Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bailiff'

Sėkmingas sprendimų vykdymo procesas neįmanomas be tinkamo finansavimo. Nuo 2003-01-01 pradėjus veikti privačiai antstolių sistemai pasikeitė ir vykdymo proceso finansavimo tvarka. Valstybė vykdymo proceso finansavimo naštą perkėlė išieškotojui. Pagal šiuo metu galiojančią tvarką, išieškotojas pateikdamas sprendimą priverstiniam vykdymui privalo apmokėti ir visas su tokio sprendimo vykdymo susijusias išlaidas. Vykdymo išlaidų atlyginimo tvarkos teisiniame reglamentavime įtvirtintas bendrasis principas, kad įvykdžius vykdomąjį dokumentą visos vykdymo išlaidos išieškomos iš skolininko. Tačiau kaip vėliau darbe atskleidžiama, praktinis minėto principo taikymas kelia daug problemų visiems vykdymo proceso dalyviams.<br>The main target for this work is to find out how effective is today`s regulations about payments made for execution process and how capable are those regulations in order to protect one`s right`s not to be involved in a perpetual legal proceedings to have those payments back?. There were four tasks author had to do. First to have an analysis in law regulating payment for execution process. Second task was to find out if those regulation have any dearth`s. If results were positive, than how they affects parties rights in execution process in order to keep their assets and not to be forced to pay for those proceedings again and again and not to start court proceedings. Third there was a need to define how important is to have better regulations about payments made for execution process. Fourth task was to give suggestions about how to improve regulations about payments made for execution process in order to have parties assets protected and annul all chances to start court proceedings for the same question. In order to get better results for his researches author has tried to separate each party. In that way it was possible to learn from each parties perspective exactly how civil execution costs and the order of reimbursing them, affects their material and procedural rights. In doing that first party was the bailiff. For him our regulations in most of the cases establishes broadly acknowledged principle that all expenses he suffers must be compensated by recoverer... [to full text]

The execution process is very important for protection of human rights. If court decisions were not executed the very court decisions would loose their importance. Rights of a creditor and a debtor are written in the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) and in other legal acts, but these rights should be properly explained to the parties of the execution process. Only the prescription to present the writ of execution is determined in Lithuanian laws, but any prescription for the whole case of execution is not determined usually. It would be reasonable to determine such a period of time at least for enforcement of administrative sanctions. A proposal to fulfil a decision is an important mean to offer to a debtor to pay the debt by himself. But according to CPC the proposal is sent not in every case. For example, it is not sent in cases of enforcement of administrative sanctions. According to the new Instruction on Execution of Judgements, there is an alternative document to the proposal. To have in mind that both these documents have the same functions and almost the same content, there is a doubt if it is reasonable to regulate the same thing in different laws. The Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania has decided that the Instruction on Execution of Judgements adopted in 2002 years violates other legal acts adopted by the Government. So there is a problem which Instruction should be implemented for the executive cases which were started before adopting the new Instruction... [to full text]

Execution process is a significant part of civil process that helps to assure the legal peace between the parties of civil conflict as well as the stability of legal relations in the society. In this master thesis the rights and duties of a bailiff are analysed at the same time as comparing the legal regulation of this sphere in Lithuania and other countries. Possibilities to improve the regulation affecting procedural activities of a bailiff in Lithuania are considered on the basis of analysis. This work is started by analysing the relation between the process of execution and the civil one. It is done by reviewing the analysis of stages and principles of the civil process made by scientists as well as investigating whether the legal regulation of the execution process are found in the Codes of Civil Procedure or in the separate legal acts. The conclusion is done that the execution process is part of a civil one. The trends of harmonisation of the execution process in the world and separately in the European Union are also considered. The analysis of the rights and duties of a bailiff, his activities in the separate stages of the execution process takes the main part of this work. The procedural rights and duties of a bailiff while enforcing the monetary and non- monetary claims are discussed separately. The analysis of activities of a bailiff while enforcing monetary claims begins with the review of the stage of initiating a case of compulsory execution. This is done... [to full text]

Різноманітні соціальні перетворення, ускладнення суспільних відносин, зміни в економічному житті у першій третині ХІХ ст. частково призвели й до ускладнення завдань держави у галузі місцевого управління. Незважаючи на те, що в цей час продовжували існувати основні державні інституції (адміністративні, поліцейські, судові, фінансові тощо), створені ще реформами 70-80-х рр. ХVІІІ ст., з’явилася також низка нових органів та посад, серед яких були станові пристави.

The area of individual reclamation of receivables in the form of court-ordered distraints has undergone significant changes since the year 2000. The initial practice, when the claims used to be enforced directly by judicial officers, proved to be largely ineffective and with difficult to apply. The Ministry of Justice has responded by adopting an amendment to the Act (Act no. 120/2001 Coll., on bailiffs and executor activities), which introduced the independent bailiff offices. Then, the law itself understood the bailiff authorities as a separate entrepreneurs. Currently, in the Czech Republic, there can be seen the distribution of the market with distraints according to the Pareto rule. Approximately 20% of bailiff offices manage over 80% of distraints. It is obvious that this is an unsatisfactory condition for the majority of bailiff offices. In response to this fact, the Czech Chamber of Bailiff offices calls for the introduction of territoriality, which would eliminate by law the market environment from the market with distraints and every single bailiff office would have a stable allocation of distraint proceedings. The analysis carried out clearly shows that there are significant differences between bailiff offices in terms of speed and in success of the debt recovery. The actual demand for the introduction of territoriality would not merely be a reallocation of the market with distraints. Putting it into a practice would greatly influence the transactional costs of business and non-business entities in the Czech economy. The thesis comprehensively describes the issue of territoriality and quantifies how much the debt collection will decrease in case of its introduction. In the conclusion, an alternative draft is formulated, which might, according to the author, allow effective regulation and supervision of the activities of bailiffs' offices without compromising the inherent efficiency of the reclamation of receivables in terms of market environment.

Since 2001, the legislation on enforcement has been fundamentally changed, on 1st 2001, Act No. 120/2001 Coll., Executors and Enforcement Activities (Enforcement Code) entered into force. The creditor has thus been given the opportunity to decide how recover his claim. Until then, his only possibility for recovering claims was through the court, but since this date he could acquire his rights through the services of a distrainer. In 2012, this duality was abolished and is executed in most cases by private distrainer. He carries out his activity for reward, which results in his status as an entrepreneur. And his reward has been a thorny issue since 2001, when the profession came into our systhem. The issue of this topic is also evidenced by the parliamentary bill, which tries to regulate to reduce the distrainer`s tariff. The thesis compares the current situation in the Czech Republic with selected states. For purposes of this thesis, I chose Germany, because there is recovery of debts through a state employee, France because this system is one of the oldest and served as a model for many states and Slovakia, for reasons of common history and amendment that came into force in April this year. The aim of the thesis is to map the situation in selected states, to find possible deviations and sources of inspiration for the system of executive services in the territory of the Czech Republic.

How did the Swedish towns compare to the surrounding world during the late Middle Ages concerning town organization and political culture? Previous research has claimed a strong German influence on the Swedish town life, but in this dissertation the Europeanization is being put forward as the explanatory factor for the extensive international similarities that can be identified during the Middle Ages. The towns were part of an international town culture that was highly integrated. Differences between towns are foremost analysed as a result of different local conditions such as population size, social structure and relationship to the town lord. Since preserved sources from all towns of medieval Sweden (including Finland) have been examined in a joint study and been placed in a wider context, the dissertation presents renewed and deepened knowledge about the Swedish towns. The study includes Danish, English and German towns and thus compares regions with each other that rarely have been compared before, and thereby presents new perspectives on each respective area. The aspects of the organization that are being systematically compared are the creation of councils, the number of aldermen and mayors, the rotation of offices and functions of the town lords, bailiffs, councils, mayors and chamberlains. Regarding political culture, it is investigated how the councils expressed their group cohesiveness and power in the town and how they defined the border between themselves and the town population. Furthermore, the expectations the town populations placed on the officials and their perception of their own part in the rule of the town is being examined. Finally, the political interaction between council and town population in different towns is compared and analysed.

This thesis deals with the institute of private distrainor in terms of its position in the Czech legal order. It outlines the history of enforcement process and discusses the powers of the private distrainors in accordance with the relevant laws. The theoretical part describes the functioning of various mechanisms in the enforcement proceedings, with an emphasis on the most common types of acts. In the analytical part it focuses on the changes made in 2015 and further analyzes prepared or discussed changes in enforcement proceedings. Specific problems closely connected with the institute of private bailiff are described and at the same time there are suggested possible solutions to these problems.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE entre la Chambre Nationale des huissiers de justice et l'université Paris Dauphine. Afin de doter la profession d'huissier de justice d’arguments quantitatifs et qualitatifs pour mener à bien les différentes actions et anticiper les évolutions relatives à la profession, nous proposons dans ce projet de thèse d'analyser la démographie des offices d'huissier, leur localisation, leur structures, la sensibilité de l'activité de ces professionnels à la conjoncture. Ce projet s'engage également à évaluer l'équilibre économique des offices, au regard de règles de tarification complexes et enfin d'analyser la régulation du marché des services juridiques<br>This thesis joins within the framework of a CIFRE agreement between the National Chamber of the bailiffs and the Paris Dauphine university. To endow the profession of bailiff of quantitative and qualitative arguments to bring to a successful conclusion the various actions and anticipate the evolutions relative to the profession, we suggest in this project of thesis analyzing the demography of bailiff's services, their localization, structure them, the sensibility of the activity of these professionals in the situation. This project also makes a commitment to estimate the balance in the economy of services, with regard to complex rules of pricing and finally to analyze the legal regulation of the services market

This thesis addresses a significant research gap in critical research on forced eviction. It attempts to shift focus from the experiences of the evicted, examined in previous studies, to the work of evictors and eviction enforcement. It asks how the ‘tools, technologies, strategies, and tactics’ of forced eviction develop and are implemented in England and Wales. Using qualitative interviews centred around a case study of a city in the North of England to examine the ‘everyday’ form of evictions, this thesis looks at the work of a Rent Arrears Recovery Team on the ‘Benford’ housing estate in the city, and the working lives of County Court Bailiffs at the local court as they work in the context of a national ‘housing crisis’. Interviews with third party organizations and a High Court Enforcement firm, video footage, and online accounts of large-scale evictions provided by a wide range of sources from social movements are used to explore the ‘exceptional’ forms of displacement that emerge on a national scale. This research shows that Eviction enforcement actors and specialists have to employ forms of coercion which exist on a continuum between the ‘emotional’ and the ‘physical’; these practices are underpinned by ‘intuitive’ tactics built through individual and personal histories and the historical context in which evictions take place. These strategies and tactics of eviction are shaped by the resistance of the evicted, and the development of the disciplinary institutions of eviction happens in response to this resistance, which sets the pace for the development of the capacity of the state and economy to displace. This points to a need for more work critiquing the disciplinary institutions of forced eviction, and the global economy of eviction enforcement.

This master's thesis deals with analysis , design and implementation of information system for bailiff office . The system provides functionality for managing bailiff's files , their subjects , appropriate documents , financial requirements and cooperation with third parties . Moreover , the system enables communication with data boxes for receiving and sending messages and performing vetting in registers of economic subjects . The application implements also multitenant architecture , which means the system can serve multiple offices . The information system is realised as a web application in ASP. NET MVC technology and written in C\# language . The client side of the application is composed of AngularJS and Bootstrap frameworks .

La question de l’ouverture des professions réglementées est d’actualité depuis le début de la Vème République avec le rapport Rueff-Armand. Ce rapport considère les professions réglementées comme un obstacle au développement économique. Plus récemment, en novembre 2014, le député Richard Ferrand a remis au ministre de la justice un rapport proposant plusieurs mesures de modernisation des professions réglementées. C’est dans ce même esprit que la loi n° 2015-990 du 6 août 2015 pour la croissance, l'activité et l’égalité des chances économiques, dite « loi Macron », a été promulguée. Le volet de la loi sur la libéralisation des professions réglementées a pour objectif de promouvoir une réforme profonde des professions du droit. Mais peut-on concilier les objectifs de compétitivité économique avec la mission qu’exercent les huissiers de justice en France ? La politique économique fondée sur la libre concurrence, a conduit à une remise en cause du monopole des professions réglementées qui nous amène à nous questionner sur le bien-fondé du monopole de la profession de l’huissier de justice. Si le monopole de l’huissier de justice apparaît nécessaire à une justice de qualité au service de l’État de droit, il semble insuffisant pour préserver la profession face aux nombreuses évolutions. Force est de constater que certaines attributions liées au monopole de l’huissier de justice doivent s’adapter aux exigences actuelles d’ouverture du marché du droit<br>The subject of opening up regulated professions has been a topical one since the beginning of the Fifth Republic and the Rueff-Armand report. This report considers regulated professions as an obstacle to economic development. More recently, in November 2014, the MP Richard Ferrand gave the Minister of Justice a report which proposed several measures for modernising regulated professions. In the same spirit, Law no. 2015-990 dated 6th August 2015 regarding growth, business and equal economic opportunities, known as the « Macron law », was enacted. The objective of the component regarding the liberalisation of regulated professions is to promote a fundamental reform of legal professions. But are we able to reconcile the objectives of economic competitiveness with the mandate exercised by court bailiffs in France? The economic policy based on free competition has called into question the monopoly of regulated professions, leading us to investigate the merits of the monopoly enjoyed by the profession of the court bailiff. If this monopoly appears to be necessary for a high-quality justice system at the service of the Rule of Law, it seems to be inadequate in maintaining the profession, faced as it is with numerous changes. It is obvious that certain powers linked with the monopoly of court bailiffs have to be brought into line with the present requirements of opening up the legal market

Проголошення в Конституції України правовою державою сталo поштовхом для вдосконалення законодавства,функціонування системи органів виконавчої влади та правосуддя з метою забезпечення прав людини. Це знайшло своє втілення в офіційно проголошеному курсі на інтеграцію до Європи, реалізація якого передбачає приведення норм і стандартів внутрішнього життя нашої держави у відповідність до норм і стандартів Європи. Перебудова організаційно-правових засад діяльності державного апарату обумовлює необхідність удосконалення багатьох аспектів функціонування установ виконання покарань та органів Державної кримінально-виконавчої служби України, забезпеченості їхньої діяльності висококваліфікованими кадрами, здатними працювати в умовах лібералізації виправного процесу, активізації діяльності інститутів громадянського суспільства.<br>Провозглашение в Конституции Украины правовым государством сталo толчком для совершенствования законодательства, функционирования системы органов исполнительной власти и правосудия в целях обеспечения прав человека. Это нашло свое воплощение в официально провозглашенному курсу на интеграцию в Европу, реализация которого предполагает приведение норм и стандартов внутренней жизни нашего государства в соответствие с нормами и стандартами Европы.   Перестройка организационно-правовых основ деятельности государственного аппарата обусловливает необходимость совершенствования многих аспектов функционирования учреждений исполнения наказаний и органов Государственной уголовно-исполнительной службы Украины, обеспеченности их деятельности высококвалифицированными кадрами, способными работать в условиях либерализации исправительного процесса, активизации деятельности институтов гражданского общества.<br>The proclamation in the Constitution of Ukraine by the rule of law has been an impetus for improving the legislation, the functioning of the system of executive power and justice for the purpose of ensuring human rights. This is reflected in the officially proclaimed course on integration into Europe, the implementation of which involves bringing the norms and standards of our country's domestic life in line with European norms and standards.   The restructuring of the organizational and legal basis for the activities of the state apparatus necessitates the improvement of many aspects of the functioning of penal institutions and bodies of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine, ensuring their activity by highly skilled personnel able to work in the conditions of liberalization of the correctional process, activation of the activities of civil society institutions.

Extracts from medicinal mushrooms were prepared and tested for anti-microbial activity against food pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. The inhibitory activity was measured using a disk diffusion assay and with optical density (OD). For OD, 7 fractions were collected using HPLC for 4 (A. blazei Murrill, G. lucidum, G. frondosa, I. obiquus) medicinal mushrooms and 6 fractions from L. edodes and 8 fractions from P. linteus. The results from disk diffusion assay showed that most mushrooms displayed significant inhibition compared to the ethanol. The exceptions were: A. blazei Murrill, I. obliquus, and L. edodes against E. coli O157:H7; I. obliquus against L. monocytogenes V7; I. obliquus against S. cerevisiae Y99; L. edodes against Z. bailii Y03; and I. obliquus against Z. bailii/bisporus Y108. Inhibition was more effective in yeasts than bacteria. The result from Bioscreen C showed that against L. monocytogenes V7, fraction 7 in A. blazei Murrill; fraction 1, 4 and 5 in G. lucidum; fraction 4 in G. frondosa; and fraction 4 and 5 in I. obliquus significantly inhibited the growth compared to ethanol. Against Z. bailii Y03, fraction 7 in A. blazei Murrill; all fractions from G. lucidum, G. frondosa, and P. linteus; fraction 1, 2, 3, and 6 from I. obliquus; and fraction 4 and 6 from L. edodes significantly inhibited growth compare to ethanol. The results indicated that there is significant antimicrobial activity against food pathogens and spoilage organisms in the medicinal mushrooms studied.<br>Ph. D.

Ésteres produzidos por via biotecnológica são considerados e classificados como naturais e sua demanda tem aumentado. Várias leveduras podem produzir ésteres e seu método de seleção é altamente importante para inúmeros tipos de indústrias. Trinta e quatro cepas de leveduras, isoladas de vinhos tintos em barris de carvalho elaborados na Serra Gaúcha e de queijos artesanais do Sul do Brasil, foram utilizadas neste trabalho. Cada cepa foi inoculada na superfície de meio sólido inclinado rico em glicose e nitrogênio, diretamente no frasco utilizado para a microextração em fase sólida (SPME) seguida pela injeção num cromatógrafo gasoso com detecção por espectrometria de massas (GC/MS) e quantificação utilizando detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID). O método foi desenvolvido e validado, sendo que a fibra DVB/PDMS/CAR, temperatura de extração de 80˚C e 20 minutos de aquecimento da amostra antes da extração foram as condições ótimas estabelecidas. A metodologia de superfície e resposta foi usada para a otimização da produção de acetato de etila pela levedura Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08, e um planejamento fatorial 22 foi aplicado para determinar as melhores condições de temperatura de cultivo (X1, 20 até 36 ˚C) e agitação (X2, 0 a 200 rev/min). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a temperatura de 28 ˚C e 0 rev/min, onde houve um aumento de 60% na produção de acetato de etila. Foram avaliados os efeitos das fontes de carbono (glicose e frutose) e do mosto de uva sobre a produção de acetato de etila. A máxima concentração de acetato de etila produzida foi de 71,11 mg/L, utilizando o mosto de uva como meio. Experimentos utilizando biorreatores de 4L levaram à produção máxima de 133,74 mg/L de acetato de etila, 14,57 mg/L de hexanoato de etila, 4.093,74 mg/L de octanoato de etila e 3.775,28 mg/L de decanoato de etila.<br>Esters produced by biotechnological means are legally labeled as natural and there is an increasing demand for these products. Several yeasts can accumulate esters, and their selection is highly interesting for many industries. Thirty-four yeast strains isolated from red wine oak barrels of Serra Gaúcha winemaking region and from homemade cheeses of Southern Brazil were used in this research. The yeasts were inoculated in agar slants of a solid medium rich in glucose and nitrogen, directly inside the extraction transparent glass vials, using a headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) method followed by injection of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS), and quantification by flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The analytical method was developed and validated, and the DVB/PDMS/CAR fiber, extraction temperature of 80˚C, and 20 minutes of sample heating time volatilization prior to the extraction step were the best conditions. A response surface methodology was used to optimize the production of ethyl acetate by Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08, which was selected, and a 22 full factorial central composite design was applied to determine the best conditions for the cultivation temperature (X1, 20 to 36 ˚C) and stirring speed (X2, 0 to 200 rev/min). The best results were found with temperature of 28 ˚C and medium agitation of 0 rev/min, with a 60% increase in ethyl acetate production. We evaluated the effect of the carbon sources (glucose and fructose) and grape must on ethyl acetate formation; the maximal yield was reached with grape must and the highest concentration of ethyl acetate produced was 71.11 mg/L. Employing experiments on bioreactors of 4L, it was possible to improve the esters production by this yeast; a maximal production of 133.74 mg/L of ethyl acetate, 14.57 mg/L of ethyl hexanoate, 4093.74 mg/L of ethyl octanoate, and 3775.28 mg/L of ethyl decanoate was reached.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>Zygosaccharomyces bailii is one of the main spoilage yeasts and one of the biggest problems for Food Industry due to its high resistance to food preservatives, namely weak acids. In this work, we performed an evaluation of one mechanisms proposed for the increased resistance to benzoic and sorbic acid of Z. bailii: the decreased permeability to cations. More specifically, we evaluated the role of eight Z. bailii genes (OPI3, FEN1, SUR4, ISC1, ERG2, ERG4, ERG6, GAS1) on weak acid resistance. We cloned and characterized each Z.bailii genes by heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae strains without the respective gene. In order to characterize each transformant strain, we evaluated weak acid resistance (1-6 mM), intracellular pH, proton influx and extrusion through the plasma membrane and growth parameters (final biomass and yield) in YNB and in a commercial apple juice in non-adapted and in adapted cells to the acids. The most relevant results were obtained for ZbGAS1 gene, whose expression in S. cerevisiae improved growth (final biomass and cell yield) and increased proton pump activity in the presence of weak acid. These results point to possible cell wall composition changes as one of the mechanism possible involved in weak acid resistance

This thesis studies “svenner” – armed servants, bailiffs and administrators – and service ideals in late medieval Sweden by using a variety of sources including payrolls, correspondence, charters and service instructions. The study argues that in order to reach an understanding of the relationship between lord and servant, and the complexity of service ideals, questions must be asked about for whom service was open, if there was competition, and what in that case was characteristic of the people and requirements that constituted the service.The conclusion is that service was not open to all; loyalty and strong social bonds were cru-cial, while other capitals such as military competence and ancestry could increase the material and immaterial benefits of service. The social field was closely connected to the political field why those who intended to compete in the field had limited opportunities to influence the terms of service. Although serving the aristocracy could be beneficial in many ways, legisla-tion and a deeply rooted service ideal held the feudal power relations firmly intact.

In the English criminal justice system, magistrates may bail a defendant unconditionally, with conditions, or remand a defendant in custody, whenever a case is adjourned. In three studies, magistrates' remand decision making was investigated using the technique of judgement analysis and the simple heuristics approach, within the framework of social judgement theory. The decisions made by individual magistrates on hypothetical cases, and by benches on real cases were examined. It was found that there were few inter-correlations among the cues presented in court, and often some information was lacking. In such cases, some magistrates bailed unconditionally. Decisions were generally made rapidly. Magistrates' decisions could be better described and predicted by the non-compensatory fast and frugal, Matching Heuristic, than by either of two linear compensatory integration models. According to the Matching Heuristic, magistrates searched through a small amount of the available information, and based their decisions on one cue. While some used legal cues as contained in the law on bail, others used defendant and crime control related cues. However, magistrates did not report the "extra-legal" cues as being influential. When granting conditional bail, magistrates typically imposed a condition of residence. Most magistrates demonstrated some degree of inconsistency in their decisions, and all showed disagreement from the modal response on some cases. Bail information schemes did not affect magistrates' decisions, although they did increase their post-decisional confidence. In fact, all magistrates were highly confident in their decisions. Although there were some differences in the performance of magistrates located in metropolitan and provincial courts, there were few differences between lay and stipendiary magistrates, and more and less experienced magistrates. In sum, magistrates' behaviour did not conform to the principles of due process, and so intervention is required. Finally, it is recommended that social judgement theorists consider using simple heuristics in future research.

As designadas "Leveduras de contaminação" figuram entre os microrganismos responsáveis pela deterioração de alimentos frescos e transformados. A sua actividade está associada a enormes perdas económicas para a Indústria Alimentar, sendo a sua importância crescente, por um lado devido à introdução de novas tecnologias de esterilização como a filtração através de membranas, degradação enzimática e de novos processos de tratamento técnico e por outro lado, à introdução de novos produtos alimentares nomeadamente com baixa concentração de conservantes, prontos a consumir, com baixo teor em calorias, ou com grau alcoólico reduzido

The research in the field of industrial biotechnology, especially regards bioproducts and bioprocesses, are aimed at developing innovative technologies that lead to obtaining compounds with the use of microorganisms, or seeking to enhance existing processes to increase yield, production and productivity, trying to ensure a higher degree of sustainability and reducing environmental impact. To pursue these goals is possible to intervene by adopting a “technologic” approach that includes the development of systems capable of ensuring a more effective control of the parameters that govern the production processes or, with a “molecular / metabolic” approach, acting directly on the host system, namely by working on production capacity of the microorganism itself. To achieve this goal the pathways responsible for the processes of synthesis or secretion of products of interest must be identified and, if necessary, modified, or the environmental conditions in which the organism is operating during the process must be considered, to study how to improve its production capacity even in non-optimal physiological condition. The process conditions that characterize industrial production processes often put the cells through a series of stress that inevitably act negatively on yields. It therefore becomes necessary to identify the limiting factors in relation to the host organism and, on this basis, to act in an appropriate manner. To do this it is possible to adopt different strategies, complementary and not mutually exclusive. The most immediate is the exploration of biodiversity in order to choose a host that is intrinsically and naturally more resistant to the type of stress imposed by the process. This way is not always easy to follow, given the extent of the possible solutions and the lack of resources that allow the exploration and characterization in a reasonable time for the development of a biotechnological process. An alternative strategy is focused on the characterization of the cellular response to these stress conditions to identify the key factors involved in the mechanism. In this way, for example, through genetic manipulation on these factors it could be possible to improve the resistance of the cell itself, or by the transfer of these specific genetic traits to improve the resistance of other micro-organisms selected as host system. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most widely used microorganisms for the production of compounds of biotechnological interest because of the available knowledge on the physiology, genetics, biochemistry, and on the existence of technological and molecular tools suitable for its manipulation in order to optimize the production by fermentation. It is important to underline that S. cerevisiae is recognized as a GRAS organism (generally regarded as safe) by the Food & Drug Administration that has allowed the use for the production of pharmaceutical compounds for human use. While it is now increasingly clear the potential of S. cerevisiae as a platform for metabolic engineering, for some heterologous proteins production on a large scale this yeast is not the ideal host system. Very often the expressed proteins are hyper-glycosilated or, if retained in the periplasmic space, they suffer significant degradation. For other industrial productions, especially where the product of interest has to be cheap, the fermentation technologies needed are too complex and sophisticated (and expensive) to be implemented on a large scale. With these assumptions in recent years it has been explored the opportunity of adopting other yeasts, called "unconventional yeast" by developing new systems of expression. In this thesis project an "alternative" yeast, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, is considered. Although it is not well characterized from molecular and genetic point of view, it presents interesting features in view of potential biotechnological production: it allows high yields of biomass, it has a high specific growth rate and a higher resistance compared to S. cerevisiae, to certain types of stress, and in particular to stresses generated by an acid medium. The cell surface, as an area of communication and exchange between the extracellular environment and the cell itself is one of the targets of this study. In S. cerevisiae, thanks to the availability of molecular tools and the knowledge of the entire genome sequence, it is possible the design of in-depth studies and the engineering of the cellular metabolic network. Given the difficulties in its genetic manipulation, in the case of Z. bailii was first necessary to address another preliminary issue. In this diploid yeast the deletion of an essential gene was never been made. It has been developed a reproducible protocol for gene deletion by a gene-targeting approach and it was obtained the deletion of the gene ZbLEU2, who gave birth to the first auxotroph strain of Z. bailii (leuˉ). This represents an important step for a possible use of Z. bailii as host system. Thanks to this protocol a mutant strain of Z. bailii of potential interest for heterologous protein production was also obtained, in analogy with what reported in the literature for S. cerevisiae. The deletion concerns the homologue of ScGAS1, coding for the enzyme β-1 ,3-glucanosyltransferase which catalyzes the crosslinking of cell wall glucans. ZbGAS1. The gene was cloned by PCR and sequenced. The deleted mutant of Z. bailii has morphological and phenotypic characteristics very similar to the correspondent in S. cerevisiae, showing an alteration of the cell wall structure, and enhanced secretive capacity than the wild type strain for some heterologous proteins that have been considered. In parallel to these studies, populations of Z. bailii growing on different carbon sources were analyzed by flow cytometry. The analysis of DNA and protein content was performed to better characterize this yeast not only from molecular point of view, but also to explore its cellular features. The characterization of this unconventional yeast confirmed once again one of the most appreciated features for yeasts used as cell factories: versatility. This property is so strong that yeasts has been exploited for natural abilities, such as production of ethanol, and also for processes where a targeted manipulation was introduced, for example in lactic acid production, just to cite a pair of biotechnological production of industrial relevance. To make this process competitive on the market, in terms of yield, production and productivity, yeasts were pushed to their physiological limits. These limits are given by the accumulation of vast amounts of product that, in the case of ethanol, can cause damage to the lipid component of the plasma membrane, in the case of lactic acid can result in a loss of proper cellular homeostasis with the fall of the intracellular pH. It is therefore necessary to assess whether these limitations can be overcome by acting in particular on the plasma membrane, whose role in controlling the transport and the cellular homeostasis makes it a target of interest to improve the robustness of cells in response to stress generated by the process, such as oxidative stress or generated by low pH. The optimization of transport through the membrane plays a key role in the mechanisms of adaptation to these stresses. In particular, improving the flux of nutrients entering the cell could allow an optimal uptake of nutrient in the cytoplasm (as in the case of bioethanol production), an improvement of outflows from the cells might instead allow effective removal of compounds that may be deleterious for cell viability when present beyond a threshold value (eg organic acids). By focusing on the protein fraction that characterizes the cytoplasmic membrane, we have studied the effects of modulation of the expression of H +-ATPase pump of the plasma membrane (Pma1p), involved in the intracellular pH homeostasis. In particular, the gene ScPMA1 was overexpressed in S. cerevisiae and this overexpression was able to confer a greater resistance to acid stress, evidenced by growth kinetics in the presence of lactic acid. The increased cell viability under restrictive conditions in respect to the wild type strain was also checked by flow cytometry. The use of this tool has enabled the development of a system able to assess quantitatively the degree of robustness of the cells in stressful conditions. With this instrument able to assess the robustness of the cells as a function of various types of stress (oxidative, pH, ...) it is possible to design new interventions of metabolic engineering in order to provide greater resistance to yeast in restrictive process conditions, similar to conditions prevailing in the processes of production of compounds of biotech interest. It will be possible to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions with the flow cytometer by assessing the response of the engineered cells under restrictive conditions by measuring the ability of cells to increase their robustness. The robustness remains one of the key features of yeasts as microbial cell factories, in particular to reach one of the main goal of White Biotechnology: to provide value products from renewable resources through sustainable processes with low environmental impact.

Ce travail se compose de trois volumes : une introduction générale ; l’édition annotée du demosterion ; les notes et annexes, la bibliographie. Dans le premier volume, l'auteur commence par retracer les caractères principaux de l'expansion du paracelsisme en France depuis ses origines, vers quinze cent soixante. Durant les deux décennies suivantes, l'oeuvre mexico-philosophique de Paracelse, diffusée à travers des traductions latines, atteint des hommes et des groupes d'intellectuels divers : jacques Gohory, les disciples de Guillaume Postel, l'entourage du duc d'Alençon, le milieu des parlementaires rennais. Outre les aspects variés que revêt chez les uns et les autres l'influence d'une pensée riche et complexe, cette genèse du paracelsisme français met en lumière nombre d'éléments qui contribuent autant à bouleverser la doctrine galénique qu'à enrichir la tradition néoplatonicienne alors en pleine vogue. L'analyse du contenu du demosterion permet avant tout d'aborder plusieurs principes fondamentaux du système paracelsique. L'ampleur des connaissances que délivre ce traite d'environ deux cents pages est due aux types de discours brefs employés, parmi lesquels se distingue l'aphorisme. Roch le Baillif offre ainsi à ses contemporains la première somme, bilingue, du paracelsisme français. Dans le second volume est reproduit le texte : les pièces liminaires d'Yves de Langourla et de l'écrivain Noel du Fail, l'œuvre elle-même, que closent deux planches medico-astrologiques. Dans le troisième se trouvent les notes (près de sept cents pour l'introduction, plus d'un millier pour le demosterion) et, en annexe, deux glossaires médicaux, dont l'un, latin-français<br>This work is composed of three volumes : a general introduction ; demosterion's annotated edition ; notes and annexes, and bibliography. In the first the author begins by retracing the principal features in the expansion of paracelsism in France from its origins. During the following two decades (from the sixties to the eighties), the medical-philosophical work of paracelsus divulged through Latin translations reached mankind and different intellectual groups : Jacques Ohory, the disciples of Guillaume Postel, the entourage of the duke of Alençon, the milieu of Rennes parliamentarians. Apart from the diffent effect the influence of this rich and complex thinking had on each group the genesis of paracelsism brought to light a number of elements which contributed more towards upsetting the galenic-aristotelian doctrine than enhancing the neoplatonic tradition still much in vogue. Analysis of the contents of the demosterion reveal above all several fundamental principles in the paracelsian system. The extent of the knowledge this treatise presents in approximately two hundred pages is due to the types of brief discourse employed, among which aphorism is outstanding. Roch le baillif thus offers his contemporaries the first bilingual summary of French paracelsism. In the second volume the text is reproduced : the preliminary works of Yves de Langourla and the writer noel du fail, the text itself which closes with two medical-astrological diagrams. The third includes notes

Thesis (PhDAgric (Viticulture and Oenology. Wine Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Stuck alcoholic fermentations are a major enological problem for the international winemaking industry. Incomplete wine fermentations are frequently characterized by high residual fructose concentrations and the near-absence of residual glucose, a fact that is due to the glucophilic character of the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wines with high contents of post fermentation sugar are very susceptible for microbial spoilage since residual fructose and/or glucose can be metabolized by bacteria and yeast to undesired by-products such as volatile acid and off-flavours, resulting in wine spoilage and considerable economic losses. It has been reported that stuck fermentations are usually caused by several synergistically acting inhibition factors, and the glucose to fructose ratio (GFR) is thought to play an important role in this context. This study is aimed at contributing towards a better understanding of this industrial problem, and at finding industrially applicable solutions. In a first part, this study describes the isolation of two appropriate strains of the fructophilic yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii from the natural microflora of grapevine, followed by trials in small scale test fermentations using stuck industrial fermentations as model media. These experiments were expanded to also investigate large scale industrial fermentations. As a result, a strategy for the treatment of stuck fermentations was developed and successfully applied in several wineries with fermentation problems. This methodology represents an entirely novel and industrially applicable solution to high residual fructose levels. In a second part, the data contributes to elucidating the molecular nature of the fructophilic phenotype of Z. bailii by characterizing some of the genes and proteins that may be responsible for the fructophilic character. In particular, the investigation focused on the first two steps of hexose metabolism, the transport of sugar into the cell by permeases and sugar phosphorylation by hexokinases, which combined are thought to be primarily responsible for sugar preference. One result of this study was Fructoferm W3©, a dry yeast product which is commercially available. Fructoferm W3 was awarded with the innovation medal for enological products at Intervitis/Interfructa, Stuttgart, Germany in 2007.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die voorkoms van steek alkoholiese fermentasies is ‘n ernstige problem in die internasionale wyn industrie. Onvolledige fermentasies word dikwels gekenmerk deur hoë residuele fruktose konsentrasies en die veitlike afwesigheid van residuele glukose. Die kenmerke kan meestal toegeskryf word aan die glukofilliese kakakter van die wyngis Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wyne met ‘n hoë suiker inhoud na die afloop van fermentasie is vatbaar vir mikrobiese bederf aangesien residuele fruktose en/of glukose gemetaboliseer kan word deur bakterië en gis om ongewenste byprodukte soos vlugtige sure en bygeure te vorm wat kan lei tot wyn bederf en aansienlike ekonomies verlies. Dit is vasgestel dat steek fermentasies gewoonlik veroorsaak word deur verskeie sinergisties werkende inhibisie faktore, waartoe die glukose/fruktose verhouding ‘n noemenswaardiege bydrae lewer. Die mikpunt van hierdie studie was om ‘n bydrae te lewer tot die begrip van steek fermentasies en die daarstelling van moontlike industriële oplossings. Die eerste deel van die werk beskryf die isolasie van twee rasse van die gis Zygosaccharomyces baillie uit die natuurlike wingerd mikroflora, gevolg deur steekproewe in die vorm van kelinskaalse fermentasies met steek industriële fermentasies gebruik as model media. Hierdie ekserimente is vervolgens uitgebrei om grootskaalse industriële steek fermentasies te bestudeer. Die uitkoms van hierdie werk het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van ‘n strategie vir die behandeling van steek fermentasies wat susksesvol toegepas is in verskeie wynmakerye. Die metodiek bring ‘n nuwe en industrieel toepasbare oplossing vir hoë residuele fruktose vlakke. Die data aangebied in die tweede afdeling dra by tot die verheldering van die molekulêre natuur van die fruktofilliese fenotipe van Z. baillie deur die tipering van gene en protiëne wat moontlik verantwoordelik is vir die fruktofilliese karakter van die gis. Die ondersoek het spesifiek op die eerste twee stappe van heksose metabolisme, naamlik die invoer van suiker in die sel deur permeases en suiker fosforilering deur heksokinases, gekonsentreer. Die kombinasie van die twee prosesse is vermoedelik verantwoordelik vir die regulering van suiker voorkeur. ‘n Gevolg van die studie was die ontwikkeling van ‘n droë gisproduk, Fructferm W3©, wat kommersieel beskikbaar gestel is. Fructoferm W3 is in 2007 toegeken met die innovasie medalje vir wynkundige produkte by Intervittis/Interfructa in Stuttgart, Duitsland.

Late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century Dundee had a strikingly large female workforce and this fact has attracted much scholarly attention. But existing research has not probed the official crime records to determine whether the associated local stereotype of the disorderly mill worker, as a ‘moral blot' on the landscape, is justified. This study looks at female criminality in Dundee 1865–1925. It finds that drunkenness, breach of the peace and theft were the leading female offences and that the women most strongly associated with criminality belonged to the marginalised sections of the working class. Amongst them were the unskilled mill girls prominent in the contemporary discussions, but it was prostitutes and women of ‘No Trade' who appear to have challenged the police most often. They were frequently repeat offenders and consequently this thesis devotes considerable attention to the women entrenched in Dundee's criminal justice system. A pattern noted in the city's recidivism statistics, and often echoed elsewhere, is that the most persistent offenders were women. The fact that men perpetrated the majority of petty crime raises the suspicion that the police statistics capture differential policing of male and female recidivists – an idea that builds upon feminist theory and Howard Taylor's stance on judicial statistics. Yet a detailed study of the archives reveals that there are as many examples of the police treating women fairly as there are of gender-biased law. Indeed, several practical constraints hindered over-zealous policing, one of which was the tendency of the local magistrates to throw out cases against prostitutes and female drunks. This thesis, taking the police and court records as a whole, emphasizes that it was generally pragmatism, rather than prejudice, that guided the sanctioning of female recidivists in Dundee.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>海洋法律研究所<br>103<br>Court police is a position of the judicial personnel in Taiwan that is responsible for duties of being a court guard, maintaining security, escorting criminals and implementing relevant judicial police matters in courts and prosecutors offices. The job is also the front-line of courts and prosecutors offices, and comes with great responsibility on keeping orders and security. However, the underlying problems and the influence of social status, characteristics, job content, examination, training and promotional channel are so insignificant to the public and related judicial area. But after detailed observation, we discovered that they are deeply connected to the public yet have been overlooked for a long time by the mainstream media. To avoid irrecoverable damages resulting from further ignorance in this matter, I hope to provide advices through this research that will point out the errors within the regulatory system of the court police and make improvements to the system. Additionally, this research attempts to draft out a legal basis for the actions of court police to meet practical demands from a state ruled by law, ensuring the rights of judicial personnel and public. First of all, the investigation of definition and judicial position of court police are described in Chapter 2 for a better understanding which means to be a part of the court police and the legal status, as well as organizing, investigating and analyzing its characteristic problems by theories and current laws. Afterwards, the study provides a description of the legal position of the court police by looking at the status of its organization as a civil servant. Secondly, the research describes the job content and hidden problems of the court police from its statutory job content, practical aspects and an analysis of the problems, as well as deeply investigating the job of court police and public rights. Additionally, the research compares and analyzes the situation regarding to the manpower so to make plans and advices by introducing the manpower current situation of the court police in Chapter 3. Thirdly, in Chapter 4, the research compares and analyzes the examination system of court police, police and prison management staff to point out the strengths and weakness of individual examination system. Finally, the research offers methods for reformation for the court police system in Chapter 5 with in-depth interviews with government officers and court police officers and analyze the result, and drafts a “Court Police Power Exercise Act” based on the relevant police law system. Moreover, the research provides suggestion and revisional direction to court police examination, training and other relevant system, proposing the conclusion and future advises in Chapter 6.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>國家政策與公共事務研究所<br>107<br>The work of the judicial police has always been unfamiliar to the outside world. Compared with the official position, it is classified as a civil servant. The work content is also a military service. The organization and work rights of the legal police room are less favored . In this paper, mainly in the construction of the core functions of the Prosecutors Office of the bailiff, and according to the analysis of core competence was the Institute, make recommendations for objective reference bailiff training, assessment, promotion. At the beginning of the study, we collected and collected the literature and research related to the core functions at home and abroad, and collected the research papers related to the core functions of police officers with similar nature. On the other hand , from the perspective of the police, the procurator, the clerk, the lawyer , the legal sergeant, the deputy sergeant, the legal person who is the squad for the bailiff and the judicial police themselves are selected to form a team of experts who have contact with the bailiff at work. . Panel of Experts on the preliminary interviews, design-related core functions interview outline, semi-structured interviews of work, and based on the information available consolidate and analyze, aggregate indicators of the ability to incorporate the ability to index construction components. Literature and interviews with the resulting ability index, the scholar guidance to improve the reliability and validity of the completed questionnaire design, carried out in their own expertise, experience and expertise through with a practical expert in this research topic has actually engaged to participate in judicial proceedings operation of the three rounds the survey, the Panel many times in the last questionnaire statistical analysis, results are summarized core competencies Prosecutors Office should have the bailiff. After several questionnaires were conducted on the experts to analyze the core functions of the judicial police, there are still some limitations in the following aspects: 1. The judicial police of the High Court of the Ministry of Justice and the Public Security Bureau of the Supreme Court have not conducted the test without the GF questionnaire, so they cannot get It is known whether the core functions of the four-level organs and the third-level organs belong to the same. 2. Whether the core functions of the court''s judicial police are the same as the judicial officers of the local inspection department, it is still necessary for him to study and verify. 3. The retirees of the police officers are not within the scope of this study. They are limited to the current professional police officers. Whether their core functions have been changed over time and cannot be detected. The study found that the core functions of the judicial police of the Department of Inspection and Quarantine include four capability indicators, which are ranked according to their importance as the ability to handle crisis, the ability to perform service work, the ability to resist stress , and the attitude of teamwork . Research suggestions: First, strengthen education and training and institutions to guard against hardware facilities to enhance the ability of the police to deal with crisis. Second, Accelerate the establishment of the law enforcement powers of the police, increase the number of judicial police posts and retain talents to enhance the capacity of the judicial police. Third, the institutionalization of the pressure pipeline and the participation model of the management system to alleviate the pressure on the police. Fourth, improve morale at the grassroots level and condense centripetal force to enhance the attitude of the team of lawyers and police.

碩士<br>正修科技大學<br>經營管理研究所<br>106<br>In advanced democratic and legal countries such as United States and Japan, there were already perfect bailiff personnel system and planning, but the reform in bailiff personnel system in Taiwan was quite slow, therefore, topics related to bailiff personnel was an indispensable ring in the judicial reform this time, in addition to the topics of bailiff personnel, how to raise the work performance of bailiff personnel was always the issue catching the greatest attention of the reformer and organization. In this study, the main focus was on the correlation among encouragement system, service attitude and work performance for bailiff personnel. The research targets of questionnaire survey were based on bailiff personnel who were conducting judicial related work. Paper questionnaire was issued for a total of 250 copies, and 229 copies were returned, after invalid questionnaires of 20 copies were deducted, there were 209 copies of effective questionnaire, and the returned rate of questionnaire was 91%. Moreover, SPSS 20.0 version statistical software was used to conduct factor analysis, reliability and validity test, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, post hoc test, independent sample t test to verify one by one the correlation among all variables. The main research conclusions were as follows: (1) The encouragement system, service attitude and work performance of bailiff personnel showed significant difference along with different background variables of bailiff personnel. (2) The encouragement system of bailiff personnel showed significant influence on overall work performance. (3) The service attitude of bailiff personnel showed significant influence on overall work performance. (4) The encouragement system of bailiff personnel showed significant influence on overall service attitude. (5) The encouragement system and service attitude of bailiff personnel showed significant influence on the overall work performance.

碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>公共行政暨政策學系碩士在職專班<br>105<br>Since 1997, the bailiff subjects have been added into the judicial personnel special examination. It has become a national examination. The subjects of examination are mostly theoretical specialized ones.The candidates lack the duty ability and relevant skills and experience. In order to effectively compensate the current gap in examination,it is necessary to give adequate training to enhance the professional functions of the bailiff personnel, and ensure the effective implementation of the service.Especially in recent years,there have been several incidents of self harm, escaping, or violent attacks against judicial personnel in the courts. The gap between the reasonable bailiff posts and current regulatory budget posts is large,and the number has reached the central government agency law limit,which has caused a serious shortage of manpower in the bailiff.In addition to the reasonable adjustment of human resources, it is necessary to to imply on-the-job training to improve police skills, improve the overall quality of the application of human bailiff, to play the greatest benefit of human resources. Based on this, the paper takes bailiff on-the-job training case in Hsinchu District Court,ROC as an example. The essay sets training planning factors and organization training factors as two major controlled variables to infer the mutually independent self variables influence on the dependent variable. Takes the ideas of demanding training planning and training plan implementation as the theoretical basis of practical analysis.The thesis adopts participant observation as the main line of study, supplemented by literature analysis and depth interview.The essay collects the opinion of enforcement organization, enforcement personnel and trainee to propose "on-the-job training program implementation of bailiff". By analyzing the two factors of training plan and training authorities influence on the promotion and execution of in-service training of the bailiff, the study found the following dilemmas are face to the bailiff’s on-the-job training: 1.The organizational level: training planning and agency needs can not be completely consistent. 2.Personnel trained level:personnel and trainee can not be fully coordinated. 3.The working level: there is a drop between training plan and practical application. Based on the above findings, the following recommendations are made: 1.The organizational level - recommendations for the coordination between training plan and agency needs: (1) Establish a training information system ,which is used as a reference for training programs;(2) Increase the flexibility of the institutions' optional courses and coordinate the training objectives of the institutions. 2.Personnel trained level- recommendations for coordination between trainee and personnel: (1) Establish a complete training framework in conjunction with the central government for specific training; (2) Integrate the training needs of interested parties; (3) Increase training frequency; (4) Establish professional library of teachers; (5) Diversify teaching methods; (6) Train the autonomous learning ability of trainees. 3.The working level - recommendations for application of the result of functional analysis:(1) Combine the curriculum planning and practical application;(2) Distinguish between basic and advanced courses,and adopt the training mode of group teaching; (3) Annual inspection of training plan and revised regularly.

Legal position of the insolvency administrator in insolvency proceeding and its comparison with the positon of bailiff - Abstract The thesis deals with the legal position of insolvency administrator in insolvency proceedings and its comparison with the position of bailiff. The thesis is broken into an introduction, six chapters and a conclusion. The aim of this thesis is to summarise the rights of the insolvency administrator as a subject of the insolvency proceeding and compare them with the rights of the bailiff. The first chapter deals with the definition of insolvency administrator, the conditions to perform the office and to obtain the relevant licence to perform the office, as well as the manner of entry of insolvency administrators into the registry. The second chapter takes on the manner of appointment of the insolvency administrator in a specific insolvency proceeding, the conditions for removal or recall from the office, the conditions of exclusion for bias and situations when the insolvency administrator may be replaced. Furthermore, the chapter states the duties of the insolvency administrator. Special attention is paid to the reward and reimbursement of costs in the various alternatives of insolvency solutions with regard to recent case law. The chapter also details the liability of the...

Dissertação de Mestrado em História apresentada à Faculdade de Letras<br>A presente dissertação centra-se num estudo prosopográfico sobre o cavaleiro Gomes Martins Silvestre e seu pai, o mercador Martim Silvestre, com o objetivo de perscrutar e esclarecer os seus percursos de vida — tanto no âmbito da mobilidade geográfica como no da económica e sócio-política. Numa primeira parte, reconstitui-se o que já era conhecido, revelado por outros autores – abordagem ao jacente de Gomes Martins, compra da vila de Mourão por Martim Silvestre e o retorno desta à Coroa, para além da participação de Gomes Martins, enquanto procurador régio, na resolução da contenda entre Portugal e Castela sobre os limites dos termos das vilas raianas de Monsaraz, Noudar, Arouche e Moura. De seguida, partindo dessa informação, de forma crítica, com base em documentação recolhida, procede-se a uma reconstituição, tão segura e completa quanto foi possível, quer das suas origens familiares, quer dos seus percursos de vida. Numa segunda parte, aborda-se a descendência familiar que, com segurança, identificámos – não deixando de colocar hipóteses quanto a uma outra –, bem como, por último, centramos a nossa atenção no túmulo de Gomes Martins e na iconografia nele presente, a fim de, através da sua leitura, identificar as origens desta, sondar quadros da vida daquele, não percetíveis nas linhas e entrelinhas do pergaminho, não sem apresentarmos a sua perspetiva perante a morte, enquanto membro da cavalaria medieval, através do cortejo fúnebre completado com uma cena de lamentação e a figuração de uma caçada.<br>This dissertation focuses on a prosopographic study on the knight Gomes Martins Silvestre and his father, the merchant Martim Silvestre, with the objective of examining and clarifying their life paths – both in terms of geographic and economic or social and political mobility. In the first part, it is reconstituted what was already known, revealed by other authors - approach to the tomb of Gomes Martins, purchase of the village of Mourão by Martim Silvestre and its return to the Crown, besides the participation of Gomes Martins, as royal mandatary, in the resolution of the dispute between Portugal and Castile on the term limits of the border villages of Monsaraz, Noudar, Arouche and Moura. Subsequently, relying on this information, on a critical basis, based on documentation we have collected, a reconstitution is carried out, as safe and complete as possible, both of their family origins and of their life paths.In a second part, we discuss the descendants that we have clearly identified – not leaving aside hypotheses about others – as well as, finally, we focus our attention on the tomb of Gomes Martins and its iconography, in order to identify its origins, by reading it, to explore pictures of the knight’s life, not perceptible in the lines and between the lines of the parchment, not without presenting his perspective before death, as a member of the medieval cavalry, through the funeral procession completed with a mourning scene and a hunt figuration.In a second part, we discuss the descendants that we have clearly identified – not leaving aside hypotheses about others – as well as, finally, we focus our attention on the tomb of Gomes Martins and its iconography, in order to identify its origins, by reading it, to explore pictures of the knight’s life, not perceptible in the lines and between the lines of the parchment, not without presenting his perspective before death, as a member of the medieval cavalry, through the funeral procession completed with a mourning scene and a hunt figuration.

Le bailli d’Amiens, sous Philippe VI (1328-1350), intervenait fréquemment dans les principautés du Nord de la France que sont les comtés d’Artois, de Ponthieu et de Flandre. L’étendue de son ressort, ainsi que son emplacement stratégique, en firent une sentinelle du gouvernement central et un ardent défenseur des droits du roi. Agissant parfois avec trop de zèle, entrant ce faisant en conflit avec les juridictions urbaines, d’Église et seigneuriales, cet officier royal constituait un lien important entre les justiciables de sa circonscription et l’autorité royale des actes et lettres de laquelle il devait veiller à la transmission et l’exécution. De son côté, la cour du roi sembla approuver le travail du bailli, n’intervenant que rarement en réaction aux excès commis par ce dernier et confirmant l’essentiel des sentences du bailli jugées en appel.<br>The bailiff of Amiens, under Philip VI (1328-1350), frequently intervened in the principalities of northern France that are the counties of Artois, Ponthieu and Flanders. The extent of its jurisdiction, and its strategic location made him a sentinel of the central government and a staunch advocate of the king’s rights. Sometimes acting too zealously, thereby entering into conflict with urban jurisdictions, and stately church, this royal officer was an important link between citizens of his district and the royal authority of the acts and letters which he had to ensure transmission and execution. For its part, the king's court seemed to endorse the work of the bailiff, intervening only rarely in response to the excesses committed by the latter and confirming the main awards of the Bailiff considered on appeal.<br>Carte du bailliage en fichier complémentaire.

Praca ma na celu przedstawienie francuskiego modelu postępowania egzekucyjnego w Księstwie Warszawskim i Królestwie Polskim w latach 1808–1823 z uwzględnieniem praktyki polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości oraz prac legislacyjnych w Radzie Stanu oraz próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie czy wszechobecny w ówczesnej debacie publicznej sprzeciw wobec francuskich rozwiązań egzekucyjnych doprowadził do przywrócenia modelu znanego w okresie przedrozbiorowym, czy może to przywrócenie dawnych rozwiązań nazywanych „narodowymi” było w istocie rodzima korektą, która tworzona była, paradoksalnie, w oparciu o wzory francuskie i formalizm znany z napoleońskich kodyfikacji. Tematyka teorii i praktyki postępowania egzekucyjnego, jak i postępowania cywilnego w ogóle, z francuskiego kodeksu postępowania cywilnego z 1806 r. na ziemiach polskich była dotychczas w naukach historycznoprawnych poza zainteresowaniem badaczy, którzy skupiali się raczej na Kodeksie Napoleona i prawie cywilnym materialnym. Rozprawa stoi na stanowisku, że polska praktyka sądowa najpierw wypełniła francuską procedurę cywilną pozakodeksową treścią wynikającą z tradycji staropolskiej oraz doświadczeń pruskich, a następnie tak zmodyfikowaną procedurę zaakceptowała i uznała niemal za rodzimą w akcie obrony przed ustawodawstwem rosyjskim. W okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego i początku Królestwa Polskiego odwoływano się do przedrozbiorowych polskich rozwiązań egzekucyjnych, które rozumiane były bardzo powierzchownie – jak polityczne hasła, znaczenia których nie pamiętano lub nie rozumiano. Rozprawa składa się z wprowadzenia, pięciu rozdziałów i zakończenia wraz z bibliografią. Wstęp zawiera szczegółowy katalog źródeł – drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych – na których oparta została praca. Wśród nich dominowało ustawodawstwo z epoki rozszerzone o źródła praktyki sądowej. W rozdziale pierwszym przedstawione zostały ogólne zagadnienia związane z francuską procedurą cywilną, jej recepcja w XIX-wiecznej Europie, krótka charakterystyka samego postępowania cywilnego wraz z organizacją sądownictwa w Księstwie Warszawskim i w Królestwie Polskim oraz modele egzekucji sądowej w przedrozbiorowej Polsce, a następnie w Prusach. Rozdział drugi poświęcony jest urzędnikom egzekucyjnym — czyli burgrabiemu i komornikowi sądowemu w Polsce, a huissier de justice we Francji — ich historii, kompetencjom, pozycji w wymiarze sprawiedliwości oraz różnic, które wynikały z pozakodeksowych aktów normatywnych obu państw. Rozprawa skupia się również na ewolucji i zmianach, które dotknęły profesji urzędnika wykonawczego w Polsce i we Francji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jego korzeni i odmiennej tradycji w obu państwach. W rozdziale trzecim omówione zostały szczegółowo najważniejsze środki egzekucyjne — w porządku kodeksowym — zapowiedzenie, zajęcie i sprzedaż ruchomości oraz zajęcie i sprzedaż nieruchomości z uwzględnieniem środków odwoławczych służących stronom, na różnych etapach egzekucji sądowej. Znajduje się tam również omówienie problematyki stosowania moratorium dla dłużników w Księstwie Warszawskim i w Królestwie Polskim ze względu na szczególny związek tej instytucji ze sprzedażą licytacyjną nieruchomości, a także z tzw. sumami bajońskimi. Kwestia związana z obrotem nieruchomościami była szczególnie doniosła na co dodatkowo nałożyła się trudna sytuacja kredytowa licznych właścicieli ziemskich na początku XIX w. w związku z zadłużeniem powstałym jeszcze w czasach pruskich. Praca wykazuje, że zarówno wierzyciele jak i dłużnicy bardzo szybko nauczyli się posługiwać środkami zarówno w poparciu, jak i przeciw egzekucji sądowej wedle francuskiej procedury cywilnej. Rozdział czwarty dotyczy dwóch instytucji o znacznej doniosłości praktycznej, a które w samym Kodeksie z 1806 r. na tle całości przepisów o egzekucji wyroków wydają się ledwie dostrzegalne: aresztu cywilnego, czyli przymusu osobistego dłużników w sprawach cywilnych, będącego de facto nadzwyczajnym środkiem egzekucyjnym, oraz pomocy wojskowej udzielanej w przypadku napotkania przez burgrabiego lub komornika sądowego oporu przeciwko czynnościom egzekucyjnym. Stanowiły one duży problem ze względu na konieczność współpracy pomiędzy wymiarem sprawiedliwości, administracją municypalną, a także wojskową. Rozprawa wykazuje, że liczne rządowe akty normatywne nie znajdowały lub znajdowały z trudem po licznych interwencjach wymiaru sprawiedliwości zastosowanie w praktyce, co dotyczyło zarówno nieprawidłowości przy areszcie cywilnym, jak i pomocy wojskowej w egzekucji – obie instytucje w znacznym stopniu ingerowały w wolność i bezpieczeństwo mieszkańców. W rozdziale piątym przedstawiona została częściowa reforma egzekucji sądowej w Królestwie Polskim w 1823 r., której celem miało być zastąpienie francuskiego modelu postępowania egzekucyjnego modelem narodowym zgodnie z powszechną i bardzo ostrą krytyką rozwiązań francuskich w przedmiocie egzekucji sądowej, towarzyszącej procedurze cywilnej niemal od momentu jej wprowadzenia w Księstwie Warszawskim. Zawiera on szczegółową analizę przepisów zgodnie z metodą dogmatyczną, a także projektów postanowień namiestnika Królestwa Polskiego na różnych etapach pracy w Radzie Stanu i Radzie Administracyjnej. Pracę wieńczy zakończenie, podsumowujące najważniejsze tezy oraz ustalenia, w którym wykazano, że treść dwóch postanowień namiestnika z 1823 r., mające być w zamyśle swoistym prowizorium do czasu przyjęcia narodowego kodeksu procedury cywilnej, mimo antyfrancuskiej retoryki legislatorów była oparta na rozwiązaniach francuskich (język, technika etc.) z niewielkimi modyfikacjami, które w praktyce zamieniły najważniejszy środek egzekucyjny – sprzedaż licytacyjną nieruchomości – na licytacyjne wydzierżawienie. „Prowizorium” to przetrwało aż do 1876 r., kiedy weszła w życie rosyjska procedura cywilna. Autor rozprawy dowodzi, że nauka polska nie zauważyła, że sama sprzedaż licytacyjna w systemie prawnym przetrwała i sporadycznie można ją było spotkać w praktyce egzekucyjnej później, co prowadzi do konkluzji, że uzgodnienie francuskiego prawa egzekucyjnego z polskimi warunkami i tradycją doprowadziło do stworzenia instytucji, która cieszyła się większą popularnością niż poprzednia, mająca jedynie francuską proweniencję.<br>A dissertation presents French model of enforcement proceedings in the Duchy of Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland from 1808 to 1823 including practice of Polish justice system as well as legislative work of State Council and other legislative bodies and committees. The main goal of this dissertation is to check the hypothesis whether the ubiquitous opposition against French enforcement proceedings solutions led to restoration in 1823 model from “old Poland”, i.e. from times before the last partition of Poland (1795), or whether that restoration of national solutions was indeed Polish modern reform based on French patterns and formalism taken from Napoleonic codes rather than based on ancient Polish customary law. The subject of the theory and practice of enforcement proceedings, as well as civil proceedings in general, from the French code of civil procedure of 1806 in Poland was beyond the interest of researchers (legal historians) who focused more on Napoleonic Code and civil law. This dissertation firmly states that Polish judicial practice in the first place filled French procedure with contents, deriving from Polish legal tradition and Prussian experience, that did not have any ground on legal text (codes) and then accepted it as “own” and even “national” in the defence process against the attempts to introduce Russian legislation in Poland. A dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, and conclusions. Introduction includes large and thorough catalogue of historical sources (printed and manuscripts) which were essential for the title subject. Chapter one introduces methodology and main issues regarding French civil procedure, its reception in XIX Century Europe, short description of this procedure as well as judicial organisation in the Duchy of Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland, model of enforcement proceedings from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth era and later in Prussia. Second chapter focuses on courts’ enforcement officials – bailiff (burgrabia or komornik) in Poland and a huissier de justice in France. It includes a professional tradition, powers, place within justice system and comparative differences which resulted from other-than-codes normative acts (lower in hierarchy of legal texts as for example national regulations). That part includes evolution and changes that occurred to enforcement officers in both Countries from 1808 to 1823 and later as a symbol of strong national tradition that could not have been changed despite having the same French code of civil procedure. Third chapter is devoted to the system of enforcement proceedings mean and institutions in the code of civil procedure order: execution’s announcement (zapowiedzenie), seizure of movable property, foreclosure of immovable property, court’s bidding sale of seized goods with proper description of theory and practice of legal remedy and appellation for both parties – debtor and creditor – during every stage of civil and enforcement proceedings. I try to describe problems of moratorium for creditors in the Duchy of Warsaw regarding enforcement proceedings as it was applied only to the fraction of all cases and bidding sale of seized goods. A large part was devoted to the issue of sums of Bayonne (sumy bajońskie), however they were rather of political matter than judicia. The general view of the chapter is that real estate issue was essential for the Polish state because of the fact that it was the biggest asset of the nobility estate which was in very bad condition as the property was usually highly indebted. However, Polish debtors did not need much time to learn details of French enforcement proceedings means to use it to protect their property as they exploited a formalism of code of civil procedure of 1806 in many ways with great support of attorneys. Fourth chapter carries out description and conceptualisation of two particular and practical institutions. First, I introduce “civil arrest” .i.e. special kind of prison for debtors which was a mean to recover a debt by putting a debtor into the prison (run for non-criminals convicts only). Second, I describe the institution of military help within enforcement proceedings which was granted for bailiffs in case if they met any resistance during their professional duties. I reconstruct both institutions using a very rare historical sources from judicial and extrajudicial archives as it was a field of cooperation of prosecutors and bailiffs from the one side and the army and municipal administration from the other side. I show that especially local administration faced many problems with implementation of the provisions of the code of civil procedure. These wrongdoings were traced and corrected by the national government but their big number and recurrence shows deep problems of state institutions. Chapter five focuses on partial reform of the enforcement proceedings law from 1823 which was believed to switch from French model into Polish (national) one. It includes a very detailed description and meaning of provisions of two legal acts – regulations of the Viceroy (Namiestnik) of the Kingdom of Poland. In the conclusions I highlight the most important thesis and findings of the dissertation. So-called “national” regulations from 1823 were indeed heavily based on French model and logic and were in force for almost 53 years despite the fact that their creators’ intentions were rather temporarily. I firmly stand on the thesis that Polish researchers did not recognize that the most essential French institution – bidding sale of immovable property – was not forbidden, but there was another institution added to the system – bidding lease of the immovable property – that was far more popular than the French one.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學系<br>86<br>The use of poly(oxyethylene)-diamine or monoamine as the hydrophilic monomers to react with various other monomers or prepolymers with the purpose of producing antistatic materials is the main theme of this thesis. (1) Poly(oxyethylene)-segmented polyamides The synthesis of poly(oxyethylene) containing polyamides has been carried out by the co-polycondensation of diacid including terephthalic, adipic, and sebacic acid, and diamines including polyetheramines of Jeffamine D-230, ED-2003, D-2000 and EDR-148. The polyamides consist of structures of poly(oxyethylene) and poly- oxypropylene) segments as well as amide linkages. With judicious choice of the hydrophilic amine, the amphiphilic polyamides could have a surface resistivity as low as 107.2 ohm/sq. (2) Metal ion added poly(oxyethylene)-segmented polyamides A series of lithium ion added poly(oxyethylene)-segmented polyamides have been prepared by using a developed solvent/metal halide addition method. The structures involve the poly( oxyethylene)/lithium complexes which promote the surface conductivity reaching 10 4.2 ohm/sq. (3) Poly( oxyethylene) grafting polypropylene maleic anhydride Using polyether monoamines such as poly(oxyethylene)monoamine, i.e., commercially available Jeffamine M-2070 of molecular weight of approximately 2000, a family of hydrophilic group grafting on polypropylenes have been prepared. This type of polymers can have surface resistivity of 107.5 ohm/sq. (4) Poly(oxyethylene) grafting styrene/ maleic anhydride polymers Using the similar methods described in (3), another family of Jeffamine M-2070 grafted polystyrenes are made. The surface resistivity of such polymer can reach at a value of 107.8 ohm/sq. The prepared polymers have been compared among structures with regard to their physical property, particularly the DSC analyses including Tg, Tm and the heat of melting. Based on these data and observations, a mechanism involving hydrogen bonding between moisture water and poly( oxyethyl-ene)/amide functionalities is suggested, as depicted below: The important features of this mechanism are cited below: (a) The surface conductivity is a function of the weight content of hydrophilic groups in the presence. (b) The hydrophilic groups have a optimal molecular weight of ca. 2000. The smaller molecular weight of amines appear to be worse. (c) The poly(oxyethylene) is a better hydrophilic group than the poly(oxypropylene). (d) The surface conductivity is derived from the moisture water association with polymers through a group of hydrogen bondings and partially ionization of water. (e) It seems that the comb-like structure is better than the linear one in terms of transferring electrostatics (perhaps the degree of crystallinity is also a factor involved in the mechanism).

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências do Ambiente, especialização em Qualidade Ambiental<br>Zygosaccharomyces bailii é uma levedura frequentemente associada a problemas de contaminação alimentar dada a sua capacidade de sobreviver em ambientes ácidos na presença de ácidos orgânicos fracos normalmente utilizados como conservantes químicos na indústria alimentar. Com vista a desenvolver um meio diferencial para Z. bailii recorreu-se a uma colecção de leveduras isoladas preferencialmente de vinhos contaminados. Assim, as estirpes seleccionadas para este estudo diferiram na sua origem e resistência a preservativos ácidos e pertenceram às espécies de Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia anomala, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Dekkera anomala, Dekkera bruxellensis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Issatchenkia orientalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kloeckera apiculata, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Saccharomyces bayanus, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, Zygosaccharomyces florentinus e Zygosaccharomyces bailii. O desenho do meio de cultura baseou-se na diferente capacidade de crescimento, que as diferentes espécies de levedura apresentam em meio mineral com substrato simples (ácido carboxílico fraco) ou com substratos misto (açúcar e ácido carboxílico fraco) como únicas fontes de carbono e energia. Quando os ensaios foram conduzidos num meio líquido com substrato simples, a maior parte das estirpes apresentou capacidade de utilizar pelo menos um dos vários ácidos carboxílicos testados. A natureza do ácido e a sua concentração bem como a manipulação do pH do meio, associada à incorporação de um indicador ácido-base, permitiu seleccionar condições em que somente as estirpes de Z. bailii originavam variação de cor do meio (resposta positiva). Contudo, esta resposta só foi observada após 115 a 168 h. Quando se utilizou o meio com substratos misto (glucose 0,1 %, p/v e ácido fórmico 0,3 %, v/v), em todas as estirpes de Z. bailii observou-se resposta positiva após um período de tempo consideravelmente mais reduzido (cerca de 48 h) quando comparado com o meio com substrato simples para a mesma densidade de inóculo e para as mesmas condições de incubação. Utilizando quer microplacas, quer meio sólido, procedeu-se de seguida à avaliação do comportamento deste meio com substratos misto para as outras espécies da colecção. Em ambos os casos somente as espécies de Z. bailii apresentaram resposta positiva durante as primeiras 48 h de incubação. No entanto a estirpe IGC 4194 de Z. rouxii apresentou uma resposta falso-positiva. O aumento da concentração do ácido fórmico no meio com substratos misto a pH 4,5 (glucose 0,1 %, p/v e ácido fórmico 0,4 ou 0,5 %, v/v) traduziu-se de uma forma geral num aumento do tempo de resposta para algumas estirpes. Nestes ensaios incluiram-se também estirpes de Z. bisporus, algumas das quais evidenciaram uma resposta positiva. Considera-se assim os meios desenvolvidos como diferenciais/selectivos para estas duas espécies. A validação do meio com substratos misto revelou a sua equivalência a outros meios de cultura, já descritos na literatura, no que respeita à percentagem de recuperação de Z. bailii. No entanto, a vantagem da utilização do meio de cultura desenvolvido no presente trabalho, em contraste com os restantes meios, consiste na capacidade de diferenciação de Z. bailii de outras leveduras pela cor das colónias. A análise microbiológica de duas amostras de Vinho Verde contaminado permitiu concluir, que o meio com substratos misto apresentou-se como um meio diferencial adequado para distinguir Z. bailii de outras leveduras de contaminação, com aplicação prática no controlo microbiológico de vinho e potencialmente de outras bebidas e alimentos.<br>Zygosaccharomyces bailii is a frequent food and beverage spoilage yeast, which is able to survive in acidic environments, in the presence of weak organic acids used as chemical preservatives. A collection of yeasts, isolated mostly from spoiled wines, was used in order to develop a differential medium for Z. bailii. The selected strains differed in their origin and resistance to acid preservatives, belonging to the species Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia anomala, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Dekkera anomala, Dekkera bruxellensis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Issatchenkia orientalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kloeckera apiculata, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Saccharomyces bayanus, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, Zygosaccharomyces florentinus and Zygosaccharo-myces bailii. The design of the culture media was based on the different ability of the various yeast species to grow in a mineral medium containing a single substrate (weak carboxylic acid) or mixed substrate (a sugar plus a weak carboxylic acid) as the only carbon and energy sources. When the assays were carried out in liquid medium with single substrate, most of the strains displayed ability to utilize at least one of the several weak carboxylic acids tested. The nature of the acid and its concentration as well as the manipulation of the pH of the medium, associated to the incorporation of an acid-base indicator, allowed to select conditions where only Z. bailii strains gave rise to change in colour of the medium (positive response). However, these positive responses were only obtained after about 115 to 168 h. When the mixed substrate medium (glucose, 0,1%, p/v and formic acid 0,3 %, v/v) was used, all the Z. bailii strains gave positive response after a considerably lower time (about 48 h) when compared with the single substrate medium for the same inoculum density and incubation conditions. Following these results, the mixed substrate medium was tested for the other species of the yeast collection, using either microplate wells or solid medium. In both cases, only the Z. bailii strains gave positive response during the first 48 h of incubation, and only one false positive response has been observed (Z. rouxii IGC 4194). The increase of the formic acid concentration in the mixed substrate medium at pH 4,5 (glucose, 0,1%, p/v and formic acid 0,4 or 0,5 % v/v, respectively) was associated to a prolonged response time, displayed by several Z. bailii strains. In these assays we included also strains of Z. bisporus, some of them exhibiting a positive response. Thus, the developed medium can be considered as diferential/selective for both species. The validation of the culture medium developed in the present work revealed its equivalence to other culture media previously described, concerning the percentage of recovery of Z. bailii. However, the major advantage of the developed medium, in contrast to other culture media, is its capability to diferentiate Z. bailii from other yeasts by the color of the colonies. The microbiological analysis of two samples of contaminated "Vinho Verde" ("Green Wine") allowed to conclude, that the mixed substrate medium can be considered as a differential medium to distinguish Z. bailii from other contamination yeasts, with potential application in the microbiological control of wines and probably other beverages and foods.<br>Projecto Europeu "Spoilage Yeasts in Foods and Beverages - Characterization and Ecology for Improved Diagnosis and Control" - (AIR Project CT 93/830)

Tese de mestrado. Microbiologia Aplicada. Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2011<br>O ácido acético é muito utilizado pela indústria alimentar e de bebidas como um agente antimicrobiano para prevenir o crescimento de microrganismos contaminantes alimentares, sendo essencialmente usado na preservação de produtos acídicos, como sejam os refrigerantes, pickles e molhos. Sob estas condições o crescimento bacteriano é limitado pelo que os principais contaminantes de comidas e bebidas acídicas são leveduras e fungos filamentosos que apresentam uma elevada capacidade de proliferar a baixo pH. O sucesso destas leveduras como agentes de deterioração alimentar encontra-se também em grande parte relacionado com a sua capacidade de adaptação e proliferação na presença de altas concentrações de ácidos fracos usados como conservantes alimentares, conduzindo a graves perdas económicas para a indústria alimentar e uma redução drástica das reservas de alimentos a nível mundial. Actualmente Zygosaccharomyces bailii é, sem dúvida, a levedura contaminante alimentar mais problemática para as indústrias de alimentos e bebidas, principalmente como resultado de sua resistência excepcional a ácidos fracos utilizados como conservantes. Em particular, Z. bailii é a espécie de levedura mais tolerante ao ácido acético. No entanto, os mecanismos subjacentes a esta resistência intrínseca estão ainda muito mal caracterizados. O objectivo deste trabalho foi, assim, contribuir para a elucidação dos mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à adaptação e tolerância ao ácido acético na levedura contaminante alimentar altamente resistente Z. bailii. A alta tolerância das células de Z. bailii ao ácido acético tem sido parcialmente atribuída à sua capacidade de metabolizar o acetato na presença de glucose, um mecanismo que está bloqueado em S. cerevisiae, devido ao efeito repressor da glucose. Contudo, a existência de outros mecanismos de resistência também foi antecipada. Desde há alguns anos, o Grupo de Ciências Biológicas tem vindo a caracterizar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à tolerância de S. cerevisiae ao stress induzido por ácido acético. Embora S. cerevisiae represente uma ameaça menos grave para a indústria alimentar que Z. bailii (valores de concentração mínima inibitória para o ácido acético na gama dos 370-555 mM para Z. bailii comparados com 80-150 mM para S. cerevisiae), também é uma levedura contaminante relevante, constituindo um sistema experimental muito mais acessível. Além disso, espera-se que os conhecimentos adquiridos em S. cerevisiae possam orientar uma análise mais aprofundada em Z. bailii, uma levedura geneticamente muito menos acessível, até porque não se encontra disponível a sequência do seu genoma. A resposta global, a nível do proteoma, de S. cerevisiae ao stress induzido por ácido acético foi recentemente estudada pelo Grupo de Ciências Biológicas (Mira et al., resultados não publicados). Neste trabalho, uma análise equivalente de proteómica de expressão foi explorada para obter uma perspectiva da resposta global a concentrações inibitórias mas não letais de ácido acético em Z. bailii. Esta abordagem permitiu estudar o que acontece ao nível da expressão proteica em resposta à presença de ácido acético, através da comparação quantitativa essencialmente do proteoma citosólico, na presença e ausência deste composto tóxico. Em particular, a resposta de células de Z. bailii ISA 1307 cultivadas na presença de 120 mM de ácido acético, a pH 4, foi estudada usando a técnica de electroforese bidimensional (2-DE), uma metodologia com elevado poder de discriminação que permite separar misturas complexas de proteínas com base na sua carga, usando a técnica de focagem isoeléctrica (IEF), e peso molecular, usando electroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Após separação, os géis foram corados com o corante fluorescente Flamingo (BioRad) e posteriormente digitalizados usando o scanner Thyphoon Trio e analisados com o software Progenesis Samespots. As proteínas de interesse foram depois identificadas por espectrometria de massa. Um mapa de referência do proteoma foi também produzido, e poderá ser posteriormente usado para identificar facilmente proteínas em cada gel 2-DE produzido usando o mesmo protocolo neste organismo. Esta abordagem permitiu obter informações valiosas sobre os mecanismos que tornam esta espécie de levedura uma das espécies mais resistentes ao ácido acético. As principais diferenças de expressão induzidas pelo ácido acético observadas encontram-se fundamentalmente relacionadas com o metabolismo celular, nomeadamente o metabolismo de carbohidratos. Em particular, foi possível registar a alteração ao longo do tempo das proteínas envolvidas no catabolismo do acetato, na presença e ausência de glucose. Estas alterações a nível do metabolismo celular estarão provavelmente relacionadas com a necessidade de obtenção de energia pelas células para contrariar os efeitos prejudiciais induzidos pelo ácido. De facto, algumas proteínas tipicamente associadas à resposta a stress foram identificadas nesta análise, nomeadamente uma superóxido dismutase e uma porina mitocondrial associadas à resposta ao stress oxidativo. Outras classes funcionais enriquecidas identificadas no nosso conjunto de dados encontram-se relacionadas com o metabolismo de aminoácidos, bem como com a tradução e glicosilação proteica. Neste trabalho, tentou-se também identificar, em Z. bailii, homólogos funcionais putativos de genes/proteínas identificadas em S. cerevisiae como sendo necessários para a resistência a ácido acético, através do “screening” de uma biblioteca genómica construída anteriormente. As principais vias de regulação subjacentes à resposta e adaptação de S. cerevisiae ao ácido acético foram elucidados nos últimos anos. Recentemente, foram identificados 650 genes de S. cerevisiae envolvidos na protecção contra o ácido acético e o papel e a caracterização do regulão do factor de regulação transcricional Haa1p na resposta a ácido acético foram também esclarecidos. Uma vez que foi demonstrado que a resposta e resistência das células de S. cerevisiae ao ácido acético depende de um sistema de sinalização controlado pelo factor de transcrição Haa1p, iniciámos este “screening” com vista a identificar um homólogo putativo do Haa1p. Além disso, embora a sequência genómica de Z. bailii não esteja disponível, a hipótese da existência nesta espécie de um sistema semelhante ao regulão Haa1p é apoiado pela identificação em Z. rouxii, uma levedura filogeneticamente próxima cujo genoma foi recentemente sequenciado, de um homólogo do Haa1p, bem como de homólogos de vários dos genes activados por este factor de transcrição durante a resposta ao stress induzido por ácido acético. Com este objectivo, procedeu-se à introdução de uma biblioteca genómica de Z. bailii, previamente construída, no mutante S. cerevisiae BY4741_ Δhaa1. Esta biblioteca genómica, com uma dimensão de inserção média de 6 kb e cobrindo o genoma mais de 20 vezes assumindo um tamanho de genoma semelhante ao de S. cerevisiae, foi já usada com sucesso pelos nossos parceiros do projecto ZygoSacAR na Universidade do Minho para isolar genes de Z. bailii. Os transformantes foram depois seleccionados pela sua tolerância ao ácido acético, e os que exibiam níveis de resistência semelhantes aos da estirpe parental e que portanto complementam o fenótipo de hiper-susceptibilidade do mutante, foram seleccionados. Uma selecção inicial foi feita através do crescimento em meio sólido, mas este método revelou-se pouco eficiente, com resultados ambíguos e difíceis de interpretar pelo que se adoptou um novo método. Este novo método, que envolveu a selecção dos transformantes em meio líquido usando placas de 96 poços, apesar de bastante mais trabalhoso revelou-se bastante mais adequado produzindo resultados mais fidedignos, não dependentes da observação pelo experimentador, e permitindo a identificação de um menor número de transformantes considerados resistentes. Desta forma, foram recuperados 92 candidatos resistentes e a inserção de ADN de um dos transformantes que apresentava maior resistência foi sequenciado. A sequência de ADN resultante, com um tamanho de aproximadamente 9,7 kb, foi analisada usando diversas ferramentas de bioinformática para tentar identificar potenciais genes que codifiquem proteínas cuja função possa explicar a supressão do fenótipo do mutante _Δhaa1. A análise realizada indicou a presença de três grelhas de leitura aberta putativas que codificam homólogos proteicos de três proteínas de Z. rouxii: uma proteína envolvida na biossíntese de riboflavina; outra proteína, que é um componente estrutural do citoesqueleto; e a última com função ainda desconhecida. Espera-se que para além do conhecimento científico resultante da investigação planeada, os resultados deste trabalho possam ser usados no desenvolvimento de estratégias mais apropriadas na conservação de alimentos baseada na adição de ácido acético, bem como na construção de estirpes industriais de levedura mais robustas.<br>Zygosaccharomyces bailii is undoubtedly the most problematic spoilage yeast to the food and beverage industries, mainly as a result of its exceptional resistance to weak acids preservatives. In particular, Z. bailii is the most tolerant yeast species to acetic acid. However, the mechanisms behind this intrinsic resistance are very poorly characterized although the remarkable ability of Z. bailii to catabolize acetate in the presence of glucose, differently from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was described. The aim of this work was to contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation and tolerance to acetic acid in the highly acetic acid resistant food spoilage yeast Z. bailii. An expression proteomics approach, based on quantitative two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), was explored to get a clear snapshot of the global response of this yeast species to inhibitory but non lethal concentrations of acetic acid. The major acetic acid-induced expression changes were found to be related with cellular metabolism, in particular, carbohydrate metabolism and energy generation but some cell stress response proteins were also found. Additionally, the identification of S. cerevisiae homologues of Haa1p of the Haa1- regulon and of other known determinants of acetic acid resistance in S. cerevisiae was also attempted based on the introduction of a Z. bailii genomic library previously constructed in S. cerevisiae BY4741_Δhaa1 mutant and selection of the transformants that rescued the hyper-susceptibility phenotype of the mutant. Using this approach 92 resistant candidates were obtained and the DNA insert of one of the transformants showing higher resistance was sequenced. The resulting DNA sequence, with a size of approximately 9.7 kb, harbored three ORFs encoding protein homologues of three Z. rouxii proteins: one protein involved in riboflavin biosynthesis; other protein, which is a structural constituent of cytoskeleton; and the last one that has a yet unknown function.

Dissertação de mestrado em Administração Pública<br>A tão mediatizada reorganização judiciária de Setembro de 2014 pretendia ser, de entre as várias iniciativas governamentais de índole legislativa, uma bandeira de uma política pública reformadora e estruturante para o sistema de justiça português e impor uma nova realidade e um novo paradigma de funcionamento à máquina judicial e aos seus operadores. A quintessência daquela reorganização era o modelo de gestão que lhe estava acoplado. Com a Nova Gestão Pública (NGP) pretende-se introduzir na prática judicial uma agilização na distribuição e tramitação processual e, sobretudo, uma autonomia da gestão de topo dos tribunais. Com um mapa de pessoal de oficiais de justiça (OJ) integrado numa única secretaria, organiza-se a comarca num único tribunal, permitindo, desta forma, a adopção de práticas gestionárias por objectivos, através de uma flexibilidade e simplificação na afectação e mobilidade dos recursos humanos (RH). Os relatórios elaborados pelos juízes presidentes (JP) das comarcas referem, todos eles, com grau de dimensão diferenciado, um mesmo denominador comum: as fragilidades que põem em risco a reforma judiciária, sobressaindo neste alerta a falta de meios, equipamentos e, principalmente, de RH, ao nível dos OJ, para suportarem a execução da reforma. É enquadrado nesta realidade, de insistente necessidade de mais RH, que se pretende desenvolver o presente trabalho, percebendo-se como estão a ser geridos esses recursos e de que forma a mobilidade está a ser utilizada como instrumento de melhoria do sistema judicial, ao nível da produtividade e da eficiência. Saber, por um lado, se a adequabilidade gestionária da direcção-geral da administração da justiça (DGAJ) e do administrador judiciário (AJ) evidencia o mérito da flexibilidade/mobilidade dos OJ na adopção de práticas de gestão por objectivos - estratégicos e/ou processuais. E realçar, por outro lado, se estas práticas têm levado à concretização dos propósitos daquela política pública: alcançar uma prestação de justiça de qualidade, proporcionando uma resposta judicial mais flexível, célere e próxima dos cidadãos.<br>The so mediated judicial reorganization of September 2014 intended to be, among various governmental initiatives of legislative nature, a flag of reforming and structuring public policy to the Portuguese judiciary system imposing a (new) reality and a (new) paradigm of the judicial machine function and its operators. It was immediately comprehended that the core of that reorganization was the (new) management system that was linked within. The ultimate goal of this New Public Management was to introduce in the judicial practice a delivery and procedural process more expeditious and, above all, autonomy of the courts management’s structures. With bailiffs staff’s map integrated into only one secretary, the district would be organized in a single court, allowing a management system by objectives, through the flexibility and simplification on human resources’ allocation and mobility. All the reports made by the districts’ presidents pointed out the weaknesses that jeopardize the judicial reform, highlighting the lack of resources, equipment and, above all, the lack of human resources, as bailiffs are concerned, in order to support the reform’s implementation. The present work is conceived in this reality, of persistent need for more human resources, and perceive how these resources are being managed and in what way their mobility is being used as an instrument to improve the judicial system, mainly in what concerns to productivity and efficiency. For one hand, knowing if the managerial adequacy of public policy shows the merit of the labor production factor (bailiffs) flexibility / mobility in the adoption of management practices by objectives, both strategic and procedural. And, on the other hand, point out if these practices are aimed to reach out the purposes of that public policy: achieve a justice of quality, providing a judicial response more flexible, quicker and closer to the citizens.