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1
He, Jing, Yuchen Xiao, Khongorzul Orgoldol, Liang Ming, Li Yi, and Rimutu Ji. "Effects of Geographic Region on the Composition of Bactrian Camel Milk in Mongolia." Animals 9, no. 11 (2019): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110890.
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Camel milk is considered as an essential source of nutrition for desert people. However, few studies have investigated how geography affects Bactrian camel milk in Mongolia. In this study, we evaluated the differences in gross composition, fatty acid composition, and amino acid composition among Bactrian camel milk samples collected from 102 Bactrian camels in five different Mongolian regions. The proportion of long-chain fatty acids, out of total fatty acids, was high in all samples of Bactrian camel milk. The primary fatty acids detected in the samples were palmitic acid (23.99–30.72%), oleic acid (17.21–24.24%), and stearic acid (11.13–16.49%), while the dominant amino acids were leucine, lysine, valine, and aspartic acid. Cysteine was the least common amino acid detected in the Bactrian camel milk samples. Considerable differences in the fatty acid and amino acid compositions were observed among Bactrian camel milk from different regions of Mongolia. The findings suggest that geography strongly affects the composition of camel milk.
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Yuan, Bao, Quanwei Zhang, Bohao Zhang, et al. "Exploring the Mechanism of H2S Synthesis in Male Bactrian Camel Poll Glands Based on Data Independent Acquisition Proteomics and Non-Targeted Metabolomics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14 (2024): 7700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147700.
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During estrus, the poll glands of male Bactrian Camels (Camelus Bactrianus) become slightly raised, exuding a large amount of pale yellow watery secretion with a characteristic odor that may contain hydrogen sulfide (H2S). However, whether H2S can be synthesized in the poll glands of male Bactrian Camels and its role in inducing camel estrus remains unclear. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and signaling pathways in the poll gland tissues of male Bactrian Camels using data independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics. Additionally, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the neck hair containing secretions during estrus in male Bactrian Camels, to explore the specific expression patterns and mechanisms in the poll glands of camels during estrus. The results showed that cystathionine-γ-lyase (CTH) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), which are closely related to H2S synthesis in camel poll glands during estrus, were mainly enriched in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and metabolic pathways. In addition, both enzymes were widely distributed and highly expressed in the acinar cells of poll gland tissues in camels during estrus. Meanwhile, the neck hair secretion contains high levels of amino acids, especially glycine, serine, threonine, and cystathionine, which are precursors for H2S biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that the poll glands of male Bactrian Camels can synthesize and secrete H2S during estrus. This study provides a basis for exploring the function and mechanism of H2S in the estrus of Bactrian Camels.
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Reading, Richard P., Henry Mix, Badamjaviin Lhagvasuren, and Evan S. Blumer. "Status of wild Bactrian camels and other large ungulates in south-western Mongolia." Oryx 33, no. 3 (1999): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00064.x.
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AbstractWild Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus ferus are endangered. Surveys over the past several decades suggest a marked decline in camel numbers and reproductive success. However, most surveys were made using methods that precluded rigorous population estimation. The need for more accurate surveys resulted in an aerial survey of known and suspected camel habitat in Mongolia during March 1997. We estimated density, group density and population size of large mammals in south-western Mongolia using the interactive computer program DISTANCE. We recorded sufficient data for population modelling of wild Bactrian camels, goitred gazelles Gazella subgutturosa, Asian wild asses Equus hemionus and argali sheep Ovis ammon. We observed 277 camels in 27 groups (mean group size = 10.26 ± 2.38 SE camels/group). Modelling yielded a population estimate of 1985 ± 802 SE camels in the survey area. Population modelling for other ungulates yielded estimates of 6046 ± 1398 SE goitred gazelles, 1674 ± 506 SE Asian wild asses and 909 ± 303 SE argalis. Discrepancies between population estimates of ungulates in our survey and previous surveys are discussed with regard to methods used and robustness of results obtained. We also discuss conservation implications for wild Bactrian camels and other Mongolian ungulates.
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Wani, N. A., V. S. Binoy, and S. B. Hong. "34 Recent Advances in Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Camelids." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 1 (2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv30n1ab34.
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In addition to its application for production of elite males, racing champions, animals with the highest potential for milk production, and the prized beauty camels, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can be utilised for the conservation of endangered wild Bactrian camels and vicunas by using the technique of interspecies SCNT (iSCNT). In the present study, embryos were reconstructed by using skin fibroblast cells from a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), a llama (Llama glama), and a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as donor karyoplasts and dromedary oocytes as recipient cytoplasts to evaluate in vitro and in vivo developmental potential of these embryos. Mature oocytes were collected from super-stimulated dromedary camels by ultrasound guided transvaginal ovum pick-up. Serum-starved skin fibroblast cells were injected into the perivitelline space of enucleated oocytes. The fibroblast cell and recipient cytoplasm were fused by 2 DC pulses of 100V for 15 µs each. Reconstructs were activated 1 to 1.5 h post-fusion with 5 µM ionomycin, followed by exposure to 6-DMAP for 4 h. The activated oocytes were then cultured at 38.5°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2. The proportion of oocytes that cleaved was recorded on Day 3, and those that reached morula and blastocyst stages were recorded on Day 7 of culture. A lower blastocyst production rate was observed when llama fibroblast cells were used as karyoplast (13.3 ± 3.3) compared with those obtained from the embryos reconstructed with Bactrian (34.4 ± 3.9) and dromedary (32.2 ± 6.2) fibroblast cells; however, no difference was observed in their cell numbers. Out of 26 and 20 blastocysts from reconstructs with Bactrian and dromedary fibroblast cells, transferred to 23 and 12 synchronized dromedary recipients, 3 and 2 pregnancies were achieved at Day 60, respectively. One pregnancy from each group reached term and both (a Bactrian and a dromedary) calves were delivered normally after completing the gestation period. We demonstrated birth of a Bactrian calf conceived from the reconstructed embryo by iSCNT using the somatic cell from a Bactrian camel and enucleated dromedary oocyte. The present study also demonstrated that dromedary camel can be used as a surrogate to carry these pregnancies to term (Wani et al. 2017 PLoS One 12, e0177800; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177800). This study has opened doors for enhanced multiplication and preservation of the wild Bactrian camels, which are threatened with extinction, being the eighth most endangered large mammal on the planet.
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Niasari-Naslaji, A., D. Nikjou, J. A. Skidmore, et al. "Interspecies embryo transfer in camelids: the birth of the first Bactrian camel calves (Camelus bactrianus) from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 2 (2009): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08140.
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Interspecies embryo transfer is a possible approach that can be used to conserve endangered species. It could provide a useful technique to preserve the Iranian and wild Bactrian camels, both of which are threatened with extinction. In the present study, one Bactrian camel was superovulated using decreasing doses of FSH (60, 40, 30, 30, 20, 20 mg, b.i.d.; Folltropin-V; Bioniche, London, ON, Canada) for 6 days, followed by a single injection of FSH (20 mg, i.m.) on Day 7. Daily ovarian ultrasonography was performed until most of the growing follicles had reached a mature size of 13–17 mm, at which time the camel was mated twice, 24 h apart, with a fertile male Bactrian camel. At the time of first mating, female camels were given 20 μg, i.v., buserelin (Receptal; Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands). One day after the donor camel had been mated, the dromedary recipients (n = 8) were injected with 25 mg, i.v., porcine LH (Lutropin-V; Bioniche) to induce ovulation. Embryos were recovered on Day 8.5 after the first mating and transferred non-surgically into recipients on Day 7.5 after LH injection. Pregnancy was diagnosed 25 days after embryo transfer. Healthy Bactrian camel calves (n = 4) were born without any particular complications at the time of parturition (e.g. dystocia and neonatal diseases). The present study is the first report of the birth of Bactrian camel calves from dromedary camels, as well as the first report of interspecies embryo transfer in old world camelids.
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Pauciullo, Alfredo, Carmine Versace, Giustino Gaspa та ін. "Sequencing and Characterization of αs2-Casein Gene (CSN1S2) in the Old-World Camels Have Proven Genetic Variations Useful for the Understanding of Species Diversification". Animals 13, № 17 (2023): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13172805.
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The CSN1S2 gene encodes αs2-casein, the third most abundant protein in camel milk. Despite its importance in foals, human nutrition, and dairy processing, the CSN1S2 gene in camels has received little attention. This study presents the first complete characterization of the CSN1S2 gene sequence in Old-World camels (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius). Additionally, the gene promoter, consisting of 752 bp upstream of exon 1, was analyzed. The entire gene comprises 17 exons, ranging in length from 24 bp (exons 4, 8, 11, and 13) to 280 bp (exon 17). Interesting was the identification of the exon 12 in both species. The promoter analysis revealed 24 putative binding sites in the Bactrian camel and 22 in dromedary camel. Most of these sites were typical elements associated with milk protein, such as C/EBP-α, C/EBP-β, Oct-1, and AP1. The SNP discovery showed relatively high genetic diversity compared to other camel casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3), with a total of 34 polymorphic sites across the two species. Particularly noteworthy is the transition g.311G>A in the CSN1S2 promoter, creating a new putative consensus binding site for a C/EBP-β in the Bactrian camel. At the exon level, two novel variants were found. One was detected in exon 6 of the Bactrian camel (g.3639C>G), resulting in an amino acid replacement, p.36Ile>Met. The second variant was found in noncoding exon 17 of dromedary CSN1S2 (g.1511G>T). Although this mutation occurs in the 3′-UnTranslated Region, it represents the first example of exonic polymorphism in the CSN1S2 for this species. This SNP also affects the binding sites of different microRNAs, including the seed sequence of the miRNA 4662a-3p, highlighting its role as a regulatory factor for CSN1S2 gene. A PCR-RFLP was set up for genotyping a dromedary Tunisian population (n = 157), and the minor allele frequency was found to be 0.27 for the G allele, indicating a potential yield improvement margin. The interspersed elements (INEs) analysis revealed 10 INEs covering 7.34% and 8.14% of the CSN1S2 sequence in the Bactrian and dromedary camels, respectively. Furthermore, six elements (A, B, F, H, I, and L) are shared among cattle and camels and are partially found in other ruminants, suggesting a common ancestral origin of these retrotransposons. Conversely, elements C, D, E, and G are specific to camels.
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Guo, Fucheng, Liang Ming, Rendalai Si, Li Yi, Jing He, and Rimutu Ji. "A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Hematological Traits in Camelus bactrianus." Animals 10, no. 1 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010096.
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Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) are one of the few large livestock species that can survive in the Gobi Desert. Animal immunity and disease resistance are related to hematological traits, which are also associated with tolerance observed in Bactrian camels. However, no genome-wide association studies have examined the genetic mechanism of the immune capability of Bactrian camels. In the present study, we used genotyping-by-sequencing data generated from 366 Bactrian camel accessions to perform a genome-wide association study for 17 hematological traits. Of the 256,616 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained, 1,635 trait–SNP associations were among the top quantitative trait locus candidates. Lastly, 664 candidate genes associated with 13 blood traits were identified. The most significant were ZNF772, MTX2, ESRRG, MEI4, IL11, FRMPD4, GABPA, NTF4, CRYBG3, ENPP5, COL16A1, and CD207. The results of our genome-wide association study provide a list of significant SNPs and candidate genes, which offer valuable information for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the camel’s hematological traits to ultimately reveal their tolerance mechanisms.
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Li, Zongshuai, Yina Li, Qiran Zhang, et al. "Establishment of Bactrian Camel Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Prediction of Their Unique Pluripotency Genes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031917.
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into all types of cells and can be used in livestock for research on biological development, genetic breeding, and in vitro genetic resource conservation. The Bactrian camel is a large domestic animal that inhabits extreme environments and holds value in the treatment of various diseases and the development of the local economy. Therefore, we transferred four mouse genes (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) into Bactrian camel fetal fibroblasts (BCFFs) using retroviruses with a large host range to obtain Bactrian camel induced pluripotent stem cells (bciPSCs). They were comprehensively identified based on cell morphology, pluripotency gene and marker expression, chromosome number, transcriptome sequencing, and differentiation potential. The results showed the pluripotency of bciPSCs. However, unlike stem cells of other species, late formation of stem cell clones was observed; moreover, the immunofluorescence of SSEA1, SSEA3, and SSEA4 were positive, and teratoma formation took four months. These findings may be related to the extremely long gestation period and species specificity of Bactrian camels. By mining RNA sequence data, 85 potential unique pluripotent genes of Bactrian camels were predicted, which could be used as candidate genes for the production of bciPSC in the future. Among them, ASF1B, DTL, CDCA5, PROM1, CYTL1, NUP210, Epha3, and SYT13 are more attractive. In conclusion, we generated bciPSCs for the first time and obtained their transcriptome information, expanding the iPSC genetic information database and exploring the applicability of iPSCs in livestock. Our results can provide an experimental basis for Bactrian camel ESC establishment, developmental research, and genetic resource conservation.
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BANERJEE, PRIYANKA, JYOTI JOSHI, UPASNA S, NAZIR GANAI, and R. K. VIJH. "Genetic characterisation of two humped camel of India (Camelus bactrianus)." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 82, no. 10 (2012): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v82i10.24308.
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Microsatellite data was generated on 17 bactrian camels using 27 markers. The data analysis revealed a fair degree of heterozygosity existing in these bactrian camel which are very few in number (149). The mean heterozygosity and effective number of alleles were 0.56 and 3.89 respectively. The F statistics also revealed normal rate of inbreeding in this stock. This was attributed to free flow of bactrian camel germplasm between valley and Tibetan plateau till recent times. The population constancy was also established using inter and intralocus tests. Effective conservation measures are suggested owing to small number of individuals and systematic mating plan is advocated.
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Karamendin, Kobey, Aigerim Seidalina, Temirlan Sabyrzhan, et al. "Serological Screening for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Hepatitis E Virus in Camels in Kazakhstan." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (2022): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111224.
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After the recent Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS–CoV) pandemic in 2013, more attention has been paid to the camel as an important source of zoonotic viral infections. Almost simultaneously, in 2013, new genotypes 7 and 8 of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) were discovered in dromedary and Bactrian camels, respectively. HEV 7 was further shown to be associated with chronic viral hepatitis in a transplant recipient. In this study, serological screening for antibodies to MERS –CoV and hepatitis E virus was carried out on large camel farms in the south and west of Kazakhstan. 6.42% of the tested camels were found to be positive for antibodies to the hepatitis E virus, which indicates its circulation in local camel population. For the first time, antibodies to the hepatitis E virus were found in Bactrians, which have been little studied to date. Antibodies to MERS –CoV were not found in the camel sera.
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Karnachuk, Olga V., Inna A. Panova, Vasilii L. Panov, et al. "Active Sulfate-Reducing Bacterial Community in the Camel Gut." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (2023): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020401.
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The diversity and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the camel gut remains largely unexplored. An abundant SRB community has been previously revealed in the feces of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). This study aims to combine the 16S rRNA gene profiling, sulfate reduction rate (SRR) measurement with a radioactive tracer, and targeted cultivation to shed light on SRB activity in the camel gut. Fresh feces of 55 domestic Bactrian camels grazing freely on semi-arid mountain pastures in the Kosh-Agach district of the Russian Altai area were analyzed. Feces were sampled in early winter at an ambient temperature of −15 °C, which prevented possible contamination. SRR values measured with a radioactive tracer in feces were relatively high and ranged from 0.018 to 0.168 nmol S cm−3 day−1. The 16S rRNA gene profiles revealed the presence of Gram-negative Desulfovibrionaceae and spore-forming Desulfotomaculaceae. Targeted isolation allowed us to obtain four pure culture isolates belonging to Desulfovibrio and Desulforamulus. An active SRB community may affect the iron and copper availability in the camel intestine due to metal ions precipitation in the form of sparingly soluble sulfides. The copper-iron sulfide, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), was detected by X-ray diffraction in 36 out of 55 analyzed camel feces. In semi-arid areas, gypsum, like other evaporite sulfates, can be used as a solid-phase electron acceptor for sulfate reduction in the camel gastrointestinal tract.
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Nan, Jinghong, Qi Wang, Qiu Yan, Jie Wang, Yong Zhang, and Xingxu Zhao. "Cloning and Molecular Characterization of HSL and Its Expression Pattern in HPG Axis and Testis during Different Stages in Bactrian Camel." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 8 (2022): 3779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44080259.
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Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a key enzyme in animal fat metabolism and is involved in the rate-limiting step of catalyzing the decomposition of fat and cholesterol. It also plays an important regulatory role in maintaining seminiferous epithelial structure, androgen synthesis and primordial germ cell differentiation. We previously reported that HSL is involved the synthesis of steroids in Bactrian camels, although it is unclear what role it plays in testicular development. The present study was conducted to characterize the biological function and expression pattern of the HSL gene in the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis and the development of testis in Bactrian camels. We analyzed cloning of the cDNA sequence of the HSL gene of Bactrian camels by RT-PCR, as well as the structural features of HSL proteins, using bioinformatics software, such as ProtParam, TMHMM, Signal P 4.1, SOPMA and MEGA 7.0. We used qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining to clarify the expression pattern of HSL in the HPG axis and testis of two-week-old (2W), two-year-old (2Y), four-year-old (4Y) and six-year-old (6Y) Bactrian camels. According to sequence analysis, the coding sequence (CDS) region of the HSL gene is 648 bp in length and encodes 204 amino acids. According to bioinformatics analysis, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of Bactrian camel HSL are most similar to those of Camelus pacos and Camelusdromedarius, with the lowest sequence similarity with Mus musculus. In adult Bactrian camel HPG axis tissues, both HSL mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in the testis than in other tissues (hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal tissues) (p < 0.05). The expression of mRNA in the testis increased with age and was the highest in six-year-old testis (p < 0.01). The protein expression levels of HSL in 2Y and 6Y testis were clearly higher than in 2W and 4Y testis tissues (p < 0.01). Immunofluorescence results indicate that the HSL protein was mainly localized in the germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells from Bactrian camel testis, and strong positive signals were detected in epididymal epithelial cells, basal cells, spermatocytes and smooth muscle cells, with partially expression in hypothalamic glial cells, pituitary suspensory cells and pineal cells. According to the results of gene ontology (GO) analysis enrichment, HSL indirectly regulates the anabolism of steroid hormones through interactions with various targets. Therefore, we conclude that the HSL gene may be associated with the development and reproduction of Bactrian camels in different stages of maturity, and these results will contribute to further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of HSL in Bactrian camel reproduction.
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Si, Rendalai, Qin Na, Dandan Wu, Xiaoyun Wu, Liang Ming, and Rimutu Ji. "Effects of Age and Muscle Type on the Chemical Composition and Quality Characteristics of Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus) Meat." Foods 11, no. 7 (2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11071021.
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Camel meat could have health benefits for human consumers due to its nutritional value. The influence of age and muscle type on the chemical composition and quality characteristics of Bactrian camel meat was examined in the present study. Samples of the Longissimus thoracic (LT), Semitendinosus (ST), and Psoas major (PM) muscles were collected from a total of fifteen male camels in three different age groups (3–4 years, 6–7 years, and 9–10 years). The younger camels exhibited higher values of moisture, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ultimate pH, cooking loss, and lightness, but lower fat, shear force, and redness values compared to meat collected from older camels. The LT muscle had higher fat and color parameters (lightness, redness, yellowness) but lower shear force values than the ST and PM muscles (p < 0.05). The ST muscles had a higher content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids but lower cooking loss values than the LT and PM muscles. These results indicated that younger camels provide better meat quality traits than older camels. The results of the present study will improve the marketing of Bactrian camel meat products and will provide more information about the most suitable muscles and the optimal slaughter age.
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He, Wan-hong, Wang-dong Zhang, Cui-cui Cheng, et al. "Expression characteristics of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) lungs." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0264815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264815.
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Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), the transmembrane transporter of polymeric immunoglobulin A and M, has multiple immune functions. To explore the characteristics of pIgR expression in Bactrian camel lungs, twelve healthy adult (2–7 years old) Bactrian camels were systematically studied. The results showed that pIgR was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of ciliated cells, as well as in the cytoplasm and membrane of basal cells, serous cells of bronchial glands, club cells and alveolar type 2 cells in Bactrian camel lungs. Specially, as the bronchial branches extended, the pIgR expression level in ciliated cells significantly declined (p<0.05), and the corresponding bronchial luminal areas obviously decreased (p<0.05). However, pIgR was not expressed in goblet cells, endocrine cells, alveolar type 1 cells and mucous cells of bronchial glands. The results demonstrated that ciliated cells continuously distributed throughout the whole bronchial tree mucosa were the major expression sites of pIgR, and pIgR was also expressed in basal cells, serous cells of bronchial glands, club cells and alveolar type 2 cells, which would facilitate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) transmembrane transport by pIgR and form an intact protective barrier. Moreover, the pIgR expression level in ciliated cells was positively correlated with the bronchial luminal areas; but negatively correlated with the cleanliness of airflow through the bronchial cross-sections, showing that the pIgR expression level in the bronchial epithelium was inhomogeneous. Our study provided a foundation for further exploring the regulatory functions of immunoglobulins (i.e., SIgA) after transport across the membrane by pIgR in Bactrian camel lungs.
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Rohit, Barwar Mohan Singh Thakur Shrikant Joshi Satyendra Singh Tomar Asit Jain Vaishali Khare Akansha Singh Asad Khan Bhagyashree Kamble and Farheen Ansari. "Camel: Gladiator of The Desert." journal of Veterinary Reviews 1, no. 1 (2023): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7544987.
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Camel belongs to ungulata order of class Mammalia. It is mainly adopted to arid and semi-arid climate of deserts. Dromedarius camel and Bactrian camel are two major species of camels in the world. India has 25 lakhs camel with 9 distinct breeds which are mostly found in desert land of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Being popular as “Ship of dessert” camels also ensures food safety in terms of milk and meat. Camel milk is not only a source of vitamins, protein and fat but also have some medicinal
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Alibayev, N. N., V. G. Semenov, A. B. Baimukanov, S. D. Mongush, M. N. Ermakhanov, and G. S. Abuov. "INCREASE OF CAMEL MILK PRODUCTIVITY BIOPOTENTIAL." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 247, no. 3 (2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-247-3-11-15.
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The milk productivity of arvan camels in Syzdykbekov A and the Kazakh baktrian in Baghdat for 10 months of lactation against the background of the use of the probiotic Vet 3 was studied and its effective dose was established – 40 mg per 1 kg of live mass. Against the background of using said probiotic, an increase in milk productivity for 10 months of lactation was established in dishes of arvan breeds and Kazakh bactrian by 7.1 and 7.6 %, respectively, compared to the control group of camels where the probiotic was not used. Studies indicate that probiotic use has a certain impact on dairy productivity in all camel breeding zones in the basic dairy production areas. At the same time, in experimental groups, the weight for 3 months of lactation increased in the arvan breed from 36 to 54 kg, in the Kazakh bactrian breed – from 27 to 36 kg, in the Mongolian bactrian breed – from 36 to 45 kg compared to control groups, which is an additional reserve for camel milk production.
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G, Dovchindorj, Taogetao Baoyin, Hugjiltu Minggagud, Ariunjargal G, and Munkhtsog B. "Reproductivity of captive wild bactrian camels (camelus, przewalskii, 1878)." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22, no. 03 (2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v22i03.940.
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Wild camel is the endangered native species of Central Asia that are found only in the western north of China, and Trans Altai Gobi of Mongolia. In this article was written that the reproductivity of captive wild bactrian camels based on the result and analysis developed at the research center for “Captive Wild camel breeding center”located near administration of Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area “A” part, between 1992 -2015. A gestation age, birth repetition and birth time of female captive wild camels at the breeding center under semi-captive condition have been observed and analysed. According to the research, captive wild camel birth time is started from the last 10 days of March and it finished at the last 10 days of May. Most extensive birth time is April. Captive male wild camel at the breeding center starting to mate at the beginning of January, and finished at the end of February. Therefore, an average gestation period of captive female camels is 400-440 days. However, sometimes, it can fluctuated due to age, fattening, and climate condition. But also birth date of female camels may different because of sex of calf.
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Yao, Huaibing, Wanpeng Ma, Zhanqiang Su, et al. "Phylogenetic and Comparative Genomics Study of Cephalopina titillator Based on Mitochondrial Genomes." Insects 16, no. 1 (2024): 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010006.
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Camel bot fly (Cephalopina titillator) larvae cause myiasis in domesticated and wild camels, resulting in significant economic losses to the camel industry and posing a serious global public health concern. To date, only one mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. titillator isolated from the Alxa Bactrian camel has been reported. Herein, C. titillator was isolated from the Junggar Bactrian camel to assemble a complete circular mitogenome with a length of 16,552 bp encoding 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. The mitogenome showed a high A + T content (73.31%), positive AT-skew (0.12), and negative GC-skew (−0.34) base composition patterns. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) employed ATG, ATA, ATT, GTG, or TCG as the start codons and TAA, TAG, or single T as the stop codons. Similar to other parasites in the Oestridae subfamily, the mitogenome was structurally conserved, with genes retaining the same order and direction as those in the ancestral insect mitogenome. The phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Oestrinae, showing that the subfamily did not exhibit monophyly. C. titillator isolated from the Junggar Bactrian camel was found to be a sister lineage to that isolated from the Alxa Bactrian camel. Despite the lack of data on the mitogenome of C. titillator isolated from dromedaries in the Middle East, phylogenetic analysis of C. titillator isolated from Xinjiang revealed one distinct lineage of the Xinjiang camel nasal bot fly. In conclusion, this study reports the complete mitogenome of Xinjiang C. titillator for the first time, providing valuable data for future studies on the phylogenetic relationships in this subfamily.
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Koç, Atakan. "Camel Milk Production System in Türkiye." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 12 (2022): 2531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2531-2538.5464.
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Camels are known as "ship of the desert" and "beast of burden" and resistant to harsh climatic conditions. Their function has changed in the modern world and they have become a food source like other farm animal species. In the last 60 years, the number of camels, their meat and milk production in the world have increased 3.0, 4.95 and 5.0 times, respectively. In Türkiye, both Bactrian and dromedary camels are reared since F1 hybrid ♂ Tülü (Bactrian ♂ x dromedary ♀) perform better in camel wrestling, which is a unique culture of Anatolia. There are also a few farms aiming to produce camel milk and rearing young camels intensively in Türkiye. However, many practices such as calf rearing, insemination of cows, milking stimulation, milk preservation, milk quality control, milk collection and marketing and milk processing into the products are not as modern as in dairy cattle production. Although dairy camel farms in Türkiye have a higher milk production potential, since high milk prices lead to low demand for camel milk and there is only one camel milk processing facility to turn camel milk into products, farms produce far below their capacity. Processing camel milk into the products such as cheese, whey, yoghurt, pasteurized milk, kefir and ayran is still in its infancy. In conclusion, although the basis of camel rearing in Türkiye today is based on wrestling camel breeding, understanding of the benefits of camel milk on human health and the increase in demand for camel milk products suggest that this situation will change in favour of dairy camel breeding in the near future.
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Yousaf, Muhammad Abrar, and Muhammad Asjad Khan. "Investigating Camel Superoxide Dismutase 1: A Computational Analysis of Potential Key Player in Heat Stress Adaptation." BioScientific Review 7, no. 1 (2025): 106–23. https://doi.org/10.32350/bsr.71.07.
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Background. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is crucial for cellular defense against oxidative stress induced by superoxide radicals, particularly in challenging conditions, such as elevated temperature and humidity. This study investigated SOD1 in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus), and Arabian camel (C. dromedarius) to understand its role in heat tolerance. Methodology. The current study employed bioinformatics analysis to assess the genomic features including GC% content. It also investigated the structure and location of the SOD1 gene on the chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to elucidate the evolutionary relationships based on SOD1 protein sequences. Structural analyses encompassed secondary and tertiary structure predictions, emphasizing stability and potential functional implications. Subcellular localization of the SOD1 protein was also explored. Results. C. dromedarius displayed the highest GC% in its genome, indicating improved thermostability. With the exception of C. bactrianus whose chromosomal location was unknown, all other species contained SOD1 gene on their first chromosome. Based upon SOD1 protein sequences, phylogenetic investigation emphasized the close evolutionary link within the Camelidae family. Structurally, all three species of camel shared an acidic, globular, and thermally-stable SOD1 protein having high glycine content and lack of cleavage sites. Analysis of secondary structure indicated a frequency of random coils, highlighting the adaptability and evolutionary conservation of protein. Predictions of tertiary structure verified that SOD1 was stable in all species. The protein is predominantly found in cytoplasm although, also present in nucleus, extracellular region, and mitochondria. Conclusion. This inclusive analysis of SOD1 in three different species of camel highlighted their strong adaptation to desert environment by elucidating their genomic and proteomic stability. Further research is necessary to investigate the biochemical mechanisms behind camels’ extraordinary ability to thrive in desert conditions and respond to the challenges posed by climate change.
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Xue, Yadong, Diqiang Li, Wenfa Xiao, et al. "Activity patterns of wild Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the northern piedmont of the Altun Mountains, China." Animal Biology 65, no. 3-4 (2015): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002471.
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There are significant gaps in our knowledge of wild camel ecology; especially the activity patterns that allow them to adapt to desert environments. The wild Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a critically endangered species that survives in the extreme desert conditions of Central Asia. We conducted camera trapping surveys at seven watering sites in the northern piedmont of the Altun Mountains from 2010 to 2012. We analyzed the frequency of photo-captures to elucidate the wild camels’ diel activity patterns, and the seasonal variation in their activity at watering sites. We found that these wild camels were predominantly diurnal at watering sites, with an increase in relative activity from sunrise, reaching a peak toward midday, and then gradually decreasing in activity until sunset. The camels visited watering sites more often in winter than in summer. These results provide a guide for water development in the conservation of ungulates in arid areas.
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Sataev, R. M., N. A. Dubova, and L. V. Sataeva. "Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in Gonur-Depe and the issues of the species distribution in the Ancient East." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(56) (March 21, 2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-56-1-4.
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Animal husbandry, along with agriculture, was the main branch of the producing economy of the ancient population in Southern Turkmenistan. To date, sufficient data have been gathered to consider the exterior of large and small cattle, the time of their appearance in the region, and the nature of their exploitation. Still, very little information is available on a number of species, including Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). This is due to the fact that camel bones are extremely rare in complexes which are older than the Late Bronze Age. However, the remains of this species are widely represented in the Bronze Age site of Gonur-depe. Gonur-Depe is a supposed administrative and cult center of Ancient Margiana, located in the South-Eastern Karakum Desert 85 km north from the city of Bayramali (Mary wilayah of Turkmenistan), which functioned during 2500–1500 BC. The site in-cludes two main objects: the North Gonur — administrative and religious center, and the South Gonur (“Temenos” — a small temple complex). The zooarchaeological material discussed in the article has been derived from the ar-chaeological excavations of the North Gonur. Animal remains split into two large groups by their localization: bones from waste deposits, and those associated with local objects (buildings, burials, altars, etc.). Isolated camel bones or their fragments are found in all excavation areas of the North Gonur. Only 67 camel bones were ex-tracted from the waste deposits, which constitutes just over 3 % of all domestic faunal remains found in the site. In addition, 18 isolated camel bones were unearthed from the filling of the grave pits. Given the small number of camel remains in household waste, we can suggest that, apparently, camels were rarely slaughtered for meat. Yet, a total of 16 camel skeletons of different preservation and completeness were recovered from nine burial structures. In burials 3200, 3225, 3240, 3900, and 3915, remains of carts with wooden wheels with bronze rims — tires — were found along with the camel skeletons. Despite the relatively large number of camel skeletons, it was possible to obtain only few measurements due to the poor preservation of the bones. Measurements of two skele-tons from burial 3900 suggest that stature of the animals at withers was at least 165 cm. Apart from skeletal re-mains at Gonur-Depe, numerous images of double-humped camels are known, accomplished in different shapes and from various materials, which also help to elaborate the appearance of the animals. Camels, kept by the an-cient population of Gonur, have passed a long way of breeding, and at present there are no data indicating the autochthonous domestication of this species. In general, zooarchaeological and archaeological materials demon-strate that camel played an important role in life of the ancient population of Gonur-Depe, which stretched beyond its simple utilitarian use.
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Niasari-Naslaji, A., S. Mosaferi, A. A. Gharahdaghi, A. Abarghani, A. Ghanbari, and A. Gerami. "96 A NOVEL EXTENDER FOR PRESERVATION OF BACTRIAN CAMEL (CAMELUS BACTRIANUS) SEMEN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab96.
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Lactose and Green buffer (IMV, France) are the most commonly used extenders for camel semen. The viability of Bactrian camel spermatozoa in lactose extender is reduced after 4 h of incubation at 4°C (unpublished data). Although Green buffer is used for dromedary camel semen, there are no data indicating its effectiveness for Bactrian camel semen. More recently, we reported that the osmolality and pH of Bactrian camel semen are 316.1 ± 1.48 mOsm/kg and 7.4 ± 0.03, respectively. The objective of this study was to compare three different semen extenders, to determine if a TRIS-based diluent (SHOTOR* Diluent), a completely defined diluent, can maintain cooled camel sperm as effectively as established diluents. SHOTOR Diluent consists of 2.6 g TRIS, 1.35 g citric acid, 1.2 g glucose, and 0.9 g fructose in 100 mL of deionized water, with an osmolality of 330 mOsm/kg and pH of 6.9. SHOTOR Diluent, lactose, 10% (w/v), with an osmolality of 330 mOsm/kg and pH of 6.9, and Green buffer were compared in this study. All extenders contained 20% egg yolk. Semen was collected from bulls with a sound history of semen quality and fertility (n = 3), using a modified artificial vagina, and divided equally into the different extenders (Mosaferi S et al. 2004 15th Int. Cong. Anim. Reprod. 2, 520; Mosaferi S et al. 2004 Theriogenology, in press). Progressive forward motility and percentage of live spermatozoa were examined at the time of semen collection (time 0) and after 4, 12, and 24 h of incubation at 4°C. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in SAS/STAT after arcsine transformation. The forward progressive motilities of spermatozoa at 0, 4, 12, and 24 h after semen collection were 65.5, 54, 44.5, and 36.5% in SHOTOR Diluent; 31, 18.5, 8.5, and 0% in 10% lactose; and 60.5, 54.5, 33, and 32.5 % in Green buffer, respectively (Table 1). The percentage of live spermatozoa at 0, 4, 12, and 24 h were 84.5, 84, 81 and 74.5% in SHOTOR Diluent; 80, 79.5, 72.5, and 56.5% in 10% lactose; 89, 82.5, 82.5, and 77.5% in Green buffer, respectively (P > 0.05). The progressive forward motility of spermatozoa did not significantly decrease by 12 h at 4°C in SHOTOR Diluent (P > 0.05; Table 1), whereas it significantly decreased after 4 h and 12 h of incubation at 4°C in Green buffer and 10% lactose, respectively (P < 0.05; Table 1). Further decrease in the progressive forward motility occurred in all extenders after 24 h at 4°C (P < 0.05; Table 1). In conclusion, SHOTOR Diluent is better than Green buffer and 10% lactose as an extender for chilled storage of Bactrian camel semen for 12 hat4°C. Table 1. The progressive forward motility of Bactrian camel spermatozoa extended in SHOTOR Diluent (1), 10% lactose (2) and Green buffer (3) at the time of semen collection (time 0) and after 4, 12, and 24 h of incubation at 4°C *Shotor means camel in the Persian language. The authors wish to thank the director and station staff of Bactrian Camel Reseach Center at Meshkinshahr, Ardabil, for providing facilities and kind assistance throughout the experiment.
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Bazarbayeva, Zh, O. Ilderbayev, A. Suleimenova, A. Dukenbayeva, G. Nurmukhambetova, and A. Kabylbek. "Complementary information on the biology of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan." BIO Web of Conferences 84 (2024): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248401004.
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The morphometric body parameters of male and female Bactrian camels, Kazakh Bactrian, were studied. Compared to camels of other breeds, the Kazakh Bactrian turned out to be one of the largest camels, having up to 750 kg for males and 690 kg for females, as well as powerful musculature and thick fur. Sexual dimorphism in body size and weight of males and females has been shown. The height at the withers of males was higher than in females by about 3.2 %, oblique length of the trunk by 4.5 %, chest girth by 1.3 %, and tibia girth by 6.6 % higher than in females. The greatest difference was in the live weight of the animals - 23,4 %. A histological study of one of the important internal organs - kidneys - was carried out, which allow camels to adapt to the conditions of waterless deserts. As a result of histological study of the kidneys of Kazakh Bactrians, the following characteristics of camel kidneys were established: the kidney capsule is rather thick (470±12 μm) and is made up of two layers: a layer of collagen fibres (400 μm) and thin (70 μm) inner smooth muscle cells. The relative thickness of the capsule and the presence of the smooth muscle cell layer within it appear to be related to the kidney’s ability to hold high intrarenal pressure while producing highly concentrated urine. The second feature of the Bactrian kidney was that the medullary layer was much thicker than the cortical layer. Their ratio was 1:4. The thick cerebral layer in camels provides relatively long renal tubules and loops of Henle, which are essential for the excretion of concentrated urine.
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Heck, Lilian C., Matheus V. Bianchi, Paula R. Pereira, et al. "GASTRIC PYTHIOSIS IN A BACTRIAN CAMEL (BACTRIANUS CAMELUS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 49, no. 3 (2018): 784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2017-0195.1.
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Maitra, Ahana, Carlos Iglesias Pastrana, Bernard Faye, Pamela Burger, and Elena Ciani. "Breeding of Camels in Europe: Between Continuity and Innovation." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031644.
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Camel breeding in Europe has undergone significant changes, intertwining historical continuity with modern innovation. Historically, dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), played essential roles in Roman logistics, medieval rituals, and agriculture, leaving archeological and cultural footprints across Europe. Following a decline during the Middle Ages, camels were largely confined to exotic collections. However, the past few decades have witnessed a resurgence in camel farming, primarily driven by tourism and the demand for camel milk, with an estimated 5000–6000 camels now present in Europe. Despite their adaptability to harsh climates and nutritional advantages, the sector faces challenges such as small population sizes, fragmented breeding efforts, and the absence of regulatory frameworks tailored to camels. Advances in genomic tools, including genome-wide association studies and SNP genotyping, have created opportunities for the genetic management of camels in Europe, yet also reveal concerns about low genetic diversity stemming from founder effects. Addressing these issues requires coordinated international efforts, standardized phenotype recording, and enhanced welfare guidelines. With climate change highlighting the resilience of camels to arid environments, their potential as sustainable livestock remains promising. This review underscores the balance between preserving the historical legacy of camels in Europe and fostering their integration into contemporary agricultural systems.
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Lavrentyeva, E. V., T. G. Banzaraktsaeva, D. D. Tsyrenova, et al. "Fecal Microbiota of Transbaikal Camels (Camelus bactrianus) under Different Systems of Grazing Management." Микробиология 93, no. 2 (2024): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0026365624020224.
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Microbial diversity in the fecal samples of Bactrian camels in Transbaikalia under various grazing management (free grazing (group I), mixed (group II) and stall housing (group III)) was revealed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene variable regions. The microbial community of the fecal microbiota was found to be diverse and to depend on the camel grazing management. The most common phyla of the camel fecal microbiota were Bacillota and Bacteroidota. The phylum Verrucomicrobiota was a codominant in the fecal microbiota of groups I and II of animals, and Actinomycetota, in the feces of camels of group III. Changes in the fecal microbiota structure and taxonomic diversity occurred as camel grazing management and feeding conditions changed. Free grazing resulted in high diversity of the prokaryotic community in the fecal microbiota. In addition, differences in taxonomic composition depending on sex were found, which were in the abundance of taxa rather than in their presence or absence. The results contribute to the current understanding of the fecal microbiota of camels under different management conditions and provide evidence of the influence of nutrition on the fecal microbiota under different management conditions. Our results may be useful for addressing the issues of reproduction and conservation of the Transbaikal camel (Camelus bactrianus).
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Ma, Wanpeng, Huaibin Yao, Lin Zhang, et al. "Transcriptomics-Based Study of Immune Genes Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Bactrian Camels." Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 2 (2025): 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020121.
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The significant increase in demand for camel milk has led to a rapid increase in the number of Bactrian camels. However, the widespread occurrence of mastitis significantly impacts the development of the Bactrian camel milk industry and poses a public health risk. Despite this, there is a lack of research on the transcriptional response, immune response pathways, and changes in core genes of Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to reveal the changes in immune-related response pathways and gene transcription levels in Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis by analyzing the blood transcriptional response after the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in natural conditions. This study focused on 7-year-old Bactrian camels and collected 2 mL of blood from the camels that tested positive with a 4-peak California Mastitis Test (CMT) and those that tested negative with a 3-peak CMT. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology was used to analyze gene expression in the blood samples. Gene expression was verified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Overall, 1722 differentially expressed genes were sequenced in the blood samples of CMT-positive and CMT-negative Bactrian camels, including 1061 upregulated and 661 downregulated genes. After conducting gene ontology functional enrichment, 453 differentially expressed genes were identified. We also discovered pathways such as immune response, the G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, and internal signal transmission. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment detected 668 differentially expressed genes annotated onto 309 metabolic pathways, with significantly enriched immune pathways including cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, complex and coalescence cascades, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and T helper type 17 cell differentiation, among others. Through a STRING protein interaction database and cytoscape analysis, it was found that core differentially expressed genes related to immunity included IL10, CCL5, IL1B, OSM, TNFRSF1B, IL7, and CCR3, among others. The RT-qPCR results for six randomly selected core differentially expressed genes showed that the RT-qPCR expression pattern was consistent with the RNA Seq results. The immune-related genes in Bactrian camels affected by subclinical mastitis are primarily concentrated in the immune response and the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway. Given the importance of these pathways and the connections among related genes, the immune genes within these pathways may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels. This study provides a valuable reference for investigating the immune regulatory mechanisms of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels.
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Dnekeshev, Amanzhol Kusainovich. "Nasal morphometry of a Bactrian camel in an age aspect." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i12pp42-46.
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This article presents the morphometric rationale for changes in the nasal bone of a Bactrian camel in an age aspect. The nasal bone is present in the Bactrian camel, as in all farm and domestic animals, with a flat, paired bone, which is involved in the formation of the roof of the nasal cavity. Anatomically on the nasal bone, the outer and inner surfaces are distinguished. Changes in the length and width of the left and right sides of the interosseous sutures of the nasal bone in the Bactrian camel are similar in age.
 
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SAWAL, R. K., RAKESH RANJAN, and KASHI NATH. "Chewing dynamics of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) maintained under semi-intensive and intensive management systems in Ladakh, India." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 4 (2022): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i4.124205.
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The present study was conducted in mid October 2019 to compare the chewing dynamics and nutritional analysis of feed, fodder and concentrate fed to Bactrian camel raised under semi-intensive and intensive management systems in Leh and Nubra valley, Ladakh. Number of chews per bolus was significantly (P<0.01) higher in camels reared for tourist activities under semi-intensive managementsystem, consuming high fiber diet in comparison to animals raised under intensive management system and fed diet with lower fiber content. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), the major browse species available for camel in Ladakh appeared to have high nutritional value in terms of organic matter, crude fiber and crude protein than Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay. From the present study, it can be concluded that management system and fiber content of the diet have significant effect on chewing dynamics inBactrian camel.
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Luan, Yuanyuan, Yan Fang, Lin Jiang, et al. "Landscape of Global Gene Expression Reveals Distinctive Tissue Characteristics in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)." Agriculture 12, no. 7 (2022): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070958.
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Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) are highly adapted to the desert and semi-desert environments of Asia and developed unique physiological adaptations to cold, heat, drought, and nutrient-poor conditions. These animals are an ideal model for studying desert adaptation. However, the transcriptome of different Bactrian camel tissues has not been profiled. This study performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of nine fetal and adult tissues. A total of 20,417 coding genes were identified, and 2.4 billion reads were generated. Gene expression and functional analyses revealed that approximately 50% of the identified genes were ubiquitously expressed, and one-third were tissue-elevated genes, which were enriched in pathways related to the biological functions of the corresponding tissue. Weighted gene co-expressed network analysis (WGCNA) identified four modules—fat metabolism, water balance, immunity, and digestion—and several hub genes, including APOA1, TMEM174, CXCL12, and MYL9. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between fetal and adult tissues revealed that downregulated genes were enriched in tissue development, whereas upregulated genes were enriched in biological function in adult camels. DEGs in the hump were enriched in immune-related pathways, suggesting that this tissue is involved in immunity. This study is the first to generate a transcriptome atlas of major tissues in Bactrian camels and explores the genes potentially involved in the adaptation to desert environments.
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Yao, Huaibing, Zhangyuan Pan, Wanpeng Ma, Zhongkai Zhao, Zhanqiang Su, and Jie Yang. "Whole-Genome Resequencing Analysis of the Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian Camel) Genome Identifies Mutations and Genes Affecting Milk Production Traits." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14 (2024): 7836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147836.
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Milk production is an important trait that influences the economic value of camels. However, the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying milk production in camels have not yet been elucidated. We aimed to identify candidate molecular markers that affect camel milk production. We classified Junggar Bactrian camels (9–10-year-old) as low-yield (<1.96 kg/d) or high-yield (>2.75 kg/d) based on milk production performance. Milk fat (5.16 ± 0.51 g/100 g) and milk protein (3.59 ± 0.22 g/100 g) concentrations were significantly lower in high-yielding camels than those in low-yielding camels (6.21 ± 0.59 g/100 g, and 3.93 ± 0.27 g/100 g, respectively) (p < 0.01). There were no apparent differences in gland tissue morphology between the low- and high-production groups. Whole-genome resequencing of 12 low- and 12 high-yield camels was performed. The results of selection mapping methods, performed using two methods (FST and θπ), showed that 264 single nucleotide polymorphism sites (SNPs) overlapped between the two methods, identifying 181 genes. These genes were mainly associated with the regulation of oxytocin, estrogen, ErbB, Wnt, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, growth hormone synthesis/secretion/action, and MAPK signaling pathways. A total of 123 SNPs were selected, based on significantly associated genomic regions and important pathways for SNP genotyping, for verification in 521 additional Bactrian camels. This analysis showed that 13 SNPs were significantly associated with camel milk production yield and 18 SNPs were significantly associated with camel milk composition percentages. Most of these SNPs were located in coding regions of the genome. However, five and two important mutation sites were found in the introns of CSN2 (β-casein) and CSN3 (κ-casein), respectively. Among the candidate genes, NR4A1, ADCY8, PPARG, CSN2, and CSN3 have previously been well studied in dairy livestock. These observations provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying milk production in camels as well as genetic markers for breeding programs aimed at improving milk production.
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Wang, Yingli, Le Song, Chengcheng Guo, and Rimutu Ji. "Proteomic Identification and Characterization of Collagen from Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus) Hoof." Foods 12, no. 17 (2023): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12173303.
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With the development of camel-derived food and pharmaceutical cosmetics, camel hoof, as a unique by-product of the camel industry, has gradually attracted the attention of scientific researchers in the fields of nutrition, health care, and biomaterial development. In this study, the protein composition and collagen type of Bactrian camel hoof collagen extract (CHC) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and the functional properties of CHC were further investigated, including its rheological characteristics, emulsification and emulsion stability, and hygroscopicity and humectancy. Proteomic identification confirmed that CHC had 13 collagen subunits, dominated by type I collagen (α1, α2), with molecular weights mainly in the 100–200 KDa range and a pI of 7.48. An amino acid study of CHC revealed that it carried the standard amino acid profile of type I collagen and was abundant in Gly, Pro, Glu, Ala, and Arg. Additionally, studies using circular dichroism spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that CHC contains a collagen-like triple helix structure that is stable and intact. Different concentrations of CHC solutions showed shear-thinning flow behavior. Its tan δ did not differ much with increasing concentration. The CHC has good emulsifying ability and stability, humectancy, and hygroscopicity. This study provides a basis for utilizing and developing Bactrian camel hoof collagen as a functional ingredient.
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Mosaferi, S., A. Niasari-Naslaji, N. Bahmani, et al. "104 COMPARING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OSMOLALITY OF SUCROSE EXTENDER ON THE VIABILITY OF SPERMATOZOA IN BACTRIAN CAMEL (CAMELUS BACTRIANUS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab104.
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Disaccharides have been used as an extender for dromedary camel semen (Bravo et al. 2000 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 62, 173-193). More recently we have investigated the effect of different concentrations of lactose extender on the viability of Bactrian camel spermatozoa (Mosafer et al. 2005 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17, 197). Considering the osmolality (316.1 � 1.48 mOsm/kg) and pH (7.4 � 0.03) of Bactrian camel semen (Mosaferi et al. 2005 Theriogenology 63, 92-101), the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of osmolality of sucrose extender on the viability of Bactrian camel spermatozoa. Sucrose at the concentrations of 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13% with osmolalities of 292, 331, 356, 386, and 410 mOsm/kg, respectively, were prepared. All extenders contained 20% egg yolk and antibiotics, with pH adjusted to 6.9. Semen was collected from camels with a sound history of semen quality and fertility (n = 3) using a modified artificial vagina and divided into different treatments after mechanical reduction of semen viscosity (3). Progressive forward motility of spermatozoa was examined at the time of semen collection and at 4, 12, and 24 h after incubation at 4�C. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in SAS/STAT after arcsin transformation. At the time of semen dilution, the progressive forward motility of spermatozoa was greater at osmolality of 331 (23%) compared with 292 (1%), 386 (6%), and 410 (3.5%) mOsm/kg (P < 0.05). No progressive forward motility of spermatozoa was noticed after 4 h incubation at 4�C at osmolalities of 292, 386, and 410 mOsm/kg. At this time, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) of progressive forward motility occurred at osmolalities of 331 (4%) and 356 (0.5%) compared with that of the time of dilution. After 12 and 24 h incubation at 4�C, no progressive forward motility of spermatozoa was detected in any of these extenders. In conclusion, 10% sucrose (331 mOsm/kg) at the adjusted pH of 6.9 was the most suitable concentration of this disaccharide for preserving Bactrian camel semen for less than 4 h under chilled conditions.
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Cao, Yangwenna, Zhaohui Cui, Qiang Zhou, et al. "Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Xinjiang, Northwestern China." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (2020): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110946.
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Cryptosporidium species are ubiquitous enteric protozoan pathogens of vertebrates distributed worldwide. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the zoonotic potential and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Bactrian camels in Xinjiang, northwestern China. A total of 476 fecal samples were collected from 16 collection sites in Xinjiang and screened for Cryptosporidium by PCR. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 7.6% (36/476). Six Cryptosporidium species, C. andersoni (n = 24), C. parvum (n = 6), C. occultus (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), C. hominis (n = 1), and C. bovis (n = 1), were identified based on sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene identified six C. parvum isolates as subtypes, such as If-like-A15G2 (n = 5) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1), two C. ubiquitum isolates, such as subtype XIIa (n = 2), and one C. hominis isolate, such as Ixias IkA19G1 (n = 1). This is the first report of C. parvum, C. hominis, C. ubiquitum, and C. occultus in Bactrian camels in China. These results indicated that the Bactrian camel may be an important reservoir for zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and these infections may be a public health threat in this region.
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Lyu, Haodi, Qin Na, Linlin Wang, et al. "Effects of Muscle Type and Aging on Glycolysis and Physicochemical Quality Properties of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Meat." Animals 14, no. 4 (2024): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14040611.
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Poor tenderness of camel meat has seriously hampered the development of the camel meat industry. This study investigated the effects of muscle fiber composition and ageing time on meat quality, glycolytic potential, and glycolysis-related enzyme activities. Muscle samples of the longissimus thoracis (LT), psoas major (PM), and semitendinosus (ST) were collected from eight 8–10 year old Sonid Bactrian camels (females). Muscle fiber composition was examined by ATPase staining and immunohistochemistry. Meat quality indexes, glycolytic potential, and activities of major glycolytic enzymes were examined at 4 °C aging for 1, 6, 24, 72, and 120 h. The results showed that LT was mainly composed of type IIb muscle fibers, whereas PM and ST were mainly composed of type I muscle fibers. The PCR results of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) were consistent with the ATPase staining results. During aging, the shear force of LT muscle was always greater than that of PM and ST, and its glycolysis was the strongest; type IIa, IIb, and IIx muscle fibers were positively correlated with muscle shear force and glycolysis rate, and type I muscle fibers were significantly and negatively correlated with the activities of the key enzymes of glycolysis within 6 h. The results showed that the muscle fibers of LT muscle had the greatest glycolysis capacity. These results suggest that an excessive type IIb muscle fiber number percentage and area in camel meat accelerated the glycolysis process, but seriously affected the sensory profile of the camel meat. The results of this study provide directions for the camel industry when addressing the poor tenderness of camel meat.
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Liu, Chenmiao, Huiling Chen, Xuejiao Yang, Chengdong Zhang, and Zhanjun Ren. "Exploring the genomic resources of seven domestic Bactrian camel populations in China through restriction site-associated DNA sequencing." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250168.
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The domestic Bactrian camel is a valuable livestock resource in arid desert areas. Therefore, it is essential to understand the roles of important genes responsible for its characteristics. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in seven domestic Bactrian camel populations. In total, 482,786 SNPs were genotyped. The pool of all remaining others were selected as the reference population, and the Nanjiang, Sunite, Alashan, Dongjiang, Beijiang, Qinghai, and Hexi camels were the target populations for selection signature analysis. We obtained 603, 494, 622, 624, 444, 588, and 762 selected genes, respectively, from members of the seven target populations. Gene Ontology classifications and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed, and the functions of these genes were further studied using Genecards to identify genes potentially related to the unique characteristics of the camel population, such as heat resistance and stress resistance. Across all populations, cellular process, single-organism process, and metabolic process were the most abundant biological process subcategories, whereas cell, cell part, and organelle were the most abundant cellular component subcategories. Binding and catalytic activity represented the main molecular functions. The selected genes in Alashan camels were mainly enriched in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis pathways, the selected genes in Beijiang camels were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathways, the selected genes in Dongjiang camels were mainly enriched in RNA transport pathways, the selected genes in Hexi camels were mainly enriched in endocytosis pathways, the selected genes in Nanjiang camels were mainly enriched in insulin signaling pathways, while the selected genes in Qinghai camels were mainly enriched in focal adhesion pathways; these selected genes in Sunite camels were mainly enriched in ribosome pathways. We also found that Nanjiang (HSPA4L and INTU), and Alashan camels (INO80E) harbored genes related to the environment and characteristics. These findings provide useful insights into the genes related to the unique characteristics of domestic Bactrian camels in China, and a basis for genomic resource development in this species.
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Aboul-Ela, M. B., G. Al-Hadrami, D. J. McClelland, A. A. Nigm, A. El-Dehnah, and F. D. DeB Hovell. "Fattening performance of dromedary camels fed a finishing diet containing molassed dates supplemented with 0. 0.5 or 1.0% urea." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200591017.
Full textAbstract:
The camel is important in many of the arid zones of the world where its ability to continue to produce and reproduce offers considerable potential. It is able to forage at greater distances from water sources than cattle, goats or sheep; increasing the area which can be grazed and browsed, and thus easing grazing pressure on vegetation close to water sources. These factors commend it as a primary source of transport, power, meat, milk and hides in arid areas. Both the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), and the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) have long been utilised by the peoples of areas where these camels are indigenous, and there has increasingly been a more general awareness of the potential of the species. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among countries where camels have considerable cultural importance. Recently attention has focused on the potential of the camel to supply meat, and Wardeh (1992) estimated world annual camel meat production to be 538,000 tons. The number of camels in the UAE increased from 57,000 in 1979 to 100,000 in 1989, and Wilson (1984) reported that camels account for 58% of the domestic herbivore biomass. However little is known about the constraints to camel production (Schwartz et al 1983). A factor limiting production is the availability of feeds. Currently heavily subsidised feed concentrates are imported, and investigations have focused on the better use of local resources. The UAE is one of the largest producers of dates with over 19 million palms. By-products have not been well utilized, but feeding trials with pits (Al-Yousef et al, 1987); and fruits (El-Gasim et al, (1987) and Kohnke and Cluer (1992) have been reported. Dates are low in nitrogen, and no reports on the use of urea in camel diets could be found.
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Aboul-Ela, M. B., G. Al-Hadrami, D. J. McClelland, A. A. Nigm, A. El-Dehnah, and F. D. DeB Hovell. "Fattening performance of dromedary camels fed a finishing diet containing molassed dates supplemented with 0. 0.5 or 1.0% urea." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028725.
Full textAbstract:
The camel is important in many of the arid zones of the world where its ability to continue to produce and reproduce offers considerable potential. It is able to forage at greater distances from water sources than cattle, goats or sheep; increasing the area which can be grazed and browsed, and thus easing grazing pressure on vegetation close to water sources. These factors commend it as a primary source of transport, power, meat, milk and hides in arid areas. Both the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), and the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) have long been utilised by the peoples of areas where these camels are indigenous, and there has increasingly been a more general awareness of the potential of the species. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among countries where camels have considerable cultural importance. Recently attention has focused on the potential of the camel to supply meat, and Wardeh (1992) estimated world annual camel meat production to be 538,000 tons. The number of camels in the UAE increased from 57,000 in 1979 to 100,000 in 1989, and Wilson (1984) reported that camels account for 58% of the domestic herbivore biomass. However little is known about the constraints to camel production (Schwartz et al 1983). A factor limiting production is the availability of feeds. Currently heavily subsidised feed concentrates are imported, and investigations have focused on the better use of local resources. The UAE is one of the largest producers of dates with over 19 million palms. By-products have not been well utilized, but feeding trials with pits (Al-Yousef et al, 1987); and fruits (El-Gasim et al, (1987) and Kohnke and Cluer (1992) have been reported. Dates are low in nitrogen, and no reports on the use of urea in camel diets could be found.
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Kargaeva, M. T., D. M. Bekenov, Yu A. Yuldashbaev, and A. D. Baymukanov. "The potential of milk productivity of Kazakh Bactrians in the Balkhash zone." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 10 (September 10, 2022): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2210-05.
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Camel breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan is an eff ective branch of herd animal husbandry in the harsh climatic conditions of deserts and semi-deserts. The purpose of the research was to determine the potential of dairy productivity of camels of Kazakh Bactrian in the Balkhash zone. The object of research was camels of Kazakh Bactrian breed in the Balkhash zone of Kazakhstan. The research was carried out in 2021–2022 on the basis of the camel farm of LLP “ESPC Bayserke-Agro” to ensure an optimal level of feeding and breeding work. The research was carried out in accordance with the methodology of experimental work adopted in livestock science. Dams of Kazakh Bactrian camels signifi cantly exceeded their daughters by 214 kg or 24,0 % (P ≥ 0,999) in milk yield for 210 days of lactation. In terms of the mass fraction of fat in milk, dams were inferior to their daughters by 0,2 abs.%, and the yield of milk fat in dams was higher by 9,2 kg or 19,5 % (P ≥ 0,999). In dams the mass fraction of protein in milk was signifi cantly lower in comparison with daughters by 0,3 abs.% (P ≥ 0,999), at the same time the yield of milk protein was higher by 5,3 kg or 14,9 % (P ≥ 0,999). According to the results of the research a high percentage of the implementation of the parent index of camels in terms of their milk productivity during the fi rst lactation was established, which ranged from 92,8 to 103,9 %. Monitoring of the average daily milk yield in uterine livestock showed that over 3 months of observations it tended to increase. The selection and genetic parameters of productivity ensuring the progress of breeding of Kazakh Bactrian camels of the South Kazakhstan type in the Balkhash zone of Kazakhstan were considered.
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Tao, Weikun, Lazat Aniwar, Azat ZuliPicar, et al. "Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Tarim and Junggar Bactrian Camels Based on Simplified GBS Genome Sequencing." Animals 13, no. 14 (2023): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13142349.
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In view of the severe reduction in Bactrian camel germplasm resources, scientific evaluation, protection, and utilization is particularly important. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of this species, and identify the genes that have played important roles in its evolution. In this study, 21,971 SNPs were identified in 118 domestic Bactrian camels from the Tarim (n = 60) and Junggar (n = 58) populations using simplified GBS genome sequencing. The results show that Tarim and Junggar Bactrian camels have high nucleotide diversity. A phylogenetic tree constructed using structural analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and the adjacency method (NJ) showed that Tarim and Junggar Bactrian camels were clustered together. The selection signals revealed that the Tarim and Junggar Bactrian camels shared 108 genes under positive selection, including WNT1, WNT10B, CD14, SEC61A2, DPAGT1, FOXO6, etc. These selected genes were widely involved in the immune system, embryonic development, lipid metabolism, and other processes. From a genomic analysis perspective, the genetic relationship between TLM and ZGE camels is close, with an average Fst of 0.048 and a relatively low average differentiation coefficient between the two populations. In addition, shared selected genes in the long-term depression pathway were significantly enriched in Tarim and Junggar. These findings will offer support and assistance for the exploration of genetic resource preservation, economically significant traits, and the mechanisms underlying biological characteristics, molecular breeding, and disease.
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Chen, B. X., Z. X. Yuen, and G. W. Pan. "Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)." Reproduction 74, no. 2 (1985): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0740335.
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Yuan, Guoqiang, Jinghong Ma, Wenling Ye, Zhongtian Bai, and Jianlin Wang. "Macroanatomy of coronary arteries in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)." Veterinary Research Communications 33, no. 4 (2008): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-008-9185-0.
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Kvapil, Pavel, Marjan Kastelić, Bojana Stranjać, et al. "Management of tendon haemangiosarcoma in a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) – a case report." Acta Veterinaria Brno 86, no. 1 (2017): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201786010097.
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An 18-year old intact female Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was suffering from lameness due to a mass on the right dorsal metacarpal region that caused acute swelling and local skin necrosis. Histology examination and immunohistochemistry of the biopsy material of a mass revealed haemangiosarcoma of the extensor tendons. Three weeks after the biopsy, the tumour was enlarged to 6 cm in diameter and the animal became disabled. The tumour with its associated tendon were resected and the tendon’s edges were bridged with a synthetic polytape graft. The camel was fully weight-bearing after the surgery. Two weeks later, the graft was removed due to widespread necrosis. Since the wound was positive for Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter iwoffii, Micrococcus sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus sp., the post-operative antibiotic treatment was prolonged for 28 days. Four months later, the wound healed using daily irrigation and bandaging and the camel walked normally. Nine months after diagnosis, the camel suddenly died without any clinical signs. Metastases of the haemangiosarcoma were found in the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, meninges, and mediastinum. Exsanguination due to rupture of a liver metastasis was determined as the cause of the death. Haemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that arises from endothelial cells of blood vessels and tends to be very aggressive. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case report of a metastasizing haemangiosarcoma arising from the lateral extensor tendon in a Bactrian camel.
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Hare, John. "The wild Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus ferus in China: the need for urgent action." Oryx 31, no. 1 (1997): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-2.x.
Full textAbstract:
Between 31 March and 28 May 1995 and 5 April and 2 May 1996 two expeditions carried out surveys of the status and distribution of the wild Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus ferus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province in the People's Republic of China, the last known habitat of the subspecies in the country. The surveys revealed that the wild camel is highly endangered in China, due to illegal mining and hunting. An estimated total of 380–500 individuals remain and immediate action is needed to ensure their survival.
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Adilbekova, E. K., G. S. Abuov, and N. N. Alibaev. "Dairy productivity of genetic sources of selection camel stock in the south of Kazakhstan." Bulletin of the Karaganda University “Biology medicine geography Series” 91, no. 3 (2018): 70–76. https://doi.org/10.31489/2018bmg3/70-76.
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For increasing the productivity of camel’s milk and meat in Kazakhstan is necessary to expand the area of breeding of native breeds of camels. For improving zootechnical parameters and increasing productivity of Kazakh Bactrian camels and Turkmen Arabian camels is necessary to hold out measures for development selective aspects on breeding of high-productive genotypes of camels with the taking into the account of availa-ble gene pool of purebred and hybrid animals. It is necessary to use breeds of camels with the limited gene pool and also breeds which can be met in Kazakhstan for selective reasons. The purpose of this work is detection of features of dairy efficiency of genetic sources of camels of Kazakh population of Arvana and Bactrian camel for development selective aspects of highly productive genotypes of camels taking into the account available gene pool of purebred and hybrid camels of South Kazakhstan and Almaty areas. For establishment the dairy efficiency of camels was carried out monitoring on detection of average daily milking and fatness of milk in specialized camel farms «Syzdykbekov А.», «Usenov N.», «Daulet-Beket» and «Bagdat». In these camel farms was carried out individual account of milking at examined camels. Received data on the carried out researches of milk productivity of camels of the milch herd confirm data on high content of fat in milk of the Kazakh Bactrian, at the same time milking at this breed is at the very low level. In the base farms of milk productivity area genetic sources of camels of different populations on dairy efficiency have their own genetic features. At the same time milking camels of Arvana breed are effective for breeding on the South of Ka-zakhstan for development of milk industry. It is necessary to maintenance their high variation at increasing the total milking level, because it causes as source for selection. The positive connection between variability of milking and level of productivity allows hoping on significant increasing of diversity at improvement of feeding and storage, which leads to increasing of selective differential and in result it will improve effect of selection. In the presented research work are formed selective and tribal herds of camels of different geno-types by the estimation of their dairy efficiency.
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Ząbek, Katarzyna, Sebastian Wójcik, Jerzy Dzida, and Jan Micinski. "Proximate hair analysis in male and female dromedary and Bactrian camels." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 4 (2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.4.04.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the diameter of hair fibers collected from camels kept in Poland, and to determine differences in fiber structure between camel sexes and species. Hair samples were collected for analysis from 28 adult camels divided into groups based on sex (18 females and 10 males) and species (18 dromedary camels and 10 Bactrian camels). The samples were collected in May–July 2020, at the level of the last rib. The diameter of 42,000 fibers was measured by the modified projection microscope method. The fibers were classified into three categories: non-medullated fibers, fibers with interrupted medulla and fibers with continuous medulla. The study demonstrated that the hair fibers of camels kept in Poland had a mean diameter of 20.23 µm. Non-medullated fibers had the smallest diameter (17.32 µm). The smallest significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in fiber diameter between males and females was noted in non-medullated fibers. Mean fiber diameter was higher in males than in females, especially in guard hair. No differences in fiber medulla diameter were found between camel sexes or species. Hair from Bactrian camels was thinner, and the proportion of non-medullated fibers was more than 50% higher than in dromedaries.
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Yan, Meilin, Fang Yong, Wangye Ji, Lili Zhang, Shuqin Zhao, and Yuan Gao. "Construction and Characterization of Immortalized Fibroblast Cell Line from Bactrian Camel." Life 13, no. 6 (2023): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13061337.
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Immortalized cell lines with many advantages are widely used in various experimental contexts by many different labs. However, the absence of available cell lines poses difficulties for research in some species, such as camels. To establish an immortalized Bactrian camel fibroblast (iBCF) cell line and understand its biological characteristics, primary fibroblast cells from Bactrian camels were isolated and purified using enzymatic digestion in this study, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) vectors were introduced into primary BCF (pBCF) for continuous passage to 80 generations after screening with G418. The cell morphology of different generations was examined under a microscope. Cell cycle and viability were evaluated by flow cytometry and CCK-8 assay, respectively. Cellular genes expression was monitored by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blot, respectively. Chromosomes were determined by karyotyping. The results showed that like most other cells, both pBCF and iBCF were sensitive to nutrient concentrations and adapted to culture in the medium with 4.5 g/L glucose and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration. hTERT gene was introduced and stably expressed in iBCF cells, which promoted BCF cell immortalization. The fibroblast specific marker vimentin (VIM) is expressed in both pBCF and iBCF, but epithelial marker cytokeratin18 (CK18) expression is weak in BCF cells. Proliferation and viability detection showed that hTERT-induced iBCF exhibits faster growth rates and higher viability than pBCF. Karyotyping showed that iBCF maintained the same number and morphology of chromosomes as the pBCF. This study demonstrated that we have successfully constructed an immortalized Bactrian camel fibroblast cell line, which was named BCF23. The establishment of the BCF23 cell line provides a foundation for expanding camel-related research.
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Si, Rendalai, Dandan Wu, Qin Na, et al. "Effects of Various Processing Methods on the Nutritional Quality and Carcinogenic Substances of Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus) Meat." Foods 11, no. 20 (2022): 3276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11203276.
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Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) meat, as a product of national geographical indication, is mainly produced in the northwest regions of China. This study systematically evaluated the edible quality, nutritional quality, and carcinogenic substances of Bactrian camel meat using different heating times in four thermal processing methods (steaming, boiling, frying, and microwaving). Compared with the control group (uncooked), the thermal processing of meat demonstrated lower redness and moisture content; higher shear force values and protein, fat, and ash contents; and sharply increased the levels of amino acids and fatty acids. The moisture content of the fried and microwave-treated meat was significantly lower than that of the steamed and boiled meat (p < 0.05). Steamed meat was higher in protein but had a lower fat content than the other three processing methods (p < 0.05). Compared with frying and microwaving, meat from steaming and boiling showed higher levels of essential amino acids and lower shear force values. However, the smoke generated during frying led to the formation of large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrites, and the levels of these substances increased with heating time. In addition, with the extension of the heating time, the shear force of the meat also increased gradually (p < 0.05). In summary, steaming and boiling were proven to be suitable processing methods for preserving better nutritional values while delivering less carcinogenic risk. With our results, we have established a nutritional database for Bactrian camel meat, providing a reference for selecting a suitable thermal processing method.
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Mihic, Tamara, Daniel Rainkie, Kyle John Wilby, and Shane Ashley Pawluk. "The Therapeutic Effects of Camel Milk." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 21, no. 4 (2016): NP110—NP126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587216658846.
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The clinical effectiveness and value of camel milk as a therapeutic agent is currently unclear. MEDLINE (1946 to March 2016), EMBASE (1974 to March 2016), and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: milk, bodily secretions, camels, camelus, camelini, camelidae, dromedary, bactrian camel, body fluid, and bodily secretions. Articles identified were reviewed if the study was investigating the use of camel milk for the potential treatment of diseases affecting humans. Of 430 studies, 24 were included after assessment. Identified studies highlighted treatment with camel milk of diseases, including diabetes, autism, cancer, various infections, heavy metal toxicity, colitis, and alcohol-induced toxicity. Although most studies using both the human and animal model do show a clinical benefit with an intervention and camel milk, limitations of these studies must be taken into consideration before widespread use. Based on the evidence, camel milk should not replace standard therapies for any indication in humans.