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Journal articles on the topic 'Bail Reforms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Shoebridge, David. "Bail Law Reforms in NSW." Alternative Law Journal 39, no. 2 (2014): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x1403900214.

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2

Ouss, Aurélie, and Megan Stevenson. "Does Cash Bail Deter Misconduct?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15, no. 3 (2023): 150–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20210349.

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Courts routinely use low cash bail as a financial incentive to ensure released defendants appear in court and abstain from crime. This can create burdens for defendants with little empirical evidence on its efficacy. We exploit a prosecutor-driven reform that led to a sharp reduction in low cash bail and pretrial supervision, with no effect on pretrial detention, to test whether such incentive mechanisms succeed at their intended purpose. We find no evidence that financial collateral has a deterrent effect on failure to appear or pretrial crime. This paper also contributes to the literature on

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3

Garg, Anuj. "Reforming Criminal Justice: An Analysis of Bail System Inequities and Proposals for Change." Indian Journal of Law 2, no. 1 (2024): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/ijl.v2.i1.02.

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This paper critically examines the inequities prevalent in the current bail system within the framework of criminal justice. Delving into the historical evolution and purpose of bail, the analysis exposes the disparities affecting diverse demographic groups. Through a meticulous exploration of the consequences arising from these inequities, the paper underscores their profound social and economic impact on individuals, families, and communities. Building upon a comprehensive review of past and ongoing reform initiatives, the study evaluates their efficacy, drawing valuable lessons to inform fu

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Sarraf, Adv Sanjay, and Dr S. P. Mishra. "Objectives and Scope of Bail Under BNSS, 2023 an in-Depth Analysis." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science X, no. VI (2025): 640–45. https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2025.10060049.

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Bail represents a vital intersection between individual liberty and societal interest in the Indian criminal justice system. With the enactment of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, which replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the bail jurisprudence has been revisited with clarity and purpose. This paper offers a doctrinal and analytical study of regular bail, anticipatory bail, default (mandatory) bail, interim bail, and post-conviction bail. It draws upon statutory interpretation, constitutional principles, and judicial pronouncements, highlighting the evolution of

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Tahir, Muhammad Rizwan, Hafiz Muhammad Azeem, and Zubair Iqbal. "Reforming Post-Arrest Bail in Pakistan: Lessons from a Comparative Study with India." Review of Education, Administration & Law 7, no. 4 (2024): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v7i4.375.

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This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the legal frameworks governing post-arrest bail in India and Pakistan, with a focus on the statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and procedural safeguards that are involved. Although both states share a common legal heritage which is rooted in British colonial law, however, they have diverged in their approaches to bail, which are influenced by their respective constitutional mandates, legislative developments, and sociopolitical landscapes. This comparison is essential in order to understand how these legal systems are balancing

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Walther, Ansgar, and Lucy White. "Rules versus Discretion in Bank Resolution." Review of Financial Studies 33, no. 12 (2020): 5594–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa032.

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Abstract Recent reforms have given regulators broad powers to “bail-in” bank creditors during financial crises. We analyze efficient bail-ins and their implementation. To preserve liquidity, regulators must avoid signaling negative private information to creditors. Therefore, optimal bail-ins in bad times only depend on public information. As a result, the optimal policy cannot be implemented if regulators have wide discretion, due to an informational time-inconsistency problem. Rules mandating tough bail-ins after bad public signals, or contingent convertible (co-co) bonds, improve welfare. W

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7

Mokoena, Untalimile Crystal Amenda, and Emma Charlene Lubaale. "Decolonising prisons in South Africa: The need for effective bail affordability inquiries." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 66 (April 18, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n66a5634.

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Prisons have been a major player in all countries with a history of tyrannical regimes, as people who attempted to resist repression frequently found themselves detained in prisons. Many countries have adopted democratic government, underscored by equality of all people before the law. Many states – South Africa among them – continue to make reforms to address these past injustices, and, as part of this shift, prisons across continents are attempting to decolonise. This article questions whether South Africa can decolonise its prisons, given that the country’s poor are at a higher risk of dete

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Mokoena, Untalimile Crystal Amenda, and Emma Charlene Lubaale. "Decolonising prisons in South Africa: The need for effective bail affordability inquiries." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 66 (April 18, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2018/i66a5634.

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Prisons have been a major player in all countries with a history of tyrannical regimes, as people who attempted to resist repression frequently found themselves detained in prisons. Many countries have adopted democratic government, underscored by equality of all people before the law. Many states – South Africa among them – continue to make reforms to address these past injustices, and, as part of this shift, prisons across continents are attempting to decolonise. This article questions whether South Africa can decolonise its prisons, given that the country’s poor are at a higher risk of dete

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9

Vasileiou, Evangelos. "The New Bail-in Regime and the Need for Stronger Market Discipline." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 1 (2014): 85–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i1.171.

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Effective Market Discipline (MD) puzzles financial economists and regulators for decades, while the recent bail-in legislation for European banks extremely raises the need for even stronger MD. It may not be exaggeration to say that a new regime for the European banking market is born after the aforementioned decision. This paper’s objective is the broader MD examination, using variables that are not usually included in MD studies, but concern the European Union (EU) and the European Monetary Union (EMU) in the last years. In particular, apart from banking, deposit insurance and pure macroecon

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10

Martino, Edoardo. "The Bail-in Beyond Unpredictability: Creditors’ Incentives and Market Discipline." European Business Organization Law Review 21, no. 4 (2020): 789–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40804-020-00188-7.

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AbstractThe market discipline of creditors on the risk-taking behaviour of borrowing banks represents a long-lasting debate. Such a debate gained new attention after the post-crisis stream of reforms concerning resolution policy: creditors should be incentivized to make an optimal effort in monitoring their borrowers and, at the same time, their interests have been aligned with the social ones. Many commentators criticized such an expectation especially in the European context, arguing that the lack of credibility and excessive complexity of the resolution mechanism impair the ability and will

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11

Ghalib, Naseer. "The Cost Of Injustice: Reforming Pakistan's Bail And Pre-Trial Practices In The Context of Legal Fidelity and Moral Imperatives In Law." TILS Law Review 3, no. 1 (2025): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15446056.

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The world as it has evolved has placed a great imperativeness on upholding the right to liberty of individuals, which is evident from its universal recognition, but this inherent right is fundamentally curtailed by  pre- trial detention. The presumption of innocence being a grundnorm, as Kelson terms it, of the modern criminal justice system, yet pre-trial detention seems to be a widespread practice. This research paper investigates the doctrine of bail in Pakistan, contrasting it with the practice of pre-trial detention, and further emphasises a need for change in the bail system, sugges

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12

Akram, Muhammad, Hafsa Noreen ., and Monazza Karamat . "The Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis: Antecedents, Consequences and Reforms Capacity." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 2, no. 6 (2011): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v2i6.248.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents and the consequences of the Greece debt crisis as well as highlighting the reforms capacity. The approach adopted in this paper is to answer the questions such as â€œwhat is the background of the Greece debt crisis and how it is originated?â€, â€œwhich antecedents caused the Greece vulnerable to the crisis?â€, â€œwhat are the twin constraints being faced by Greece and its consequences?â€, â€œwhich measures are taken to gain fiscal stability in the Greece under Stability and Growth Pact?â€ and â€œwhat are the rescue possibilities a

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Sahu, Dr Meena Ketan, and Chandi Prasad Khamari. "CRIMINAL LAW REFORMS IN INDIA: A STUDY ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE." YMER Digital 21, no. 07 (2022): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.07/35.

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The Criminal Justice System represents the cutting edge of governance. Towering over society, it parades an array of institutions, processes, people, and penalties to reinforce its images. This array includes policemen in uniform, constables with batons or lathis, the police station, courts, jail, bail, sentence, prisons, imprisonment, death row, the gallows, hanging and death. Each of these institutions and processes is part of the Criminal Justice System and yet partly autonomous within it. But a matter of great concern is that there arise multiple questions about whether these institutions

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14

Stern, Gary. "Credibility and Reform of Financial Institution Regulation." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no. 03 (2001): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000504.

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There is heightened interest in reforming government regulation of financial institutions to make better use of market discipline and data. We strongly support such reforms, which are being implemented to some degree by the Federal Reserve System. However, market oriented reforms will not work unless government policies are credible in putting market participants, especially those at the largest financial institutions, at risk of loss. Establishing credible policies requires that governments address the time-consistency problem head-on. As a result, we recommend policies that establish credibi

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Busato, Francesco, and Cuono Massimo Coletta. "A moral hazard perspective on financial crisis." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 3 (2017): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(3-1).2017.13.

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Moral hazard is a typical problem of modern economic system, if we consider its a central role in the events leading up to the (financial) crisis of 2008. Therefore, there is a need to better appreciate its nature and its role, if future reforms are to be well designed in order to prevent further crises, default, bankrupt, down the line. Along this perspective, the paper discusses a moral hazard perspective on recent financial crisis, from Enron bankruptcy, to Lehman case, through AIG, Bearn Stern, Citigroup bail out, commenting, eventually, selected rules contained in the Sarbanes Oxley Act i

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Megliani, Mauro. "Restructuring Greek Debt: Alternative Routes." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 2 (2017): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017007.

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In July 2015 Greece was on the verge of a default. The negotiations for a third assistance programme floundered after the Greeks rejected the conditions attached to it. Faced with the risk of bankruptcy, the Greek government was obliged to sit down again at the negotiating table and to accept the conditions put forward by the Euro countries. The backbone of this assistance consists of the provision by the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) of EUR 86 billion over three years. In this context the sustainability of the Greek debt is ensured by a series of far reaching economic reforms. However, i

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Papadopoulos, Theo, and Antonios Roumpakis. "From anti-social policy to generalised insecurity: The Greek crisis meets the decline of the European Social Model." Κοινωνική Πολιτική 1 (July 10, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/sp.10551.

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Our article examines key aspects of the Greek crisis and explores it under the light of the ongoing decline of the European Social Model. It is argued that the austerity measures implemented as conditions for receiving consecutive ‘bail-out’ loans have had, so far, a very negative impact upon the Greek economy, politics and society. Further, it is argued that labour market reforms underway inGreeceand the rest ofSouthern Europesignal some very worrying developments with respect to the social dimension of European integration. Indeed, especially in the area of collective agreements, when we vie

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Theodoropoulou, Sotiria. "National social and labour market policy reforms in the shadow of EU bail-out conditionality: The cases of Greece and Portugal." Comparative European Politics 13, no. 1 (2014): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cep.2014.40.

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19

Eagly, Ingrid V. "Criminal Justice in an Era of Mass Deportation." New Criminal Law Review 20, no. 1 (2017): 12–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2017.20.1.12.

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After a sustained period of hypercriminalization, the United States criminal justice system is undergoing reform. Congress has reduced federal sentencing for drug crimes, prison growth is slowing, and some states are even closing prisons. Low-level crimes have been removed from criminal law books, and attention is beginning to focus on long-neglected issues such as bail and criminal court fines. Still largely overlooked in this era of ambitious reform, however, is the treatment of immigrants in the criminal justice system. An unprecedented focus on immigration enforcement targeted at “felons,

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20

Salawa, Boniphace Stephano. "The Principle of Presumption of Innocence: A Human Rights-Based Assessment of the Laws and Practice in Tanzania." East African Journal of Law and Ethics 8, no. 1 (2025): 189–94. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.8.1.3276.

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The presumption of innocence is a cornerstone of criminal justice and a fundamental human right enshrined in Article 13(6)(b) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977. It mandates that an accused person shall be deemed innocent until proven guilty by a competent court. This paper provides a human rights-based assessment of the legal framework and practical application of this principle in Tanzania. It argues on the historical and legal foundations of the presumption of innocence, its recognition in both domestic and international instruments, and critically analyses how Tan

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BAKARADZE, Ekaterine. "The Eighth Amendment of the US Constitution versus Death Penalty as a Form of "Cruel and Unusual" Punishment." Journal of Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2012): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jss.v1i1.35.

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The present research deals with the issue of death penalty in the US which creates tension whether it remains as a justified and valid form of punishment. It discusses the history of capital punishment, its adoption in the US, the way some US States started to abolish a "cruel and unusual punishment", the attempted reforms. it further analyses current approach of death penalty, the reforms focused on the process by which it is applied and with the limits of what is constitutional under the Eighth Amendment's ban: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and

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22

O'Reilly, Terrance. "A Public Pensions Bailout: Economics and Law." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 48.1 (2014): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.48.1.public.

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In several states, public pension plans are at risk of insolvency within a decade. These risks are significant, and the solutions currently contemplated are likely to fall short of what is necessary to contain the problem. If public pension plans do become insolvent, it seems likely the federal government will bail them out. This Article proposes that the federal government prepare for the prospect of federal financial support of public pension plans by instituting an optional regulatory regime for public pensions. If a state elects not to participate, its public pension plans would be ineligi

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23

Heller, Thomas Allan. "How the Use of Fees, Fines and Bail Have Been Used to Criminalize Poverty: Can Reforms Help Put the Genie Back in the Bottle?" LeXonomica 16, no. 1 (2024): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.16.1.1-44.2024.

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The rallying cry of many American politicians is Law and Order. This tactic wins votes. As a result of its Wars on Crime, Drugs, and the Impoverished, America has the highest rate of incarceration in the world. This article explores how, over the past few decades, politicians have charged criminal defendants every imaginable fee and fine as they wind their way through the criminal justice system in order to fund the massive prison complex that the politicians do not want to tax Americans for. These tactics have criminalized poverty, as they disproportionately impact the most marginalized in Am

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Lierse, Hanna. "European taxation during the crisis: does politics matter?" Journal of Public Policy 32, no. 3 (2012): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x12000116.

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AbstractWith the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, European governments extensively intervened to avert a severe economic recession. Taxation is a crucial instrument to achieve such economic objectives, but it also represents a redistributive tool in democratic societies. Generally, left-wing parties are more supportive of progressive taxes and redistribution than right-wing governments. As a crisis response, one could assume that European governments, especially social-democratic ones, reinforced a redistributive stance to compensate for the substantial amounts of public money used to

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Asgari Niaser, Masoud, Mahmoud Habibitabar, and Sadegh Moradi. "Electronic Monitoring of Imprisonment in the Law and Judicial Practice of England." Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics 3, no. 3 (2024): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.3.3.13.

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Electronic monitoring, as an alternative to imprisonment, became a part of England's penal policy in the 1990s. Since then, it has been applied in various cases, such as low-risk offenses, suspended sentences, and bail conditions. This method has helped reduce the costs of prisoner maintenance and overcrowding in prisons, while also facilitating the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. However, challenges such as privacy violations, human rights criticisms, and the technological costs of these systems remain topics of discussion. This research, using a descriptive-analytical m

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Jain, P. K., and Manmohan Yadav. "Developing Economies in A Borderless World." Foreign Trade Review 35, no. 1 (2000): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515000104.

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The “Death of Distance” will be the single most important economic force shaping the society over the next half century with geography, borders and time zones becoming irrelevant with the new communication revolution. The world trade has increased manifolds since World War II and the merchandise exports have increased to about $6,000 billion today from just $50 billion in 1950 while the trade in services is increasing faster and stands at about $1,450 billion as the economies are opening up and integrating with the world economy. As evident from the experience of the countries that followed op

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Hillebrand, Rainer. "Germany and its Eurozone Crisis Policy: The Impact of the Country's Ordoliberal Heritage." German Politics and Society 33, no. 1 (2015): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2015.330102.

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This article looks critically at the widely held view that Germany has not done enough to help overcome the Eurozone crisis. According to this line of argument, Germany has refused to comprehensively bail out crisis countries, offer mutual support in order to counter speculative attacks or endorse demand-side growth policies. This is allegedly because of a more narrowly defined national self-interest, increased EU-skepticism, and hegemonic ambitions. This article takes the perspective that such criticisms are primarily rooted in a Keynesian reading of the Eurozone troubles, whereas German poli

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Tirado, Ignacio. "Scheming against the Schemes: A New Framework to Deal with Business Financial Distress in Spain." European Company and Financial Law Review 15, no. 3 (2018): 516–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2018-0017.

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In Spain, the legal framework to solve the financial distress of businesses was confined to formal insolvency proceedings until recently, a number of reforms, have created a menu of options to tackle the problem out of court. The deficient results offered by formal insolvency proceedings in practice make this change commendable. The choice of out of court solution will depend on the type of debtor as well as on the kind of measurers needed to bring the business back to solvent trading. The most complete, versatile and practically relevant of the new procedures is the Homologated Refinancing Ag

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29

Touorouzou Herve Some. "In Search of Sources other than Governmental in the Financing of Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Word of Caution Beyond the Gains." Journal of Higher Education in Africa 8, no. 1 (2010): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.57054/jhea.v8i1.1590.

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With the massification of higher education, the African higher education system is undergoing a profound structural crisis. The economic situation is not the only cause of the debilitating state of higher education in Africa. The African university is caught up in a dilemma: It seems to be left with little choice but to diversify the sources of its revenue, which means the neces- sity of introducing cost sharing. With this scheme, students and parents, especially, are expected to bear an important share of the cost of education. This article takes a look at the financial and management reforms

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30

Hamilton, Melissa. "Evaluating Algorithmic Risk Assessment." New Criminal Law Review 24, no. 2 (2021): 156–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2021.24.2.156.

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Algorithmic risk assessment is hailed as offering criminal justice officials a science-led system to triage offender populations to better manage low- versus high-risk individuals. Risk algorithms have reached the pretrial world as a best practices method to aid in reforms to reduce reliance upon money bail and to moderate pretrial detention’s material contribution to mass incarceration. Still, these promises are elusive if algorithmic tools are unable to achieve sufficient accurate rates in predicting criminal justice failure. This article presents an empirical study of the most popular pretr

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Schachter, Hindy Lauer. "Bail Reform: The Scottish Experience." Criminal Justice Review 14, no. 1 (1989): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401688901400106.

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Massaro, Vanessa A., Swarup Dhar, Darakhshan Mir, and Nathan C. Ryan. "Carceral algorithms and the history of control: An analysis of the Pennsylvania additive classification tool." Big Data & Society 9, no. 1 (2022): 205395172210940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20539517221094002.

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Scholars have focused on algorithms used during sentencing, bail, and parole, but little work explores what we term “carceral algorithms” that are used during incarceration. This paper is focused on the Pennsylvania Additive Classification Tool (PACT) used to classify prisoners’ custody levels while they are incarcerated. Algorithms that are used during incarceration warrant deeper attention by scholars because they have the power to enact the lived reality of the prisoner. The algorithm in this case determines the likelihood a person would endure additional disciplinary actions, can complete

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Kaur, Richa. "Prisoners’ Rights in India: A Human Rights Perspective." Christ University Law Journal 14, no. 1 (2025): 105–33. https://doi.org/10.12728/culj.26.4.

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The most significant document pertaining to prisoner’s rights are the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (presently titled as Nelson Mandela Rules). As far as prisoners’ rights in India is concerned, the Constitution does not explicitly mention about their rights, but the judiciary has been instrumental in protecting the rights of prisoners by giving a liberal interpretation to Article 21 of the Constitution to include their rights within the ambit of the provision. The Model Prison Manual, 2016 and Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023 have been drafted by the g

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Schumann, Rachel, and Carolyn Yule. "Unbreaking Bail?: Post-Antic Trends in Bail Outcomes." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 37, no. 1 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2021.43.

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AbstractAddressing criticism that bail blurs the line between prevention and punishment, the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously agreed “it is time to ensure that bail provisions are applied consistently and fairly” (R v Antic 2017 SCC 27, [2017] 1 SCR 509). Rather than reform bail, this decision simply reaffirmed the existing legal mandate: using the ladder principle, accused must be released with the fewest conditions necessary to prevent them from absconding, reoffending/interfering with the administration of justice, and/or bringing the criminal justice system into disrepute. We analyze 48

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Schumann, Rachel, and Carolyn Yule. "Unbreaking Bail?: Post-Antic Trends in Bail Outcomes." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 37, no. 1 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2021.43.

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AbstractAddressing criticism that bail blurs the line between prevention and punishment, the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously agreed “it is time to ensure that bail provisions are applied consistently and fairly” (R v Antic 2017 SCC 27, [2017] 1 SCR 509). Rather than reform bail, this decision simply reaffirmed the existing legal mandate: using the ladder principle, accused must be released with the fewest conditions necessary to prevent them from absconding, reoffending/interfering with the administration of justice, and/or bringing the criminal justice system into disrepute. We analyze 48

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36

Kalhous, Clara, and John Meringolo. "Bail Pending Trial: Changing Interpretations of the Bail Reform Act and the Importance of Bail from Defense Attorneys’ Perspectives." Pace Law Review 32, no. 3 (2012): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.58948/2331-3528.1815.

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McGarrell, Edmund F., Beverly Rivera, and James Patton. "OBSTACLES TO SEEMINGLY SIMPLE REFORM: A CASE STUDY OF BAIL REFORM." Review of Policy Research 9, no. 3 (1990): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01053.x.

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Jahn, Jaquelyn L., Jessica T. Simes, and Jonathan Jay. "Evaluating Firearm Violence After New Jersey’s Cash Bail Reform." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 5 (2024): e2412535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.12535.

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ImportanceReducing the pretrial detention population has been a cornerstone of movements to end mass incarceration. Across many US cities, there are ongoing public debates on policies that would end pretrial detention due to the inability to afford bail, with some raising concerns that doing so would increase community violence.ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in firearm violence after New Jersey’s 2017 bail reform policy that eliminated financial barriers to avoiding pretrial detention.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case-control study used synthetic control methods to examine changes in fi

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Kutchins, Herb, John S. Goldkamp, and Michael R. Gottfredson. "Policy Guidelines for Bail: An Experiment in Court Reform." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 3 (1987): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2070316.

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40

Goldkamp, John S. "Danger and Detention: A Second Generation of Bail Reform." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 76, no. 1 (1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143353.

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Stojkovic, Stan, John Goldkamp, and Michael R. Gottfredson. "Policy Guidelines for Bail: An Experiment in Court Reform." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 78, no. 2 (1987): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143458.

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42

Munster, Ann. "Policy guidelines for bail: An experiment in court reform." Journal of Criminal Justice 14, no. 5 (1986): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(86)90118-2.

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Clayton, Obie. "Policy guidelines for bail: An experiment in court reform." Journal of Criminal Justice 15, no. 5 (1987): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(87)90066-3.

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MZ, H. ISMAIL. "KAJIAN YURIDIS PRILAKU KORUPSI PEJABAT PUBLIC DI ERA OTONOMI DAERAH DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF PEMERINTAHAN YANG BAIK." GANEC SWARA 13, no. 1 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v13i1.69.

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Corruption shares parasites which caused this nation to collapse. The regime has changed from the revision of old orders, new orders, and reform orders, none of which have succeeded in eradicating corruption. Even lately the practice has been very chronic and has spread throughout the components of this nation. We are well aware of how corruption is a serious problem, like a disease that has entered the acute stage category and has taken root in the lives of our society. At the same time corruption has reduced the image of the government and officials, both at the central and regional levels.

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Wibowo, Ari Tri. "KAJIAN YURIDIS DAMPAK UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN REFORMA AGRARIA DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Hukum dan Kenotariatan 6, no. 1 (2022): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/hukeno.v6i1.13484.

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Â Reforma Agraria di Indonesia merupakan program yang dicita-citakan sejak bangsa ini berdiri, kesuksesan pelaksanaan reforma agraria merupakan hal sangat ingin dicapai oleh pemerintah Indonesia, mulai dari era orde lama, orde baru hingga orde reformasi. Pada era pemerintahan sekarang muncul Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja dengan tujuan agar di Indonesia semakin banyak investor dating menginvestasikan dananya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif, bahan-bahan hukum dikumpulkan dengan studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumen. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai bagaimana pelaksa

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Ouss, Aurélie, and Megan T. Stevenson. "The Importance of Base-Rates in Differential Impact: A Bail Reform Case-Study." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 181, no. 1 (2025): 139–55. https://doi.org/10.1628/jite-2025-0008.

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Researchers commonly seek to understand whether a policy has differential impact on different subgroups, yet the choice of differential impact metric can have a huge effect on interpretation. Commonly used metrics, such as comparing treatment effects in magnitude or as a percentage of the control mean, frequently do not correspond to the question of interest. If the relevant question is how the intervention affected potential beneficiaries of the reform, a different base rate must be used. We demonstrate how to implement a base-rate adjusted impact metric in a difference-in-differences setting

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Rosa, Luiz Da. "De Baal a Yhwh. Ensaio sobre a Religião de Israel." Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 63, no. 249 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v63i249.1829.

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O artigo tem como objetivo elucidar as características da prática religiosa do povo de Israel até o exílio, enfocando sobretudo a relação religiosa com Yhwh. A conclusão é que no início da história do povo de Israel a sua fé não era monoteísta e o Deus de Moisés era um entre outros deuses. O primeiro monoteísmo aparece na pregação profética e nas reformas de Ezequias. Josias, porém, foi quem deu o passo fundamental, implantando, todavia, um sistema religioso que era apenas oficial, mas não necessariamente abraçado por todos. A partir do Exílio em Babilônia, Israel acolhe definitivamente o mono

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Bayazitov, T. T. "Social and Legal Prerequisites for Protecting the Property Interests of the Suspect and the Accused in the Application of Coercive Measures." Siberian Law Review 20, no. 2 (2023): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2023-20-2-189-202.

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The modern development of social relations cannot be considered in isolation from the economic basis of human life. Taking into account the consistent formation of the institution of private property and the property sphere, new rules for the relationship between the state and the individual are being formed. On this background, issues related to the implementation of the repressive function of the state are of great importance. The process of investigating criminal activity often affects the property interests of the participants in the criminal process. At the same time, the rules of this ty

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Samuel, Omoniyi Kehinde. "Assessment of Youth Unemployment Impact on the Socio-Economic Development of Ondo State: A Study of Akure South Local Government Area." American Journal of Social Development and Entrepreneurship 2, no. 2 (2023): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajsde.v2i2.1136.

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Unemployment has become the major source of concern in every society. In recent time, it is often presented as a major problem that is seen to undermine the social-economic development of Nigeria ditto Ondo State. In 2021, the unemployment rate in the country was put at 33% the highest in 13 years. From the figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), about 21, 765, 614 Nigerians are jobless within the age group of young people who are between 15-34 years. In comparison to other 181 countries of the world with up-to-date labour data, Nigeria ranks the 41st country with highest

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Natalini, Robert S. "Preventive Detention and Presuming Dangerousness under the Bail Reform Act of 1984." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 134, no. 1 (1985): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3312094.

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