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Journal articles on the topic 'Bahrain and Egypt'
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1
Reyad, Sameh, Sherine Badawi, and Allam Hamdan. "Assessing the impact of entrepreneurial skills development on self-employment practices amongst Egyptian and Bahraini accounting students in public and private universities." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 5 (January 2, 2020): 1101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-07-2017-0102.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper examines the development of entrepreneurial skills amongst accounting students in public and private universities and its impact on career pathways, including self-employment. Also, the paper explores what skills have an effect on self-employment intentions. Design/Methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial skills developed by accounting students in business schools and whether these skills direct them to choose to start their own business. A questionnaire was developed and a sample of 583 Egyptian and Bahraini accounting students was used. Findings The study concludes that in private universities, there is no difference in the development of entrepreneurial skills and subsequent self-employment practices between students in Egypt and Bahrain. When it comes to public universities, students in Bahrain develop better entrepreneurial skills and subsequent self-employment practices than students in Egypt. In addition, private universities are better than public universities in representing the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and self-employment practices. Originality/value This study and its conclusions fill a gap in the literature in comparing public and private universities to highlight the relationship between developing accounting students’ entrepreneurial skills and their self-employment practices. This study is the first to compare universities in Egypt and the Kingdom of Bahrain.
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Winters, Jeffrey. "Power Window." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 04 (April 1, 2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-apr-6.
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This article analyzes the energy identity crisis in some oil-producing countries. It highlights that the retail price for gasoline in countries such as Libya, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Yemen was at or below the cost on the world market of the petroleum needed to produce it. However, Egypt went from an exporter of more than 300,000 barrels of oil a day in 1999 to a net importer beginning in 2009. And as a consequence, the prices for gasoline in Egypt went from below the raw material cost in 2006 to being comparable to those in the United States. Tunisia shifted from an exporter to an importer in 2000. Thanks to strong consumption growth, Bahrain has also seen its exports plummet from more than 30,000 barrels a day in the 1990s to around 3500 today. The Saudi consumption curve is climbing at about 4% per year, and unless the country can raise production above 11 million barrels a day, its exports will disappear by 2050.
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MUSAIGER, ABDULRAHMAN O., and MARIAM AL-MANNAI. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO MEDIA AND BODY WEIGHT CONCERN AMONG FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN FIVE ARAB COUNTRIES: A PRELIMINARY CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 2 (June 12, 2013): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000278.
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SummaryMass media play an important role in changing body image. This study aimed to determine the role of media (magazines and television) in body weight concern among university females in five Arab countries. A total sample of 1134 female university students was selected at convenience from universities in five Arab countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Syria. The females' ages ranged from 17 to 32. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to assess the exposure to mass media regarding weight concerns. For the variables on exposure to mass media, girls were divided into two groups: infrequently exposed and frequently exposed. In general, the females who were exposed to mass media had a greater risk of having dieted to lose weight and changing their ideas of a perfect body shape than those who were not exposed or infrequently exposed. The association of exposure to magazines with having dieted to lose weight was only significant among females in Bahrain (p<0.044), Egypt (p<0.001) and Jordan (p<0.001). Exposure to television had a weaker association than exposure to magazines with body weight concerns of females. The association of exposure to television with females' idea of a perfect body shape was only statistically significant in females in Egypt (p<0.019) and Oman (p<0.019). The pressure from mass media on the body weight concern of female university students may lead these women to practise unhealthy weight control diets.
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Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel. "Quantifying Anecdotes: Google Search Data and Political Developments in Egypt." PS: Political Science & Politics 46, no. 02 (March 28, 2013): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096513000267.
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The events of 2011 transformed the politics of the Arab world. In just under 12 months, dictators fell in three countries: Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. In Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria, protests and violence continued throughout 2012 to shake what were once assumed to be the solid foundations of long-standing autocratic regimes. Although it is too soon to assess the outcome of these events, one immediate consequence is clear: the empowerment of public opinion in Arab politics. For the first time in more than 50 years, the voices of average Tunisians, Egyptians, and Libyans can directly influence political outcomes. This shift may yet prove to be temporary, but its importance in driving current events cannot be discounted.
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Abou Elseoud, Mohamed Sayed, Fuad M. Kreishan, Mahmood Asad Moh’d Ali, -, and -. "The Reality of SMEs in Arab Nations: Experience of Egypt, Jordan and Bahrain." Journal of Islamic Financial Studies 05, no. 02 (December 1, 2020): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/jifs/050204.
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Zartman, I. William. "Negotiation Theory and the Intifadat." International Negotiation 20, no. 1 (March 17, 2015): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341300.
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The evolution of the Arab Spring in eight countries is primarily a matter of negotiation. The instances can be broken down into Short Track (Tunisia, Egypt) and Long Track (Syria, Libya, Yemen) Transitions and Short Track (Algeria, Morocco, Bahrain) Reactions. They bring a number of lessons for negotiation analysis, primarily on scope and power, and their deviation from an ideal type model can be explained by the predominance of distributive over integrative negotiation and the imposition of a three-dimensional scene for negotiation and legitimization, with an Islamic dimension overlaying the usual left-right spectrum.
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Mohammed, Saeed A., Abd El-Kader Gamal El-Din, Helmy El-Dawy, Haifa A. Al-Maskati, and Moustafa Selah. "Karyological comparison of water frog (Ranacf.ridibunda) populations from Bahrain, eastern Saudi Arabia and Egypt." Zoology in the Middle East 15, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.1997.10637738.
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Lucena, J. C., G. Downey, and H. A. Amery. "Special issue introduction - From region to countries: engineering education in bahrain, egypt, and turkey." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 25, no. 2 (2006): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtas.2006.1649022.
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Febriandi, Febriandi. "Kegagalan Diplomasi Koersif Arab Saudi terhadap Qatar." Indonesian Journal of International Relations 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/1.ijir.2018.2.1.40.
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Saudi Arabia along with Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt suddenly cut off their diplomatic relations with Qatar. Allegations of Qatar's active participation in supporting terrorism have led to this decision. Saudi Arabia and allies carried out a blockade of land, sea and air and then submitted 13 conditions to Qatar. Qatar firmly refused to comply with Saudi’s demands. This paper will discuss the factors of failure of coercive diplomacy carried out by Saudi Arabia and allies against Qatar. As for supporting the author's analysis, this paper will use the theory of coercive diplomacy by Alexander L. George.
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Febriandi, Febriandi. "Kegagalan Diplomasi Koersif Arab Saudi terhadap Qatar." Indonesian Journal of International Relations 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v2i1.40.
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Saudi Arabia along with Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt suddenly cut off their diplomatic relations with Qatar. Allegations of Qatar's active participation in supporting terrorism have led to this decision. Saudi Arabia and allies carried out a blockade of land, sea and air and then submitted 13 conditions to Qatar. Qatar firmly refused to comply with Saudi’s demands. This paper will discuss the factors of failure of coercive diplomacy carried out by Saudi Arabia and allies against Qatar. As for supporting the author's analysis, this paper will use the theory of coercive diplomacy by Alexander L. George.
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Anderson, Jeremy. "Intersecting arcs of mobilisation: The transnational trajectories of Egyptian dockers’ unions." European Urban and Regional Studies 20, no. 1 (January 2013): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776412459862.
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This commentary explores the development of Egypt’s dockers’ unions since February 2011 in terms of two interlinked trajectories. On the one hand, the Egyptian revolution has provided the primary impetus for dockers’ industrial activism, as, like many other workers throughout Egypt, they have taken advantage of the political space suddenly opened up. However, although the Egyptian revolution may seem the most obvious driving force behind the growth of unions on the country’s docks, these advances also conform to a regional pattern. Since 2007 a campaign by the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) has seen new unions formed and collective bargaining rights won in many ports across the region, including in Bahrain, Jordan and Morocco. It is argued that the technical and industrial resources made available through the ITF’s activities and networks have, therefore, played an important role. The uncertain political environment in Egypt, however, threatens to stunt both the growth of independent unions, and curtail the support they receive from the international labour movement.
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Marzouk, Osama. "Status of ABET Accreditation in the Arab World." Global Journal of Educational Studies 5, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/gjes.v5i1.14218.
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This work represents a short statistical survey of the ABET accreditation in the 22 Arab countries. The data about ABET accreditation are last-updated on October 1, 2017. We found that there are 11 Arab countries with ABET-accredited programs, totaling 358 programs. These programs are mostly at the bachelor level, and are housed in 62 institutions of higher education. In a descending order of the number of ABET accredited programs they have, these countries are: (1) Saudi Arabia, (2) United Arab Emirates, (3) Lebanon, (4) Kuwait, (5) Egypt, (6) Jordan, (7) Bahrain, (8 and 9) Palestine and Qatar, (10) Oman, and (11) Morocco. Only Saudi Arabia has ABET-accredited programs at the master’s level. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are the only countries in the list that have ABET-accredited programs at the associate (diploma, 2-year) level. To account for the large variation of population for the considered countries, a relative scale for comparisons is introduced on a per-capita basis, and we calculated it utilizing the United Nations population data of July 1, 2015. We found that the ABET capita index varies from 4.91 (Bahrain) to 0.05 (Morocco) for the considered 11 Arab countries
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Alansari, Bader M. "INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF AN ARABIC ADAPTATION OF THE BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY-II WITH COLLEGE STUDENTS IN EIGHTEEN ARAB COUNTRIES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.4.425.
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This study examined the adequacy and consistency of the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory using an Arabic version of the BDI-II developed by Ghareeb (2000). Coefficient alphas were computed for samples of male and female undergraduates recruited from Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A. Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria and Morocco (n = 600, 270, 479, 841, 943, 780, 781, 356, 230, 360, 333, 590, 735, 275, 291, 298, 300, 706, respectively). Values of alpha ranged between .82-.93. The inventory seems viable in the Arabic context, its use in cross-cultural research may be explored.
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NIAKOOEE, SEYED AMIR. "Contemporary Arab Uprisings: Different Processes and Outcomes." Japanese Journal of Political Science 14, no. 3 (August 13, 2013): 421–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109913000170.
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AbstractThus far, recent protests in the Arab world have led to different political outcomes including regime change, civil war, and suppression by regime. The present paper explores the reasons behind these different outcomes. The research methodology is a comparative case study approach, and five countries of Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, Libya, and Syria are examined. The hypothesis is that the different political outcomes of the protests are due to a combination of factors, including the level of mobilization of anti-regime movements, the responses of national militaries, and finally the reaction of international powers. Different configurations of these components in the crisis-stricken countries have led to different political outcomes.
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Tignor, Robert L. "Can a New Generation Bring about Regime Change?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 3 (July 26, 2011): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000432.
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Peaceful protests and demonstrations have swept through the Arab world, toppling rulers and advancing programs of radical change. Some enthusiasts for these movements have already proclaimed them a revolution. They predict a new Middle Eastern political and economic order. A new generation of young people—men and women, mainly in their twenties and thirties, using their skills in cyberspace communication and fueled by many frustrations—assembled vast numbers in peaceful protests that have thus far claimed many triumphs. They forced the departures of the long-standing dictators of Egypt and Tunisia and have demanded that the monarchs of Jordan, Morocco, and Bahrain reign rather than rule.
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Al Janabi, Muhannad Al Janabi. "Cracking national integration after the events (the Arab Spring) and its impact On regional stability." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 3, no. 6 (February 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v3i6.56.
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Since late 2010 and early 2011, the Arab region has witnessed mass protests in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Bahrain and other countries that have been referred to in the political, media and other literature as the Arab Spring. These movements have had a profound effect on the stability of the regimes Which took place against it, as leaders took off and contributed to radical reforms in party structures and public freedoms and the transfer of power, but it also contributed to the occurrence of many countries in an internal spiral, which led to the erosion of the state from the inside until it became a prominent feature of the Arab) as is the case in Syria, Libya, Yemen and Iraq.
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Droz-Vincent, Philippe. "From Fighting Formal Wars to Maintaining Civil Peace?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 3 (July 26, 2011): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000535.
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In the 2011 wave of popular uprisings shaking authoritarian rule in the Middle East, mass societal mobilizations have been the crucial factor. But institutional actors, especially armies, are also playing an active role. Armies in the region have generally had less and less involvement in formal interstate wars and consequently have played more of a role, willingly or not, in underpinning regimes. Recent events demonstrate two patterns: armies that have refused to play this role (Egypt, Tunisia) and armies that have been willing, at least for some time, to answer the regimes’ requests to engage in repression (Bahrain, Yemen, Syria) or even civil war (Libya). How can we account for the military's growing role in civil strife or civil peace?
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Conde, Gilberto. "On the evolutions of the Arab Spring." Regions and Cohesion 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2017.070206.
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This article looks back at the 2011 Arab Spring where the movements that brought hope to the region and beyond seem to have gone astray. The military has taken over in Egypt, while Libya, Syria and Yemen have descended into civil strife with tremendous human costs. Bahrain has witnessed repression that has overwhelmed the opposition, and while Tunisia, the country where Arab Spring began, has avoided the violence characterizing the aforementioned states, change has remained rather limited. As for other countries that rode on the same wave of mobilizations, hopes for democratic transformation have been subdued in somewhat less violent contexts but with varying degrees of pressure from the state. This article examines what has happened to the Arab Spring countries, why and what is required to democratically transform the region.
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Łukaszewicz, Adrianna, and Wojciech Grabowski. "Modus operandi of Qatar Resistance Policy against “Anti-Terror Quartet”." Politeja 17, no. 1(64) (February 26, 2020): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.64.16.
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An effective resistance policy by Qatar against sanctions imposed by Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Bahrain (called the Anti-terror Quartet or ATQ) surprised many analysts, journalists and politicians as well. The asymmetry in power between parties of this conflict was huge with a clear advantage with the sanctioning states. However, a wide range of actions applied by the Qatari government effectively countered the ATQ effort to portray Qatar as a threat to international peace and security and forced it to change its policy. The objective of the article is to explain the mechanisms of economic sanctions to show the conditions of its effectiveness and mistakes made by the ATQ. The research objective is also to evaluate a defensive policy applied by Qatar in reaction to the sanctions.
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Musaiger, Abdulrahman O. "Body size preferences among young women in five Arab countries: a cross-cultural study." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0317.
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Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to highlight body size preferences among university females in five Arab countries. Methods: The sample comprised 1134 females between 17 and 32 years old from universities in five Arab countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Syria. A silhouette figure scale was used to examine body size preferences. Results: There were significant differences between countries regarding female body size preferences (p<0.001) and for preferred body size for men (p<0.001). In general, the university females preferred a thinner body size for themselves than that perceived for men. Conclusion: There was a drastic change in body size preferences for women from plumpness to thinness. Sociocultural factors may play a role in the differences in the body size preferences between countries.
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Keane, David. "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. U.A.E.) (I.C.J.)." International Legal Materials 60, no. 5 (June 9, 2021): 883–960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2021.22.
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On February 4, 2021, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates). It upheld by eleven votes to six the first preliminary objection raised by the UAE and found that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the application filed by Qatar. The case was referred to the Court under Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), and relates to measures taken on June 5, 2017 by the UAE, along with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Egypt, to cut diplomatic ties with Qatar and impose a blockade, including expelling all Qatari residents and visitors.
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Davies, Thomas Richard. "The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: ‘political ju-jitsu’ in reverse." Global Change, Peace & Security 26, no. 3 (June 26, 2014): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2014.924916.
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Elkahlout, Ghassan. "Atsār Al-Azmah Al-Khalījiyyah ‘alā Al-Āmal Al-Insāniy Al-Qathariy." Insaniyat: Journal of Islam and Humanities 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v2i2.8031.
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The Gulf crisis, which broke out on June 5, 2017 between Qatar and the four countries (Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt and Bahrain), surprised the world. The four countries initiated punitive action against Qatar and justified it in seeking to stop Qatar from supporting terrorism. The sanctions included a diplomatic boycott, an economic blockade and an air embargo, amounting to the criminalization of sympathizers of the four countries' nationals with Qatar. The Qatari humanitarian sector was one of the targeted sectors in the crisis. The four countries launched smearing campaigns against the Qatari humanitarian work in regional and international forums. The article describes how the Gulf crisis has affected the humanitarian landscape in Qatar. It elaborates on the impact on actors such as donors, humanitarian workers, partnerships and the level of international Qatari cooperationDOI: 10.15408/insaniyat.v2i2.8031
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Karam, Elie G., and Lynn A. Itani. "Mental health research in the Arab world: an update." BJPsych. International 12, S1 (May 2015): S—25—S—28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000000829.
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Publications on mental health were collected using PubMed and PsychINFO for 21 Arab countries. The data were then categorised according to the first author's country of affiliation, the year of publication, the topic of research and the type of journal. In 2006–12, the Arab world published 1029 articles (an average of 147 per year). The estimated increase in yearly productivity during this period was about 25% over the 7 preceding years. When considering the research output per million population, Kuwait, Bahrain and Lebanon were the top three producers, as they had been over the preceding four decades. After adjusting for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the five top producers were Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, Lebanon and Morocco. Based on child and adolescent mental health research only, the Arab world's productivity was around one-sixth that of the United States and Europe.
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Rose, Cecily. "Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council." American Journal of International Law 115, no. 2 (April 2021): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2021.8.
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In two nearly identical judgments dated July 14, 2020, the International Court of Justice (ICJ or Court) reviewed a decision taken by the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in a dispute about aviation restrictions imposed on Qatar by Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These cases represent the second time that the Court has heard an appeal concerning a decision of the ICAO Council, a treaty body which has executive, administrative, and dispute settlement functions. As in 1972, when the Court heard an appeal brought by India against Pakistan, the Court's 2020 judgments concern a Council decision on preliminary objections to jurisdiction and admissibility. These judgments not only reinforce the ICJ's findings in its 1972 judgment, which raised similar procedural issues, but they also highlight the scope and the limits of the Court's rare appellate function.
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Hany, Ira Humaira. "Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi pada 15 Negara OKI Tahun 2014-2018." Telaah Bisnis 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35917/tb.v20i1.157.
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Economic growth is an important factor in measuring how successful the economy is. Therefore, many countries will always try to increase their economic growth for priority targets that must be achieved. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence economic growth in OIC member countries, which consists of 15 countries, namely Afghanistan, Bahrain, Balangdesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. This study consists of five variables, namely: GDP, Investment, Exports, Imports, and Government Expenditure using panel data regression analysis. The results showed that three of the four variables used to significantly influence economic growth in OIC countries were exports, imports, and government expenditure, while the investment variable had no significant effect. From this study it can be concluded that not all variables have a significant effect on economic growth in OIC countries.
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Alansari, Bader M. "BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY (BDI-II) ITEMS CHARACTERISTICS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF NINETEEN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 33, no. 7 (January 1, 2005): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.7.675.
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An Arabic version of the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in its complete form was developed by Ghareeb (2000). The BDI-II was administered to 18 Islamic groups and the English version of the BDI-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) was administered to an additional Pakistani group. Co-efficient alphas were computed for samples of male and female undergraduates recruited from 19 Islamic countries: Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco and Pakistan (n=600, 270, 479, 841, 943, 780, 781, 356, 230, 360, 333, 590, 735, 275, 291, 298, 300, 706 and 532 respectively). The corrected item-total scale correlations of the BDI-II ranged between .21 and 89, the inventory seems viable in the Arabic context. Its use in cross-cultural studies would be suitable.
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Ahmed, Neveen, and Ola Abdel Hadi. "Impact of Ownership Structure on Firm Performance in the MENA Region: An Empirical Study." Accounting and Finance Research 6, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n3p105.
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This paper investigates the impact of ownership structures on firm financial performance in the MENA region. The sample covers nine MENA countries (Egypt, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Tunisia, UAE, Morocco, Oman and Jordan) for the year 2014. We examine the impact of ownership structures on firm performance. Performance is proxied by Tobin-Q, ROE and ROA, while ownership structure is proxied using insider ownership, governmental, and blockholders. We control for risk, size, country effect and industry type. Our results suggest that blockholders, insider ownership and governmental ownership play a crucial role in firm performance measured by Tobin-Q, ROE and ROA respectively. Our results suggest that insider ownership negatively effects firm’s return on equity, while blockholder ownership has a positive impact on a firm’s Tobin-Q. Finally we find that governmental ownership plays a positive role on a firm’s return on assets in the MENA region.
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Farhan, Adnan Abdulrahman Naef, and P. A. Varghese. "Facebook Utilization and Arab Spring Movement: A Study among Yemeni Youth." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 5, no. 1 (January 20, 2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v5i1.18971.
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The Arab Spring is a popular term used to describe the revolutionary movement of demonstrations and protests, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on December 18, 2010 in Tunisia and spread in the whole Arab countries. Tunisia and Egypt became the center of this revolution, and then it moved to include Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Sudan, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Western Sahara and Palestine. Yemeni youth’s revolution movement began to change the system through mobilization of people and social action. This paper focuses on the importance of Facebook in the revolution and how the Yemeni youth used Facebook to attract more supporters and keep the spirit up. The present paper reports the impact of Facebook in nurturing political revolution in Yemen analyzing the data achieved by survey method.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-1: 5-9
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Frohlich, Bruno, and Warwick J. Lancaster. "Electromagnetic surveying in current Middle Eastern archaeology: Application and evaluation." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 7 (July 1986): 1414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442190.
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Since 1977, the Smithsonian Institution has had a major research program on the human biological history of the Near East. As part of this program, electromagnetic (EM) surveying methods have been extensively used to identify anomalies of potential archaeological significance below the surface. An EM-31 noncontacting terrain conductivity meter was used in Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Egypt with excellent results. In addition to the successful application of EM equipment to archaeological problems, we investigated the equipment’s response to changing environmental and climatic conditions. We have developed efficient methods for recording EM data. The following results were obtained. Recording accuracy is better than previously reported (0.97 percent repeatability error between two observers); the degree of accuracy is primarily a function of operator error and less a function of equipment reliability; and the EM-31 produces helpful, highly reproducible results in the arid and semiarid environment of the Middle East.
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Talbi, Dorra, and Khemaies Bougatef. "The internal and external determinants of the intermediation margin of banks across MENA countries." EuroMed Journal of Business 13, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-02-2018-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of internal and external determinants of bank’s performance in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a static unbalanced annual panel data of banks operating in eight countries pertaining to the MENA region (Tunisia, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Qatar, Lebanon, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates) over the period from 1999 to 2014. Findings The findings reveal that the determinants of intermediation margins in the MENA region differ across countries. Overall, banks interest margins are explained by both bank-specific variables and macroeconomic factors except for Saudi Arabia in which interest margins exclusively depend on bank-specific factors. Originality/value These findings contribute to the clarification and critical analysis of the current state of bank’s performance in some countries located in MENA region, which would have several crucial policy implications.
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Alansari, B. M. "Gender differences in anxiety among undergraduates from twenty two countries." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71846-6.
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ObjectiveThe aim of the current investigation was to explore gender related differences in anxiety among undergraduates from 22 countries.MethodStandard Arabic Version of the Kuwait University Anxiety scale (comprised of 20 brief statements, answered on a 4-point intensity scale, anchored by 1: Rarely and 4: Always) was administered to Arabic undergraduates, recruited from the following countries: Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudis Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A. Emirate, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, and Morocco. (n = 608, 271, 879, 842, 948, 780, 782, 435, 154, 393, 342, 833, 1185, 275, 291, 295, 375, & 706. While the English Version was administered to American (n = 273) and Pakistan (n = 462) samples, the Germen version was administered to the Germen subjects (n = 157), Moreover the Spanish version was administered to the Spanish sample (n = 312).ResultsIt was found that females significantly had higher mean anxiety scores than did their male counterparts in 15 countries: Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Pakistan, American, & Spain.ConclusionFemale preponderance of anxiety has been a consistent finding. In the present researcher opinion, the anxiety score of any given person is the end product of both biological and psychosocial factors and their interaction. Furthermore, the response styles, especially social desirability and the tendency to hyperbole had an impact on anxiety score.
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Varga, József, and Gyöngyi Bánkuti. "Ranking methodology for Islamic banking sectors – modification of the conventional CAMELS method." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(1).2021.04.
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The state of banking systems is an important issue. The purpose of this paper was to test whether the well-known CAMELS microeconomic methodology, generally used for ranking banks, is applicable to evaluating Islamic banking systems. The hypothesis was tested by implementing a method for a particular case, public, free data – from 2013 till the first quarter of 2018 – on Islamic banking systems from the “Islamic Financial Services Board” (IFBS) database. As expected, modifications were necessary. First, because of the lack of data (in Islamic databases, no data refer to the management (“M”)), and second, to avoid the subjectivity of the five-degree method and to reach more sensibility. Thus, a hundred-level (standardized) rating system was introduced – “CAELS 100”, where “100” refers to the levels. The other part of the methodology – creating a simple average of the (now level 100) rating of raw indicators to get the letters of CA(M)ELS in the relevant period – remained unchanged. After the data cleaning, only six countries (Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Oman, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates) were able to participate in the analysis.The result showed that Egypt, Turkey and Kuwait were the best ones respectively. Thus, it was concluded that this “CAELS 100” methodology is suitable for evaluating Islamic banking systems. AcknowledgmentThe research was supported by the project “Intelligent specialization program at Kaposvár University”, No. EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00007.
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Al-Turk, Halima. "The Arab Springs: A Comparison of the Uprisings in Libya & Syria in 2011." Political Science Undergraduate Review 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur66.
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The Arab Springs is known as “a revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, riots, protracted civil wars and other forms of opposition (both violent and non-violent) in the Arab territories” (Elfaith. 2015, 121). Starting in Tunisia on December 18, 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi a street vendor, set himself on fire after being harassed by municipal police officials. Bouazizi’s act of self-immolation sparked international attention, leading Tunisia into a revolution. After being in power for 23 years as Tunisia’s President, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali stepped down and fled to Saudi Arabia (Bunton 2013, 16). Tunisia’s revolution led both the Arab and non-Arab world to witness “spontaneous explosions of protests, [revolutions] and popular political upheaval” in countries such as Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, Morocco, Lebanon, Algeria, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sudan and Mauritania (Ismael and Ismael 2013, 229). The high levels of political corruption, economic hardships and the desire for a free democratic government all inspired the citizens of these countries to take action against their governments.
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Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C. "Longitudinal Network Centrality Using Incomplete Data." Political Analysis 25, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 308–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2017.6.
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How do individuals’ influence in a large social network change? Social scientists have difficulty answering this question because measuring influence requires frequent observations of a population of individuals’ connections to each other, while sampling that social network removes information in a way that can bias inferences. This paper introduces a method to measure influence over time accurately from sampled network data. Ranking individuals by the sum of their connections’ connections—neighbor cumulative indegree centrality—preserves the rank influence ordering that would be achieved in the presence of complete network data, lowering the barrier to measuring influence accurately. The paper then shows how to measure that variable changes each day, making it possible to analyze when and why an individual’s influence in a network changes. This method is demonstrated and validated on 21 Twitter accounts in Bahrain and Egypt from early 2011. The paper then discusses how to use the method in domains such as voter mobilization and marketing.
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Rezaeian, Mohsen, and Murad Moosa Khan. "Suicide Prevention in the Eastern Mediterranean Region." Crisis 41, Supplement 1 (March 1, 2020): S72—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000669.
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Abstract. The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) consists of 22 countries including Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen. According to Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data, death from self-harm has increased by 100% between 1990 and 2015 in this region. Although this increase is substantial, it appears trivial in comparison to the 1027% increase in deaths due to war and legal interventions. This might partly explain why suicide prevention does not have a high priority in these countries and why there are currently no suicide prevention strategies in place. Despite the above, some important activities in the area of suicide prevention have been carried out in the region. And while peace and stability may take time to come to the region, it should not prevent suicide prevention programs from being developed and implemented.
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Mallat, Chibli. "The Philosophy of the Middle East Revolution, Take One: Nonviolence." Middle East Law and Governance 3, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2011): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633711x591495.
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Against the sceptics, who see nonviolence as a serendipitous occurrence of the Middle East Revolution, the reality is that of a powerful, conscious determination of the revolutionaries in at least three countries where repression was immense, and where people refused to take up arms after the nonviolent precedents in Tunisia and in Egypt. In Bahrain, Yemen and Syria, the refusal to resort to violence is a conscious choice of hundreds of thousands of people. Th at clear appreciation of the power of nonviolence, in contrast to the revolutionaries in Libya, is the leitmotive of the Middle East Revolutions. Th e rebels in Libya made a mistake in taking up arms against Qaddafi , and lost Tripoli on the very day when the military front was constituted. Yet the rule remains, across the ME Revolution from the beginning of the paradigmatic shift in January 2011, in the attachment to nonviolence as the privileged means to revolutionary success.
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Karolyi, Paul. "Update on Conflict and Diplomacy." Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no. 1 (2017): 132–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.47.1.132.
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This update summarizes bilateral, multilateral, regional, and international events affecting the Palestinians and Israel. It covers the quarter beginning on 16 May 2017 and ending on 15 August 2017: U.S. president Donald Trump continued working on a largely undefined peace initiative with little success. Violence in the Old City of Jerusalem interrupted U.S. diplomatic efforts and the Israeli government imposed new security measures at Haram al-Sharif. These restrictions sparked a wave of unrest across the occupied Palestinian territories and a Muslim boycott of the sanctuary, testing the nascent U.S. initiative. Palestinian Authority president Mahmoud Abbas increased pressure on Hamas to relinquish control of Gaza to the PA. The 1,500-plus Palestinian prisoners who declared a mass hunger strike last quarter secured key concessions from the Israeli authorities and brought their strike to a close. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates enacted a diplomatic and economic boycott of Qatar.
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Girod, Desha M., Megan A. Stewart, and Meir R. Walters. "Mass protests and the resource curse: The politics of demobilization in rentier autocracies." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, no. 5 (July 27, 2016): 503–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216651826.
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Why are some dictators more successful at demobilizing protest movements than others? Repression sometimes stamps out protest movements (Bahrain in 2011) but can also cause a backlash (Egypt and Tunisia in 2011), leading to regime change. This article argues that the effectiveness of repression in quelling protests varies depending upon the income sources of authoritarian regimes. Oil-rich autocracies are well equipped to contend with domestic and international criticism, and this gives them a greater capacity to quell protests through force. Because oil-poor dictators lack such ability to deal with criticism, repression is more likely to trigger a backlash of increased protests. The argument is supported by analysis of newly available data on mass protests from the Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes (NAVCO 2.0) dataset, which covers all countries (1945–2006). This article implies that publics respond strategically to repression, and tend to demobilize when the government is capable of continually employing repression with impunity.
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Albasoos, Hani, Gubara Hassan, and Sara Al Zadjali. "The Qatar crisis: Challenges and opportunities." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i1.1013.
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This study reviews the challenges and opportunities encountered by Qatar because of the blockade imposed by the neighboring countries, namely Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, and Egypt. It endeavors to highlight potential scenarios of the crisis. This paper employs a secondary source of information to achieve the objectives, such as books, articles, reports, and academic research, which were later subjected to thematic analysis. The findings of this research reveal that crisis management was an effective strategy implemented by the Qatari Government. It helped Qatari officials to change and transfer the negative impacts to a positive force. The crisis management strategy encouraged Qatar to rely on their local industries, improve education and media institutes, and use Qatar’s soft power internationally. Although 2017 was a challenging year for Qatar due to the crisis, yet the national economy showed an accelerated growth of 5% in the second half of the same year.
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Ryzova, Lucie. "New Asymmetries in the New Authoritarianism: Research in Egypt in the Age of Post-Revolution." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074381700037x.
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Egypt was at the center of a wave of uprisings and revolutions that swept the region between 2011 and 2013, the common denominator of which was demands for a radical democratic alternative to authoritarian regimes variously formulated around social justice and political rights. While the Middle East was a major theater of these events, with Tunisia, Egypt, Lybia, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen sharing the headlines, the processes that informed these uprisings were also deeply global. The year 2011 was a revolutionary year, maybe the last in history, when actors differently positioned in the neoliberal social landscape mobilized in different ways, from the Occupy Movement to the London riots. The demise, or better, defeat, of these movements has reverberated profoundly around the globe, highlighting the postdemocratic nature of governance in contemporary states. One of the effects of the rise of new authoritarianism across Europe and the United States is a palpable transformation in the asymmetry between outside observer and the local observed. Researchers now face a reshaping, in some ways a leveling, of differences between “us” and “them” and the distinct temporality used to underpin this asymmetry. Nothing could illustrate this better than the fact that as I write, Egypt's president ʿAbd al-Fattah al-Sisi is enjoying a warm welcome in the White House. The narrative is no longer framed through the worn-out trope of an Arab leader aspiring to modernize his country through pledging allegiance to the leader of the Free World in exchange for aid and armaments; now the man in the White House implicitly pledges to learn from the Arab dictator. Egypt is the pioneer; the United States is the relative latecomer to the Age of New Authoritarianism.
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Akiki, Dany, Said El Hage, Elias Wakim, Steven Safi, Elise Assouad, and Pascale Salameh. "Atrial Fibrillation in the Arab World: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Activity from 2004 to 2019." Journal of Cardiac Arrhythmias 34, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24207/jca.v34i1.3430.
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Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is in an increasing pattern worldwide, especially in the Arab world. Objective: The aim of this article is to assess AF research activity in the Arab countries over the past 16 years, taking into consideration the population size, gross domestic product (GDP) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Methods: Atrial fibrillation related research articles published from Arab countries between 2004 and 2019 were collected from the MEDLINE database and are cited online on PubMed. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms related to the subject, the origin and the date of publication were used to search for the published articles. Results: The number of AF related publications in the Arab world over the past 16 years was only 283 (0.73%) out of a total of 38,983 publications worldwide. Saudi Arabia ranked first in terms of number of AF related publications, followed by Egypt. Lebanon is the country with the highest number of publications per USD billion GDP, while Egypt and Saudi Arabia have the highest number of publications per 1% DALYs. According to the population size, Qatar and Bahrain produced the highest number of publications per million persons (PPMP). A strong and positive correlation was found between the number of publications and the GDP. The population size and the percentage of DALY showed positive yet weak correlation. Conclusion: A slight increase in AF related publications is observed. Nonetheless, AF research activity in the Arab world is still insufficient.
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Shah, Jay Narayan. "The ‘Vero Cell’ COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Nepal: What we know about the Chinese vaccine development and access?" Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v8i1.36768.
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The world has changed dramatically from the impact of the COVID-19. It has impacted the normality of daily life, highlighting the failure of rich and poor nations alike, which is evident from the high number of human lives lost in rich and powerful countries like the USA with total deaths of 32,735,704 and Europe with 43,708,958 until April 24, 2021, as per Worldometer. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that all of us ‘have and have-not’, no one can escape from the effects of the lockdowns, disruption of normal life including education, businesses, etc. reminding all of us that equitable access to vaccines is the best possible choice not to further exacerbate the challenges because ‘no country is safe until every country is safe’. It is a remarkable scientific achievement that within a year of the identification of the virus, we have COVID-19 vaccines, albeit available mostly in rich countries. The benefit of research is possible only with solidarity, by sharing the available resources, vaccine included, for the control of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Modern science and technology, including the development and marketing of COVID-19 vaccines, have been focused in the USA and Europe. China joined this club of elites of science following the Chinese FDA approval of Sinopharm (the subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group- CNPG), first COVID-19 vaccine (inactivated Sars-Cov-2) based on the results of the phase-3 clinical trial in UAE and Bahrain showing up to 86% efficacy of the vaccine in preventing COVID-19.
Detail of trials of Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (Vero Cells) available on two early trials in China (Phase I/II ChiCTR2000031809, enrollment 1,456) and later 4 trials outside China (phase III, NCT04510207 Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, United Arab Emirates- enrollment of 45,000; ChiCTR2000034780 United Arab Emirates, enrollment of 15,000; NCT04612972 Peru, enrollment of 6,000) show the progress of research and approval in China and UAE.
Modern science and technology, including the development and marketing of COVID-19 vaccines, have been focused in the USA and Europe. China joined this club of elites of science following the Chinese FDA approval of Sinopharm (the subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group- CNPG) first COVID-19 vaccine (inactivated Sars-Cov-2) based on the results of the phase-3 clinical trial in UAE and Bahrain showing up to 86% efficacy of the vaccine in preventing COVID-19.3
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Alber, Nader, and Vivian Bushra Kheir. "Public-Private Investment and Macroeconomic Determinants: Evidence from MENA Countries." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 1 (December 2, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n1p15.
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This paper attempts to demonstrate the relationship between macroeconomic factors and each of Private Investment in Energy (PIE) and Private Investment in Telecoms (PIT) from 1990 to 2016 in 21 MENA countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Palestine and Yemen).
Results reveal that both PIE and PIT are Granger caused by GDP, Real Interest Rate, Gross fixed capital formation, private sector, stocks traded are Granger causing PIE. Also, Inflation, Exports of goods and services and Commercial bank branches are Granger causing PIT. All of the ten macroeconomic variables taken up in study are cointegrated with Investment in energy and telecoms with private participation in the long run.
Besides, shocks to all of GDP, gross fixed capital formation, private sector to GDP, general government final consumption expenditure, stocks traded and commercial bank branches (as a proxy of financial inclusion) have a positive and statistically significant effect on the private investment in energy and telecoms.
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OWAID, Mustafa Nadhim. "Bioecology and Uses of Desert Truffles (Pezizales) in the Middle East." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2017): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2018.3058.
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Desert truffles grow naturally after rainfall during the season of Al-Wasm in arid and semi-arid districts of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, and Morocco. Al-Wasm provides rainfall of more than 200 ml in September to October in the Arabian Peninsula, and is important for the early growth and appearance of desert truffles. The amount of truffles increases depending on the amount of rainfall, as in other countries. Two genera of desert truffles, Terfezia sp. and Tirmania sp., are the most abundant in the Middle East. Desert truffles have nutritional value due to their proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, and low energy. Also, they have immune-modulating, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and antiradical properties due to their content of phenol, carotenoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, ergosterol, etc. Hence, the introduction of desert truffles in the pharmacological field is important, especially in the treating of eye infections and cancer. Finally, the habitats of the truffles and the host-plants need protection as nature reserves.
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Keddie, Nikki R. "Arab and Iranian Revolts 1979–2011: Influences or Similar Causes?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811001309.
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In the thirty-two years from 1979 to 2011 there have been numerous mass movements in Iran and several Arab countries that have overthrown or threatened rulers who seemed secure for several decades. By September 2011, the shah of Iran and the presidents of Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya had been overthrown; of those, only the anti-Qaddafi revolt had outside (NATO) help. Major popular movements had also threatened the rulers of Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria. Iran had seen the massive Green Movement in 2009, aimed primarily at fraud in that year's presidential elections. Among the questions that emerge regarding these movements are the following: Why did they arise when they did? Why were they not predicted? How much influence did one or more of these movements have on the others? Why were some movements successful and others, thus far, not? Some of these questions will demand long study and analysis, which may not lead to a consensus. Here will be a preliminary brief discussion of a few of them, with stress on the question of influence.
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Karolyi, Paul. "Chronology." Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no. 1 (2017): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.47.1.s3.
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This is part 135 of a chronology begun by the Journal of Palestine Studies in Spring 1984, and covers events from 16 May to 15 August 2017 on the ground in the occupied Palestinian territories and in the diplomatic sphere, regionally and internationally. U.S. pres. Donald Trump continued work on a largely undefined peace initiative without much progress. Violence in the Old City of Jerusalem interrupted U.S. efforts, and the Israeli government imposed new security restrictions at Haram al-Sharif, sparking a wave of unrest across the occupied Palestinian territories and a Muslim boycott of the sanctuary that put the nascent U.S. initiative to the test. Palestinian Authority president Mahmoud Abbas increased pressure on Hamas to relinquish control of Gaza to the PA. The 1,500-plus Palestinian prisoners who declared a mass hunger strike last quarter secured key concessions from the Israeli authorities and brought their “Dignity Strike” to a close. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates enacted a diplomatic and economic boycott of Qatar.
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NAGY, A., T. C. METTENLEITER, and E. M. ABDELWHAB. "A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 16 (November 23, 2017): 3320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817002576.
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SUMMARYH9N2 is the most widespread avian influenza virus subtype in poultry worldwide. It infects a broad spectrum of host species including birds and mammals. Infections in poultry and humans vary from silent to fatal. Importantly, all AIV, which are fatal in humans (e.g. H5N1, H7N9) acquired their ‘internal’ gene segments from H9N2 viruses. Although H9N2 is endemic in the Middle East (ME) and North Africa since the late 1990s, little is known about its epidemiology and genetics on a regional level. In this review, we summarised the epidemiological situation of H9N2 in poultry and mammals in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The virus has been isolated from humans in Egypt and serosurveys indicated widespread infection particularly among poultry workers and pigs in some countries. Some isolates replicated well in experimentally inoculated dogs, mice, hamsters and ferrets. Insufficient protection of immunised poultry was frequently reported most likely due to concurrent viral or bacterial infections and antigenic drift of the field viruses from outdated vaccine strains. Genetic analysis indicated several distinct phylogroups including a panzootic genotype in the Asian and African parts of the ME, which may be useful for the development of vaccines. The extensive circulation of H9N2 for about 20 years in this region where the H5N1 virus is also endemic in some countries, poses a serious public health threat. Regional surveillance and control strategy are highly recommended.
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Zrubka, Zsombor, Omar Rashdan, and László Gulácsi. "Health Economic Publications From the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Scoping Review of the Volume and Methods of Research." Global Journal on Quality and Safety in Healthcare 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36401/jqsh-20-4.
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ABSTRACT Introduction We reviewed the scope of countries, diseases, technologies, and methods involved in the health economic evaluations published in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Methods PRISMA guidelines were followed. A PubMed search was conducted up to December 15, 2019. English language full-text articles were included if they reported original research on humans; involved the local population from Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, or Yemen; reported costs; and involved a full or partial health economic analysis comparing alternative health technologies. Data on publication year, country of origin, disease area according to ICD-10, type of health technology, and applied methods were extracted. Results From 105 eligible articles, 57.1% were published between 2015 and 2019. Egypt (30.5%) and Saudi Arabia (27.6%) were the most frequently involved countries. Infectious diseases were most often studied (27.6%). The assessed technology was a system (eg, infection control, screening, coverage/access, hospital management, or healthcare delivery program) in 41.9% of studies. Cost-utility analysis (CUA) was the most frequent method (29.5%) and was growing rapidly. Health system perspective was adopted in 52.4% of studies, whereas societal perspective was scarce (8.6%). The majority of studies (46.7%) were published in Scimago Q1 journals. Over half of the studies (54.2%) did not report or did not have a funding source. Conclusions From 2015, health economic analysis became more frequent in the MENA region, providing input to value-based health policy and financing. For further growth, in addition to the development of the institutional background, valid and more standardized local cost and outcome data should be available.
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El-Diftar, Doaa. "Firm-level determinants of capital structure in the MENA region." Journal of Research in Emerging Markets 2, no. 3 (April 26, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30585/jrems.v2i3.494.
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This paper investigates the behavior of firm characteristics on capital structure in firms in the MENA region. The outcomes of this research are important to bridge the gap between the theory and the practical decisions related to capital structure. The research studies the impact of firm characteristics on levels of debt from three different perspectives; short-term debt, long-term debt, and total debt. The study is applied to 416 firms from nine countries of the MENA region (Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia) over some time from 2007-2016. Various econometrics techniques are used to reinforce the generated results. The results show that a firm's profitability and liquidity levels have a significant inverse impact on leverage, whereas; firm's size has a direct impact. The empirical results also show that asset tangibility and market value impact leverage differently depending on the type of debt used. Overall, the results reinforce the importance of both the pecking order theory as well as the trade-off theory in explaining capital structure decisions in the MENA region, with the results being more significant concerning the pecking order theory.