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1
Godoy, A. C., E. Fries, A. F. Corrêia, I. W. A. Melo, R. B. Rodrigues, and W. R. Boscolo. "Digestibilidade aparente de farinha de carne e ossos de peixe para tilápia do Nilo." Archivos de Zootecnia 65, no. 251 (2016): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/az.v65i251.695.
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Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, energia bruta, cálcio e fósforo das farinhas de carne e ossos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), do catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), do pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) e do bagre africano (Clarias gariepinus) para a tilápia do Nilo. Para tal, foi utilizado o método indireto, com o uso do óxido de cromo (III) (Cr2O3), como indicador inerte, incorporado na ração em 1 g·kg-1. Foram distribuídas 400 tilápias com 50±7,89 g (média ± DP) em 20 tanques cônicos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, constituído por cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de uma dieta referência e outras quatro dietas constituídas de 800 g·kg-1 da dieta referência e 200 g·kg-1 da farinha de carne e ossos de tilápias, catfish, pintado e bagre africano. A farinha de carne e ossos de pintado demonstrou melhor digestão para proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo, enquanto a farinha de carne e ossos de tilápia obteve valor maior para extrato etéreo e energia digestível. Para matéria mineral, o maior resultado obtido foi para a farinha de carne e ossos de catfish. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a tilápia do Nilo apresenta limitada capacidade para digerir e utilizar os componentes presentes nas farinhas de ossos avaliadas. A presença de grande quantidade de colágeno estrutural nesses ingredientes e sua baixa digestibilidade pode ter causado redução na disponibilidade do cálcio e fósforo.
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Méndez, Yuniel, Yenny Torres, Yilian Pérez, Misleidi Romás, and Edilmar Cortés. "Effect of duckweed meal dietary inclusion on growth performance and survival of African catfish fingerlings." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 38, no. 1 (2020): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v38.n1.05.
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Currently, the use of unconventional food sources in the inclusion of fish diets is cause of great interest. The growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated, with the inclusion of duckweed meal (Lemna perpusilla) in four levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 %) in the diet. African catfish with an average weight of 1.27 ± 0.03 g, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 16 experimental cages (four replicates/treatment). The fingerlings were fed for 48 days of experimentation. An analysis of variance and a Duncan´s test were performed. No significant differences were found (p< 0.05) for the first two levels evaluated, but with the rest there were differences, as the percentage of inclusion of the duckweed meal in the ration increased. Final weight was decreasing, as well as absolute growth rate, increase in daily weight, feed conversion ratio and food efficiency. Survival throughout the experiment was between 72 y 65 % in all treatments. The inclusion of duckweed meal in the diet did not affect the parameters of water quality. It was concluded that the L. perpusillase meal can be included up to 12 % in diets for African catfish fingerlings, without affecting the growth performance.
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Mwanza, E. J. M., S. K. Waithaka, and S. A. Simons. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha on Prunus africana in Kenya." Plant Disease 85, no. 12 (2001): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1285c.
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Prunus africana, formerly known as Pygeum africanum, is widely distributed in moist, tropical Africa and produces durable timber. Extracts from its bark are used in treatment of prostate disorders. Powdery mildew was observed on nursery-grown seedlings of P. africana in Kenya (Nyeri, Kiambu, and Kericho districts) in the dry seasons of 1998, 1999, and 2000. White ectotrophic mycelial growth was observed on leaves. The fungus caused stunting, distortion of leaves, surface necrosis of invaded tissues, and general decline in growth of seedlings that led to premature leaf fall and death. Invaded leaflets wilted and dropped, leaving behind a bare stem. The primary mycelium was hyaline, with no secondary brown mycelium. The conidial state was conspicuous, with conidia produced in chains. Appressoria were unlobed and nipple shaped. Conidiophores were straight and three-celled, measuring 75 to 112 μm. Conidiophore foot cells were topped by a longer cell and one or two shorter cells measuring 35 to 77 μm. Conidia had fibrosin bodies, were ovoid, and measured 27 to 30 × 17 to 18 μm. The fungus was identified by the International Mycological Institute IMI (W6496) as Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E. S. Salmon. Infected leaves of P. africana were deposited at the East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya (Accession No. KM-KEFRI/446/2001). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating seedlings of P. africana by gently pressing infected leaves with abundant sporulation onto healthy leaves. The plants were then incubated under moist conditions for 48 h and thereafter maintained in a glasshouse. After 15 days, powdery mildew symptoms developed on seedlings. Examination of leaves confirmed that they were infected with Podosphaera leucotricha. Uninoculated control plants were free of powdery mildew. To our knowlege, this is the first report of Podosphaera leucotricha as a pathogen of P. africana. Reference: 1. H. J. Boesewinkel. Bot. Rev. 46:167, 1980.
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PRESS, MARIE–CHRISTINE. "North African Modernities — Myth Stripped Bare." Matatu 36, no. 1 (2009): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789042028166_016.
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Remis, Melissa J. "Preliminary assessment of the impacts of human activities on gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla and other wildlife at Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic." Oryx 34, no. 1 (2000): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00091.x.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to make preliminary assessments of the effects of human activities on the gorillas and other wildlife in the Dzanga-Ndoki Park and broader Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic. During a month-long survey in 1997, observation and sign of humans and large mammals, including ape nest-sites, were recorded on 81.2 km of line transects in three sectors of the park and reserve. Human activities, including intensities of logging and hunting, appeared to decrease with distance from the population centres and were lower in the park than in the reserve sectors. Encounter rates with sign of duikers Cephalophus spp., monkeys Cercopithecus spp. and Cercocebus albigena, elephants Loxodonta africana, and gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla were generally lower in regions of high human activity in the reserve than in the park sectors. Nevertheless, gorilla nest-site densities did not vary significantly between sectors or with human activity levels. A high frequency of zero (bare ground) nests at RDS suggests that gorilla surveys that rely on line transect methods and use nest decomposition rates from other studies may sometimes underestimate gorilla densities. This study suggests that current levels of exploitation in managed hunting zones of national forest reserves may be negatively affecting targeted wildlife populations in these zones. Assessments should be a regular part of efforts to monitor the health of wildlife populations in managed protected zones. Participation by Central Africans in research will continue to benefit conservation and development efforts.
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Worrall, Denis. "The Real Struggle in South Africa: An Insider's View." Ethics & International Affairs 2 (March 1988): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1988.tb00531.x.
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The outsider, international approach to ending apartheid in South Africa tends to take an overly moral stance, one that ultimately ignores a complex political, economic and racial situation. Thus effective outside action and intervention fails to help remedy or improve what it finds offensive. Denis Worrall draws on 20th century South African history and his own experience as a South African to show some of the less obvious but extremely important facets of apartheid that bare directly on its dissemination.
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Alomenu, H. S. "Current trends in African Migratory Locust plague prevention." Outlook on Agriculture 14, no. 4 (1985): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708501400402.
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From the dawn of civilisation, locusts have been one of the great agricultural plagues, stripping vast areas bare of vegetation as they relentlessly advance. Experience shows that the most effective control measure is to attack the pest at its breeding grounds in the Niger Delta area as soon as it shows signs of swarming. Unfortunately, the prolonged sahelian drought – which for some years has put a natural brake on breeding – has encouraged complacency about the risks of another resurgence when this comes to an end.
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Lohou, F., L. Kergoat, F. Guichard, et al. "Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 7 (2013): 18581–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-18581-2013.
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Abstract. This study analyses the response of the continental surface to a rain event, taking advantage of the long-term near-surface measurements over different vegetation covers at different latitudes, acquired during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) experiment. The simulated surface response by nine land surface models involved in AMMA Land Model Intercomparison Project (ALMIP), is compared to the observations. The surface response, described via the evaporative fraction, evolves in two steps: the immediate surface response and the surface recovery. The immediate surface response corresponds to an increase in the evaporative fraction occurring immediately after the rain. For all the experimental sites, the immediate surface response is strongest when the surface is relatively dry. From the simulation point of view, this relationship is highly model and latitude dependent. The recovery period, characterized by a decrease of the evaporative fraction during several days after the rain, follows an exponential relationship whose rate is vegetation dependent: from 1 day over bare soil to 70 days over the forest. Land surface models correctly simulate the decrease of EF over vegetation covers whereas a slower and more variable EF decrease is simulated over bare soil.
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Nicolosi, Salvatore Fabio. "The African Union System of Refugee Protection." International Organizations Law Review 11, no. 2 (2014): 318–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-01102004.
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Africa has often been treated as a mere recipient of legal systems, particularly by the former colonial powers. However, an examination of the African practice of international law reveals that, in the specific area of refugee protection, Africa has been championing a legal framework capable of successfully addressing the African region’s ‘peculiar’ refugee problem. The rise and evolution of the refugee protection system in Africa, within the African Union (which in 2001 replaced the Organisation of African Unity), dates from a time when the process of decolonisation, and the increasing number of refugees and displaced persons in Africa, laid bare the inadequacy of the international regime of refugee protection for dealing with the problem. Accordingly, the African states established a complementary system of refugee protection that has, over the years, contributed to the development of new legal instruments, an analysis of which will answer the question of whether the innovative African system of refugee protection is likely to have an influence on the development of international law in this area.
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Lohou, F., L. Kergoat, F. Guichard, et al. "Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (2014): 3883–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3883-2014.
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Abstract. This study analyses the response of the continental surface to rain events, taking advantage of the long-term near-surface measurements over different vegetation types at different latitudes, acquired during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) by the AMMA-CATCH observing system. The simulated surface response by nine land surface models involved in AMMA Land Model Intercomparison Project (ALMIP), is compared to the observations. The surface response, described via the evaporative fraction (EF), evolves in two steps: the immediate surface response (corresponding to an increase of EF occurring immediately after the rain) and the surface recovery (characterized by a decrease of EF over several days after the rain). It is shown that, for all the experimental sites, the immediate surface response is mainly dependent on the soil moisture content and the recovery period follows an exponential relationship whose rate is strongly dependent on the vegetation type (from 1 day over bare soil to 70 days over forest) and plant functional type (below and above 10 days for annual and perennial plants, respectively). The ALMIP model ensemble depicts a broad range of relationships between EF and soil moisture, with the worst results for the drier sites (high latitudes). The land surface models tend to simulate a realistic surface recovery for vegetated sites, but a slower and more variable EF decrease is simulated over bare soil than observed.
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Hundle, Anneeth Kaur. "Postcolonial Patriarchal Nativism, Domestic Violence and Transnational Feminist Research in Contemporary Uganda." Feminist Review 121, no. 1 (2019): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141778918818835.
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This article examines the development of a multidimensional, transnational feminist research approach from and within Uganda in relation to a high-profile case of domestic violence and femicide of a middle-class, upper-caste Indian migrant woman in Kampala in 1998. It explores indigenous Ugandan public and Ugandan Asian/Indian community interpretations and the dynamics of cross-racial feminist mobilisation and protest that emerged in response to the Joshi-Sharma domestic violence case. In doing so, it advocates for a transnational feminist research approach from and within Uganda and the Global South that works against the grain of nationalist and nativist biases in existing feminist scholarly trends. This approach lays bare power inequalities and internal tensions within and across racialised African and Asian communities, and thus avoids the romanticisation of cross-racial feminist African-Asian solidarities.
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Parker, D. M., R. T. F. Bernard, and J. Adendorff. "Do elephants influence the organisation and function of a South African grassland?" Rangeland Journal 31, no. 4 (2009): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08039.
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The impact of elephants (Loxodonta africana) on woody plants is well known. Elephants can be regarded as drivers of ecosystem functioning by, for example, decreasing woody plant litter accumulation through defoliation. However, their influence within grassland landscapes is, by comparison, very poorly understood. We assessed the influence of elephants on grassland functionality at three separate sites (1, high elephant density, long occupation time; 2, low elephant density, short occupation time; 3, no elephants) in the Addo Elephant National Park, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Using landscape function analysis (LFA) we described the landscape organisation of each site, and, using visual surrogates, calculated indices of landscape stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling. The number of vegetation patches/10 m of transects surveyed was higher at sites where elephant density was high (3 elephants/km2) and where elephants had been present for a long time (>70 years). However, patch size was significantly smaller when elephant density/time of occupation increased, and the proportion of bare soil was higher where elephant density and occupation time were highest. In addition, stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling indices at a site scale were significantly lower where elephants were present at high densities and after a long occupation time. However, bare soil stability was not greatly affected by elephant grazing pressure, implying that a ‘threshold of potential concern’ has not yet arisen. We conclude that the functioning of this grassland landscape is significantly altered when elephants are present. These conclusions highlight the importance of management factors such as containment and the provision of artificial water points which may be compromising the functionality of these landscapes. We recommend ongoing assessments to inform future management decisions.
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BROWN, HOLLY CADE. "Figuring Giorgio Agamben's “Bare Life” in the Post-Katrina Works of Jesmyn Ward and Kara Walker." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 1 (2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875816000566.
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This article explores how Jesmyn Ward's novel Salvage the Bones and Kara Walker's visual essay After the Deluge can be read through the concept of Giorgio Agamben's “bare life” in order to explore the complexities of representing bodies that have been stripped of their political significance in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Walker and Ward both situate Katrina within a longer lineage of representation of African American life extending back to slavery, prompting wider debate about the conceptual frameworks that we use in order to describe rupturing incidents that are connected to structural forms of persecution.
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Muruganandam, N., I. K. Chaaithanya, G. S. Senthil, et al. "Isolation and molecular characterization of Chikungunya virus from the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, India: evidence of an East, Central, and South African genotype." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 12 (2011): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-103.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Alphavirus belonging to the family Togaviridae. In 2006, CHIKV infection struck the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, with an attack rate of 60%. There were more than 10 cases with acute flaccid paralysis simulating the Guillian Barre Syndrome. The majority of the patients presented severe joint pain. The cause for such an explosive nature of the outbreak with increased morbidity was not known. The isolation of CHIKV was attempted and succeeded from nine subjects presenting clinical symptoms of Chikungunya fever. The cDNA of all the isolates was sequenced for partial E1 and nsP1 genes. Sequences were aligned based on the double locus sequence typing concept. The phylogenetic analysis shows that sequences of Andaman isolates grouped with the East, Central, and South African genotype of virus isolates from India, Sri Lanka, and Réunion. The genetic distance between Andaman isolates and the Réunion isolates was very small. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the origin of the isolates responsible for the first ever confirmed CHIKV outbreak in these islands to be the East, Central, and South African genotype. In this manuscript, we discuss the involvement of the East, Central, and South African strain with the Chikungunya fever outbreak in this archipelago and double locus sequence typing as a first time approach.
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BANK, ANDREW. "THE GREAT DEBATE AND THE ORIGINS OF SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY." Journal of African History 38, no. 2 (1997): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853797006993.
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The fundamental preoccupation with race in later historical writing in South Africa has its origins in the Great Debate between liberals and their enemies in the early nineteenth century. Standard overviews of South African historiography date the emergence of racially structured histories to the second half of the nineteenth century. For Saunders, the making of the South African past and its thematic ordering in terms of race only began in the 1870s ‘when the first major historian [G. M. Theal] began to write his history’. Prior to Theal's monumental efforts, ‘only a few amateur historians had turned their hands to the writing of the history of particular areas or topics’. Likewise, in Smith's analysis, also published in 1988, the construction of South African history in terms of race is seen almost exclusively as the product of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In a very brief introductory section, Smith suggests that what little historical writing there was before the middle of the nineteenth century is scarcely to be taken seriously, and his study offers no more than a bare outline of historiographical developments before Theal and his heirs.
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Wendt, Selene. "Bringing Afropolitanism to the Arctic Circle." Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art 2020, no. 46 (2020): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10757163-8308258.
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This article provides a brief overview of a few thematic exhibitions that the author has curated, highlighting the importance of contemporary African art within a wider international context. The author highlights African and African diaspora artists whose careers continue to thrive internationally. Some might argue that their success has been dependent on their representation in powerful galleries, and to some extent this is certainly true. Nevertheless, it is a small step in the right direction that relocating to major cities in Europe or the United States is no longer an absolute prerequisite for African artists who wish to gain international success and recognition. As the exhibitions and artists addressed in this article convey, cosmopolitanism as a metaphor for mobility, and the ideal of co-existence, diversity, and tolerance as its unifying and defining factors, translates beautifully into the language of contemporary art. Most important, if we strip cosmopolitanism completely bare and look beneath its seductive veneer, its real potential and beauty becomes visible, revealing a commitment to ethics and a genuine engagement with the plight of others. When contemporary artists use their success and privilege to address sharp social criticism that questions the global, social, and cultural inequities that exclude most from the cosmopolitan party, something magical happens that gives cosmopolitanism a necessary dimension of hope and possibility that is truly worth celebrating.
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Offerle, B., P. Jonsson, I. Eliasson, and C. S. B. Grimmond. "Urban Modification of the Surface Energy Balance in the West African Sahel: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Journal of Climate 18, no. 19 (2005): 3983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3520.1.
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Abstract Surface–atmosphere energy exchanges in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, located in the West African Sahel, were investigated during February 2003. Basic knowledge of the impact of land cover changes on local climate is needed to understand and forecast the impacts of rapid urbanization predicted for the region. Previously collected data showed a large dry season urban heat island (UHI), which dramatically decreased with the onset of the rainy season and corresponding changes to the natural land cover thermal and radiative properties. Observations of local-scale energy balance fluxes were made over a residential district, and building surface temperatures were measured in three separate locations. Net all-wave radiation showed an increase with urbanization owing to the higher albedo, lower heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the bare dry soil compared to the urbanized surface. The combination of material and geometry resulted in a decrease in albedo toward the urban center. Despite the higher albedo, surface temperatures of bare undisturbed soil could exceed surface temperatures in the residential area and urban center by 15°–20°C due to differences in thermal characteristics. Turbulent heat exchange measured over a residential area was dominated by sensible heat flux. Latent heat fluxes were greater than expected from the amount of vegetation but in accordance with water use in the area. An urban land surface scheme reproduced fluxes in agreement with measurements. The results point toward an intensification of the dry season urban heat island in Ouagadougou, given increased urbanization.
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Baumgartner, Kabria. "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Education and Abolition." Ethnic Studies Review 32, no. 2 (2009): 52–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2009.32.2.52.
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Some thirty years before Harriet Ann Jacobs opened the Jacobs Free School in Alexandria, Virginia in January 1864, one of her first students was her fifty-threeyear-old uncle, Fred. The seventeen-year-old Harriet appreciated her uncle's “most earnest desire to learn to read” and promised to teach him.1 As slaves, both teacher and student risked the punishment of “thirtynine lashes on [the] bare back” as well as imprisonment for violating North Carolina's anti-literacy laws targeting African Americans.2 Nevertheless they agreed to meet three times a week in a “quiet nook” where she instructed him in secret.3 While the primary goal for him was to read the Bible, this moment in Jacobs' slave narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl revealed her early commitment to African American literacy and education as well as her rejection of the laws of American slavery. In that moment, the vocations of education and abolition took root for Harriet Jacobs.
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Mamadou, O., J. M. Cohard, S. Galle, et al. "Energy fluxes and surface characteristics over a cultivated area in Benin: daily and seasonal dynamics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (2013): 10605–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10605-2013.
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Abstract. Latent and sensible heat fluxes are known as key factors in the West African monsoon dynamics. However, few long-term observations of these land surface fluxes are available to document their impact in the climate variability of this region. The present study took advantage of the Sudanian site of the AMMA-CATCH (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis – Coupling the Tropical Atmosphere and Hydrological Cycle) observatory where turbulent fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance technique. One full year of data of energy budget over a cultivated site located in northern Benin was examined. Four contrasted seasons were identified and detailed focusing on their corresponding daily cycles. The flux partitioning was investigated through the evaporative fraction (EF) and the Bowen ratio (β) at both seasonal and daily scales. Finally, the surface conductance (Gs) and the decoupling coefficient (Ω) were calculated and confronted with specific bare soil or canopy models to identify the main processes for each season. The results pointed out the contrasted seasonal variations of sensible and latent heat fluxes due to changing atmospheric and surface conditions. During the wet season, surface conditions barely affected EF, which remained in steady regime (EF = 0.75), while latent heat flux was dominant and β was about 0.4. During the transitional periods, both EF and β were highly variable. A low but significant evapotranspiration was measured in the dry season (EF = 0.08) attributed to few scattered bushes, distributed on a bare area, possibly fed by the water table. Nevertheless, sensible heat fluxes were largely dominant (β ~ 10) during dry season. Moreover, β revealed the ligneous vegetation flowering dynamics during the dry season. The results also showed a strong surface atmosphere coupling, which suggests a systematic mixing of the flow within the canopy with the atmospheric surface layer whatever the atmospheric conditions and vegetation height. Modeling approaches showed the good agreement of soil evaporation with the Sakaguchi bare soil model. Transpiration was also well reproduced with the Collatz stomata model. Finally, skin surface temperature had large seasonal and daily amplitude and played a major role for all surface processes. As a consequence, the modeling of surface temperature is crucial to represent correctly energy and water budget for this region.
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Loth, Paul E., Willem F. de Boer, Ignas M. A. Heitkönig, and Herbert H. T. Prins. "Germination strategy of the East African savanna tree Acacia tortilis." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 5 (2005): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740500252x.
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Germination of Acacia tortilis seeds strongly depends on micro-site conditions. In Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania, Acacia tortilis occurs abundantly in recently abandoned arable fields and in elephant-mediated gaps in acacia woodland, but does not regenerate in grass swards or beneath canopies. We examined the germination of Acacia tortilis using field and laboratory experiments. Seeds placed on top of the soil rarely germinated, while seeds covered with elephant dung or buried under the soil surface had a germination success between 23–43%. On bare soil 39% of both the dung-covered and buried seeds germinated, in perennial grass swards 24–43%, and under tree canopies 10–24% respectively. In laboratory experiments, seed water absorption correlated positively with temperature up to 41 °C, while subsequent germination was optimal at lower (21–23 °C) temperatures. Seeds that had absorbed water lost their viability when kept above 35.5 °C. The absence of light did not significantly influence germination success. Acacia tortilis does not actively disperse its seeds, but regeneration outside tree canopies was substantial. The regeneration potential thus strongly depends on the physiognomy of the vegetation.
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Traore, M., C. P. Ndepete, R. L. Zaguy-Guerembo, and A. B. Pour. "ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE MAPPING IN BANGUI CITY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 22, 2020): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1651-2020.
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Abstract. The security instability in the Central African Republic (CAR) forces the civilian population to flee the provinces to seek refuge in Bangui city, or in other countries. Human activity, which is very beneficial in the context of urbanization, is the main driving force of change in the city of Bangui, but also has a negative effect on the geoenvironment. Multispectral images data Landsat TM5, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI of the years 1986, 2003 and 2020 was used to investigate Land use land cover (LULC) change of the city of Bangui. Maximum Likelihood (ML) classification algorithm was used to produce the map land use/land cover change detection in the study area. In Bangui city, four major classes have been identified, including vegetation, built-up, bare soil / rock and water. The analyses of the classified maps showed that Bangui city has been changed between 1986 and 2020, exceedingly area increased for built up (145.81%), vegetation (5.59%) and water (3.46%), it has however decreased for bare soil/ rock (40.60%). The overall accuracies and overall Kappa statistics achieved were 92.5%, 82.5% and 87.5%, and 0.90, 0.87 and 0.83 for 1986, 1999 and 2018 images, respectively.
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Sherratt, Jonathan A. "Using wavelength and slope to infer the historical origin of semiarid vegetation bands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (2015): 4202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420171112.
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Landscape-scale patterns of vegetation occur worldwide at interfaces between semiarid and arid climates. They are important as potential indicators of climate change and imminent regime shifts and are widely thought to arise from positive feedback between vegetation and infiltration of rainwater. On gentle slopes the typical pattern form is bands (stripes), oriented parallel to the contours, and their wavelength is probably the most accessible statistic for vegetation patterns. Recent field studies have found an inverse correlation between pattern wavelength and slope, in apparent contradiction with the predictions of mathematical models. Here I show that this “contradiction” is based on a flawed approach to calculating the wavelength in models. When pattern generation is considered in detail, the theory is fully consistent with empirical results. For realistic parameters, degradation of uniform vegetation generates patterns whose wavelength increases with slope, whereas colonization of bare ground gives the opposite trend. Therefore, the empirical finding of an inverse relationship can be used, in conjunction with climate records, to infer the historical origin of the patterns. Specifically, for the African Sahel my results suggest that banded vegetation originated by the colonization of bare ground during circa 1760–1790 or since circa 1850.
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Chalfin, Brenda. "Recasting maritime governance in Ghana: the neo-developmental state and the Port of Tema." Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 4 (2010): 573–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x10000546.
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ABSTRACTIn Africa, as elsewhere, ports are a telling indicator of the tenor of political power and the contests and shifting fortunes among ruling groups. Glaringly evident in the long era of imperial expansion, this is equally true in the present period of late-capitalist commercial acceleration and consolidation. With a focus on Ghana's port of Tema, a leading edge of containerised trade serving a vast swath of the West African sub-region, this essay examines the struggles between state agencies, indigenous capital, and the world's leading multinational shipping and logistics firms invested in port expansion. Rather than the predicted triumph of multinational concerns, the case of Tema reveals the persistent grip of Ghana's national port authority. Deftly capitalising on its claims over land, labour and legislation, this state body also mobilises preferential access to development assistance and financial aid. The result is a port defined by the aspirations and autonomous capacities of what may be described as a neo-developmental state. Both grounded in historical precedent and fragile in its configuration of multiplex and competing interests, Tema lays bare the complex forces at stake in the revitalisation of maritime frontiers now occurring across the African continent.
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Poyner, Jane. "Art and visual culture in Ivan Vladislavić’s Portrait with Keys." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 52, no. 1 (2017): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416686822.
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This article argues that South African author Ivan Vladislavić’s fictionalized memoir, Portrait with Keys: The City of Johannesburg Unlocked (2006), through its portrayal of visual culture and an enabling process of what the narrator, Vlad, calls “seeing and then seeing again” (2006: 89), “rehabilitates” (Coombes, 2003: 23) Johannesburg’s potentially alienating post-apartheid urban environment depicted in Portrait as having been indelibly inscribed by the apartheid state. Through the idea of “seeing and then seeing again”, I argue, the author stages an act of cultural rehabilitation, one that constitutes both artistic and ideological revision. Extending Walter Benjamin’s notion that the photographic image uniquely constellates the past and the present — of which “seeing and then seeing again” is therefore a form — I show that through his depiction of visual culture, Vladislavić engages critically with South African history in the present, and, consequently, his own historical position as white and thus always already a beneficiary of the apartheid regime. From this, I go on to argue that the method of “seeing and then seeing again” inverts the genre of Euroimperial travel writing theorized by Mary Louise Pratt in Imperial Eyes to lay bare questions of scopic power, including Vlad’s own.
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Adanu, Kwami. "Institutional change and economic development: a conceptual analysis of the African case." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 4 (2017): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2014-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the African socio-economic development and policy design problems using the new institutional economics methodology. The paper emphasizes the importance of carefully considering the policy environment setting before changing the rules of the society (institutional change) and making policy choices. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual approach is used to explain why major economic development policies fail in Africa and the developing world as a whole. To illustrate policy-environment-dependent institutional and policy change decision making, examples of potential institutional and policy changes are examined for Ghana’s financial, retail, and land resource sectors. Findings It is argued that the concept of institutional efficiency must be looked at quite differently from the Pareto-optimal concept in the neoclassical economic theory. This is because institutional analysis leans more toward normative rather than positive economics. The paper explains the counterintuitive findings that although the African business environment is low on trust due to high ethnic diversity, African business depends more on trust than contracts –weak enforcement of institutions accounts for such twists. Potential institutional changes that can help address specific socio-economic developmental challenges are suggested based on the characteristics of the African business environment. Research limitations/implications The paper lays bare several research hypotheses that can now be tested using the available data. These include hypotheses that strong economic growth precedes growth in the stock market activity (not the other way round); an asymmetric Tobin tax that taxes conversion into foreign currencies more than conversion into local currency reverses local currency depreciation; and for import-dependent countries, strengthening the local currency provides a positive shock to local production and budget balance. Originality/value The paper illustrates the pitfalls associated with blanket application of theoretical frameworks without proper contextualization. A promising way out for weak African economies is to adapt the theoretical economic predictions to local environments and help refine general economic theory through their experiences.
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Ferreira, J., C. E. Reeves, J. G. Murphy, L. Garcia-Carreras, D. J. Parker, and D. E. Oram. "Isoprene emissions modelling for West Africa using MEGAN." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (2010): 6923–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-6923-2010.
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Abstract. Isoprene emissions are the largest source of reactive carbon to the atmosphere, with the tropics being a major source region. These natural emissions are expected to change with changing climate and human impact on land use. As part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) project the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) has been used to estimate the spatial and temporal distribution of isoprene emissions over the West African region. During the AMMA field campaign, carried out in July and August 2006, isoprene mixing ratios were measured on board the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft. These data have been used to evaluate the model performance. MEGAN was firstly applied to a large area covering much of West Africa from the Gulf of Guinea in the south to the desert in the north and was able to capture the large scale spatial distribution of isoprene emissions as inferred from the observed isoprene mixing ratios. In particular the model captures the transition from the forested area in the south to the bare soils in the north, but some discrepancies have been identified over the bare soil, mainly due to the emission factors used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the model response to changes in driving parameters, namely Leaf Area Index (LAI), Emission Factors (EF), temperature and solar radiation. A high resolution simulation was made of a limited area south of Niamey, Niger, where the higher concentrations of isoprene were observed. This is used to evaluate the model's ability to simulate smaller scale spatial features and to examine the influence of the driving parameters on an hourly basis through a case study of a flight on 17 August 2006. This study highlights the complex interactions between land surface processes and the meteorological dynamics and chemical composition of the PBL. This has implications for quantifying the impact of biogenic emissions on the atmospheric composition over West Africa and any changes that may occur with changing climate.
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Ferreira, J., C. E. Reeves, J. G. Murphy, L. Garcia-Carreras, D. J. Parker, and D. E. Oram. "Isoprene emissions modelling for West Africa: MEGAN model evaluation and sensitivity analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 17 (2010): 8453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8453-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Isoprene emissions are the largest source of reactive carbon to the atmosphere, with the tropics being a major source region. These natural emissions are expected to change with changing climate and human impact on land use. As part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) project the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) has been used to estimate the spatial and temporal distribution of isoprene emissions over the West African region. During the AMMA field campaign, carried out in July and August 2006, isoprene mixing ratios were measured on board the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft. These data have been used to make a qualitative evaluation of the model performance. MEGAN was firstly applied to a large area covering much of West Africa from the Gulf of Guinea in the south to the desert in the north and was able to capture the large scale spatial distribution of isoprene emissions as inferred from the observed isoprene mixing ratios. In particular the model captures the transition from the forested area in the south to the bare soils in the north, but some discrepancies have been identified over the bare soil, mainly due to the emission factors used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the model response to changes in driving parameters, namely Leaf Area Index (LAI), Emission Factors (EF), temperature and solar radiation. A high resolution simulation was made of a limited area south of Niamey, Niger, where the higher concentrations of isoprene were observed. This is used to evaluate the model's ability to simulate smaller scale spatial features and to examine the influence of the driving parameters on an hourly basis through a case study of a flight on 17 August 2006. This study highlights the complex interactions between land surface processes and the meteorological dynamics and chemical composition of the PBL. This has implications for quantifying the impact of biogenic emissions on the atmospheric composition over West Africa and any changes that may occur with changing climate.
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Vale, Cândida Gomes, Pedro Tarroso, João Carlos Campos, Duarte Vasconcelos Gonçalves, and José Carlos Brito. "Distribution, suitable areas and conservation status of the Boulenger’s agama (Agama boulengeri, Lataste 1886)." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 3-4 (2012): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002853.
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Agama boulengeri is a West African endemic lizard. It occurs in arid rocky areas in the Mauritanian mountains and Kayes region of Mali. Data on the distribution of Agama boulengeri is however very coarse, and the contribution of climatic and habitat factors for population isolation are unknown. Using Maxent, GLM, and high-resolution data, we generated environmental niche models, and quantified suitable areas for species occurrence. Field observations and predicted suitable areas were used to evaluate the conservation status of Agama boulengeri. Results revealed the species occurs preferentially close to gueltas, bare areas, and rocky deserts and in areas of increasing rainfall. Suitable cells were mostly located in Mauritania, and four potentially fragmented subpopulations were identified. The conservation status of Agama boulengeri was determined to be of Least Concern.
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Leach, Antwain, and Sajid Hussain. "Foreign Policy Attitudes of the Black Talented Tenth." National Review of Black Politics 1, no. 2 (2020): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2020.1.2.271.
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Do Talented Tenth and non–Talented Tenth Blacks support moral and socially conscious US foreign policies to the same degree? Utilizing a 2010 national sample from the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, we find statistical evidence that members of the Talented Tenth are more likely than other Blacks to support America’s role to combat global hunger and to provide economic aid to assist needy countries in developing their economies. An examination of the foreign policy attitudes of the Black Talented Tenth is an important undertaking because it provides insight into what our expectations should be for rising African Americans as more of them enter into its ranks. Should we expect the next generation of African Americans to be more conscientious as they increasingly assume the mantles of leadership and responsibility? The results in this article lay bare the enormous work the present generation of Black educators must undertake to ensure the next generation are ready to do so. By observing the internationalist attitudes of the present Talented Tenth, especially as those attitudes relate to creating a more just, equitable, and harmonious world, it is possible to find ways to critically engage and help the next generation to provide the type of leadership necessary to make a positive difference.
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Caron, Bernard. "Clefts in Naija, a Nigerian pidgincreole." Faits de Langues 52, no. 1 (2021): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201008.
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Abstract This paper is a corpus-based study of the various forms and uses of clefts in Naija, the largest West-African English lexifier pidgincreole, spoken in Nigeria and its diaspora as a second language by close to 100 million speakers. The data on which this paper is based is taken from the 500,000 word ANR-NaijaSynCor corpus, consisting of 300 samples of spontaneous speech, recorded in 2017 in 13 different locations in Nigeria, from 330 different speakers of both sexes, of various ages, education levels, and geographic origins. The quantitative data is taken from a sub-section of 9,621 sentences (almost 150,000 tokens) that constitute a syntactic treebank mirroring the social and geographic sampling of the full corpus. Clefts, pseudo-clefts and reverse pseudo- clefts are examined. Four types of clefts are described: wey-clefts, bare clefts, double clefts and zero-copula clefts. The properties of those clefting patterns are represented using a UD-type annotation scheme named SUD for Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies. The quantitative analysis of the data and comparison with former descriptions of the language underline the massive domination of bare clefts, and the emergence, among these various patterns, of a relative pronoun nãĩ “who/which” used only with cleft constructions, while the relativiser wey is being abandoned and specialises as relative clause operator.
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Symeonakis, E., K. Petroulaki, and T. Higginbottom. "LANDSAT-BASED WOODY VEGETATION COVER MONITORING IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN SAVANNAHS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-563-2016.
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Mapping woody cover over large areas can only be effectively achieved using remote sensing data and techniques. The longest continuously operating Earth-observation program, the Landsat series, is now freely-available as an atmospherically corrected, cloud masked surface reflectance product. The availability and length of the Landsat archive is thus an unparalleled Earth-observation resource, particularly for long-term change detection and monitoring. Here, we map and monitor woody vegetation cover in the Northwest Province of South Africa, an area of more than 100,000&thinsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; covered by 11 Landsat scenes. We employ a multi-temporal approach with dry-season data from 7 epochs between 1990 to 2015. We use 0.5&thinsp;m-pixel colour aerial photography to collect &gt;&thinsp;15,000 point samples for training and validating Random Forest classifications of (i) woody vegetation cover, (ii) other vegetation types (including grasses and agricultural land), and (iii) non-vegetated areas (i.e. urban areas and bare land). Overall accuracies for all years are around 80&thinsp;% and overall kappa between 0.45 and 0.66. Woody vegetation covers a quarter of the Province and is the most accurately mapped class (balanced accuracies between 0.74-0.84 for the 7 epochs). There is a steady increase in woody vegetation cover over the 25-year-long period of study in the expense of the other vegetation types. We identify potential woody vegetation encroachment 'hot-spots' where mitigation measures might be required and thus provide a management tool for the prioritisation of such measures in degraded and food-insecure areas.
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Symeonakis, E., K. Petroulaki, and T. Higginbottom. "LANDSAT-BASED WOODY VEGETATION COVER MONITORING IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN SAVANNAHS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-563-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Mapping woody cover over large areas can only be effectively achieved using remote sensing data and techniques. The longest continuously operating Earth-observation program, the Landsat series, is now freely-available as an atmospherically corrected, cloud masked surface reflectance product. The availability and length of the Landsat archive is thus an unparalleled Earth-observation resource, particularly for long-term change detection and monitoring. Here, we map and monitor woody vegetation cover in the Northwest Province of South Africa, an area of more than 100,000&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup> covered by 11 Landsat scenes. We employ a multi-temporal approach with dry-season data from 7 epochs between 1990 to 2015. We use 0.5&thinsp;m-pixel colour aerial photography to collect >&thinsp;15,000 point samples for training and validating Random Forest classifications of (i) woody vegetation cover, (ii) other vegetation types (including grasses and agricultural land), and (iii) non-vegetated areas (i.e. urban areas and bare land). Overall accuracies for all years are around 80&thinsp;% and overall kappa between 0.45 and 0.66. Woody vegetation covers a quarter of the Province and is the most accurately mapped class (balanced accuracies between 0.74-0.84 for the 7 epochs). There is a steady increase in woody vegetation cover over the 25-year-long period of study in the expense of the other vegetation types. We identify potential woody vegetation encroachment 'hot-spots' where mitigation measures might be required and thus provide a management tool for the prioritisation of such measures in degraded and food-insecure areas.
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Legese, Kassaye Gurebiyaw, Abay Gelanew, and Melese Alemu. "Soil Physical Properties Enhancement Via Native Tree Species in Northern Ethiopia." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 10 (March 29, 2019): 1680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v10i0.8203.
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Dozens of chemical fertilizer is produced in factors to maintain and reclaim soil fertility, but the reliance on artificial fertilizer alone is not advisable due to environmental pollution. . Thus, indigenous plant species can maintain soil fertility without any extra cost. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of indigenous tree species on soil physical properties. Three dominant indigenous trees species (Croton macrostachuys, Cordia Africana and Albizia gummifera) were considered. Soil samples were taken from different sampling points under crown of these tree species (mid of crown and edge of crown). One sampling point is included by far 30m from the selected tree as a control group. Soil sample was taken by using core sampler. Soil physical properties such as texture, structure, porosity, bulk density and moisture content were analyzed. Bulk density was determined as 0.73g/cm3, 0.75g/cm3 and 0.8g/cm3 for Albizzia gummifera, Croton macrostachuys and Cordia Africana respectively. Bulk density was very small under crown of all trees as influenced by the amount of organic matter falling from trees leaf. The texture under crown of all tree species (silty loam, loam and loamy sand) is quite better for agriculture purpose than control point. Soil color under crown is in the range of brown to black color, which indicates high fertility level. Soil porosity was very high under the crown of all tree species as compared to the control site. It is determined as 72.5%, 71.6%, and 69.7% for Albizzia gummifera, Croton macrostachuys and Cordia Africana respectively. Soil consistence, porosity and moisture content were better under crown of the trees than control group. Soil properties under the crown of indigenous tree species were better than bare land soils. Therefore, indigenous trees are promising option to maintain soil fertility level and land owners ought to be aware of this miracle.
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Jordaan, Barney, and Gawie Cillié. "Trouble on the shop floor." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 1 (2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2019-0153.
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Supplementary materials The case is supported with a teaching note, discussion questions and suggested responses to those as well as verbatim transcripts from interviews conducted with managers and others for purposes of a research project after the strike had ended. Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: students will be able to critique the approach to collective bargaining of both the company and the union in the case and suggest alternative approaches; identify the steps the company could take to both deal with the aftermath of the strike and develop preventive measures for the future; and advise the company on a series of questions it needs advice on. Case overview/synopsis A violent strike erupted after failed wage negotiations. It laid bare deep divisions between African and non-African employees and between permanent employees and those appointed as temporary employees only. It also revealed the mindsets of people on both sides of the conflict, as well as several errors made by management in the manner in which they viewed the role of the union and failed to build strong relations with employees on the shop floor. Complexity academic level The case is suitable for students at honours or masters level in conflict studies, dispute resolution, employment relations, human resource management and negotiation. Subject code CSS 6: Human resource management.
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Smith, Anna Marie. "Critical Dialogue." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 4 (2008): 811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081954.
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In her timely and provocative book, Kathleen Arnold examines the super-exploitation and disenfranchisement of the “new working class”—low-income immigrants, African Americans, and women workers—and utilizes these phenomena as a catalyst for sharpening our critical understanding of American governance in our globalizing conditions. She contends that the neoliberal state is deploying deregulation and massive policing interventions simultaneously. The latter range from the exposure of welfare mothers to the rigors of workfare to the war on drugs, post-9/11 domestic security operations, mean-spirited attacks on the homeless, and the crackdown on illegal immigration. Arnold proposes a sobering diagnosis that is loosely based upon Giorgio Agamben's theory of bare life: As the state operates outside the law on a frequent and even systematic basis to reduce these target groups to a subhuman status, we are witnessing the triumph of prerogative power in American society today.
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Mashame, Gofamodimo, and Felicia Akinyemi. "TOWARDS A REMOTE SENSING BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEGRADATION: EXAMINING SEASONAL VARIATION IN LAND USE-LAND COVER FOR MODELLING LAND DEGRADATION IN A SEMI-ARID CONTEXT." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-8 (June 7, 2016): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-8-137-2016.
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Land degradation (LD) is among the major environmental and anthropogenic problems driven by land use-land cover (LULC) and climate change worldwide. For example, poor LULC practises such as deforestation, livestock overstocking, overgrazing and arable land use intensification on steep slopes disturbs the soil structure leaving the land susceptible to water erosion, a type of physical land degradation. Land degradation related problems exist in Sub-Saharan African countries such as Botswana which is semi-arid in nature. LULC and LD linkage information is still missing in many semi-arid regions worldwide.Mapping seasonal LULC is therefore very important in understanding LULC and LD linkages. This study assesses the impact of seasonal LULC variation on LD utilizing Remote Sensing (RS) techniques for Palapye region in Central District, Botswana. LULC classes for the dry and rainy seasons were classified using LANDSAT 8 images at Level I according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Organization of Standardization (ISO) code 19144. Level I consists of 10 LULC classes. The seasonal variations in LULC are further related to LD susceptibility in the semi-arid context. The results suggest that about 985 km² (22%) of the study area is susceptible to LD by water, major LULC types affected include: cropland, paved/rocky material, bare land, built-up area, mining area, and water body. Land degradation by water susceptibility due to seasonal land use-land cover variations is highest in the east of the study area where there is high cropland to bare land conversion.
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Mashame, Gofamodimo, and Felicia Akinyemi. "TOWARDS A REMOTE SENSING BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEGRADATION: EXAMINING SEASONAL VARIATION IN LAND USE-LAND COVER FOR MODELLING LAND DEGRADATION IN A SEMI-ARID CONTEXT." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-8 (June 7, 2016): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-8-137-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Land degradation (LD) is among the major environmental and anthropogenic problems driven by land use-land cover (LULC) and climate change worldwide. For example, poor LULC practises such as deforestation, livestock overstocking, overgrazing and arable land use intensification on steep slopes disturbs the soil structure leaving the land susceptible to water erosion, a type of physical land degradation. Land degradation related problems exist in Sub-Saharan African countries such as Botswana which is semi-arid in nature. LULC and LD linkage information is still missing in many semi-arid regions worldwide.Mapping seasonal LULC is therefore very important in understanding LULC and LD linkages. This study assesses the impact of seasonal LULC variation on LD utilizing Remote Sensing (RS) techniques for Palapye region in Central District, Botswana. LULC classes for the dry and rainy seasons were classified using LANDSAT 8 images at Level I according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Organization of Standardization (ISO) code 19144. Level I consists of 10 LULC classes. The seasonal variations in LULC are further related to LD susceptibility in the semi-arid context. The results suggest that about 985 km² (22%) of the study area is susceptible to LD by water, major LULC types affected include: cropland, paved/rocky material, bare land, built-up area, mining area, and water body. Land degradation by water susceptibility due to seasonal land use-land cover variations is highest in the east of the study area where there is high cropland to bare land conversion.
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Ndjio, Basile. "Death without mourning: homosexuality, homo sacer, and bearable loss in Central Africa." Africa 90, no. 5 (2020): 852–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972020000613.
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AbstractContemporary societies in Central Africa are known for their mourning ethos: communities often engage in endless lamentation upon the death of their loved ones. Yet people experience the death of a family member differently, depending on the deceased's sexual identification. While the death of a person identifying as heterosexual is generally felt as unbearable, that of a person identifying as homosexual is experienced as bearable. Based on field research conducted in Cameroon, this article analyses the way in which contemporary Central African societies experience the death of persons identifying as homosexual. Drawing on Giorgio Agamben's notion of homo sacer, the article argues that, as a result of the pervasiveness of anti-homosexual ideologies and procreationist doctrines promoting vitalis moralis or the ethics of life, childless persons identifying as homosexuals have become ‘homines sacri’ whose deaths arouse little grief from the community because their existence was perceived as ‘bare’ or useless even before their death.
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Goldberg, David Theo. "DEVA-STATING DISASTERS: Race in the Shadow(s) of New Orleans." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 3, no. 1 (2006): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x06060061.
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Neoconservative lobbyist Grover Norquist has declared that he wishes so to diminish government in the U.S. that he can drown it in a bathtub. This paper will address the ways in which Katrina has laid bare how the neoconservative attack on the state since the early 1980s, and especially in the past five years, has (1) targeted for devastation those public agencies supportive of the racially defined poor, thus rendering them far more vulnerable to disasters, both natural and social; and (2) shifted state resources away from poorer, especially African American and Latino, citizens to the interests of wealthier (and overwhelmingly White) Americans, in effect privatizing the definition and implementation of public programs in the name of “charitable contributions”. This trend has also had the effect of shifting racial discriminations from the public to the private realm, thus making racism less visible and more difficult to address, while at the same time easier to deny in practice.
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Minkler, Meredith, Joseph Griffin, and Patricia Wakimoto. "Seizing the Moment: Policy Advocacy to End Mass Incarceration in the Time of COVID-19." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 4 (2020): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120933281.
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The mass human and economic casualties wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the deep inequities at the base of the disproportionate losses and suffering experienced by diverse U.S. populations. But the urgency and enormity of unmet needs requiring bold policy action also provided a unique opportunity to learn from and partner with community-based organizations that often are at the frontlines of such work. Following a review of Kingdon’s model of the policy-making process, we illustrate how a partnership in a large California county navigated the streams in the policy-making process and used the window of opportunity provided by the pandemic to address a major public health problem: the incarceration of over 2 million people, disproportionately African American and Latinx, in overcrowded, unsafe jails, prisons, and detention centers. We highlight tactics and strategies used, challenges faced, and implications for health educators as policy advocates during and beyond the pandemic.
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Obeso, Estilita María Cassiani, and Hiram L. Smith. "Variable plural marking in Palenquero Creole." Language Variation and Change 32, no. 3 (2020): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394520000204.
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AbstractOne of the most salient putative African features of Palenquero, an Afro-Hispanic creole spoken in northern Colombia, is the prenominal plural marker ma. However, plural number is not categorically marked with ma, which alternates with bare forms in plural contexts and also occurs in singular contexts. In a principled sample of noun phrases (n = 1,186) from the spontaneous speech of twenty-seven Palenquero-Spanish bilinguals, the rate of ma (versus zero) is 51% in plural and 13% in singular contexts. Singular ma is favored with subjects and specific objects, consistent with an association with definiteness. In plural contexts, where it is robust, selection of ma is favored with specific and generic referents in subject role. This conditioning indicates that plural marking is favored for discourse referential nouns, in accordance with the cross-linguistic generalization that morphological marking tends to appear on instances that approach the prototypical function of a category (Hopper & Thompson, 1984).
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Walls, Michael, and Steve Kibble. "Beyond Polarity: Negotiating a Hybrid State in Somaliland." Africa Spectrum 45, no. 1 (2010): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500102.
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Many African states struggle to reconcile traditional social institutions with the precepts of nation-state democracy within colonially defined borders. Since the 1991 fall of the dictatorial Somali regime of Siyaad Barre, Somaliland has gradually pieced together what appear to be a durable peace and an increasingly sophisticated, constitutionally based nation-state democracy. It is still negotiating the relationship between identity, nation and territory in which there is a differential commitment to democracy between the political elite and the wider population. Accommodation between a clan-based social structure and a representative democracy has been enabled by local socio-cultural traditions. External intervention, while minimal, has on occasion proved fruitful in providing a way out of crises. The territory has escaped the violence and political breakdown experienced in Southern Somali areas. This contribution argues that the remarkable resilience of the present socio-political system in Somaliland is challenged by present and forthcoming problems in the fields of democratic representation (inter alia of women), delivery of public goods, a fragile sub-regional context and foreign investment.
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Mamadou, O., J. M. Cohard, S. Galle, et al. "Energy fluxes and surface characteristics over a cultivated area in Benin: daily and seasonal dynamics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (2014): 893–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-893-2014.
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Abstract. Latent and sensible heat surface fluxes are key factors of the western African monsoon dynamics. However, few long-term observations of these land surface fluxes are available; these are needed to increase understanding of the underlying processes and assess their impacts on the energy and water cycles at the surface–atmosphere interface. This study analyzes turbulent fluxes of one full year, measured with the eddy covariance technique, over a cultivated area in northern Benin (western Africa). The study site is part of the long-term AMMA–CATCH (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis–Coupling of the Tropical Atmosphere and Hydrological Cycle) hydrological observatory. The flux partitioning was investigated through the evaporative fraction (EF) and the Bowen ratio (β) at both seasonal and daily scales. Finally, the surface conductance (Gs) and the decoupling coefficient (Ω) were calculated and compared with specific bare soil or canopy models. Four contrasting seasons were identified and characterized by their typical daily energy cycles. The results pointed out the contrasting seasonal variations of sensible and latent heat fluxes due to changing atmospheric and surface conditions. In the dry season, the sensible heat fluxes were largely dominant (β ~ 10) and a low but significant evapotranspiration was measured (EF = 0.08); this was attributed to a few neighboring bushes, possibly fed by the water table. During the wet season, after the monsoon onset, surface conditions barely affected the evaporative fraction (EF), which remained steady (EF = 0.75); the latent heat flux was dominant and the Bowen ration (β) was about 0.4. During the dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry transition seasons, both EF and β were highly variable, as they depended on the atmospheric forcing or the response to isolated rains. A complete surface–atmosphere decoupling was never observed in 2008 (0 < Ω < 0.6), which suggests a systematic mixing of the air within the canopy with the atmospheric surface layer, irrespective of the atmospheric conditions and the vegetation height. Modeling approaches showed a good agreement of soil resistance with the Sakaguchi bare soil model. Canopy conductance was also well reproduced with the Ball–Berry stomata model. We showed that the skin surface temperature had a large seasonal and daily amplitude, and played a major role in all the surface processes. Consequently, an accurate modeling of the surface temperature is crucial to represent correctly the energy and water budgets for this region.
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Nako, Nontsasa. "On the record with Judge Jody Kollapen." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 66 (April 18, 2019): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n66a6242.
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With the revelations by Bosasa officials at the State Capture Enquiry, held in early 2019, laying bare the corrupt links between prisons, detention centres and border control, and high ranking political and government officials, the time is ripe to excavate the capitalist interests that fuel incarceration in this country. How did the prison industrial complex overtake the lofty principles that ushered in the South African democratic era? Judge Jody Kollapen is well-placed to speak to about the evolution of the South African prison from a colonial institute that served to criminalise and dominate 'natives', to its utility as instrument of state repression under apartheid, to its present manifestation in the democratic era. He has laboured at the coalface of apartheid crime and punishment through his work as an attorney in the Delmas Treason Trial, and for the Sharpeville Six, and also worked as a member of Lawyers for Human Rights, where he coordinated the 'Release Political Prisoners' programme, Importantly, Justice Kollapen had a ringside seat at the theatre of our transition from apartheid to democracy as he was part of the selection panel that chose the commissioners for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Many questions can be asked of the South African TRC including whether it was the best mechanism to deal with the past and whether it achieved reconciliation. What concerns us here is its impact on crime and punishment in the democratic era. If our transition was premised on restorative justice, then shouldn’t that be the guiding principle for the emerging democratic state? In line with this special edition’s focus on the impact of incarceration on the marginalized and vulnerable, Judge Kollapen shares some insights on how the prison has fared in democratic South Africa, and how imprisonment affects communities across the country. As an Acting Judge in the Constitutional Court, a practitioner with a long history of civic engagement, and someone who has thought and written about criminalization, human rights and prisons, Judge Kollapen helps us to think about what decolonization entails for prisons in South Africa.
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Yasunari, Tetsuzo, Kazuyuki Saito, and Kumiko Takata. "Relative Roles of Large-Scale Orography and Land Surface Processes in the Global Hydroclimate. Part I: Impacts on Monsoon Systems and the Tropics." Journal of Hydrometeorology 7, no. 4 (2006): 626–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm515.1.
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Abstract A series of numerical simulations by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) was conducted to evaluate the relative roles of Tibetan Plateau (TP) and continental-scale land surface processes on the Asian monsoon and hydroclimates in other regions in the Tropics. Four boundary conditions were used to define experiments: a flat and bare-rock (nonvegetated) surface (NMR), a realistic TP with bare-rock surface (MR), MR conditions but with a water-holding soil layer (with 20 cm of field capacity) (MS), and TP with a vegetated surface with specified albedo and roughness of the current vegetation and the soil layer (MVS). Systematic increases of precipitation (P) over the Asian monsoon region and other land areas in the Tropics were noticed from NMR, MR, MS, to MVS runs. Precipitation over the warm tropical western Pacific, in contrast, decreased from NMR to MVS runs although the same SST climatology was prescribed in all the experiments. The effect of TP orography produces wet (dry) climate regions to the west (east) of TP as shown in other GCM studies. In the Asian monsoon region both land surface effect (LSE) and TP effect (TE) contribute nearly equally to increase P, but in the West African monsoon region, TE contributes to decrease P while LSE plays a major role to increase P. LSE also enhances the subtropical anticyclone over the North Pacific through enhanced land–ocean thermal contrast. In most of the monsoon regions and Tropics, the albedo (and roughness) effect of vegetation substantially increases available radiation, which in turn increases both evaporation (E) and atmospheric moisture convergence (C), and, as a result, significantly increases P. This positive feedback between E and C is likely to be a characteristic nature when and where vegetation albedo effect is significant under sufficient radiative energy, suggesting a prerequisite for Charney’s original hypothesis.
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CROWNSHAW, RICHARD. "Agency and Environment in the Work of Jesmyn Ward Response to Anna Hartnell, “When Cars Become Churches”." Journal of American Studies 50, no. 1 (2015): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875815001887.
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Throughout this interview, Jesmyn Ward emphasizes the humanity of her fictional and nonfictional subjects – subjects whose humanity has been eviscerated by what has been characterized as the postwar, neoliberal shift in American politics and economics. The socioeconomic and political neglect of African Americans was, of course, demonstrable in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, revealing the structural racism that had often resided in the US's political unconscious. Ward's emphasis on the ideas of survival and renewal – a “savage” resilience of humanity in its most precarious state – offers a corrective to the proclivities of some critical theory deployed in the framing of Hurricane Katrina's victims and the longer history of suffering they represented. For examples, theories of biopolitics used to conceptualize the ways in which African American life has been removed from the protections of citizenship and state sovereignty do run the risk of universalization. A transhistorical version of that life, consistent from slavery to the present day, might emerge from such theory, indistinct from examples of “bare” lives rendered by states of emergency beyond the US and across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, as Giorgio Agamben might describe such life. In other words, theory risks a process of re-othering and a suspension of historical agency. Anna Hartnell finds in Ward's work the resonance of the jeremiad, and so narratives that are structured by the possibility of the redemption of historical experience – future-oriented narratives. These are narratives that represent the negotiation of historical conditions, not utter submission to them, and following Hartnell's reference they are aptly framed by Henry Giroux's reconceptualization of biopolitical life and the limits of American democracy.
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Norton, Dan R., and Danielle M. Renoud. "MANAGEMENT OF DERELICT VESSELS THAT THREATEN OUR WATERS: A PRIMER ON DERELICT VESSEL REMOVAL WITH SUCCESS STORIES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (2008): 1081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-1081.
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ABSTRACT Derelict vessels pose significant hazards to the communities in which they reside due to the cornucopia of oils and hazardous materials they contain including fuel oils, lubricating oils, lead-based paints, acid batteries, asbestos, and refrigerants like ammonia and Freon. Additional threats include attractions for children and vagrants, navigational hazards, and potential locations for illegally dumped oil or hazardous materials. The removal of derelict vessels is a complex undertaking due to restrictive legal authorities, ownership questions, high costs, and limited funding streams. The overview provided covers important points to consider prior to initiation of any removal action for a derelict vessel. Points include owner identification and notification, federal removal authorities, removal funding, and potential disposal methods. Included are vessel removal success stories and best practices from a U.S. Coast Guard - State of Washington partnership and the program titled ‘Operation Trash Compactor’. This partnership successfully mitigated pollution threats from the vessels FAL-91 and HERON. Ultimately the creation of such partnerships or creations of taxation systems or mandatory environmental insurance programs are important tools to ensure proper disposal of derelict vessels. According to African legend older elephants instinctively would direct themselves when they reached their time to an area to die called the elephant graveyard. The myth was due partly to the fact that while elephants are the largest of land mammals, their bones were supposedly never found lying around openly on the African plains. Contributing to the myth was that older elephants and elephant skeletons were often found in the same habitat. Thus the elephant graveyard was believed to be the final destination for literally thousands of elephants and that their bones and tusks would litter the graveyard. While elephants may have been believed to have had elephant graveyards to go to die in, the question remains for today'S maritime vessels; where do vessels go to die? Like elephants, today'S fleets of maritime vessels are relatively large as far as man-made structures, and older vessels may be found clumped together near industrial waterways or low rent marinas. Unlike elephant bones, however, the steel frames and structures of vessels do not quickly decompose and remain visible symbols of our nation'S limited success in creating a process for dealing with vessels that are no longer profitable to operate. Derelict is broadly defined as deserted, neglected, or abandoned property. Many states have statutes which include specific legal definitions of derelict and/or abandoned. Derelict vessel is the term best used to describe vessels that are no longer profitable to operate and may have exceeded their service life. In most cases these vessels will incur more costs for proper maintenance than profits gained from their operation. Thus, these vessels represent a negative operational value. In addition most such vessels posses an overall net negative value as any inherent recycling value is more than offset by incurred disposal costs. Without a positive operational or overall value, such vessels are ripe for becoming a derelict/abandoned vessel and thus be a burden for their community, local, state, and federal government. Derelict vessels are public eye-sores and pose hazards to the communities in which they reside due to the cornucopia of hazardous materials they contain. Hazardous materials include fuel oil, lubricating oils, lead-based paints, acid batteries, asbestos, and refrigerants like ammonia and Freon. Other threats include physical threats from attracting children and vagrants, local environmental impacts from the leaching of iron, potential homes for illegally dumped oil or hazardous materials, and navigational hazards. While many derelict vessels are abandoned, not all are. Abandonment refers to a vessel which has no active owner, although the definition can vary from state to state. The Abandoned Barge Act (48 USC 4701) defines an abandoned barge as “an owner who has moored, stranded, or left a barge unattended for longer than 45 days” (Abandoned Barge Act, 48 USC 4701). Frequently for derelict vessels an owner or operator can be found, however they often lack the financial means to correct the vessel'S deficiencies. Independent surveys from 1991 by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers found approximately 1300 and 4000 abandoned vessels respectively (USCG Marine Safety Manual, Volume 10, Chapter 10). In response to this national survey, U.S. Congress enacted the Abandoned Barge Act (ABA) of 1992. Unfortunately, as the name implies, the act is relevant only to barges, specifically those over 100 Gross Tons. Other federal laws against derelict/abandonment of a vessel are also narrowly constructed (Boring, 2006). The limitations of other federal laws are addressed later in this paper as they apply to the various challenges presented by derelict vessels. For communities seeking to properly dispose of derelict vessels, there are several core issues to consider. These include ownership, removal authority, funding sources, environmental cleanup, and disposal methods. While this paper is intended to provide a general discussion of primary issues involved in the derelict vessel removal process, it is by no means all-inclusive.
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Adhikari, Ramesh, and Kosh Bilash Bagale. "Risk of Zoonoses among Livestock Farmers in Nepal." Journal of Health Promotion 7 (September 8, 2019): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v7i0.25520.
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In Nepal most of the people are engaged in agriculture and livestock farming but having low knowledge and poor practices are making them prone to zoo noses threats. The aim of this study is to identify the risk of common zoo noses and existing knowledge, practices among livestock farmer in Nepal and all over the world. The study was conducted based on literature review. Literature search from Google Scholar, Pub Med and Hinari databases was used for the study. The study shows that farmers have low knowledge and risky practices related to zoo noses. Sixty-five percent (n=40) of pork handlers were not following safety. Thirty six percent cattle farmers used to dispose placenta, 39.65% of them aborted foetus. Similarly, 23.25% farmers gave intra uterine medication with bare hands and 30% were sleeping in animal shed (n=250). African and South East Asian countries are facing more burden of zoo noses. Due to global warming and climate change, different zoo noses are emerging and re-emerging presentation in the world. Different research findings suggest that "One Health Approach" might help to fight against the zoo noses all over the world.
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Kaziboni, Anthony. "The Lindela Repatriation Centre, 1996–2014: Applying theory to the practice of human rights violations." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 66 (April 18, 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n66a5623.
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This article is based on media content analysis of more than 230 newspaper articles written on the Lindela Repatriation Centre from its establishment in 1996 to 2014. This centre is South Africa’s only holding facility for undocumented migrants1 awaiting repatriation, and the data revealed that it is a hub of human rights violations. The article juxtaposes the South African Bill of Rights, which supposedly underpinned the establishment of the centre, with the grotesque human rights violations that have occurred there since its inception. In light of this, the article draws on the theorising of Giorgio Agamben (1998), and particularly his theoretical contribution of the ‘homo sacer’ as one who has been left behind or excluded from the territorial boundaries that confer the rights of citizenship. I found that the detainees at the centre are largely living in what Agamben describes as a ‘state of exception’ and that undocumented migrants are often treated as ‘bare life’, as individuals who are subject to the suspension of the law within the context of the centre. Since they are non-citizens of the recipient state, these actions amount to xenophobia, which manifests in a gross violation of human rights.
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Diedhiou, Arona, and Jean-Francçois Mahfouf. "Comparative influence of land and sea surfaces on the Sahelian drought: a numerical study." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 1 (1996): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0115-6.
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Abstract. The aim of this work is to compare the relative impact of land and sea surface anomalies on Sahel rainfall and to describe the associated anomalies in the atmospheric general circulation. This sensitivity study was done with the Météo-France climate model: ARPEGE. The sensitivity to land surface conditions consists of changes in the management of water and heat exchanges by vegetation cover and bare soil. The sensitivity to ocean surfaces consists in forcing the lower boundary of the model with worldwide composite sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies obtained from the difference between 4 dry Sahel years and 4 wet Sahel years observed since 1970. For each case, the spatiotemporal variability of the simulated rainfall anomaly and changes in the modelled tropical easterly jet (TEJ) and African easterly jet (AEJ) are discussed. The global changes in land surface evaporation have caused a rainfall deficit over the Sahel and over the Guinea Coast. No significant changes in the simulated TEJ and an enhancement of the AEJ are found; at the surface, the energy budget and the hydrological cycle are substantially modified. On the other hand, SST anomalies induce a negative rainfall anomaly over the Sahel and a positive rainfall anomaly to the south of this area. The rainfall deficit due to those anomalies is consistent with previous diagnostic and sensitivity studies. The TEJ is weaker and the AEJ is stronger than in the reference. The composite impact of SST and land surfaces anomalies is also analyzed: the simulated rainfall anomaly is similar to the observed mean African drought patterns. This work suggests that large-scale variations of surface conditions may have a substantial influence on Sahel rainfall and shows the importance of land surface parameterization in climate change modelling. In addition, it points out the interest in accurately considering the land and sea surfaces conditions in sensitivity studies on Sahel rainfall.