Journal articles: 'Baermann technique'

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den Nijs, Loes, and Wim van den Berg. "The added value of proficiency tests: choosing the proper method for extracting Meloidogyne second-stage juveniles from soil." Nematology 15, no. 2 (2013): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854112x649954.

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To gain insight into the different extraction processes used in laboratories in various European countries and the effect these methods might have on the number of Meloidogyne second-stage juveniles (J2) extracted from soil samples, a ring test with 2 elements was conducted. The first element used the Baermann funnel as a method performance test. The second element was a proficiency test, in which the laboratory’s standard technique was compared with the Baermann method. Chilled samples of 100 cm3 (10 per extraction method) were sent to participants in insulated containers. In the nematode counts distinction was made between Meloidogyne J2, other plant-parasitic nematodes and/or saprophytes. A total number of 18 participants took part in the method performance test and 13 institutes took part in the proficiency test using 11 different extraction techniques. The initial population density in the soil was 2025 J2 (100 cm3 soil)−1, determined by Oostenbrink elutriator and 4 weeks incubation. In the method performance test the institutes found Meloidogyne J2 numbers varied between 0 and 705 J2 (100 cm3)−1. Using the Baermann extraction method the median number per institute ranged from 0 to 377 J2 (100 cm3)−1. In the proficiency test comparison amongst the different methods showed an increase of more than 100-fold, with the highest median of 3733 J2 (100 cm3)−1 and the lowest of 34 J2 (100 cm3)−1; the difference was caused mainly by the incubation effect. For the other plant-parasitic nematodes and the saprophytes, the differences between the most and least efficient extraction methods were much smaller. The variance of the Meloidogyne counts was the highest for the standard Baermann extraction technique; other similar techniques also had high variances. The automated zonal centrifuge had the lowest variance. The Baermann method is not advisable for survey purposes.

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Gelaye, Woyneshet, Nana Aba Williams, Stella Kepha, Augusto Messa Junior, Pedro Emanuel Fleitas, Helena Marti-Soler, Destaw Damtie, et al. "Performance evaluation of Baermann techniques: The quest for developing a microscopy reference standard for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0009076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009076.

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Background Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are common in low and middle income countries where there is lack of access to clean water and sanitation. Effective diagnosis and treatment are essential for the control of STH infections. However, among STH parasites, Strongyloides stercoralis is the most neglected species, both in diagnostics and control strategies. Diagnostic methods cover different approaches, each with different sensitivities and specificities, such as serology, molecular techniques and microscopy based techniques. Of the later, the Baermann technique is the most commonly used procedure. In the literature, several ways have been described to perform the Baermann method, which illustrates the overall lack of a ‘(gold) reference standard’ method for the diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection. In this study we have evaluated the performance of three Baermann techniques in order to improve the reference standard for the microscopic diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection thereby facilitating individual case detection, mapping of the disease and proper evaluation of treatment responses. Methods/Principal findings A community based cross sectional study was conducted at Zenzelima, Bahir Dar Zuria Ethiopia. A total of 437 stool samples were collected and analyzed by the following procedures: conventional Baermann (CB), modified Baermann (MB), and modified Baermann with charcoal pre-incubation (MBCI). The diagnostic sensitivity and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of each technique was calculated using the combination of all the three techniques as a composite reference standard. Our result indicated that larvae of S. stercoralis were detected in 151 (34.6%) stool samples. The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection based on the three diagnostic methods was 9.6%, 8.0%, and 31.3% by CB, MB, and MBCI respectively. The sensitivity and NPV for CB, MB, and MBCI were 26.7% and 70.8%, 22.1% and 69.6%, and 87.0% and 93.2%, respectively. The MBCI showed significant difference (P- value = <0.001) in the sensitivity and NPV values when compared with CB and MB values. The agreement between CB, MB, and MBCI with the composite reference standard was 31.8%, 26.7%, 89.6%, respectively. Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest the superior performance of MBCI. It is relatively easy to implement, simple to perform and comparatively cheaper. The CB is by far the commonly used method in routine diagnostic although this technique significantly underestimates the true burden of the disease and thereby contributing to the exclusion of S. stercoralis from the control strategies. Therefore, MBCI is recommended as a routine microscopy-based diagnostic test for S. stercoralis infection, particularly in settings where molecular procedures are not available.

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JR, Mesquita, Mega C, Coelho C, Cruz R, Vala H, Esteves F, Santos C, and Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C. "ABC series on diagnostic parasitology part 3: the Baermann technique." Veterinary Nurse 8, no. 10 (December 2, 2017): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2017.8.10.558.

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Gressler, Lucas Trevisan, Jéssica Caroline Gomes Noll, Ítallo Barros de Freitas, and Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro. "Multiparasitism in a wild cat (Leopardus colocolo) (Carnivora: Felidae) in southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 3 (August 25, 2016): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016047.

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Abstract Parasitic diseases reflect the health and balance of ecosystems, affecting not only individuals but also entire populations or communities. The aim of this study was to report on the diversity of parasitic helminths detected in the feces of a wild feline in southern Brazil. Parasites were obtained from fecal samples, and four techniques were used for parasitological examination: direct examination, centrifugal flotation with zinc sulfate (Faust technique), simple sedimentation (Hoffman technique) and Baermann-Moraes. The parasites were identified through micrometry and morphology, as follows: Ancylostoma sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuridae, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Alaria sp., and Spirometra sp. We recorded the genus Ancylostoma parasitizing L. colocolo for the first time.

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Ortiz-Martínez, Sonia, José-Manuel Ramos-Rincón, María-Esteyner Vásquez-Chasnamote, Jhonatan Alarcón-Baldeón, Jorge Parraguez-de-la-Cruz, Olga-Nohelia Gamboa-Paredes, Patricia Schillyk-Guerra, et al. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis in Pregnant Women (Peruvian Amazon Basin)." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050348.

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Strongyloidiasis is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis with a high global prevalence. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection and assess strongyloidiasis serology as a screening technique in the Peruvian Amazon. Material and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of strongyloidiasis in 300 pregnant women in Iquitos (Peru) from 1 May 2019 to 15 June 2019. Women were tested using serology (Strongyloides IgG IVD-ELISA kit) as an index test and the modified Baermann technique and/or charcoal fecal culture as the parasitological reference standard. Results: The reference tests showed S. stercoralis in the stool of 30 women (prevalence: 10%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1% to 13.9%), while 101 women tested positive on the blood test (prevalence: 33.7%; 95% CI 28.6% to 39.4%). Fourteen of the 15 women (93.3%) with positive results according to the modified Baermann technique, and 14 of the 23 women (56.5%) with positive charcoal cultures also had positive serological results. Serology showed a sensitivity of 63.3% and a negative predictive value of 94.4%. Conclusion: In Iquitos, pregnant women have a high prevalence of S stercoralis. S. stercoralis ELISA could be an excellent tool for population-based screening, as it has a high negative predictive value that can help to rule out the presence of active infection.

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Lopez-Osorio, Sara, Jeffer Leonardo Navarro-Ruiz, Astrid Rave, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla, and Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutierrez. "Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Infections in Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris catus) from Antioquia, Colombia." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030337.

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Although Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infections in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) have sporadically been reported in Colombia, there is still no data available on epidemiology nor on the biology of this neglected lungworm parasite. Thus, this epidemiological study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of patent A. abstrusus infections in domestic cats from the Colombian Federal State of Antioquia. In total, 473 fecal samples of indoor/outdoor domestic cats were collected and analyzed thereafter by the Baermann funnel migration technique for the presence of A. abstrusus first stage larvae 1 (L1). The occurrence of A. abstrusus was confirmed in 0.4% (2/473) of investigated cats. Due to the presence of patent A. abstrusus infections in investigated cats, it is unfailing to include this lungworm within differential diagnoses of feline pulmonary disorders. Despite the fact that the Baermann funnel technique is currently the cheapest and the gold standard diagnostic tool for feline aelurostrongylosis, this technique is still unknown by Colombian veterinary surgeons and rarely utilized in small animal veterinary clinics. The current survey intends to generate awareness on this neglected parasitosis and to be considered as a baseline study for future surveys monitoring feline aelurostrongylosis not only in domestic/stray cats but also in endemic wild felid species of Colombia.

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Olsen, Susanne Nautrup, Theresa Schumann, Annette Pedersen, and Lis Eriksen. "Recovery of live immature cyathostome larvae from the faeces of horses by Baermann technique." Veterinary Parasitology 116, no. 3 (October 2003): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.07.006.

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Berrie, D. A., I. J. East, A. S. Bourne, and K. C. Bremner. "Differential recoveries from faecal cultures of larvae of some gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle." Journal of Helminthology 62, no. 2 (June 1988): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00011330.

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ABSTRACTFaecal cultures were established using bovine faeces containing known numbers of eggs from either Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus placei, Cooperia pectinata or a mixture of all three. A substantially greater percentage of larvae was recovered from cultures of O. radiatum and C. pectinata than was recovered from cultures of H. placei. The same pattern was observed in mixed cultures although yields of larvae from all species in mixed cultures were significantly reduced (p<0·001). The lower recovery of H. placei was not associated with a lower viability of H. placei eggs. Of the three different methods of harvesting larvae, the jar and mesh recovery technique was the least effective and significantly fewer larvae were recovered with this technique than with the Baermann and inversion techniques (p<0·05). The results are discussed with reference to the use of faecal culture and larval differentiation in the diagnosis of mixed species nematode infections of cattle.

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Hurníková, Z., V. Čabanová, P. Karpjak, M. Kasenčák, and M. Miterpáková. "Rare case of Angiostrongylus vasorum intraocular infestation in an asymptomatic dog." Helminthologia 56, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0025.

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SummaryThe presented clinical observation shows an atypical case of Angiostrongylus vasorum intraocular infection in an 18-month-old male beagle from north-eastern Slovakia. The dog presented with a motile worm in the anterior chamber of the right eye. No ocular signs or symptoms of a systemic disease were observed. The faecal examination using Baermann´s technique and fl otation was negative. Diagnosis was established following surgical removal of the worm. The specimen was determined as an A. vasorum female based on morphological features and confirmed by means of PCR technique and sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, the presented manifestation is the first ocular case of angiostrongylosis with absence of typical symptoms or signs of the disease.

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Lacorcia, Lauren, Robin B. Gasser, Garry A. Anderson, and Ian Beveridge. "Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurringAelurostrongylus abstrususinfection in cats." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 235, no. 1 (July 2009): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.235.1.43.

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Son, Joung A., and Yil-Sung Moon. "Efficiency of the Baermann funnel technique as revealed by direct counts of pine wood nematodes in pine tissue." Nematology 15, no. 1 (2013): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002690.

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Abbate, Jessica M., Francesca Arfuso, Gabriella Gaglio, Ettore Napoli, Maria A. Cavalera, Salvatore Giannetto, Domenico Otranto, and Emanuele Brianti. "Larval survival of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus lungworm in cat litters." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 10 (November 12, 2018): 992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18811168.

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Objectives The dehydrating power of cat litters may reduce the vitality of first-stage larvae (L1s) of feline lungworms, limiting copromicroscopical diagnosis. This study assessed the effect of the most commonly used cat litters on Aelurostrongylus abstrusus L1 survival. Methods Four types of cat litters were used: clumpling clay (group A); non-clumpling clay (group B); silica crystals (group C); and biodegradable (group D). A control group without litter (group E) was also included. On study day 0 (T0), L1s were obtained by the Baermann–Wetzel technique from the faeces of a naturally infected cat and ~100 larvae were injected in each of the 20 lungworm larvae-free faecal samples (~2 g each). Thereafter, four faecal samples per group were transferred into plastic cups containing the four different types of cat litters, or into empty cups (group E). The survival of L1s was assessed in each group after 3 (T3), 6 (T6), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) h, using the Baermann–Wetzel technique. Results A decreasing trend of L1 survival was observed in all groups, with highest significant values at T0 compared with T3, T6, T12 and T24 ( P <0.001). However, at T24, a significantly higher number ( P <0.05) of L1s was extracted from faeces of the control group compared with the four groups with cat litters. Conclusions and relevance This study demonstrates how the survival of A abstrusus L1s, and therefore diagnosis, may be negatively influenced by the litter. The effect is time dependent, with a reduction in the number of vital larvae according to the type of litter, over time. False-negative results may be obtained, especially in cases of low parasitic load or when the sample is collected many hours after the emission.

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Edmondson, Rodney, Paul Richardson, Deena Willmott, Andrew Hart, and Steve Long. "Use of a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei to control overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in outdoor strawberry plants." Nematology 4, no. 8 (2002): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102321122548.

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AbstractThe susceptibility of overwintering black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus to a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema kraussei (isolate L137) and a commercial proprietary biopesticide, Steinernema carpocapsae (Exhibit) was assessed on outdoor potted strawberry plants. Nematodes were applied at a range of doses in early winter at a field site located in Warwickshire, England. Three months later, infestation and mortality of vine weevils were assessed. There was a clear dose response observed for S. kraussei applications. Up to 81% of vine weevil control was recorded by this nematode at the highest dose of 60 000 nematodes per pot, whereas treatments with S. carpocapsae caused no significant mortality at the dose rates used. Dissection of vine weevil larvae showed infective juveniles had developed to adults within the host. Recovery of nematodes at the end of the experiment indicated that S. kraussei (L137) was able to survive winter field conditions including prolonged exposure to low temperatures (averaging 2.7°C during the experiment) in contrast to S. carpocapsae which showed poor survival. Of the two extraction methods used, the Baermann funnel technique was found to be more efficient than Galleria mellonella baiting, with up to 44% of the original highest dose of S. kraussei nematodes being recovered by Baermann funnel compared to 8% with G. mellonella at 18°C. These results suggest S. kraussei (L137) has potential as a commercial biocontrol agent against O. sulcatus at low temperatures.

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Martins, Isabella V. F., Guilherme G. Verocai, Thais R. Correia, Raquel M. P. S. Melo, Maria Julia S. Pereira, Fabio B. Scott, and Laerte Grisi. "Survey on control and management practices of equine helminthes infection." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 3 (March 2009): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009000300011.

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Twenty-nine stud farms were selected in the Medium Paraíba region of the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. After an interview with the person responsible for the animals, faecal samples were collected from mares and analyzed via the EPG technique, faecal cultures, Sedimentation-centrifugo-flotation, and modified Ueno and Baermann techniques. The prevalence of helminths in the mares and in the stud farms was calculated. The stocking rates of pasture, change of horse bedding, absence of pasture rotation, absence of technology in the property, and less frequent treatment of the animals were associated with a greater prevalence of helminths, showing that these variables must be considered in equine control programs. The intensity of the parasitism was also associated with the stocking rate of pasture, absence of dunghill, presence of the animals only in paddocks, lack of technology in the property, less frequent treatment of the animals, and absence of the use of rotation regarding the anthelmintic class.

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Eysker, M., J. H. Boersema, and W. M. L. Hendrikx. "Recovery of different stages of Dictyocaulus viviparus from cattle lungs by a combination of a perfusion and a Baermann technique." Research in Veterinary Science 49, no. 3 (November 1990): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(90)90078-i.

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Gamar, Tarig A., Hassan H. Musa, Hisham N. Altayb, Mogeeb Kabbashi, Yassen Alsayed, and Adam D. Abakar. "Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers attending public health laboratories in Khartoum State, Sudan." F1000Research 7 (June 1, 2018): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14681.1.

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Background: Infections by intestinal pathogens especially protozoans and helminths are considered to pose a real health problem, particularly in the tropics. They cause considerable morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The high prevalence of these infections is closely correlated with poverty, poor environmental hygiene, and impoverished health services. This study aimed to detect prevalence and frequency of parasitic infections among food handlers in Khartoum Sudan. Methods: Three hundred and fifty Food-handlers, attending public health laboratories in Khartoum, Sudan, for an annual medical check-up, were screened for intestinal parasites by four laboratory techniques viz. direct faecal examination, formal-ether concentration, Baermann technique and agar culture method. Results: The infection rate was 23.7% by Formol-Ether Concentration technique, followed by direct saline stool preparation (7.1%). Out of 83 positive samples the infection rate among different nationalities was as follows: Sudanese 68 (81.9%), Ethiopians 13 (15.7%), Syrians 2 (2.4%) and Egyptians 0 (0%). Intestinal parasites were more prevalent among males (73; 25.1%) than female food handlers (10; 16.9%). Three protozoans, nematodes, two tap worms and one trematode worm were detected among infected population: their frequency were as follows: Entamoeba histolytica (7.4%), Entamoeba coli (6.86%), Giardia lamblia (6%), Schistosoma mansoni (1.40%), Necator americanus (1.43%), Hymenolepis nana (0.68%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.68%), Taenia saginata (0.57%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.57%) and Trichostrongylus species (0.29%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of protozoan infections among food handler in Khartoum state, Sudan was 20.26% while the helminthic infections was 5.97%. Formol-ether concentration technique is better for detection of intestinal parasites than the direct faecal smear technique. Likewise, Barmann’s technique confirms detection of nematodes worms especially hookworms.

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Zhao, Lilin, Wei Wei, Xinzhong Liu, Le Kang, and Jianghua Sun. "A novel rapid sampling method for pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-049.

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The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, is listed as a quarantine pest in the legislation of more than 40 countries. Rapid and accurate detection of the pinewood nematode in coniferous chips, sawn wood, and logs is critical in preventing the introduction of the nematode and forms the basis for quarantine regulations. The traditional but laborious Baermann-funnel sampling technique delays the detection of pinewood nematode. We applied the chemotactic response of pinewood nematode to its insect vector, Monochamus alternatus Hope, to develop a novel and rapid sampling method. A trap tube, baited with a blend of attractant terpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, and longifolene, 1:2.7:1.1) is shown to effectively capture third-stage dispersal juveniles of pinewood nematode from infested wood under laboratory and field conditions. Nematodes were first isolated after a 2 h trapping period, and the number of nematodes recovered increased with the duration of trapping. This chemical attraction technique is simple, effective, and rapid and should assist greatly in the detection of pinewood nematode at both ports-of-entry and forest habitats.

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Suarez, V., E. Bertoni, J. Micheloud, M. Cafrune, A. Viñabal, J. Quiroga Roger, and A. Bassanetti. "First record of Muellerius capillaris (Nematoda, Protostrongylidae) in northwestern Argentina." Helminthologia 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0243-6.

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AbstractSeven flocks of different composition of goat and/or sheep were evaluated for the presence of Muellerius capillaris (Mueller 1889) in sites of different climatic conditions and under different management practices in northwestern Argentina. The nematode was recovered and identified in four goat flocks and two mixed goat and sheep flocks. Three goat flocks and both mixed goat and sheep flocks were located in Lerma Valley (Salta), with the other goat flock located in Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy). M. capillaris was not detected in the Puna of Jujuy (3500 m a.s.l.). First-stage larvae were recovered from fecal samples using the Baermann technique. Lungs from six goats revealed numerous small pulmonary nodules and areas of emphysema, as well as a small number of M. capillaris adults. This is the first report of M. capillaris in Argentina.

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Cabanova, V., Z. Hurnikova, M. Miterpakova, K. Dirbakova, A. Bendova, and P. Kocak. "Lungworm infections in dogs from Central Europe." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 8 (August 20, 2018): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/24/2018-vetmed.

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Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis are parasites in the respiratory tract of domestic and wild carnivores. Recently, an increasing number of lungworm infections in dogs has been recognized in Europe. In this report, the results of the first copro-epidemiological study of A. vasorum and C. vulpis in dogs from Slovakia are presented. The Baermann technique and the modified flotation method with zinc sulphate solution (specific gravity 1.2) was used for lungworm detection. In addition, conventional PCR was performed for species confirmation. The majority of lungworm infections were found in the eastern part of the country. A relatively high prevalence (4.13%) of A. vasorum was detected in different parts of Slovakia. Infection was detected most frequently incidentally in asymptomatic dogs. Within this study, crenosomosis was detected for the first time in dogs from Slovakia. Since one infected dog had no travel history, the case is considered autochthonous. An autochthonous case report of angiostrongylosis in a Hanoverian hound puppy from central Slovakia is also described.

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Bauer, Benjamin U., William E. Pomroy, Julien Gueydon, Samuel Gannac, Ian Scott, and Kurt Pfister. "Comparison of the FLOTAC technique with the McMaster method and the Baermann technique to determine counts of Dictyocaulus eckerti L1 and strongylid eggs in faeces of red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Parasitology Research 107, no. 3 (May 26, 2010): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1893-z.

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DEMIASZKIEWICZ, ALEKSANDER W., ANNA M. PYZIEL, KATARZYNA FILIP-HUTSCH, MACIEJ JANUSZCZAK, and WANDA OLECH. "Parasitological monitoring of European bison in the Bieszczady Mountains." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 2 (2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6363.

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The aim of our study was to determine the level of parasitic infections in European bison (Bison bonasus) in the Bieszczady Mountains on the basis of coprological methods: flotation, decantation and the Baermann technique. 429 faecal samples were collected from European bison in the following Forest Districts: Baligród, Komańcza, Lutowiska, Stuposiany, Lesko and Cisna. Examination of faeces revealed the presence of eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes from the Trichostrongylidae family, as well as Nematodirus sp., Aonchotheca sp. and Trichuris sp., larvae of lung nematodes Dictyocaulus viviparus, eggs of tapeworms Moniezia sp. and oocysts of 7 species of coccidia, belonging to the genus Eimeria (E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. pellita, E. bukidnonensis, E. subspherica, E. ellipsoidalis and E. brasiliensis). The population of European bison in the Bieszczady Mountains turned out to be the only free-living herd not infected with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. The level of parasitic infections, observed during present study, was low and did not indicate clinical signs of parasitic disease, thus it did not require deworming.

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Santos, Claudia Navarro dos, Luciene Soares de Souza, Vivian Suane de Freitas Vieira, Jairo Pinheiro, and Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo Rodrigues. "Cyathostomin larvae: presence on Brachiaria humidicola grass during the rainy and dry seasons of Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 21, no. 1 (March 2012): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612012000100006.

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The presence of cyathostomin larvae is directly associated to climatic conditions of each region. This study aimed to evaluate the ecology of infective larvae on Brachiaria humidicola during the dry and rainy seasons from October 2007 to September 2008 in a tropical region, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Stools were collected from the rectum of horses naturally infected with cyathostomins at the beginning of the rainy season (October to March) and dry season (April to September). They were divided into four samples of 500 g and deposited on a grass patch of B. humidicola. Seven days later and every 15 days thereafter samples of feces and grass were collected and processed by the Baermann technique. The mean number of larvae recovered from the grass varied according to the season, with greater recovery of larvae during the peak of the dry season (14,700 L3.kg-¹ DM). There was a statistically significant difference between L3 recovered from feces and grass, but not between L3 recovered from the grass base and apex. These results show that the region’s climate favors the development and survival of infective cyathostomin larvae throughout the year, with a greater number of larvae during the dry season.

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Matos, B., V. Colella, A. M. Alho, D. Otranto, R. Doyle, and L. Madeira de Carvalho. "Crenosoma vulpis infection in a four-month old puppy." Helminthologia 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2016-0027.

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Summary Here we report the case of a diagnostic and treatment challenge in a four-month old dog from England, presented with one-month history of unproductive cough. Antigen blood test for Angiostrongylus vasorum infection was negative. Thoracic radiographs revealed a generalised bronchointerstitial pattern and bronchoscopy showed moving nematodes in the mucus of the bronchial wall. Additionally, Baermann technique revealed a high burden of larvae per gram of faeces. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed that they were first stage larvae of Crenosoma vulpis. The infection was firstly treated with a spot-on solution containing 10% imidacloprid + 2.5% moxidectin, but the dog was still positive after 13 days. Therefore, a seven-day course of fenbendazole was prescribed. This represents one of the youngest dogs ever reported naturally infected by C. vulpis. The scant number of reported cases of crenosomosis has led practitioners to consider it as a rare parasitic disease in dogs, delaying a correct and targeted on-time diagnosis. Further studies are needed to perceive the real prevalence of this lungworm and to understand if it is a rare parasite or just rarely diagnosed.

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H., Ranjana Devi, Nabakumar Singh Th., Anand Singh L., and R. K. Gambhir Singh. "Enteric parasitosis and its correlation with CD4 count in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192901.

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Background: The gastrointestinal tract of the HIV/AIDS patient (s) is harboured by a number of luminal extracellular and intracellular parasites. These parasites are responsible for deteriorating and worsening the general health condition(s) of these immunocompromised groups of patients. Moreover, these parasitic infections are often correlated with the CD4 counts of the individuals. Therefore, with a view to assess the relationship between the presence of parasitic infection and that of the CD4 count, the present work is being undertaken.Methods: The study was conducted in the Parasitology section of the department of Life Sciences, Manipur University and CD4 count unit of Microbiology Department, RIMS hospital Imphal from 34 HIV positive Antiretroviral treatment (ART) naive patients, aged between 19 to 50 years. The samples were taken from the patients only after obtaining a signed consent form . Techniques like normal saline method, iodine wet preparation method, formol ethyl acetate concentration technique, Baermann modified funnel technique, modified Ziehl Neelsen staining technique and adhesive cellophane tape method were employed for the present investigation.Results: The present study reveals that patients with CD4 count <200 cells/μl were harbouring only two parasites (Cryptosporidium sp and G. lamblia) whereas individuals with CD4 count within the range of 200-500 cells/μl were observed to have harboured G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium sp, E.histolytica, hookworm, S. stercoralis and A. lumbricoides. On the other hand, enteric parasites associated with CD4 count >500 cells/μl included G. lamblia, hookworm, E. vermicularis and S. stercoralis.Conclusions: The present study shows that occurrence of intestinal parasitism is independent of CD4 count in HIV infected patients. Therefore, based on the present findings, it may be suggested that irrespective of CD4 count(s) and whether the patient experiences diarrhoea or not, regular monitoring of the HIV patient(s) for the presence of enteric parasitosis by adopting standard laboratory protocols should be encouraged for maintaining a healthy life of the people living with HIV/AIDS.

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Marques, Jacó Pereira, Catarina de Rezende Guimarães, Ailton Vilas Boas, Paulo Usignolo Carnaúba, and Josué de Moraes. "Contamination of public parks and squares from Guarulhos (São Paulo State, Brazil ) by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 54, no. 5 (October 2012): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652012000500006.

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The contaminated soil with mammal feces is an important factor of risk to infection with zoonotic diseases. Amongst these zoonoses are visceral larva migrans and cutaneous larva migrans caused by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp., respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs and hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) in public parks and squares in the city of Guarulhos, a metropolitan area of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected, between September and December 2010, and examined using the centrifugal flotation technique with sodium dichromate and zinc sulphate as well as the modified Baermann method. Notably, 35 (74.5%) of the 47 districts surveyed in Guarulhos possessed samples contaminated with Toxocara spp. and/or eggs or larvae of Ancylostoma spp. The frequency of Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. in the samples from public areas was 68.1% and 46.8%, respectively. Overall, the eastern side of Guarulhos is the region with the highest occurrence of causative agents of larva migrans. In all collection sites, the presence of feces from dogs and cats accompanied by their owners and stray animals were observed. Notably, it is important to adopt measures to control dog and cat breeding, to treat infected animals, and provide health education to the population.

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Rodríguez-Martínez, Rosalia, Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives, Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino, María Eugenia López-Arellano, Marcela Gamboa-Angulo, Greta Hanako Rosas-Saito, Manuela Reyes-Estébanez, and Virginia Guadalupe García-Rubio. "In Vitro Lethal Activity of the Nematophagous Fungus Clonostachys rosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against Nematodes of Five Different Taxa." BioMed Research International 2018 (March 20, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3501827.

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This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro lethal activity of the nematophagous fungi Clonostachys rosea against 5 nematodes species belonging to different taxa. Two groups of 35 Petri dishes (PD) each were divided into 5 series of 7 (PD). Group 1 (series 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) contained only water agar; meanwhile group 2 plates (series 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) contained C. rosea cultures growth on water agar. Every plate from the two groups was added with 500 nematodes corresponding to the following genera/specie: Haemonchus contortus, Caenorhabditis elegans, Rhabditis sp., Panagrellus redivivus, and Butlerius sp. After 5-day incubation at room temperature, free (nontrapped) larvae were recovered from plates using the Baermann funnel technique. Recovered nematodes were counted and compared with their proper controls. Results shown an important reduction percentage of the nematode population attributed to the fungal lethal activity as follows: H. contortus (L3) 87.7%; C. elegans 94.7%; Rhabditis sp. 71.9%; P. redivivus 92.7%; and Butlerius sp. 100% (p≤0.05). The activity showed by C. rosea against the H. contortus can be crucial for further studies focused to the biological control of sheep haemonchosis, although the environmental impact against beneficial nematodes should be evaluated.

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Onesiforus, Benaya Yamin, Indra E. Lalangpuling, Mahardika A. Wijayanti, and E. Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati. "Correlation of Nutritional Status with Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Children Under Five Years in Kokar Public Health Center, Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 8, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v8i3.12570.

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Malnutrition can reduce immune response particularly in cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) production and immune eﬀector (eosinophil, IgE, and mast cell), thus increasing the probability of intestinal nematode infection. Through this study, intestinal nematode infections occurred among children under five years, at diﬀerent nutrition status, in Kokar Public Health center, Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara was captured. Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis were studied as both of them have devastating impacts compare to other helminthes compare to other helminths. This study is a cross- sectional study with a quote sampling technique. As many as 238 children, aged 12-59 months living in Kokar’s Public Health Center area, Alor regency were recruited in this study i.e. 7.7% severely underweight, 19.2% underweight, 70.5% normal and 2.6% overweight. Data were collected in August - October 2016. Hookworm and S. stercoralis infection were determined from collected fecal samples of all subjects using either Baermann test, Koga Agar Plate (KAP), or Harada- Mori culture method. The prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis infection was 8.82%, and 0,42%. Correlation between nutritional status and hookworm infection were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test with p value = 0.54 (p > 0.05). Prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis among children under five years in Kokar were 8.82% and 0.42%. There was no significant correlation between nutritional status with hookworm infection prevalence.

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McKeown, Alan W., John W. Potter, Mary Gartshore, and Peter Carson. "Native Sand-prairie Plants That are Poor Hosts for Pratylenchus penetrans." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 830F—830. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.830f.

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Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb) are well-adapted to sandy soils and have a host range including most agronomic, horticultural, and wild species grown in Ontario. As native climax sand-prairie species have coexisted with the nematode for millennia, resistance or tolerance may have developed. We have screened using the Baermann pan technique, soil samples taken from a private collection of sand-prairie species collected from local prairie remnants. Several species [Liatris cylindracea Michx., Monarda punctata L., Pycnanthemum virginianum L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench] proved to be excellent hosts (>500/kg of soil) of root lesion nematode, confirming the presence of this nematode in the soil. Over two seasons, we determined that 10 plant species belonging to the families Asclepiadaceae, Compositae, Graminae, and Leguminosae to support very low numbers of P. penetrans. Brown-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.) had no root lesion nematodes throughout both seasons, Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.) very low counts, while Switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Indian grass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] had detectable root lesion nematodes on only one sampling date each year. Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Little Bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx) Nash], Sand Dropseed [Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray], Side-oats Grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.)) Torr], Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.), Bush clover [Lespedeza capitata (Michx] also are poor hosts. These species have potential as cover or rotation crops useful for nematode management.

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Costa, João Lory, Ana Margarida Alho, Lídia Gomes, Ana Eiras, Telmo Nunes, Gonçalo Vicente, Patrícia Lopes, and Luís Madeira de Carvalho. "Antineoplastic Chemotherapy and its Effects on the Gastrointestinal Parasitism of the Dog." Open Parasitology Journal 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874421401806010096.

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Background: In veterinary medicine, an increasing incidence of neoplastic diseases has been followed by a growth in the use of chemotherapeutic drugs, often associated with opportunistic infections. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, as well as their evolution throughout the protocol and respective effects of chemotherapy on dogs’ lifestyle. Methods: Faecal samples were collected in a group of 30 dogs being treated for neoplastic diseases under different protocols, previous (G1) and during chemotherapy (G2). In total, 60 samples were analysed by Willis flotation, natural sedimentation, Baermann technique and faecal smear stained with Ziehl-Neelsen. A survey to characterize animal lifestyles and deworming care were also conducted with dog’s tutors. Results: In total, there were two positive samples for the protozoan Giardia sp., one of which is in association with the nematode Toxascaris leonina. The two dogs only obtained positive results during chemotherapy (G2). An overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases of 6.7%, in G2, and 0%, in G1, was obtained. Conclusion: The low parasite prevalence has not allowed the evaluation of an association between the use of antineoplastic compounds and infections by gastrointestinal parasites. However, it was concluded that the studied groups were efficiently dewormed, as well as they did not experience any obvious changes in their parasitological component and its lifestyle.

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Ciopașiu, Roxana Mihaela, Elena Florina Berbece, Mariana Ioniță, and Ioan Liviu Mitrea. "Clinical and Epidemiological Study on Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus Infection in Cats, Romania; Preliminary Data." “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0064.

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Abstract The lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) is a parasite of domestic and wild felids with worldwide distribution. The parasite lives in bronchioles and alveolar ducts, and its presence is associated with respiratory clinical signs. Cat lungworms are still considered by many clinicians sporadic and rarely are taken into account in the cat pathology. Therefore, in this paper we present a clinical and epidemiological study on cats with natural A. abstrusus infection. For this, 131 cats, with exclusive outdoor or outdoor and indoor access, of different gender (49 males, 82 females) and age (between 2 months and 11 years), from Southern and Center Romania, were included in the study. Of them, individual fresh faecal samples were collected and analyzed to identify first-stage larvae (L1) of lungworms, using a Baermann technique, and eggs/oocysts of other endoparasites, by a flotation method. Subsequently, of the examined samples, 6.10% (8/131) were positive for A. abstrusus. The positive cats aged between 3 months and 2 years. Of them, 3 cats were co-infected: two with Toxocara cati and one with Ancylostoma tubaeforme. Clinically, 75% (6/8) of the infected cats displayed respiratory signs varying from mild (sporadic coughing, sneezing) (n=3) to severe symptoms (mucopurulent nasal discharge, abdominal breathing) (n=3), while 25% (2/8) showed no respiratory signs. The three cats with severe respiratory disease were infected only with A.abstrusus. In conclusion, veterinary practitioners should include Aelurostrongylus infection in the differential diagnosis of catʼs respiratory pathology.

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Saidi, A., R. Mimouni, F. Hamadi, and W. Oubrou. "Coprological survey of protostrongylid infections in antelopes from Souss-Massa National Park (Morocco)." Helminthologia 57, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0045.

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SummaryProtostrongylids, small nematode lungworms, are an integral part of the wild ruminant helminth community, which can damage animals’ health when they are held in captivity or semi-captive conditions. The Sahelo-Saharan antelope species dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), and the addax (Addax nasomacculatus), reintroduced to Souss-Massa National Park in Morocco, could be host to many species of Protostrongylids. This study was conducted from January to July 2015 to identify infecting parasite species, and determine their prevalence and abundance in all three antelope species. A total of 180 individual fecal samples were collected, morphologically examined by the Baermann technique, and molecularly identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS-2).Two parasite species were found in the three antelope populations: Muellerius capillaris and Neostrongylus linearis. The prevalence scores recorded for M. capillaris were 98.40 % in the addax, 96.70 % in dorcas gazelle, and 28.40 % in the oryx. The prevalence rates of N. linearis were 60 % in the addax, 23.40 % in dorcas gazelle, and 90 % in the oryx. Excreted larvae were quantified by LPG (larvae per gram) counting: for M. capillaris, the LPG mean values were 92.94 in the addax, 133.09 in dorcas gazelle, and 1.48 in the oryx; and for N. linearis, the LPG mean values were 6.02 in the addax, 1.37 in dorcas gazelle, and 32.81 in the oryx. These findings indicate that the three species of antelopes are infected with Muellerius capillaris and Neostrongylus linearis to varying degrees in intensity and prevalence.

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Bird, J., M. Larsen, P. Nansen, H. O. Kraglund, J. Grønvold, S. A. Henriksen, and J. Wolstrup. "Dung-derived biological agents associated with reduced numbers of infective larvae of equine strongyles in faecal cultures." Journal of Helminthology 72, no. 1 (March 1998): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00000924.

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AbstractTwo sets of dung-derived organisms from soil routinely fertilized with manure (MA) and soil chemically fertilized (CH) were cultured separately in the laboratory. Baermannized organisms from these cultures were added to 20 g of faeces from strongyle-infected horses to form three treatment groups: (i) no soil organisms; (ii) low inoculum of soil organisms containing all organisms present in a suspension of approximately 100 adult female free-living nematodes; and (iii) high inoculum containing those soil organisms present with approximately 1000 adult female free-living nematodes. Three studies were conducted using MA cultures and faeces containing 50 strongyle epg, CH cultures and faeces containing 1500 strongyle epg, and a mixture of soil organisms from the two cultures (MC) and faeces containing 600 strongyle epg. Within each study, five control cultures and 15 each of low and high inoculum cultures were prepared and incubated at 24°C and 95% humidity in a climate chamber for 15 days. Parasitic and free-living nematodes were then recovered by the Baermann technique and counted. The numbers of third stage larvae were significantly lower in the high inoculum group compared to controls. The percent reductions in the number of third stage larvae for the low and high inoculum groups were 63.6% and 90.9%, 85.1% and 97.1%, 84.5% and 98.4% for MA, CH, and MC studies, respectively, indicating that mortality increased with the number of soil organisms added to cultures. Examination of the source cultures detected the presence of two species of nematophagous fungi and three genera of free-living nematodes reported to be predacious.

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Cervone, M., A. Giannelli, D. Rosenberg, S. Perrucci, and D. Otranto. "Filaroidosis infection in an immunocompetent adult dog from France." Helminthologia 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0058.

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Summary A dog from Paris (France) was referred with a 2-week history of dry cough, intermittent acute onset of dyspnoea, and acute abdominal pain. A generalised bronchoalveolar infiltrate with a patchy distribution was observed at chest x-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans. Negative results were obtained through several faecal examinations for cardiorespiratory nematodes by using the Baermann technique and at two blood analysis with a commercially available test for the detection of A. vasorum antigen (the first one at the first visit and second one at the control visit, one month later). PCR methods for the identification of A. vasorum and C. vulpis were also accomplished. At the control visit, nematode L1s were found during direct microscopic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Thus, a different antigen-based assay for the detection of A. vasorum was performed with a positive result. Moreover, based on morphology, isolated larvae were identified as Filaroides hirthi. The dog was treated with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg per os once daily) for two consecutive weeks. After five months, the dog was referred again for the intermittent acute onset of dyspnoea and was found to be still positive for F. hirthi larvae at BALF examination. A 15-day treatment regimen with fenbendazole in combination with three subcutaneous injections of ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg, once every two weeks), was then performed. No larvae were detected at two BALF microscopical examinations performed one month apart. Results from this case report underline the importance of including F. hirthi infections in the differential diagnosis of dog bronchopneumonia.

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Elati, Khawla, Sabrine Aloui, Mokhtar Dhibi, Mourad Rekik, and Mohamed Gharbi. "Seasonal variation of lungworm infestation of ewes at Sidi Bouzid slaughterhouse (Central Tunisia)." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 70, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31529.

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Les strongyloses respiratoires sont parmi les plus importantes maladies affectant les ovins élevés dans divers systèmes d’élevage de nombreux pays. En Tunisie, la lutte contre ces parasites est conduite par les éleveurs sans aucun fondement scientifique. Une enquête a été réalisée dans l’abattoir du gouvernorat de Sidi Bouzid (centre du pays) afin d’évaluer la prévalence d’infestation des moutons par les strongles respiratoires. L’étude a duré 12 mois et a concerné 720 des brebis abattues. La matière fécale de chaque brebis a été recueillie et examinée par la technique de Baermann. Soixante-huit échantillons étaient infestés par des larves de nématodes pulmonaires (9,4 ± 2,1 %). La population était dominée par Protostrongylus rufescens (4,4 ± 1,5 %) suivie de Dictyocaulus filaria (2,6 ± 1,2 %), Cystocaulus ocreatus et Neostrongylus linearis (1,3 ± 0,8 %), et enfin Muellerius capillaris (0,3 ± 0,4 %), alors que les infestations mixtes concernaient 0,4 ± 0,5 % des échantillons. L’infestation par les strongles a été observée dans tous les groupes d’âge sans différence significative (p = 0,64). Il n’y a pas eu, non plus, de différence d’infestation significative entre les brebis de races Barbarine (10,8 ± 3,6 %) et Queue fine de l’Ouest (8,5 ± 2,6 % ; p = 0,31). La prévalence la plus faible a été enregistrée au printemps (6,7 ± 3,6 %) et la plus élevée en hiver (11,7 ± 4,8 %), mais la différence entre les saisons n’était pas significative (p = 0,32). Cette étude concernant la dynamique d’activité des strongles pulmonaires devrait être complétée par des suivis permettant de déterminer l’importance économique de ces infestations, afin d’offrir une base solide à la mise en place de programmes de lutte spécifiques contre ces parasites en Tunisie.

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Henmi, Valerie H., and Sharadchandra P. Marahatta. "Impacts of Sunnhemp and Piegon Pea on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp., and Beneficial Bacterivorous Nematodes." International Journal of Phytopathology 4, no. 1 (May 2, 2015): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.004.01.1069.

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Plant-parasitic nematodes such as burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) are dominant in the banana, Musa spp., ecosystem. Beneficial nematodes such as bacterivores are also found in banana fields. A tropical cover crop, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) (SH), can be used to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes and enhance beneficial bacterivorous nematodes. However, SH cultivation in Hawaii is under the threat of the flour beetle. Thus, two experiments: Trial-I and Trial-II were conducted to compare the effects of another tropical cover crop, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (PP) with SH and no-cover crop control (CC) on R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. suppression and beneficial bacterivorous nematodes enhancement. In both experiments soils infested with R. similis and Meloidogyne were sampled and amended with cover crop treatments (SH or PP) or CC and kept for two weeks. At the end of each experiment, nematodes were extracted through the Baermann funnel technique. The results of Trial-I and Trial- II showed that SH and PP did not reduce R. similis number (P 0.05). However, Meloidogyne numbers were reduced by SH and PP in Trial-I (P 0.05). In Trial II, Meloidogyne was not found in SH and PP. In both experiments, SH consistently increased beneficial bacterivorous nematodes number (P 0.05). Cover crop PP increased beneficial bacterivorous nematode numbers in Trial -I (P 0.05), but not in Trial –II (P 0.05). However, the trends associated with the numbers of beneficial nematodes were consistently higher in PP compared to CC. Farmers could choose PP as an alternate to SH, as a cover crop for Meloidogyne suppression and beneficial nematode enhancement.

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TOMCZUK, KRZYSZTOF, KLAUDIUSZ SZCZEPANIAK, MARTA DEMKOWSKA-KUTRZEPA, MONIKA ROCZEŃ-KARCZMARZ, ANDRZEJ JUNKUSZEW, TOMASZ GRUSZECKI, LESZEK DROZD, MIROSŁAW KARPIŃSKI, and MARIA STUDZIŃSKA. "Occurrence of internal parasites in cattle in various management systems in South-East Poland." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 8 (2018): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6105.

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The changes in the cattle farming system in Poland observed in the last two decades and related to its evolution into massive scale, specialized farming may have an influence on the occurrence of parasitoses. The study was aimed at showing differences in the prevalence of internal parasites in cattle depending on the herd size, management system and production type. In the period of October to December in 2016 and 2017, the study covered 46 farms with a livestock density from 2 to 160 animals (over 1 year of age), including 25 farms with a confined management system, 12 farms using pastures occasionally and 7 farms with animals using pastures during the whole season. Out of these farms, 36 were oriented towards dairy cattle and 10 to beef cattle. The analytical methods involved flotation, sedimentation and the Baermann technique. In total, 276 feces samples were analyzed. The analysis involved a representative number of samples from each farm, depending on the herd size: from 100% of the animals in the smallest farms to 10% in the largest ones. In total, eleven different taxa of parasites were identified, and their general prevalence was as follows: Eimeria spp. 24.6%, Buxtonella sulcata 25.7%, Strongyloides papillosus 7.6%, gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylidae, Chabertia, Oesophagostomum) 35.1%, Nematodirus spp. 4.7%, Bunostomum phlebotomum 7.6%, Trichuris spp. 6.2%, Fasciola hepatica 6.9%, Paramphistomum spp 2.5%, Moniezia spp. 2.9%, Dictyocaulus viviparus 2.5%. The forms of parasites were found in samples coming from all studied herds. Invasions of protozoa (Eimeria, Buxtonella) were most commonly found in dairy cattle, in large herds managed in a free stall barn system and in beef cattle, in large herds managed in a pasture system. These herds were also most frequently infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The invasions of trematodes, tapeworms and pulmonary nematodes were detected only in cattle using pastures, most commonly in large herds..

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Cezaro, Marcela C., José H. Neves, José R. L. M. Cury, Felipe M. Dalanezi, Raphaela M. Oliveira, João C. P. Ferreira, Vitoldo A. K. Neto, and Elizabeth M. S. Schmidt. "Gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes in calves naturally infected in the cities of Botucatu and Manduri, in the Brazilian state of São Paulo." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 7 (July 2018): 1286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5225.

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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal and pulmonary parasites in calves and to evaluate seasonal and age patterns in parasitism. For this, we used 140 clinically healthy crossbreed calves (two to 12 months old) that belonged to two private farms in the municipalities of Botucatu (n=53) and Manduri (n=87), São Paulo state, Brazil. The calves were monitored for 12 months (from September 2014 to August 2015). Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum every three months. Fecal egg counts were determined using the modified McMaster technique with a sensitivity of 50 eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Coproculture was performed on pooled samples to identify Strongylida infective larvae. First-stage larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus were extracted by a modified Baermann method. The data showed non-normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk) and the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis test was employed to evaluate the EPG data by seasons and age groups. Dunn’s post-test was used for multiple comparisons (P<0.05). The calves from Manduri farm showed significantly higher fecal egg counts (P<0.0001) in the winter when compared to other seasons. At Botucatu farm, young calves (2-3 months old) showed significantly higher EPG than old calves (8-12 months) (P=0.01). The prevalence and overall mean of animals positive for Strongylida type-eggs were 81.1% and 340 in Botucatu, respectively, versus 83.9% and 854 in Manduri, respectively. Furthermore, we found Strongyloides spp., Moniezia spp., and Trichuris spp. eggs and Eimeria spp. oocysts. The prevalent genera in all coprocultures in decreasing order were: Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., and Trichostrongylus spp. First-stage larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus were found only in Botucatu farm samples throughout the year, except in spring.

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Wu, H. Y., Z. Z. Jia, J. Liu, J. Luo, and D. L. Peng. "First Report of Pratylenchus neglectus on Winter Wheat in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 1 (January 2013): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0332-pdn.

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Root-lesion nematodes are major pathogens of wheat and have been reported in the United States, Mexico, India, Australia, Egypt, Canary Islands, South Africa, Iran, Japan, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and Yugoslavia (1). They can also cause injury in a large number of crops, including grasses, cereal grains, and vegetables. In 2009 and 2010, a survey was conducted for nematodes in winter wheat fields near Taian city, Shandong, northern China. Root tissues were stained via the acid fuchsin tissue stain technique, and nematode numbers were recorded under a stereo microscope. Sixty-eight root samples were collected during the winter wheat growing season, and root lesion nematode was found in all samples. The highest average lesion nematode populations in fresh roots were 154.3 nematodes/g in 2009 and 236.7 nematodes/g in 2010. Nematodes were collected from infested wheat roots by a modified Baermann funnel method. Dimensions of the nematodes were: length, 0.42 to 0.54 mm; a, 18.8 to 24.2; b, 4.4 to 5.7; c, 19.8 to 25.4; V, 80.4 to 84.8; and spear, 17.1 to 18.9 μm. DNA was extracted from individual nematodes using liquid nitrogen. Amplification of rDNA-internal transcribed spacer region using the forward primers 5′-CGTAACAAGGTAGCTGTAG-3′ and the reverse primer 5′-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3′ yielded a PCR fragment of approximately 900 bp. PCR products were purified using Universal Plant DNA Purification Kit (Tiangen, China) and ligated to the pMD18-T vector system (TaKaRa Bio, Japan) and transformed to E. coli strain DH5α. Plasmid DNA carrying the insert was extracted and used as the template for DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing was carried out in an ABI 3730, compared and aligned using MEGA 5.0. Sequences showed 96% sequence identity with those of Pratylenchus neglectus (GenBank Accession No. FR692291.1). The sequence was submitted to the GenBank database (JX228136). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. neglectus infesting winter wheat in China. P. neglectus has been reported as causing economically significant damage to wheat production of up to 70% yield loss in the Pacific Northwest. Damage from lesion nematode may therefore be potentially significant to wheat production in Shandong Province, and further information should be obtained on its prevalence. References: (1) P. A. A. Loof. The family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949. W. R. Nickle, ed., Manual of Agricultural Nematol. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1991. (2) R. W. Smiley et al. J. Nematol. 37:45, 2005.

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Willcox, Henry Percy, and José Rodrigues Coura. "The efficiency of Lutz, Kato-Katz and Baermann-Moraes (adapted) techniques association to the diagnosis of intestinal helmints." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86, no. 4 (December 1991): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761991000400015.

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Krolewiecki, Alejandro J., Roshan Ramanathan, Valeria Fink, Isabel McAuliffe, Silvana P. Cajal, Kimberly Won, Marisa Juarez, et al. "Improved Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis Using Recombinant Antigen-Based Serologies in a Community-Wide Study in Northern Argentina." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 10 (August 25, 2010): 1624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00259-10.

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ABSTRACT The serodiagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on crude antigen (CrAg-ELISA), while useful, has been limited by the reliance on crude parasite extracts. Newer techniques such as the luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay (LIPS), based on a 31-kDa recombinant antigen (termed NIE) from S. stercoralis and/or the recombinant antigen S. stercoralis immunoreactive antigen (SsIR), or the NIE-ELISA have shown promise in controlled settings. We compared each of these serologic assays in individuals from both regions of the world in which S. stercoralis is endemic and those in which it is not. A comprehensive stool evaluation (sedimentation concentration, Baermann concentration with charcoal cultures, agar plate, and Harada-Mori) and four different serologic techniques using CrAg-ELISA or recombinant NIE-ELISA as well as LIPS using NIE alone or in combination with a second recombinant antigen (NIE/SsIR-LIPS) were compared among individuals with parasitologically proven infection (n = 251) and healthy controls from regions of the world in which the infection is nonendemic (n = 11). Accuracy was calculated for each assay. The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was 29.4% among Argentinean stool samples (n = 228). Sedimentation concentration and Baermann were the most sensitive stool-based methods. NIE-LIPS showed the highest sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (100%) of the serologic assays. The calculated negative predictive value was highest for both the NIE-LIPS and CrAg-ELISA (>97%) irrespective of disease prevalence. No cross-reactivity with soil-transmitted helminths was noted. NIE-LIPS compares favorably against the current CrAg-ELISA and stool evaluation, providing additional accuracy and ease of performance in the serodiagnosis of S. stercoralis infections irrespective of disease prevalence.

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Snyder, Paul W., John T. Hogg, and Vanessa O. Ezenwa. "COMPARISON OF MODIFIED FLOTAC AND BAERMANN TECHNIQUES FOR QUANTIFYING LUNGWORM LARVAE IN FREE-RANGING BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) FECES, MONTANA, USA." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51, no. 4 (October 2015): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2014-10-244.

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Coaglio, Aytube Lucas, Lanuze Rose Mozzer, Deborah Negrão Corrêa, Cíntia Aparecida De Jesus Pereira, and Walter Dos Santos Lima. "EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR RECOVERY OF Angiostrongylus vasorum FROM Achatina fulica, A POTENTIAL INTERMEDIATE HOST." Revista de Patologia Tropical 45, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v45i1.40272.

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Moluscos são hospedeiros intermediários de Angiotrongylus vasorum, parasito com potencial zoonótico que tem os canídeos como hospedeiro definitivo. Neste trabalho, foram seccionados os tecidos de 180 espécimes de Achatina fulica infectados com 1.000 L1 de A. vasorum, os quais foram submetidos às seguintes técnicas: hidróxido de potássio 1% (grupo I), ácido clorídrico 3% (grupo II), ácido clorídrico e pepsina 1% (grupo III) em banho-maria a 37 °C e Baermann a 42 °C (grupo IV). No primeiro, oitavo e trigésimo dias após infecção (dpi), foram obtidos L1, L2 e L3, e 240 L3 recuperadas do grupo III foram fornecidas a um cão. Os resultados mostraram no grupo I: 59% L1, 7% L2 e 13% L3; no grupo II: 31% L1, 13% L2 e 27% L3, no grupo III: 23% L1, 22% L2 e 30% L3 e no grupo IV: 0,3% L1, 0,02% L2 e 5% L3. Observaram-se larvas vivas no grupo III: 15,5% L1 e 8,22% L3; no grupo II: 9,8% L3 e no grupo IV: 100% L1, L2 e L3. No 56° dpi, encontrou-se L1 nas fezes do cão. Pelas técnicas avaliadas, foram recuperados e identificados todos os estádios de A. vasorum intramolusco, confirmando o potencial de A. fulica como hospedeiro intermediário do nematoide.

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Hailu, Tadesse, Endalkachew Nibret, Arancha Amor, Abaineh Munshea, and Melaku Anegagrie. "Efficacy of Single Dose Ivermectin Against Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Among Primary School Children in Amhara National Regional State." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 13 (January 2020): 117863372093254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633720932544.

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Background: Ivermectin has been proven to be highly effective against Strongyloides stercoralis in some countries. However, its single dose (200 μg/kg) efficacy has not been proven up until now in Ethiopia. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of single dose ivermectin against S. stercoralis infection among school children. Methods: Stool sample was collected from April 2019 to December 2019 among 844 school children and screened by formol ether concentration, spontaneous tube sedimentation, Baermann concentration, and agar plate techniques. Single oral dose (200 μg/kg) ivermectin was given to 101 S. stercoralis–infected student and posttreatment diagnosis was done for 92 students after 2 weeks. Results: Of the total 92 S. stercoralis–infected students who took ivermectin treatment, 87 were negative with cure rate of 94.6%. No side effect of ivermectin was observed. Conclusion: Single dose ivermectin is an effective dose in uncomplicated chronic strongyloidiasis.

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SZCZEPANIAK, KLAUDIUSZ, PAULINA LEŚNIAK, MARIA STUDZIŃSKA, MONIKA ROCZEŃ-KARCZMARZ, MARTA DEMKOWSKA-KUTRZEPA, ANDRZEJ JUNKUSZEW, and KRZYSZTOF TOMCZUK. "Occurrence of larvae of Metastrongyloidea in feaces of cats from southeastern Poland." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 10 (2019): 6299–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6299.

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Faecal samples from 716 cats from Poland, were examined for lungworm larvae (Metastrongyloidea) by flotation, sedimentation and Baermann techniques between January 2016 and April 2019 year. In total, 1.1% (8/716; CI ± 95% 0.3-1.9) of cats shed lungworm larvae. In the animals examined, infections with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus predominated (7 positive samples), while larvae of Troglostrongylus brevior were detected in only one sample. These invasions were more prevalent in animals under 6 months of age (3.0%) (6/201; CI ± 95%; 0.6-5.4) than in those older than one year (0.4%) (2/515; CI ± 95% 0.0-0.9). Overall, a distinct seasonal pattern was apparent in the detection of infected cats, but annual volatility was not observed. A relatively large proportion of lungworm-infected cats (4 out of 8) had pulmonary syndromes, which indicates that these parasitic diseases should be considered in differential diagnosis of any inflammations of the respiratory system, especially in young animals.

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Gamar, Tarig A., Hassan H. Musa, Hisham N. Altayb, Mohamed H. Mohamed, and Adam D. Abakar. "Molecular characterization of hookworm spp. isolated from food handlers, Khartoum, Sudan: A cross-sectional study." F1000Research 7 (May 24, 2018): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14683.1.

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Background: Hookworms infect the intestines, cause an itchy rash, respiratory and gastrointestinal problems, and eventually iron deficiency (anaemia) due to the ongoing loss of blood. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and molecular characterization of hookworms isolated from food handlers attending the Public Health Laboratories in Khartoum state, Sudan, for annual check-ups, and to assess the efficiency of PCR as molecular probe for hookworm infection. Methods: A total of 350 foods handlers’ participant's stool samples who were not suspected to be infected with hookworms were studied. Conventional methods were applied to make an early diagnosis. Stool samples were collected from public health laboratories (the public health lab in the Medical Commission) of Khartoum State; Omdurman locality, Khartoum North locality and Khartoum locality between October 2016 and April 2017. Specific identification was made by PCR on specimens identified as positive by Baermann’s technique, which were then sequence and genotyped Results: The prevalence of hookworms in the stool samples of food-handlers was 1.43%. One larval specimen recovered by Baermann’s technique was confirmed to be Necator americanus by PCR. PCR also confirmed that Necator americanus was the common species isolated from four further specimens. The results of DNA sequencing for Necator americanus were deposited in NCBI GenBank under the following accession numbers: sample 91, MH035824; sample 92, MH035825; sample 294, MH035826; and sample 319 MH035827. Conclusion: PCR was found to be effective for confirmation of the diagnosis of hookworm infection and can aid the clinician in initiating prompt and appropriate antiparasite therapy.

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Sánchez-Arce, Omar, Alejandro Palacios-Espinosa, José Carillo-Fasio, Luis Hernández-Montiel, José Hernández-Rubio, and Mirella Romero-Bastidas. "Diversity and distribution of plant parasitic-nematodes on golf courses in localities of Baja California Sur, Mexico." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 38, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v38.n3.10.

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Golf is a tourist attraction in Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico. However, the quality of its fields is detracted by presenting yellowing and death on tufgrass. Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the main limitations around the world. However, in BCS, its presence is unknown. In order to determine the diversity and distribution of phytonmatodes in golf courses in BCS, soil samples were collected in four courses. Nematode extraction was done using the Baerman funnel technique. Specimens were identified at the genus level and the population in each zone was quantified. The genera Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Criconema, Xiphinema, Pratylenchus, Tylenchus, Hoplolaimus and Trichodorus were associated with the death of tufgrass with significant variations (p<0.05) in populations. These results are the first records of these genera in the golf courses evaluated, useful in the development of in the State.

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da Silva Lima, Wilison, Enny Caroline Ferreira Farago, Millena do Nascimento Mesquita, Acácio Duarte Pacheco, Patrícia Fernandes Nunes da Silva Malavazi, Hugo Salvador Oliveira, Simone Morelli, Mariasole Colombo, Angela Di Cesare, and Soraia Figueiredo de Souza. "First Case of Clinical Cat Aelurostrongylosis in the Brazilian Amazon: Clinical and Molecular Insights." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050595.

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Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is the most important respiratory parasite infecting domestic cats worldwide. Nevertheless, most records and epizootiological data come from Europe, whilst poor and fragmentary information are available for other regions, including the Americas. The present article describes the first description of cat aelurostrongylosis from Amazonia, Brazil. Eighty-one cats, 13 from a shelter and 68 admitted at the Teaching and Research Unit in Veterinary Medicine (UV) at the Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Brazil, were included in the study. For all cats, three faecal samples from consecutive defecations were examined using the Baermann’s technique. Nematode first stage larvae (L1), retrieved in 2/81 (2.5%) samples, were microscopically identified as A. abstrusus and then subjected to a molecular assay able to identify the three most important species of metastrongyloids infecting felids. This test confirmed the A. abstrusus identity in one sample, while the second scored negative. The cat with confirmed aelurostrongylosis showed radiographic changes, i.e., an interstitial pattern, compatible with the infection. The other cat, which scored positive at the Baermann’s examination, was apparently healthy at the physical examination and showed no thoracic alterations. The occurrence of A. abstrusus in domestic cats from Brazilian Amazon is herein demonstrated for the first time. Clinical, epizootiological and molecular implications are discussed.

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Sprenger, Lew Kan, Kerriel Thandile Green, and Marcelo Beltrão Molento. "Geohelminth contamination of public areas and epidemiological risk factors in Curitiba, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014009.

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This study aimed to investigate the frequency of geohelminthic contamination of public parks and squares in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, between August and December 2010. A total of 345 samples were collected from 69 sandboxes in different areas and were tested using the Faust, Lutz and Baermann parasitological techniques. Potential risk factors associated with soil contamination were also analyzed. A total of 36% of the samples (124/345) were positive for helminths and 65.2% of the areas (45/69) were classified as contaminated in one or more samples. The most commonly identified parasite eggs were Ancylostoma sp. (14.5%; 50/345); followed by Toxocara sp. (9.6%; 33/345) and the Strongyloidea superfamily (excluding hookworms) (2.3%; 8/345). The analysis on the epidemiological risk factors indicated that the presence of dogs and feces in the sandboxes increased the chances of contamination of the site. Use of fences had a protective positive impact that reduced soil contamination. Health education programs should be applied within the community to minimize the risk of human contact with dogs' feces. Use of fencing in these areas is highly recommended to prevent or reduce the users' contact with animal excrement.

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Faizal, M. Mohd, BP Anaanthan, M. Nur Ezdiani, M. N. Azmawati, A. Norfazilah, F. G. Hasanain, Mohammad Safrree Jeffree, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim, and Mohd Rohaizat Hassan. "Efficacy of Albendazole Against Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Children in Asia: Systematic Review." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, F (May 14, 2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4305.

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BACKGROUND: The World health organization reported that 875 million children worldwide require antihelminth preventive chemotherapy annually. Vast majority of STH infections (67%) and YLDs (68%) occurred in Asia. METHODS: A systematic search was performed for relevant titles, abstract, and keywords from Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus around October 2018 based on the PICO strategy. Out of 173 papers that were evaluated, final assessment for eligibility had yielded a total of five papers to be included for analysis covering period from 2013 to 2018. RESULTS: Of the five selected studies, three were randomized controlled trial, one was cohort and another one was described more like a quasi-experimental trial. All infection intensity showed improvement post-intervention. Four of the five studies used Kato Katz as diagnostic method with one combined it with Baermann techniques. One used McMaster egg counting method. All except one study tested albendazole efficacy in their study either alone or in combination with other chemotherapy such as diethyl carbazide or combining with education pamphlet. Egg reduction rate was reported as low as 63% and as high as 99.9%. CONCLUSION: In general, albendazole is efficacious enough to control STH.

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LABES, E. M., D. HEGGLIN, F. GRIMM, W. NURCAHYO, M. E. HARRISON, M. L. BASTIAN, and P. DEPLAZES. "Intestinal parasites of endangered orangutans(Pongo pygmaeus) in Central and East Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia." Parasitology 137, no. 1 (September 21, 2009): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991120.

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SUMMARYFaecal samples from 163 captive and semi-captive individuals, 61 samples from wild individuals and 38 samples from captive groups of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia, were collected during one rainy season (November 2005–May 2006) and screened for intestinal parasites using sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-concentration (SAFC), sedimentation, flotation, McMaster- and Baermann techniques. We aimed to identify factors influencing infection risk for specific intestinal parasites in wild orangutans and individuals living in captivity. Various genera of Protozoa (includingEntamoeba, Endolimax, Iodamoeba,Balantidium,GiardiaandBlastocystis), nematodes (such asStrongyloides,Trichuris,Ascaris, Enterobius,Trichostrongylusand hookworms) and one trematode (a dicrocoeliid) were identified. For the first time, the cestodeHymenolepiswas detected in orangutans. Highest prevalences were found forStrongyloides(individuals 37%; groups 58%), hookworms (41%; 58%),Balantidium(40%; 61%),Entamoeba coli(29%; 53%) and a trichostrongylid (13%; 32%). In re-introduction centres, infants were at higher risk of infection withStrongyloidesthan adults. Infection risk for hookworms was significantly higher in wild males compared with females. In groups, the centres themselves had a significant influence on the infection risk forBalantidium. Ranging patterns of wild orangutans, overcrowding in captivity and a shift of age composition in favour of immatures seemed to be the most likely factors leading to these results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Baermann technique'

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