Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bactriane'

Des rois grecs ont régné sur l'Asie centrale et l'ouest de l'Inde antique du IIIème siècle av. J.C. jusqu'au début de l'ère chrétienne. Ils laissent une image belliqueuse, car le fondement de leur pouvoir fut d'abord militaire. Des indices permettent d'envisager qu'à l'instar des autres souverains hellénistiques ils diffusèrent leurs portraits, mirent en place un culte royal, associèrent parfois leur fils au pouvoir, vécurent entourés d'une cour royale itinérante. Leur gestion économique fut suffisamment efficace pour que la région ne souffrît pas des guerres fréquentes ; les voies de communication furent préservées, le commerce et l'irrigation se développèrent, le système fiscal et administratif semble comparable en efficacité à celui des Perses ou des Séleucides. L'originalité de ces souverains réside dans leur adaptation aux milieux linguistiques et religieux : s'ils défendirent la langue et la culture grecque, pour des raisons identitaires et politiques, ils usèrent parfois du bilinguisme dans les monnaies et y firent graver des dieux compatibles avec les croyances ou les habitudes picturales locales. On peut envisager qu'au tournant de l'ère chrétienne les Grecs aient été lentement absorbés dans le monde asiatique
Greek kings' domination in Central Asia and Western Antique India was effective from the IIIth Century BC till the beginning of Christian Era. The Greek kings of Central Asia image appears warlike, because their power was at the beginning and mainly a military one. We may suppose that, according to the example of the other Hellenistic sovereigns, these kings spread their sculptured portraits, organized a royal cult, and sometimes ruled with their son ; a royal itinerant court escorted them. The economic management of Greek Central Asia was so effective that the area prospered in spite of wars : the roads were protected, trade and irrigation developed, their fiscal and administrative system is similar to the Persian or Seleucid efficiency. These kings were remarkable because they adapted to the linguistic and religious environments : they defended the Greek language and culture, for political reasons and to preserve their identity ; the coins they engraved were sometimes bilingual, and we identify on it the image of Gods who are compatible with local faiths or pictorial habits. We may suppose that, circa Christian era, after defeat or disappearance of their kings, Greeks were slowly absorbed into the Asian world

Cette thèse étudie la Bactriane durant la "transition nomade", période qui se situe entre la fin du royaume gréco-bactrien et les débuts officiels de l'empire kushan. Il s'agit en fait d'essayer de comprendre la manière dont évolua la Bactriane, de s'interroger sur la façon dont s'est passée une cette "transition". Notre recherche se divise en quatre grandes parties ; chacun des thèmes étudiés le sera pour la période gréco-bactrienne, la "transition nomade" et l'empire kushan. Dans notre première partie, nous délimitons le cadre géographique et chronologique de nos recherches : les limites et frontières de la Bactriane ainsi que les dates qui représentent pour nous le début et la fin de la "période nomade". Notre deuxième partie est consacrée au peuplement de la région et aux villes qui s'y trouvaient. Nous étudions alors l'évolution de l'irrigation et l'occupation des territoires de la Bactriane ainsi que les principales villes et leurs caractéristiques. Notre troisième partie se concentre sur la vie politique, économique et militaire de la Bactriane. Nous nous interrogeons d'abord sur l'organisation politique interne de la région et sur sa place dans l'échiquier régional. Nous analysons ensuite l'évolution de son économie et sa place dans les échanges interrégionaux. Nous étudions enfin la vie militaire, l'art de la guerre et des fortifications et leur évolution. Notre quatrième partie porte sur les différents aspects de la vie sociale et culturelle de la Bactriane, tout d'abord de la vie religieuse, les cultes et les rites funéraires, ensuite sur l'art et la vie artistique et enfin les langues et spécifiquement le bactrien.

Le croisement des sources écrites permet de restituer des confins parthes comprenant la Margiane, l’Arie, la Drangiane, l’Arachosie, une partie de la Bactriane et la vallée de l’Indus. La rareté et l’ambiguïté des sources avaient fait négliger les indications sur la Bactriane et envisager l’indépendance des autres régions à partir du Ier siècle de notre ère. Les récents renouvellements de la documentation, en particulier numismatique et archéologique, concernant l’Asie centrale et le nord-ouest de l’Inde, et les progrès accomplis par la critique des sources permettent aujourd’hui de reconsidérer la question. L’objectif de notre enquête consiste à explorer l’hypothèse d’une intégration politique de cet espace à l’empire parthe, occupé en partie par des populations réputées scythes et dont les pratiques monétaires sont habituellement interprétées comme le témoignage d’une indépendance politique. La reconstitution d’un corpus adéquat, la relecture critique des sources écrites et la reconsidération du matériel disponible montrent que la réinterprétation des données permet d’intégrer celles-ci de façon plus cohérente dans une synthèse d’ensemble enrichie. Cette étude, en faisant intervenir des « Sakas-Parthes » de Bactriane, des Parthes « scythisés » de Margiane et des « Indo-Sako-Parthes » dans les régions sud-orientales, veut montrer que la question de l’origine ethnique est de peu d’intérêt pour rendre compte de la culture et des pratiques politiques de groupes que leur position géographique frontalière vouait à avoir un peuplement ethniquement mêlé et à subir de puissants effets d’acculturation communs aux pays voisins et constamment renouvelés
Intersecting written sources allows a restitution of Parthian eastern borders comprising Margiana, Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, one part of Bactria, and the Indus Valley. The rarity and the ambiguity of sources had caused us to neglect the indications pertaining to Bactria and to envision the independence of the other regions from the 1st century of our era. The recent revival of sources -- in particular numismatic and archeological ones -- concerning central Asia and north-west India, as well as the progress accomplished by the criticism of sources allow us today to reconsider this statement. Our investigation aims at exploring the hypothesis of a political integration of these regions to the Parthian Empire, partly occupied by populations known as Scythian, whose monetary practices are usually interpreted as a mark of political independence. The reconstitution of an adequate corpus, the critical re-evaluation of the written sources, as well as the reconsideration of the available material allow us to reinterpret the data and to integrate them in a more consistent way within an overall improved synthesis. This study involves so called Bactrian 'Saka-Parthians', Margian 'scythianized Parthians' and south-oriental 'Indo-sako-Parthians'; it seeks to demonstrate that the issue of ethnical origin is of little interest to understand the cultural and political practices of these groups, which, due to their geographical position on the frontier, were doomed to have an ethnically mixed population and to undergo powerful acculturation effects which were common to neighbouring countries and which where constantly renewed

L'ouvrage est divisé en trois parties: ce choix a été principalement motivé par l'exigence de fournir un cadre et un contexte historique aux évidences archéologiques et à l'entière problématique historique de la Sogdiane, notre domaine d'étude et d'activité. Le rôle géographique de cette région, située dans la vallée du fleuve Zeravs̆ān, a rendu inévitable de se reporter à l'autre région centre-asiatique de la Bactriane, tout aussi importante que celle-ci, géographiquement et historiquement proche de la Sogdiane. En raison d'une cohérence chronologique et historique des évènements, on a également dû évoquer d'autres zones géographiques et culturelles, forcément liées au coeur de l'Asie Centrale, c'est à dire le Plateau Iranien, la Chine, l'Inde et les terres originaires des grecs conduits par Alexandre le Grand. En outre, même si de façon peu approfondie, une section a été consacrée à un phénomène d'importance cruciale dans le domaine des études sur l'Asie Centrale et les steppes, à savoir le nomadisme pastorale, aussi bien pour ses aspects économiques et productives que pour son caractère de contact et déstabilisation par rapport aux société sédentaires, mais également pour son développement interne et progressif vers une organisation socio-politique et une confédération de type tribale. Pour des raisons pratiques, nous définirons la période historique du IIe siècle jusqu'au Ier siècle av. J. -C. "première phase nomadique", tandis que nous définirons "seconde phase nomadique" celle du IVe au Ve siècle ap. J. -C. , liée aux populations des Chionites, des Kidarites et des Hephtalites. La première partie présente les résultats des investigations archéologiques dans le site de Kotjepa (27 km sud-ouest de Samarcande) achevées par la Mission Archéologique Italo-Ouzbèk et de l'étude de la poterie entre les années 2008-2012. La deuxième aborde les évènements historiques et politiques de la fin du règne grec de Bactriane jusqu'à la création de la confédération nomadique des Hephtalites. La troisième partie, plus proprement archéologique, est un catalogue des principaux sites archéologiques et des cimetières nomadiques avec lesquels ils sont comparés les résultats de la fouille de Kojtepa: bien si la plus part des comparaisons n'a pas toujours fournir des réponses "positives", il a toutefois été décidé de présenter lui pour compléter le cadre historique tracée dans la première partie
The present work is divided into three distinct parts: this choice was motivated primarily by the necessity to provide a historical background to contextualize the archaelogical evidence that the whole issue concerning the historical Sogdiana, an area of our business on the fied. The geographical role of the region, centered in the fertile valley of the river Zeravšān, made it inevitable to refer to another, very important region of Central Asian, the region of Bactria, geographically contiguous and historically linked to Sogdiana. For similar reasons, in the name of chronological and historical coherence of events, reference was made to other geographical - cultural reality, inevitably connected to the heart of Central Asia, namely the iranian plateau, China, India and to the far land of Greeks of Alexander the Macedonian. Although not in the form too in-depth, one section is also dedicated to a phenomenon of crucial importance in studies on Central Asia and the steppe regions, the pastoral nomadism, both fot its economic and productive character and as point of contact and destabilization in relation to sedentary societies, and also for its internal development and the progressive evolution towards socio-political organizations of tribal confederation. For practical purposes, the historical period that goes from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD, was defined as "first nomadic phase", as well as the 4th and 5th centuries was defined as "second nomadic phase", in reference to the people of Chionites, Kidarites and Hephtalites. The first part of the work, presents the results of the field-work of the Uzbek-Italian Archaelogical Mission on the site of Kojtepa (Samarkand area) and the study of ceramic materials in order better interpret the role of the settlement, its history and its relations with other sites in the same region. The second part deals with the historical and political events from the end of the Greek kingdom of Bactria until the creation of the nomadic confederation of Hephtalites, and the third, more strictly archaelogical, describes the main archaeological sites related to each of the "historical steps" discussed above

Cette thèse concerne l'histoire de l'Asie centrale. Il s'agit d'une étude de l'évolution de la répartition du peuplement dans la province du Surkhan Darya (Ouzbékistan du sud), entre l'Age du Bronze et le XIXe siècle. La description du cadre géographique permet de définir les paysages et territoires à l'intérieur desquels la distribution des sites archéologiques est analysée. Celle-ci sert de base à une lecture de l'histoire de la province puis à une synthèse à propos du rapport entre homme et milieu naturel et en particulier à l'analyse de l'influence des unités spatiales de type régional sur l'histoire humaine. La méthode suivie repose, d'une part, sur un programme de prospection systématique d'une aire de 700 km2 et, d'autre part, sur la systématisation des données soviétiques, notamment grâce à l'utilisation des travaux de géographie du paysage, la relocalisation des sites archéologiques connus et la création d'index bibliographiques détaillés de plus de 2500 publications. Toutes ces données ont été intégrées dans un système d'information géographique, relié à une base de données de 680 sites.

Une etude typologique puis comparative portant sur environ vingt-cinq tonnes de ceramique collectees sur environ huit cents sites en afghanistan du n. E. Permet de proposer une reconstitution du peuplement de la region depuis le chalcolithique (environ 3500 av. N. E. ) jusqu'a la conquete arabe (environ 750 de n. E. ). Selon la repartition du peuplement observee le long de canaux d'irrigation au cours des differentes etapes historiques, on a pu aussi distinguer des phases successives d'expansion et de declin. Parmi les decouvertes majeures faites au cours de cette etude, signalons : la mise en evidence de liens culturels extremement etroits avec le baluchistan et le n. O. De l'inde -et non avec le reste de l'asie centrale- au chalcolithique et a l'age du bronze laissant supposer que la region prospectee ne correspond pas a l'ancienne bactriane mais plutot a la sogdiane ; le reperage de traces de nomades jusqu'alors connus seulement par les textesn, a la fin de l'age du bronze (aryens ?), lors de la chute du royaume greco-bactrien (yueh-chi et scythes), ou entre la fin du 3e et la fin du 6e s. De n. E. (chionites, kidarites et hephtalites) ; la mise en relief de l'etendue et de la puissance du "royaume" bactrien au cours du 1e millenaire avant notre ere, bien avant la conquete achemenide ; la mise en valeur particuliere de la "bactriane orientale sous les grecs autour de la cite d'ai khanum ; la mise en evidence d'un declin insoupconne de cette meme region sous les kushans, lequel ne fut enraye qu'avec la conquete sassanide au milieu du 3e s. De n. E. ; le reperage du tokharistan lors de sa formation sous les hephtalites, a l'est de la riviere de kunduz et au sud de celle de taluqan
A typological and comparative study on about 5 tons of sherds of pottery collected on almost 800 sites in n. E. Afghanistan is the basis of this proposal on the history of settlement in the area, from chalcolithic (around 3500 b. C. ) to the islamic conquest (around 750 a. D. ). Relying also on the distribution of this settlement within each period, it has been possible to distinguish different phases of expansion and decline. Among the major results of this study, we may mention : the discovery of extremely tight cultural ties with baluchistan and n. W. India -and not with the rest of central asia- during the chalcolithic and the bronze age, which allows to suppose that the area of the survey does not belong to ancient bactria but rather to sogdiana ; the location of nomads known only through texts until now, at the end of the bronze age (aryens ?), at the fall of the graeco-bactrian kingdom (yueh-chi and scythians), and between the end of the 3rd and the 56th c. A. D. (chionites, kidarites and hephtalites) ; the establishment of a huge and mighty bactrian "kingdom" during the 1st millenium b. C. , well before the conquest of the achaemenids ; the particular expansion of "eastern bactria" under the greeks, around the city of ai khanum ; the evidence of an unsuspected decline in the same area under the kushans, which was recovered only after the sassanian conquest in the middle of the 3rd c. A. D. ; the location of tokharistan at the time of its formation under the hephtalites, east of the kunduz river and south of the taluqan river

Le royaume gréco-bactrien (Afghanistan du Nord) est un des Etats hellénistiques le moins connu. La première ouvrage moderne à ce sujet parut seulement en 1738. C'est grâce aux fouilles archéologiques qu'aujourd'hui on a le plus de données à disposition. Pendant l'époque hellénistique on pouvait trouver des nouvelles dans les histoires universelles, les traités d'art militaire et les monographies sur les Parthes. Ces derniers étaient frontaliers de la Bactriane avec laquelle ils entretenaient des rapports souvent conflictuels. Par contre, les historiens romains concentrèrent leur attention sur les Parthes, devenus désormais l'ennemi principal de Rome en Orient. Toutefois, ils utilisèrent des données faussées par la propagande arsacide, lesquelles contribuèrent à la disparition du souvenir du royaume gréco-bactrien. Au Moyen Age les Grecs de Bactriane apparaissent dans la littérature européenne et au XXème siècle dans celle américaine. Alexandre le Grand et les premiers séleucides installèrent nombreux colons grecs en Bactriane. Au début de la Troisième guerre syrienne le gouverneur Diodote 1er se proclama roi de Bactriane. Le royaume devint bientôt une puissance internationale, surtout avec Euthydème et son fils Démétrios, qui s'empara de l'Inde du NO. Après une période de crise Eucratide, peut-être un parent du roi Euthydème, réunifia le royaume, mais à la fin de son règne (ca. 145 av. J. C. ) le nord du pays s'effondra sous les coups des invasions nomades. Néanmoins la partie méridionale survécut jusqu'aux premières années du Ier siècle ap. J. -C.

Camels are important husbandry animals which are also often bred in zoological gardens. Unfortunately, camels in European zoos are not usually trained and pregnancy diagnosis in a half-tamed camel is very difficult. Moreover, information of the maternal behaviour of camels is limited. This thesis reviewed current knowledge on camel husbandry, reproduction and behaviour and aimed to 1) examine non-invasive methods of heat and pregnancy diagnosis from urine and saliva in camels kept in zoological gardens; 2) explore their maternal and suckling behaviour; 3) describe experiences with artificial rearing of camel calves. The research into non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis was carried out from 2010 to 2012. Urine from 14 camel females kept in four European zoological gardens was collected and tested using two chemical tests -- the Cuboni reaction and barium chloride test. The Cuboni reaction was significantly (p < 0.01) affected by the pregnancy status of female camels, and its accuracy increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the period leading up to parturition. The barium chloride test did not provide reliable results. Next, the saliva of five adult female camels was sampled for more than one year and concentrations of progesterone (P4) and oestradiol (E2) were measured. The concentrations of P4 (n = 312) and E2 (n = 310) were both significantly (p < 0.0001) affected by the pregnancy status of the animals. Maternal and suckling behaviour was observed from 2003 to 2009 in six zoological gardens, and the presented study includes partial data from this period. Allosuckling (i.e. when a female nurses a non-filial offspring) was described for the first time in camels and it represented 8.58% of all suckling bouts. The non-filial calves suckled more often in the lateral position and preferably joined the filial calf when suckling, so the results support the 'milk theft' hypothesis (stealing of milk) as a main cause of this behaviour. Finally, calf rearing in the Prague zoological garden was summarised and two camel calves were successfully artificially reared. This PhD thesis concluded that 1) the Cuboni reaction with urine and salivary P4 and E2 measurements are suitable methods for pregnancy diagnosis in half-tamed female camels; 2) allosuckling is relatively common in captive Bactrian camels; 3) the artificial rearing of camel calves with a calf milk replacer can be successful.

The history of Hellenistic Bactria (northern Afghanistan, and areas of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) is particularly obscure and its reconstruction contentious. Unlike other Hellenistic kingdoms very little evidence survives from literary sources and inscriptions; the best primary source is the large quantity of coins issued under the Graeco-Bactrian kings who ruled the area from the third century to the mid first century BC. With limited details of the find spots of the coins and only a few published hoards, their use has often been limited to a superficial analysis of their iconography. This thesis presents the results of a die study, an approach to studying the coins that can give many insights into the way they were produced. The coins of six kings (Euthydemus I, Demetrius I, Euthydemus II, Pantaleon, Agathocles, and Antimachus I) are included. Different mints and rhythms of production can be identified, and the overall size of the coinages estimated. Using a thorough understanding of their production this thesis proposes a new, soundly-based, history of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom under these kings.

La présence des Grecs en Asie Centrale et en Inde est la conséquence directe des expéditions d’Alexandre le Grand, lesquelles donneront naissance vers 250 avant J.-C. au royaume gréco-bactrien et vers 180 avant J.-C. au royaume indo-grec, séparés par l’Hindu Kush. 260 ans plus tard, le dernier souverain grec tombe sous les assauts indo-scythes. L’étude des monnaies frappées par les 45 rois de ces deux royaumes est fondamentale pour comprendre leur évolution économique et politique.A partir d’un corpus majoritairement inédit, fondé sur les monnaies issues du marché de l’art, nos travaux de thèse se sont focalisés sur six souverains présentant des problématiques intéressantes : la division du monnayage des souverains homonymes Diodote I et II, l’évolution typologique de l’Héraclès au revers des monnaies d’Euthydème I, les liens existants entre les monnayages d’Eucratide I et de Ménandre I, la place d’Hippostrate dans les souverains indo-grecs et indo-scythes.La méthodologie retenue, l’étude de coins, nous a permis d’apporter de nouvelles et précieuses informations sur les ateliers monétaires et le sens que l’on peut attribuer aux monogrammes
The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms find their origins in the consequences following Alexander the Great’s expeditions in Central Asia and India. Circa 250 BC, the Seleucid satrap seceded from the Seleucid kingdom and became king under the name Diodotus I; the Indo-greek kingdom appears circa 180 BC when the Greeks cross the Hindu Kush. 260 years later, the Indo-Scythians put an end to their presence. The coins struck by the 45 Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings are the main data available to historians.Mostly based on unpublished coins sold on the art market, our PhD focuses on six kings, each of them offering a specific problematic: the coinages of Diodotus I and II, that presents the same title and typology; the evolution of the Heracles on the reverse of Euthydemus I’s coins; the links regarding especially the position of the legend on Eucratides I’s and Menander I’s coins; the position of Hippostratos among the last Indo-Greek kings in the West Panjab and the Indo-Scythians.The data provided by the die-studies allows us to dismiss or sustain the many hypotheses concerning the mints and their locations, as well as the meaning of monograms

Biserrula pelecinus L. has been introduced to Australia from the Mediterranean region, in the last decade due to many attractive agronomic features. This deep rooted, hard seeded, acid tolerant and insect resistant legume species provides high quality food for cattle and sheep, and grows well under the harsh edaphic and environmental conditions of Australia. In 1994, B. pelecinus was introduced to a site in Northam, Western Australia where there were no native rhizobia capable of nodulating this legume. The introduced plants were inoculated with a single inoculant strain of Mesorhizobium sp., WSM1271. This study investigated whether a diversity of rhizobia emerged over time. A second objective was to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the diversification of rhizobia able to nodulate B. pelecinus. Eighty eight isolates of rhizobia were obtained from nodules on B. pelecinus growing at the Northam site in August 2000, six years after introduction. These plants were self-regenerating offspring from the original seeds sown. Molecular fingerprinting PCR with RPO1 and ERIC primers revealed that seven strains (novel isolates) had banding patterns distinct from WSM1271 while 81 strains had similar banding patterns to WSM1271. A 1400 bp internal fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced for four of the novel isolates (N17, N18, N45 and N87) and WSM1271. The phylogenetic tree developed using these sequences clustered the novel isolates in Mesorhizobium. There were >6 nucleotide mismatches between three of the novel isolates (N17, N18, N87) and WSM1271 while there were 23 nucleotide mismatches between N45 and WSM1271. When B. pelecinus cv. Casbah was inoculated with the novel isolates, five (N17, N18, N39, N46 and N87) yielded <40% of the shoot dry weight of the plants inoculated with the original inoculant (WSM1271). Novel isolates N15 and N45 were completely ineffective on B. pelecinus cv. Casbah. Physiological experiments to test the ability of the novel isolates and WSM1271 to grow on 14 different carbon sources (N acetyl glucosamine, arabinose, arbutine, dulcitol, β-gentiobiose, lactose, maltose, melibiose, D-raffinose, saccharose, L-sorbose, D-tagatose, trehalose and D-turanose) as the sole source of carbon, intrinsic resistance to eight different antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, spectinomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline) and pH tolerance (pH 4.5, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0) revealed that the novel isolates had significantly different carbon source utilization patterns to WSM1271. However, pH tolerance and intrinsic resistance to antibiotics were similar between the novel isolates and WSM1271 except for streptomycin (100 μg/ml). Novel isolates N17, N18, N46 and N87 were susceptible for this antibiotic while the other novel isolates and WSM1271 were resistant. Host range experiments were performed for the novel isolates N17, N18, N45, N87, WSM1271 and two other root nodule bacteria (RNB) previously isolated from B. pelecinus growing in the Mediterranean region (WSM1284 and WSM1497) for twenty one legumes (Amorpha fruticosa, Astragalus adsurgens, Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus sinicus, Biserrula pelecinus cv Casbah, Dorycnium hirsutum, Dorycnium rectum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Hedysarum spinosissimum, Leucaena leucocephala, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus edulis, Lotus glaber, Lotus maroccanus, Lotus ornithopodioides, Lotus parviflorus, Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus peregrinus, Lotus subbiflorus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, and Ornithopus sativus). Only isolate N17 have the same host range as WSM1271 in that they both nodulated B. pelecinus and A. membranaceus, while the other three novel isolates, WSM1284 and WSM1497 had a broader host range than WSM1271. Three isolates N18, N45 and N87 formed small white nodules on M. atropurpureum, in addition to nodulating the above hosts. Isolates N18 and N45 also nodulated A. adsurgens while N45 was the only isolate to nodulate L. edulis. Isolate N87 was the only isolate to nodulate A. fruticosa. WSM1497 nodulated A. adsurgens, A. membranaceus, B. pelecinus and L. corniculatus while WSM1284 was a promiscuous strain that nodulated 16 host species out of the 21 tested. A 710 bp internal region of nifH, a 567 bp internal region of nodA and a 1044 bp internal region of intS were sequenced for N17, N18, N45, N87 and WSM1271. The sequence comparison showed that the sequences of the above three genes of the four novel isolates were identical to that of WSM1271. Eckhardt gel electrophoresis revealed that WSM1271, three other RNB isolates from B. pelecinus from the Mediterranean region and isolate N18 each have a plasmid of approximately 500 kb while N17, N45 and N87 are plasmid free. Probing of the plasmid DNA from the Eckhardt gel with nifH and nodA probes indicated that these two genes were not located on the plasmid. Furthermore, the results of this study demonstrated that 92% of the nodules on B. pelecinus growing in the Northam site six years after the introduction of this plant were occupied by the inoculant strain and the N2 fixation efficiency of the progeny strains of WSM1271 remain similar to the mother culture. This study also showed that the carbon source utilization pattern, intrinsic antibiotic resistance and pH range of the progeny strains of WSM1271 remain relatively similar, except for few variations in carbon source utilization patterns. This thesis clearly demonstrated that phenotypicaly, genetically and phylogenetically diverse strains capable nodulating B. pelecinus evolved through symbiotic gene transfer from the inoculant strain to other soil bacteria within six years. The presence of intS, and the evidence of gene transfer between these Mesorhizobium strains indicates that transfer of symbiotic genes may have occurred via a symbiosis island present in WSM1271.

Die Blutuntersuchung ist in der heutigen Zeit ein nicht wegzudenkender Bestandteil der veterinärmedizinischen Diagnostik. Das Erstellen von physiologischen Richtwerten für die jeweilige Spezies ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung, um hämatologische Befunde aussagefähig in den diagnostischen Prozeß einordnen zu können. Vor allem bei Zoo- und Wildtierarten, bei denen klinische Untersuchungen häufig nur unter Zwangsmaßnahmen oder Immobilisation möglich sind, ist die labordiagnostische Blutuntersuchung eine wichtige Grundlage für die tierärztliche Betreuung. Bei den Altweltkamelen haben die Trampeltiere, im Gegensatz zu den Dromedaren, in der Wissenschaft der westlichen Welt bisher nur wenig Beachtung gefunden (LENSCH, 1996). Dementsprechend ist das Wissen über die Hämatologie und speziell die klinisch-chemischen Blutparameter dieser Tiere noch gering. In dieser Arbeit sollen die über einen längeren Zeitraum gesammelten Blutparameter von Trampeltieren aus verschiedenen Herden ausgewertet werden. Dabei wird nach Stuten, Hengsten, Kastraten sowie Jung- und Alttieren differenziert. Außerdem sollen der Einfluß der Faktoren Standort, Jahreszeit und Fütterung evaluiert werden. Besondere Beachtung findet der Serumgehalt an Vitamin E und Selen. In allen Fällen wurde die Blutentnahme ohne Neuroleptanalgesie durchgeführt, so daß lediglich der Einfluß des Blutentnahmestresses auf die Blutparameter berücksichtigt werden muß. Verglichen werden sollen die Werte einer mit Vitamin E und Selen substituierten Herde mit denen anderer Trampeltierherden. Weiterhin werden 13 Blutbilder neugeborener Trampeltiere ausgewertet sowie Blutbilder bei ausgewählten Krankheitsbildern analysiert. Diese Arbeit soll der Erstellung eines Referenzwertkataloges für Blutparameter bei Trampeltieren dienen.

Globalement le lait de chamelle au Kazakhstan est plus riche que ceux décrits dans la littérature, indépendamment de l’origine génétique, géographique ou saisonnière. Il est en particulier riche en matières grasses (5,96%), en matières protéiques (5,02%) et en vitamine C (154 mg/L). Ces valeurs situent en moyenne les laits du Kazakhstan très différemment des autres laits (résultat d’une méta-analyse quasi-exhaustive des publications sur le lait de chamelle). Par analyse discriminante, il a été possible de distinguer le lait de Bactriane de celui du dromadaire, avec une prédiction à 71%. Les paramètres discriminants sont la teneur en matières grasses, le pH, la concentration en vitamine C, l’indice d’iode, la concentration en calcium et phosphore. La typologie réalisée sur 176 échantillons de lait cru en tenant compte des principaux paramètres physico-chimiques, a permis d’identifier trois types de lait. Ces types de lait peuvent être qualifiés de « lait de chamelle supérieur », « lait de chamelle normale » et « lait de chamelle acceptable pour la fabrication de shubat ». Ces appellations sont basées sur les paramètres physico-chimiques pour lesquels au final, les effets « région » et « saison » ont peu d’influence. En revanche, il est nécessaire de tenir compte de l’effet « espèce ». Pour les échantillons de shubat, quatre classes de produit ont été identifiés. On observe des shubats les moins acides, mais pauvres en minéraux majeurs essentiellement en hiver et dans les régions de Chymkent et d’Aralsk ; les shubats pauvres en vitamine C mais riches en protéines proviennent surtout d’Almaty au printemps ; Les shubats les plus riches en fer et phosphore sont des shubats de printemps en provenance de Chimkent et d’Atyraou. Enfin, les shubats riches en vitamine C sont les shubats d’été en provenance d’Atyraou et de Chimkent dans une moindre mesure. Les concentrations en lactoferrine et immunoglobulines G dans le lait cru et fermenté, mais aussi dans le colostrum de chamelle ont été également déterminés et les variations spécifiques, régionales et saisonnières ont été évaluées. Le lait cru de chamelle contient en moyenne 0,229 ± 0,135 mg/mL de lactoferrine et 0,718 ± 0,330 mg/mL d’immunoglobulines G. Dans le colostrum dans la 1er semaine de post-partum la lactoferrine varie de 1,422 à 0,586 mg/mL, l’immunoglobuline G – de 132 à 4,75 mg/mL. Ainsi, « les allégations santé » attribuées au lait de chamelle ne peuvent s’appuyer sur l’affirmation selon laquelle cela serait dû en partie à une plus grande quantité en lactoferrine, ces valeurs étant peu différentes que celles observées dans le lait de vache. Les analyses de la composition en acides gras ont été réalisées sur les mêmes échantillons de lait. Le lait de chamelle contient une part un peu plus élevé d’acides gras insaturés par rapport au lait de vache. De plus, la quantité des acides palmitique, stéarique, oléique et miristique est plus importante chez la chamelle que chez la vache. Ces caractéristiques incitent à confirmer l’intérêt diététique du lait de chamelle et probablement son rôle pour la santé

The study of the Hellenistic period has produced a historical construction of the various relationships that formed between the Greco-Macedonian settlers and the natives they came into contact with. Hellenic kings established kingdoms as far as modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan and India, bringing them into contact with the Persian and Indian natives. The study herein is focused on the relationship that formed between the Greco-Macedonian descendants and the Buddhist group that emerged out of India. Numismatic evidence shows that Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings held political control over regions bordering the Hindu Kush; furthermore, the Indo-Greek coins indicate a relationship between their kings and the Buddhists. Artistic representations found in various cities, such as Ai-Khanoum, illuminate on the cultural blending that occurred as Greek themes began to be represented through local techniques and material. Ancient literature and archeological remains provide further proof of interaction and help to give an identity to key Greek and Indian monarchs. With regard to Buddhism, these monarchs played an important role in the growth of the religion as, alongside artistic expression, the religion had prospered since its beginnings through the aid of royal patronage. In the Greek kingdoms the Buddhists found new mediums of artistic expression and kings that supported their monastic and lay lives; in turn the Greeks saw a pacifist religious group that attracted merchants and wealth. The relationship was mutually beneficial and numismatic evidence from the Indo-Greeks shows that their kings showed favoritism towards the Buddhists. The conclusion herein is that the Greeks provided the structural foundations for the growth of Buddhism who in turn attracted wealth and provided a medium for cooperation between the Greek monarchs and parts of the native population.
B.A.
Bachelors
History
Arts and Humanities

This thesis examines the art of Babylonia, Iran and Bactria after the Macedonian conquest, from c.330 to c.100 BC, in light of current developments in archaeological theory of cultural interaction. In order to illustrate the character and scale of these interactions, the thesis presents a discussion of iconographic material ranging from architectural ornament and sculpture to minor arts. Chapters II-IV discuss the material from each site, highlighting regional characteristics and differences between media. Chapters V-VII use three cross-sections to examine cultural interaction visible in material used for different social functions (‘spheres’). The ‘sphere of gods’ discusses religious architectural ornament and iconography, and the implications for our interpretation of cult in Babylonia, Iran and Bactria in this period. The ‘sphere of kings’ considers ruler representation and the physical appearance of ‘royal space’ while the ‘sphere of citizens and subjects’ discusses material made and used by the wider populace. Macedonian rule and the influx of settlers to Babylonia, Iran and Bactria developed networks of exchange, transmission and transformation creating ‘visually multi-lingual’ societies. The adoption of new artistic influences did not replace all existing traditions or necessarily infringe ethnic identities. There was selective adoption and adaptation of iconography, styles and forms to suit the new patrons and contexts. This cultural co-existence included some combinations of features from different artistic traditions into individual compositions, emphasising how visual languages were not closed-off, rigidly defined or static. Patrons were not confined to using the visual language associated with their ethnicity or current location. There was flexibility of use and meaning, which may present a useful model in the study of other areas of cultural interaction in the Hellenistic period.

Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61–142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes >20°, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages.

Die Blutuntersuchung ist in der heutigen Zeit ein nicht wegzudenkender Bestandteil der veterinärmedizinischen Diagnostik. Das Erstellen von physiologischen Richtwerten für die jeweilige Spezies ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung, um hämatologische Befunde aussagefähig in den diagnostischen Prozeß einordnen zu können. Vor allem bei Zoo- und Wildtierarten, bei denen klinische Untersuchungen häufig nur unter Zwangsmaßnahmen oder Immobilisation möglich sind, ist die labordiagnostische Blutuntersuchung eine wichtige Grundlage für die tierärztliche Betreuung. Bei den Altweltkamelen haben die Trampeltiere, im Gegensatz zu den Dromedaren, in der Wissenschaft der westlichen Welt bisher nur wenig Beachtung gefunden (LENSCH, 1996). Dementsprechend ist das Wissen über die Hämatologie und speziell die klinisch-chemischen Blutparameter dieser Tiere noch gering. In dieser Arbeit sollen die über einen längeren Zeitraum gesammelten Blutparameter von Trampeltieren aus verschiedenen Herden ausgewertet werden. Dabei wird nach Stuten, Hengsten, Kastraten sowie Jung- und Alttieren differenziert. Außerdem sollen der Einfluß der Faktoren Standort, Jahreszeit und Fütterung evaluiert werden. Besondere Beachtung findet der Serumgehalt an Vitamin E und Selen. In allen Fällen wurde die Blutentnahme ohne Neuroleptanalgesie durchgeführt, so daß lediglich der Einfluß des Blutentnahmestresses auf die Blutparameter berücksichtigt werden muß. Verglichen werden sollen die Werte einer mit Vitamin E und Selen substituierten Herde mit denen anderer Trampeltierherden. Weiterhin werden 13 Blutbilder neugeborener Trampeltiere ausgewertet sowie Blutbilder bei ausgewählten Krankheitsbildern analysiert. Diese Arbeit soll der Erstellung eines Referenzwertkataloges für Blutparameter bei Trampeltieren dienen.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
100
This study investigates Eucheuma (Eucheuma serra, Euc) polysaccharide solution of enzyme hydrolysis. After it goes lactic acid fermentation, it starts to test the product’s stability, antioxidant capacity, anti-Japanese encephalitis virus, and storage stability. Use 3% (w/v) heat extracts of Eucheuma polysaccharide aqueous solution by 5unit/mL cellulase, A. salmonicida MAEF108 and P. vesicularis MA103 produced the crude enzyme, hydrolysis under 40oC degraded for 24 hr. These 4 hydrolyzates groups contain addition 1% glucose and non-addition 1% glucose. Other two groups of lactic acid bacteria starters are: (A): Lb. plantarum BCRC 12250 (2.5%, v/v) + BCRC 10069 (2.5%, v/v) and ( B) Lb. bulgaricus BCRC 10696 (2.5%, v/v) + Strep thermophilus BCRC 12268 (2.5%, v / v), and the results come to 16 groups of lactic acid fermentation liquid. The pH ranged from 3.45-4.47 was fermented for 8 hr at 37oC, and its fermentation is controlled at 4.6 below. After 6 hours, the group which is added 1% glucose that its pH range reach to the final fermentation. On the contrary, the 8 groups of fermentation liquid which are not added 1% glucose that ferment after 8 hours, the lactic acid bacteria range fall from 6.78 to 7.85 log CFU/mL, and the group which is added 1% glucose that its lactic acid bacteria range fall from 7.43-8.28 log CFU/mL. DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and the Eucheuma polysaccharide are not obviously, but 16 groups of lactic acid fermentation liquid products enhance the results from 5.33%-25.71%. The hydrolyzate of cellulase hydrolysis, and the group which is not added 1% glucose are the best results. Their ranges are 25.77% and 25.85%. The best capacity of the chelating Fe 2+ ion is the MAEF 108 hydrolysis of the hydrolyzate which is not added 1% glucose, and the percentages are 70.39% and 73.70%. The Euc reducing power range falls to 6.42 ± 0.02 8.28 ± 0.08 ppm of ascorbic acid in between. These 16 groups of lactic acid fermentation liquid products range fall between 22.31 ± 1.11 to 27.11 ± 1.00 ppm, ascorbic acid. Thus, the group which is not added 1% glucose lactic acid fermentation products that contain antioxidant avtivity. Taking BHK-21 cells test against Japanese Encephalitis virus as an example, and the experiment points out that the Euc against the anti-JEV BHK-21 cells which does not have any toxic reaction. Presenting results in the inhibition of viral adsorption to host cells and inhibit virus propagation do not show any reactions. Take 16 groups of lactic acid fermentation products and store them in 4oC for 14 days, the fermentation products which are added 1% glucose, the pH value is 3.15-3.51 in between. The lactic acid bacteria and aerobic health bacterial are 6.14-6.84 log CFU/mL and 6.00-6.87 log CFU/ml. The not added 1% glucose, the pH value is 3.55-4.14 in between. The lactic acid bacteria and aerobic health bacterial are 8.87-7.41 log CFU/mL and 8.75-6.71 log CFU/ml. In conclusion, adding 1% glucose to lactic acid fermentation may lead to the lactobacillus of carbohydrates fast used and make the pH value decline rapidly in order to reach the final fermentation. However, the fall in pH may inhibit the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Acidity and reducing sugar content are increasing with the increase in the number of storage days, then molds, yeasts, and coliforms will not be able detected during the storage time.

This study deals with the syncretism between Greek and non-Greek peoples as evidenced by their architectural, artistic, literary and epigraphic remains. The sites under investigation were in the eastern part of the Greek world, particularly Ai Khanoum, Takht-i-Sangin, Dilberdjin, and Kandahar. The reason behind syncretism was discussed in the introduction, which included the persistence of the ancient traditions in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Bactria even after being conquered by the Greeks. The Greeks highly respected these ancient 'repositories of wisdom', and the fluidity and adaptability of Greek culture was not particularly restrictive to foreign elements. Religious freedom and the identification of Greek gods with the local gods by the Greeks appears to have been a primary impetus in some aspects of syncretism, while functionality appears to have been important in the architectural adaptations to the climatic and environmental conditions of Bactria. It was ultimately found that Greek/non-Greek interactions in Bactria- Sogdiana were more complex than originally thought. Syncretism occurred in many cultural and biological aspects, in more than the simple Greek/non- Greek manner. The various non-Greek cultures (viz. Achaemenids, Scythians, Indians, and neo-Babylonians) also had interactions with each other. There was also a coexistence of the various cultures and peoples. Further evidence can only come from renewed excavations in Afghanistan.

The aim of this work is to classify and analyse the ceramic assemblage of the sector 20 - so-called Citadel - of the site Jandavlattepa in the South of Uzbekistan. This settlement in historical Bactria was inhabited in its latest phase by the Kushans. The here presented pottery was discovered by a Czech-Uzbekistan expedition during the years 2002-2006. This work presents the history and environments of the site in order to enable a complex understanding of the pottery assemblage as a whole, in relation to its contexts. The pottery fragments are divided into the groups according fabric, shapes and forms. The decoration types are also accentuated. All these features help to compare Jandavlattepa with analogical sites of Central Asia from the same period.

Jakub Havlík, Vývoj osídlení Baktrie v období helénismu Abstract: Primarily based on the archaeological evidence, the aim of the proposed thesis is to present an image of a settlement situation in the region of Bactria (Central Asia) during the Hellenistic period. The main subject of the study is a comparison of settlement patterns of the Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods, as well as a characterization of settlement transformation, which occurred after the conquest of Alexander the Great, after almost two hundred years of Greek rule in the area. In this thesis, the individual settlement-sites are classified according to their size and their hypothetical function in the whole settlement structure. Besides the morphology of the site, their position was examined, as well as a distribution and mutual relations within the context of the natural landscape. Attention was paid to larger sites (cities, fortified settlements), and minor ones (rural settlements) and their agglomerations, as well as specific settlement forms, such as fortresses or sanctuaries. All the studied settlements are presented in form of catalogue and maps. Data analysis shows that a huge decrease in settlement structure and a break in development can be observed in relatively large part of Bactria, at the end of Achaemenid period, what...

Central Asia, crossroads of ancient trade routes known as the Silk Road, absorbed for centuries the pulses of travelling cultural influences and created an environment for the existence of original artistic expression, which can be seen in jewellery making as well. The dissertation thesis deals with analysis of the findings from excavation units and individual pieces of jewellery, in most cases made of gold, which were often largely inspired by the culture of the ancient Mediterranean. The historical - geographic perspective of the work is focused primarily on territory of ancient Bactria and Gandhara - southern part of the former Soviet republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, then northern and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. These areas were in the past centers of military activities and political formations, followed up in many aspects on the Mediterranean traditions. These political formations contributed distinctly to the dissemination and preservation of some elements of ancient cultural heritage in Central Asian architecture, sculpture and other fine arts and crafts. Most jewelry findings come from a fairly turbulent period of the 1st century AD, when the territory of Central Asia saw the progressive formation of Kushan Empire. The main part of the thesis consists of summary of the...

The aim of this thesis is to describe forms of Greek religion in the context of Graeco-Bactrian kingdom. The lack of written sources is typical for the region, my analysis is therefore based on archaeological evidence. The first part of my thesis introduces the archaeological sources connected to the religion. A material culture of Graeco-Bactrian kingdom mixes both Greek and local traditions. The second part of the thesis analyses the formation of the Graeco-Bactrian religious identity. I compare the situation with other Hellenistic states, especially with Syria, using postcolonial models based on theories by Rachel Mairs and Irad Malkin. It seems that Graeco- Bactrian kingdom does not differ from other parts of Hellenistic world. The absence of Greek temples is especially remarkable, I suppose that Hellenistic religion inclined to respect local religious traditions. On the other hand, Hellenistic identity did not depend on Greek religion but on Greek education.

15 Abstract The following thesis summarizes results of the archaeological research in the microregion of the Zarabag Oasis in the South Uzbekistan. The non-destructive research focused on the collection and evaluation of the archaeological data that allow to reconstruct the settlement dynamics in the oasis during the ages. Previously, there was not archaeological evidence available in the region. The fieldwork in the oasis and its closest surroundings was conducted by way of extensive surface survey (global coverage of the oasis focused on the detection of archaeological evidence), and intensive one (systematic surface survey on a closely defined area). The extensive survey proved to be more suitable for the studied environment in terms of the quality and quantity of the collected archaeological data. One part of the survey consisted in detection of the water sources (springs, surface canals and even remains of the karez systems). The basic units of extensive survey were represented by polygons (gardens, fields, cemeteries, tepas etc.), to which the finds collected during the research were attributed. Their dating in the combination with their spatial distribution allowed then to reconstruct the settlement processes and dynamics in the microregion of the oasis. One part of the research deals also with the...