inhibitable by Argynil-Phenyl-beta- Naphtylamyda). This fact suggests the presence of environmental factors such as toxic, that favoring deregulation of these efflux pumps.