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1
Chang, Liou Chun. "Bainite transformation and novel bainitic rail steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360612.
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Peet, Mathew James. "Transformation and tempering of low-temperature bainite." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609018.
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Garnham, John Ernest. "The wear of bainitic and pearlitic steels." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9148.
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The rolling-sliding dry-wear behaviour of a series of bainitic steels and a standard pearlitic rail steel have been compared over a range of contact stress and creepage conditions applicable to the British Rail network. A rolling-sliding wear machine has been constructed - LEROS - which allows very high contact stresses to be combined with high creepages under well controlled conditions. Materials were tested on LEROS and on an Amsler machine. Limited vibration analyses were carried out on both machines and compared with the frequencies of disc surface periodic undulations. No direct linkage was determined. Despite better standard mechanical properties, the wear resistance of lower carbon bainitic steels was inferior to that of the pearlitic steel. A bainitic steel with the same carbon content as the pearlitic steel wore a little less, but at considerable expense to the pearlitic wheel steel counter-material in the wear couple. The wear resistance of bainitic steels depends upon the volume fraction of hard phase, such as carbide and martensite-austenite phase, for rolling-sliding as well as other types of dry wear loading. Pearlitic steel performs exceptionally well under certain rolling-sliding conditions, such as the majority seen in these tests, since the lamellar microstructure is modified so as to present a greater area fraction of carbide hard phase at the wear surface, a fraction in excess of bulk volume fraction. Recommendations are made for the dry wear applicability of the steels.
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Suikkanen, P. (Pasi). "Development and processing of low carbon bainitic steels." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514292576.
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The aim of this work was to study systematically the effects of composition and processing on austenite grain growth and static recrystallization (SRX) kinetics, austenite decomposition under controlled cooling as well as microstructures, mechanical properties and weldability of hot rolled low carbon bainitic (LCB) steels. The results showed that the coarsening of austenite grain structure is influenced by the chemical composition. Steels with Nb-Ti alloying exhibited fine and uniform austenite grain size up to 1125 °C, whereas higher temperatures led to formation of the bimodal grain structures. However, with Nb-Ti-B microalloying, the abnormal grain growth was already observed at 1050 °C. SRX rate at roughing temperatures, determined by the stress relaxation method, was found to be retarded markedly by Mo, Nb and B alloying. For the test conditions investigated, the decomposition of austenite started in the temperature range from 780 °C to below 550 °C. All alloying elements with the exception of Nb (0.04–0.10 wt-%) decreased the phase transformation temperatures and increased the hardness of dilatometric specimens. Detailed microstructural examinations enabled the identification of 4 different ferrite morphologies: polygonal ferrite, quasi-polygonal ferrite (QF), granular bainitic ferrite (GB) and bainitic ferrite (BF), generally as a mixed microstructure consisting of 2–3 types morphologies. Consistent with the microstructures detected in dilatometric experiments, the microstructures of rolled plates comprise various combinations of low C ferrite morphologies. These microstructure types provided the yield strengths from 500 MPa up to 850 MPa in hot rolled condition and from 500 MPa to 950 MPa in heat-treated condition (600 °C/1h). The yield strengths from 500 MPa to 570 MPa were mainly related to QF microstructures in as-rolled condition, while the steels with the yield strength from 570 to 700 MPa had GB-QF microstructures. Steels with the yield strengths above 700 MPa consisted of BF. The most effective alloying element regarding the strength properties is B. Also C, Mn, Cr, Mo and Ni have strong influences, but Nb in the range of 0.05–0.10 wt-% is ineffective. Strengthening with B and Mo was detrimental to toughness. Alloying with Ni and Mn is beneficial to good strength and toughness combination. Mn, Mo, Nb and B contents mainly dictate CGHAZ toughness.
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Linares, Arregui Irene. "Mechanical behaviour of a bainitic high strength roller bearing steel." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25423.
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Pitt, Catherine Erica. "Wear and microstructure relationships in carbide-free bainitic rail steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621914.
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Mazraeh, Amin. "Sliding Wear Behavior of Self-Mated Carbide-free Bainitic Steels." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70743.
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Hammond, Ruth Imogen. "Shock and ballistic properties of bainitic steels and tungsten alloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251931.
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This dissertation reports the shock and ballistic properties of a selection of bainitic steels. In order to attain these data a number of experimental techniques were developed and the dynamic properties of two sintered tungsten alloys were measured. The shock properties of the two bainitic steels considered in this research were found to be similar, there were however some important differences. Whilst the upper bainitic samples were recovered either whole or in a few fragments, the lower temperature bainite exhibited a great deal of brittle fracture. A very interesting difference was that while the ferrite in the lower temperature bainite underwent a pressure induced phase transition at 13 GPa as would be expected in a low alloy steel, the upper bainite did not appear to. Whether the phase transition has in fact been suppressed or so fast as to be non-observable is discussed in this dissertation. Given the only difference between these two alloys is microstructural, this must be the overriding factor in whether this characteristic transition is observed. Using both classic and symmetric Taylor tests, two sintered tungsten alloys were characterised, remarkably, tensile surface strains of almost 5% were recorded. These materials are under consideration as an environmentally friendly penetrator material, a replacement for the depleted uranium currently used, making them ideal projectile material for this study of the ballistic properties of potential and current armour steels, Ballistics experiments were performed in order to compare one of the bainitic steels with both an existing armour steel and also to mild steel using tungsten penetrators. The existing armour steel exhibited a ‘plugging’ behaviour. The bainitic steel failed by a combination of the ‘plugging’ mechanism and fragmentation.
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Lu, Yu 1977. "Effect of boron on microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon microalloyed steels." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112575.
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Low carbon bainitic steels microalloyed with Nb, Ti and V are widely used for the pipeline, construction and automobile industries because of their excellent combination of strength, toughness and weldability. Boron as another major alloying element has been also frequently used in this type of steels since the 1970s. The purpose of adding boron is to improve the hardenability of the steel by promoting bainite formation.It has been realized that Boron can only be effective as a strengthening element when it is prevented from forming BN and/or Fe23(C, B) 6 precipitates. Therefore, Boron is always added together with other alloying elements which are stronger Nitride or Carbide formers, such as Ti and Nb. However, the formation of complex bainitic structures and the interaction with precipitates at industrial coiling temperature are not adequately understood.
In this study, the effect of boron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon Nb-B steel was studied by a hot compression test (50% reduction at 850°C) followed by quenching samples into a salt bath. The microstructures of the tested samples were examined through optical microscopy and SEM; and the mechanical properties of these samples were investigated by micro-hardness and shear punch tests.
The results indicate that during thermo-mechanical controlled rolling (TCR), the final properties of the products not only depend on the applied deformation but also depend on the coiling temperature where phase transformation takes place. According to the investigation, two strengthening mechanisms are responsible for the strength of the steel at the coiling temperature: phase transformation and precipitation. Under optical microscopy, the microstructures of all specimens appear to be bainite in a temperature range from 350°C to 600°C without distinct differences. However, the SEM micrographs revealed that the microstructures at 550°C are very different from the microstructures transformed at the other holding temperatures.
Two strength peaks were observed at 350°C and 550°C in the temperature range studied. It is believed that the NbC precipitates are the main contributor to the peak strength observed at 550°C because the kinetics of NbC is quite rapid at this temperature. The strength peak at 350°C is mainly due to the harder bainitic phase, which formed at relatively lower temperature.
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Kolmskog, Peter. "Does Bainite form with or without diffusion? : The experimental and theoretical evidence." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Metallografi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121344.
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With the increased interest in bainitic steels, fundamental understanding of the bainite transformationis of major importance. Unfortunately, the research on bainite has been hampered by an oldcontroversy on its formation mechanism. Over the years two quite different theories have developedclaiming to describe the bainite transformation i.e. the diffusionless and the diffusion controlledtheory. In this thesis, attention is directed towards fundamental understanding of the bainitetransformation and both experimental and theoretical approaches are used in order to reveal its truenatureIn the first part of this thesis the symmetry in the Fe-C phase diagram is studied. It is based on ametallographic mapping of microstructures using light optical microscopy and scanning electronmicroscopy in a high carbon steel. The mapping revealed symmetries both with respect to temperatureand carbon content and an acicular eutectoid with cementite as the leading phase was found andidentified as inverse bainite. By accepting that all the eutectoid microstructures forms by diffusion ofcarbon, one may explain the existence of symmetries in the Fe-C phase diagram. Additional supportof its existence is obtained from an observation of symmetries in an alloyed steel. From the performedwork it was concluded that the existence of symmetries among the eutectoid microstructures fromaustenite supports the idea that bainite forms by a diffusion controlled transformation.In the second part the growth of bainite is considered. An experimental study using laser scanningconfocal microscopy was performed and growth rates of the transformation products from austenite ina high carbon, high chromium steel was analysed. The growth rate measurements reveals the kineticrelation between Widmanstätten cementite and the acicular eutectoid previously identified as inversebainite which confirms its existence and the conclusions drawn in the first part. In addition, in-situobservations of bainite formation below Ms provide additional support for the diffusion controlledtheory for bainite formation.The final part of the work is a study of the critical conditions for the formation of acicular ferrite.Based on experimental information found in the literature a thermodynamic analysis is performed inview of the two theories. The results demonstrate that the governing process for Fe-C alloys cannot bediffusionless but both kinds of processes can formally be used for predicting Bs temperatures for Fe-Calloys.QC 20130503
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Düsing, Martin [Verfasser]. "Simulation of bainitic transformation with the phase field method / Martin Düsing." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171305648/34.
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Guo, Lei. "Modelling of microstructure development in silicon-containing bainitic free-machining steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/264766.
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This research aims to model the microstructure development of Si-containing bainitic free-machining steel, including allotriomorphic ferrite, idiomorphic ferrite, pearlite, Widmanstatten ferrite, bainite and martensite. The effect of recalescence has been included to give a better estimation of the cooling curve under natural cooling conditions. A model for estimating retained austenite size distribution in the carbide-free bainitic microstructure has been developed. Manganese sulphide particles are used in the free-machining steel to break chips during machining; its effect on the prior austenite grain size has been investigated, taking account of the sulphide shape. The theories of all the major solid state phase transformations involved in steel are reviewed in chapter 2. The theory of the simultaneous transformation model is presented in chapter 3.uu A recalescence model dealing with the heat of reaction has been developed in chapter 5 for bar-shaped products. The model is based on the integration of a heat transfer model, considering latent heat generation, into the simultaneous transformation framework. It has been found that latent heat can greatly affect the transformation, especially in the case of pearlite and Widmanstatten ferrite. Chapter 6 presents the model for estimating the size distribution of retained austenite regions. The model builds on the random division of an austenite grain by bainite sheaves, which means the sizes of the two new compartments generated by the division of an austenite grain by a bainite sheaf are allocated randomly. The next compartment to be divided is also chosen at random. Good agreement between prediction and experiment has been achieved for high carbon carbide-free bainitic microstructures. The transition temperature from upper to lower bainite is modelled in chapter 7. The model compares the time required for decarburising a supersaturated bainitic ferrite platelet and that for cementite precipitation within the ferrite platelet. Manganese, silicon and chromium are considered in the model. It is suggested that carbon and manganese favour lower bainite, whereas silicon promotes upper bainite. The effect of manganese sulphide particles on austenite grain boundary motion has been studied in chapter 8. These rod-shaped particles span many austenite grains; the result shows that the long rod-shaped particles are more effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary than spheres of the same volume, or even strings of identical spheres with the same total volume. Experimental work is presented in chapters 9 and 10. In situ synchrotron X-ray study of the bainite transformation reveals that the distribution of carbon in the residual austenite becomes heterogeneous as transformation progresses. Low carbon regions transform preferentially into martensite during cooling after isothermal bainite transformation. The partitioning of carbon was found to lag behind the bainite transformation; more time is needed as the transformation temperature is reduced. Tetragonality was not observed in either the bainitic ferrite or martensite, because the carbon content of the alloy is relatively low, and the Zener ordering temperature is below the bainite and martensite transformation temperature. No significant difference was observed in the kinetics of bainite transformation between the high sulphur and low sulphur steel.
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Dias, Joachim Octave Valentin. "The first high-strength bainitic steel designed for hydrogen embrittlement resistance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273831.
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The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement in steel has been known for over 150 years. Hydrogen-resistant alloys have been developed to mitigate this effect and three types of alloys with optimised structures have been enhanced over the years: nickel alloys, stainless steels, and quenched and tempered martensitic low alloy steels. Nevertheless, those alloys are limited in terms of strength and ductility. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to design bainitic alloys with hydrogen embrittlement resistance, and with a better combination of strength and ductility than conventional alloys. In the novel alloys, two microstructural features were produced to mitigate the damaging effects of hydrogen: 1. A percolating austenite structure, in which hydrogen diffusion is orders of magnitude lower than in bainitic ferrite. This feature was introduced to impede the ingress of hydrogen through the structure. 2. Iron carbide traps, which can form at the bainite transformation temperature. This feature was introduced to trap diffusible hydrogen and prevent it from causing damage. The alloys, designed with the aid of computer models and phase transformation theory, contained a volume fraction of retained austenite above its percolation threshold, theorised as 0.1, which was proven to form an effcient barrier to hydrogen ingress. The effective diffusivity of hydrogen, measured using an electrochemical permeation technique, was shown to decrease with increasing austenite fraction up to the percolation threshold. It was seen to plateau for austenite fractions comprised between 0.1 and 0.18, and to decrease further for fractions above 0.18. The compositions of the alloys were precisely selected to allow for iron carbides to precipitate during the bainitic transformation reaction. Until the present work, only alloy carbides V4C3, TiC and NbC had been reported to strongly trap hydrogen. The literature was very inconsistent regarding the trapping ability of cementite, with reported trap binding energies ranging from 11 to 66 kJ mol−1. The carbides produced in the alloys were identified as cementite. The cementite fraction was measured to be 0.001 ± 0.0001 for one of the designed alloys, which is the lowest ever reported carbide fraction in steel measured using a simple X-ray diffraction technique. Experimental thermal desorption spectroscopy data were used to determine the binding energy of hydrogen to cementite to be 37.5 kJ mol−1, suggesting that cementite is not a strong hydrogen trap. Further tests performed after room temperature hydrogen degassing displayed insignifcant amount of trapped hydrogen, thus confrming the reversible nature of cementite traps. The comparison of two successive transients using the electrochemical permeation technique confirmed that result. The influence of the heat treatments on the microstructures and on the mechanical properties of the designed alloys was extensively studied. The novel alloys met all the set requirements, and successfully outperformed conventional alloys in terms of strength and ductility. They did not meet the NACE TM0316-2016 standard requirement for operation in hydrogen-rich environments, likely owing to the inadequate trapping ability of cementite. Future work should focus on exploring the possible use of alternative carbides for hydrogen trapping in bainitic structures.
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Sherif, Mohamed. "Characterisation and development of nanostructured, ultrahigh strength, and ductile bainitic steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/218388.
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The purpose of the present work was to characterise and further develop a novel nanostructured type of bainitic steel. Three chemical compositions were considered with different concentrations of Al and Co. The addition of Al and Co is believed to be necessary to produce the desired nanostructure at very low temperatures within a reasonable transformation time. An overview of the mechanical performance of fully bainitic steels vs other steel systems is presented in Chapter 1. An introduction to metallurgical concepts regarding the design and performance of bainite steels is presented in Chapters 1 and 2.Chapter 2 focuses on the design concepts by which the steel chemical composition was optimised, primarily on the basis of cost and the avoidance of carbide precipitation. Chapter 3 deals with the evolution of the microstructure during uniaxial tension, studied using X-ray diffraction. The effect of tempering deformed and undeformed structures, and heating to high temperatures, have also been investigated. In this context, data on bainite-containing steels in the literature are found to be rather limited. Chapter 4 is a comprehensive assessment of the mechanical behaviour of the steels subjected to a variety of processing routes. It is demonstrated that it is possible to outperform current commercially available steels. The microstructural behaviour of strain-aged and as-transformed steels during uniaxial tension studied using in situ neutron diffraction is described in Chapter 5. The evolution of texture with plastic deformation was confirmed as previously observed using conventional X-ray analysis. Evidence regarding the presence of two populations of carbon-depleted and carbon-rich austenite and their response to strain, grain rotation, anisotropy, stress partitioning between phases and the lack of work-hardening to overcome the onset of necking are presented.
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Reck, Victor. "Mechanical and microstructural properties of ultra-low carbon bainitic steel weld metal." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA302955.
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Du, Jinlong. "Development of high strength hot rolled strip steel products with bainitic microstructures." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6881/.
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High strength, low alloy, hot rolled strip steels with yield stresses in the range 700 to 1300MPa are required for the Lifting and Excavating product sector. Improved combination of strength and toughness in these high strength steels is desired, requiring a detailed understanding of the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties. In this work 12mm thick 700MPa yield stress strip steels with fully bainitic microstructures, with different compositions and/or processing conditions, have been studied. The microstructures of the steels were investigated with both optical microscopy and SEM. Micro-hardness and Charpy impact tests (at different temperatures) were carried out to investigate the mechanical properties, followed up with fracture surface analysis and unit crack path (UCP) analysis. Three types of bainitic microstructures were identified and quantified, including upper bainite, lower bainite and granular bainite. The fracture surface and UCP analysis indicating that granular bainite is detrimental to toughness, but cannot necessarily be avoided in the steels investigated; while the presence of a small amount of lower bainite (above 5%) was found to improve the impact toughness significantly. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams for steels with different compositions were produced, which allowed investigation of the phase transformation behaviour and selection of optimum chemical composition/coiling temperature for improved properties. The effects of alloying elements (B, Mo and V) on the transformation behaviour have been confirmed through the experiments. An optimised combination of alloying and coiling temperature has been proposed and validated via investigating plant trial products with similar alloying and processing parameters.
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Beno, Michael L. "Characterization of ultra-low carbon bainitic steels for use as weld wire consumables." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA288292.
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Su, Xiaoyan. "Surface initiated rolling/sliding contact fatigue in pearlitic and low/medium carbon bainitic steels /." Full text open access at:, 1996. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,253.
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Green, Michael Richard. "The design of microstructure and processing route for the manufacture of bainitic back up roll steels." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412707.
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Yin, Jiaqing. "Formation of Bainite in Steels." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Metallografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207596.
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A systematic survey of morphology of bainite and proeutectoid ferrite was carried out in order to validate some old thoughts of bainite transformation mechanism. It is confirmed that there is no morphological evidence supporting a sharp change neither between Widmanstätten ferrite and the ferritic component of upper bainite, nor between upper and lower bainite. Both Widmanstätten ferrite and upper bainite start with precipitation of ferrite plates at a grain boundary while lower bainite starts with intragranular nucleation. In case of grain boundary nucleation, a group of parallel plates with same crystallographic orientation to the parent austenite grain forms. This process is followed by a second stage of decomposition of the austenitic interspace, which remained in between the primary ferrite plates. At high temperature, the austenitic interspace would either retain as thin slabs or transform into pearlite through a nodule originated from a grain boundary. At lower temperature, cementite precipitation starts to be possible and initiates simultaneous growth of ferrite. Generally, there are two modes of such eutectoid reactions operating in the second stage, i.e. a degenerate and a cooperative mode, which would lead to typical upper and lower bainite, respectively, in definition of carbides morphology. Both upper and lower bainite according to this definition are observed in a wide temperature range. A sharp temperature between the upper and lower bainite structures thus exists only when the definition is based on their nucleation sites, i.e. grain boundary nucleation for upper bainite and intragranular nucleation for lower bainite. Supposing that the first stage is a diffusionless process it should have a high growth rate to prevent carbon diffusion. This is not supported by lengthening rate obtained in current study as well as data from literature for Fe-C alloys. Finally, it is shown that the “subunits” play no role in the lengthening process of bainite.QC 20170523
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Ackermann, Marc Antoni Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] [Bleck, Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Krupp, and Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Theisen. "Bainitic TRIP steels for controlled cooled wire rod / Marc Antoni Ackermann ; Wolfgang Bleck, Ulrich Krupp, Werner Theisen." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1227447507/34.
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Joenoes, Ahmad T. "Quantitative analysis of fatigue behavior, fatigue damage and fatigue fracture surfaces of low carbon bainitic steel (SAE 15B13)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19671.
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Butler, Daniel E. "The quantitative microstructural characterization of multipass TIG ultra low carbon bainitic steel weldments and correlation with mechanical properties." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA275169.
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Fox, Alan G. "Factors influencing the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra low carbon bainitic 100 tungsten inert gas multipass weldments." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23896.
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Martin, Pauline. "Plasticity and damage mechanisms in specific multiphased steels with bainitic matrix under various mechanical loading paths : influence of temperature." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC227.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur les mécanismes de plasticité et d'endommagement des aciers complexe-phase (CP). La microstructure bainitique de ces aciers, permets d’acquérir de bonnes propriétés de formabilité, qui intéressent les constructeurs automobiles. Cependant, la complexité de ces microstructures, qui se caractérisent par une grande quantité de joints de grains et une densité élevée de dislocations, influence la plasticité et les mécanismes d'endommagement. Afin d'estimer l'impact de la microstructure, une étude des caractéristiques métallurgiques des aciers à phases complexes est réalisée. Les mécanismes de plasticité sont ensuite étudiés par des tests de tension-compression afin d’étudier les mécanismes d’écrouissage du matériau. Ensuite, l’évolution de l’endommagement au sein de la microstructure est analysée à différente taux de triaxialité des contraintes afin d’obtenir la fraction de surface volumique ainsi que le nombre et le diamètre moyen des vides en fonction de la déformation plastique. Enfin, pour examiner la stabilité thermique de ces paramètres (microstructure, plasticité et endommagement), des expériences sont effectuées dans une plage de températures allant de 20 ° C à 600 ° CThis PhD work investigates plasticity and damage mechanisms of complex phase steels. The bainitic microstructures of such steels, which feature retained austenite islands, result in these steels exhibiting good formability properties, which are of interest to automotive companies. However, the complexity of these microstructures, which are characterised by a high amount of grain boundaries and a high density of dislocations, influences plasticity and damage mechanisms. In order to estimate the impact of a steel's microstructure on these properties, the investigation of metallurgical features of complex phase steels provided by the company Faurecia is performed. Plasticity mechanisms are then investigated by tension-compression tests to determine the influence of long- and short-range interactions on the motion dislocation. Thereafter, the evolution of damage within microstructures is analysed at different stress triaxialities in order to obtain the volume area fraction and the number and average diameter of voids as functions of plastic strain. Finally, to examine the thermal stability of these parameters (microstructure, plasticity, and damage), experiments are performed at a range of temperatures between 20°C and 600°C
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Costa, Sandra Matos Cordeiro. "Investigação da resistência à corrosão de ferros fundidos com microestrutura bainítica e perlítica em meio de condensado sintético." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-02032015-140740/.
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As indústrias que desenvolvem motores de combustão interna têm como preocupação atual prover motores que sejam cada vez menos poluentes, uma vez que a preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente é intensa em todo o mundo. No entanto, com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias destinadas à redução das emissões, a condensação dos gases, provenientes da combustão, está sendo promovida dentro das câmaras de combustão dos veículos. Ácidos, como sulfúrico e nítrico, são gerados pela condensação destes gases. Esta condensação está associada às altas taxas de recirculação de gases de escape, conhecido como EGR, (termo em inglês para Exhaust Gas Recirculation). Consequentemente, problemas de corrosão nos componentes do motor estão aumentando, especialmente em camisas de cilindro em ferro fundido. Neste estudo, foi investigada a resistência à corrosão de dois ferros fundidos, um de microestrutura perlítica e o outro com microestrutura bainítica, em soluções de condensado natural e sintético de motores movidos a diesel. Os resultados foram associados às microestruturas e as composições químicas dos materiais estudados. Resultados de testes de imersão e ensaios de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, bem como de curvas de polarização potenciodinâmicas, indicaram que os dois materiais não apresentam resistência à corrosão nos meios de ensaio adotados. O ataque intenso da matriz observado em ambos os materiais observado pelos ensaios de imersão, mostraram a atuação do mecanismo eletroquímico de corrosão por grafitização. Este mecanismo causa o ataque localizado e destrutivo da matriz de ferrita (-Fe), que funciona como anodo enquanto as grafitas atuam como áreas catódicas. Enquanto em meio ácido não foi possível observar uma diferenciação entre os dois tipos de ferros fundidos estudados, em meio neutro e aerado, o ferro fundido bainítico mostrou resistência à corrosão superior à do ferro fundido perlítico.The industries that develop internal combustion engines have the current concern on providing less polluting engines, due to the worldwide apprehension on the environment preservation. However, with the development of new technologies to reduce emissions, condensation of gases from combustion is being promoted within the combustion chambers of vehicles. Acids, such as sulfuric and nitric, are generated by these gases condensation. This condensation is associated with high rates of exhaust gas recirculation, known as EGR, (the English term for Exhaust Gas Recirculation). Consequently, corrosion problems of engine components are increasing, especially in cylinder liners made with cast iron. In this study, the corrosion resistance of two cast irons, one with a pearlitic microstructure and the other with a bainitic one, has been investigated in the natural solution obtained by condensation of the gases from diesel engines combustion or in a synthetic solution that simulates the composition of the condensate gases. The results were associated with the chemical compositions and microstructures of the materials studied. The results of immersion tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, as well as potentiodynamic polarization curves, indicated that both materials do not exhibit significant differences in their corrosion resistance in the solutions adopted for testing. The intense attack of the matrix observed during immersion tests showed the electrochemical corrosion mechanism of graphitization in both materials. This mechanism causes localized attack of the ferrite matrix ( -Fe), which acts as the anodic areas whereas the graphite act as the cathodic ones. Though in acid medium has not been possible to observe a distinction between the corrosion resistance of the two types of cast irons studied, in neutral and aerated environment, the bainitic cast iron showed higher corrosion resistance comparatively to the pearlitic cast iron .
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Abaidullin, Ilgiz. "Vliv mikrostruktury na hodnoty KV mikrolegované oceli 694F60." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377871.
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The subject of this master’s thesis was to find the causes of impact toughness scattering of forgings of the test disk with dimension range of 540 – 170 mm. The experimental samples were developed from steel A694 F60. To reach the main aim light microscopy, electron microscopy, EBSD technique, fractographic analysis and hardness measurement HV10 were utilized.
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Ranieri, Arus. "Efeitos das microestruturas bainíticas e multifásicas nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço AISI 4340 /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97120.
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Resumo: Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver estruturas bainíticas e multifásicas através de diversas rotas de tratamentos térmicos, visando as melhores combinações de propriedades mecânicas, fornecendo subsídios científicos/tecnológicos para as indústrias brasileiras. Em certos componentes de veículos aeroespaciais tem sido usado aço de baixa liga e ultra-alta resistência temperados e revenidos com elevada resistência devida a estrutura martensítica mas com baixa tenacidade. Uma melhoria na tenacidade é conseguida com redução controlada de resistência através do revenimento. O novo conceito, para aços avançados que combinam alta resistência com boa tenacidade, está simbolizado pelas microestruturas bainíticas e multifásicas. Neste projeto foi feito um estudo do efeito das microestruturas nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço AISI 4340. Foram analisadas diversas microestruturas, desde aquelas inteiramente bainíticas até microestruturas multifásicas com teores variados de ferrita, bainita, martensita e austenita retida. Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por têmpera por resfriamento continuo e com as diversas rotas de transformação isotérmica. As combinações de propriedades mecânicas estão relacionadas com as frações volumétricas das fases e a bainita melhora significativamente a ductilidade do aço, mantendo a resistência elevada e melhorando a combinação resistência/ductilidade. O aço possui baixo coeficiente de encruamento e é possível conseguir resistências entre 1000 MPa e 1400 MPa com alongamento entre 13% e 25%, combinação esta superior aquelas encontradas para o mesmo aço quando temperado e revenido em óleo.Abstract: The main goals of this study were to develop bainitic and multiphasic structures through several routes of heat treatment, in order to reach the better combination of mechanical properties, providing scientific/technological subsidies to Brazilian industries. In some of aerospatial vehicles components have been used quenched and tempered ultra-high-strength low-alloy steel where the martensitic structure is responsible for the high-strength and low toughness levels. Toughness improvements can be achieved by strength reduction control during tempering. The new concept for advanced steels, that combine high-strength and good toughness, is correlated with the bainitic and multiphasic microstructures. In this work the effect of microstructures on the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel. Has been analysed several microstructures, from those totally bainitic until multiphasics microstructures with various ferrite, bainite, martensite and retained austenite content. The results were compared with those obtained by quenching through continuous cooling transformation and several routes of isothermal transformation. The combinations of mechanical properties are related with volume fraction of present phases and the bainite improved significantly the toughness steel., keeping the high strength and improving the strength/toughness combination. This steel has low coefficient of hardness and is possible to achieve strengths between 1000 MPa e 1400 MPa with percentual elongation between 13% e 25%, this combination is better than that found to the same steel when quenched and tempered in oil.
Orientador: Tomaz Manabu Hashimoto
Coorientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla
Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira
Banca: Jorge Otubo
Mestre
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Dépinoy, Sylvain. "Evolution microstructurale d'un acier 2.25Cr - 1Mo au cours de l'austénitisation et du revenu : croissance des grains austénitiques, séquence de précipitation des carbures et effets sur les propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0049/document.
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Ce travail traite de l'optimisation des propriétés en traction et en résilience d'un acier 2.25 Cr – 1 Mo par le contrôle de sa microstructure via des traitements thermiques appropriés. Ainsi, les transformations de phases ayant lieu au cours de l'austénitisation, de la trempe et du revenu doivent être correctement appréhendées. Des observations en microscopies électroniques à balayage et en transmission, ainsi que des analyses par diffraction des rayons X, ont été effectuées afin de caractériser et de modéliser la microstructure de l'acier à chaque étape du traitement thermique. L'évolution de la phase austénitique lors de l'étape d'austénitisation, ainsi que son influence sur la microstructure après trempe, ont été étudiées. La croissance du grain austénitique a été modélisée afin de comprendre ses mécanismes sous-jacents, en particulier le phénomène de croissance limitée observé aux plus basses températures. L'effet des conditions d'austénitisation sur la décomposition de l'austénite ainsi que sur les propriétés mécaniques du matériau après trempe et revenu a été étudié expérimentalement. Une condition d'austénitisation optimale a été déterminée et utilisée pour étudier la précipitation au revenu. La précipitation des carbures a été étudiée pour différents temps et températures de revenu. La séquence de précipitation suivante a ainsi été mise en évidence : la cémentite M3C précipite en premier, suivie des carbures M2C et M7C3 ; les carbures à l'équilibre étant les M23C6. Enfin, l'influence de la précipitation des carbures sur les propriétés mécaniques de l'acier a été étudiée. Les propriétés en traction sont particulièrement sensibles aux conditions de revenu dans le domaine d'étude, alors que les propriétés en résilience restent stablesThis work aims at optimizing tensile and toughness properties of a 2.25Cr – 1Mo steel by controlling its microstructure through heat treatments. To this aim, phase transformations during austenitization, quenching and tempering have to be understood. Quantitative microstructural analyses were performed by means of SEM, TEM and XRD to characterize and model metallurgical evolution of the steel at each step of the heat treatment. The evolution of austenite during the austenitization stage, and its influence on the resulting as-quenched microstructure were thoroughly investigated. Austenite grain growth was modelled in order to understand its mechanisms, including the limited growth phenomenon observed at lower temperatures. The effect of austenitization conditions on further decomposition of austenite and on mechanical properties after quenching + tempering was experimentally determined. An optimal austenitization condition was selected and applied to study the tempering stage. Carbide precipitation was studied for various tempering temperatures and amounts of time. M3C carbides precipitate first, followed by M2C and M7C3; M23C6 are the equilibrium carbides. The influence of carbide precipitation on mechanical properties was studied. Tensile properties are closely linked to the tempering conditions in the range investigated, while impact toughness remains stable
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Ranieri, Arus [UNESP]. "Efeitos das microestruturas bainíticas e multifásicas nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço AISI 4340." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97120.
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver estruturas bainíticas e multifásicas através de diversas rotas de tratamentos térmicos, visando as melhores combinações de propriedades mecânicas, fornecendo subsídios científicos/tecnológicos para as indústrias brasileiras. Em certos componentes de veículos aeroespaciais tem sido usado aço de baixa liga e ultra-alta resistência temperados e revenidos com elevada resistência devida a estrutura martensítica mas com baixa tenacidade. Uma melhoria na tenacidade é conseguida com redução controlada de resistência através do revenimento. O novo conceito, para aços avançados que combinam alta resistência com boa tenacidade, está simbolizado pelas microestruturas bainíticas e multifásicas. Neste projeto foi feito um estudo do efeito das microestruturas nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço AISI 4340. Foram analisadas diversas microestruturas, desde aquelas inteiramente bainíticas até microestruturas multifásicas com teores variados de ferrita, bainita, martensita e austenita retida. Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por têmpera por resfriamento continuo e com as diversas rotas de transformação isotérmica. As combinações de propriedades mecânicas estão relacionadas com as frações volumétricas das fases e a bainita melhora significativamente a ductilidade do aço, mantendo a resistência elevada e melhorando a combinação resistência/ductilidade. O aço possui baixo coeficiente de encruamento e é possível conseguir resistências entre 1000 MPa e 1400 MPa com alongamento entre 13% e 25%, combinação esta superior aquelas encontradas para o mesmo aço quando temperado e revenido em óleo.
The main goals of this study were to develop bainitic and multiphasic structures through several routes of heat treatment, in order to reach the better combination of mechanical properties, providing scientific/technological subsidies to Brazilian industries. In some of aerospatial vehicles components have been used quenched and tempered ultra-high-strength low-alloy steel where the martensitic structure is responsible for the high-strength and low toughness levels. Toughness improvements can be achieved by strength reduction control during tempering. The new concept for advanced steels, that combine high-strength and good toughness, is correlated with the bainitic and multiphasic microstructures. In this work the effect of microstructures on the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel. Has been analysed several microstructures, from those totally bainitic until multiphasics microstructures with various ferrite, bainite, martensite and retained austenite content. The results were compared with those obtained by quenching through continuous cooling transformation and several routes of isothermal transformation. The combinations of mechanical properties are related with volume fraction of present phases and the bainite improved significantly the toughness steel., keeping the high strength and improving the strength/toughness combination. This steel has low coefficient of hardness and is possible to achieve strengths between 1000 MPa e 1400 MPa with percentual elongation between 13% e 25%, this combination is better than that found to the same steel when quenched and tempered in oil.
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Coll, Ferrari María Teresa. "Effect of austenitising temperature and cooling rate on microstructures of hot-work tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för tillverkningsprocesser, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8614.
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The average size of hot-work tools has gradually increased over the past years.This affects the effective temperature cycle tools experience during hardening,as large dimensions prevent uniform and rapid cooling, and thereby the resulting microstructures and properties. In order to avoid the formation of coarse structures or cracking during heat treatment it has become common practise to lower the austenitising temperature below that recommended by the steel manufacturer.In this work, therefore, the effects of austenitising at temperatures lower thancommonly recommended are investigated. Three 5% Cr hot-work tool steelsalloyed with Mo and V were heat treated, resulting microstructures andtempering carbides were studied and transformation characteristics determined for different austenitising temperatures and different cooling rates. The temperatures and cooling rates have been chosen to be representative for heat treatments of different sizes of tools. Bainite rather than martensite formed during slow cooling regardless of austenitising temperature. A lowered austenitising temperature produced largeramounts of both bainite and retained austenite while a higher caused graingrowth. Carbon partitioning during the bainitic transformation resulted in anincrease of the carbon content in the retained austenite of at least 0.3 wt.%. The austenitising temperature influences also the type and amount of tempering carbides that precipitate, which affects the properties of the steel. Higher austenitising temperatures favour the precipitation of MC carbides during tempering. The Mo rich M2C type carbides were proven to be more prone to coarsening during service at 560°C-600°C, while V rich MC carbides preserve their fine distribution. A best practice heat treatment needs to balance the increase of grain size with increasing austenitising temperatures, with the possibility to form more tempering carbides. Higher austenitising temperatures also give less retained austenite, which can affect dimensional stability and toughness negatively after tempering
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Hausmann, Katharina [Verfasser], Ewald [Akademischer Betreuer] Werner, and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Bleck. "TRIP-assisted Thin Sheet Steel with a Bainitic and/or Martensitic Matrix : Effects of Alloying Elements and Heat Treatment on Phase Transformations, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties / Katharina Hausmann. Gutachter: Wolfgang Bleck ; Ewald Werner. Betreuer: Ewald Werner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107165148X/34.
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Hausmann, Katharina Verfasser], Ewald [Akademischer Betreuer] [Werner, and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Bleck. "TRIP-assisted Thin Sheet Steel with a Bainitic and/or Martensitic Matrix : Effects of Alloying Elements and Heat Treatment on Phase Transformations, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties / Katharina Hausmann. Gutachter: Wolfgang Bleck ; Ewald Werner. Betreuer: Ewald Werner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20150430-1232002-1-0.
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Souto-Lebel, Aurélien. "Rôle de l’intégrité de surface dans la tenue en fatigue d’un acier bainitique après fraisage de finition." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0028/document.
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L’objet de cette thèse est la prise en compte des effets du fraisage de finition dans un modèle d’endommagement en fatigue. Les procédés d’usinage tels que le fraisage sont connus pour imposer de fortes sollicitations thermomécaniques, pouvant altérer les propriétés géométriques (rugosité, arrachements) et mécaniques (contraintes résiduelles, écrouissages) en surface et sous-surface des pièces produites. Ces propriétés, regroupées sous le terme d’intégrité de surface, sont susceptibles d’affecter significativement la tenue en fatigue des pièces fabriquées. Cette problématique a été traitée pour le cas particulier du fraisage de finition à l’outil hémisphérique d’aciers à microstructure bainitique. Plusieurs axes d’étude ont été suivis, à commencer par la mesure et la caractérisation de l’intégrité de surface, et en particulier de son caractère anisotrope. Dans un deuxième temps, le rôle joué par l’intégrité de surface lors de sollicitations en fatigue a été mis en évidence au travers d’une campagne d’essais de flexion portant sur différents types de surface. Ces travaux à dominante empirique ont été complétés par l’étude et l’amélioration d’une approche hybride visant à mêler données expérimentales et modélisation pour prévoir rapidement et efficacement les profils de contraintes résiduelles induits par le procédé. Enfin, la dernière partie de l’étude a porté sur la prise en compte des résultats ainsi obtenus dans un modèle d’endommagement dit à deux échelles, dans le but de représenter, et dans la mesure du possible de prévoir, l’effet de l’intégrité de surface sur le comportement en fatigue du matériauThis thesis focuses on the effects of finishing milling on fatigue damage. Machining processes such as milling are known to incur high thermomechanical loadings, which alter the geometrical (roughness) and mechanical (residual stresses, strain hardening) properties of the surface and sub-surface of produced parts. These properties, designated as surface integrity, are likely to affect significantly the fatigue strength of machined parts. The problem has been studied here in the case of the ball-end tool finishing milling of bainitic steels. Several approaches were followed, starting with the measurement and characterization of surface integrity, and especially of its anisotropic nature. Secondly, the role played by surface integrity during fatigue behaviour was highlighted through a bending test campaign including different surface types. These mainly empirical works were completed with the study and improvement of a hybrid approach aiming at combining experimental data and modelling in order to predict quickly and efficiently the residual stress profiles induced by the process. Finally, the last part of the study has dealt with taking account of the results thus obtained in a so-called two-scale damage model, in order to describe, and insofar as possible, to predict the fatigue behaviour of the machined material
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Azevedo, Cesar Roberto de Farias. "Efeito do tamanho do grão austenítico na cinética e na morfologia do produto da reação bainítica de um ferro fundido nodular austemperado." Universidade de São Paulo, 1991. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-11102007-165928/.
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Investigou-se o efeito do tamanho de grão austenítico na cinética e na morfologia do produto da reação bainítica de um ferro fundido nodular austemperado (FFNA). Foram estudados 3 tamanhos de grão austeníticos, a saber: GG (grão grosseiro), GM (grao mediano); e GR (grao refinado). A condição GR foi obtida pela austenitização rápida de microestruturas martensíticas. A condição GG foi obtida por tratamento de austenitização em duas etapas, de modo a, respectivamente, provocar o crescimento de grão e manter o teor de carbono igual aos das demais condições. Na segunda etapa do tratamento da condição GG ocorreu precipitação de grafita secundária, que acelerou significativamente a taxa de reação bainítica, possibilitando estudar o efeito da.variação na quantidade de interfaces austenita/grafita e austenita/ austenita sobre a cinética e a morfologia da reação bainítica. O refino do grão austenítico acelerou a cinética de reação, aumentou a proporção de ferrita alotriomorfa de contorno de grão, refinou a microestrutura bainítica (ferrita + austenita retida) e melhorou em 14% o limite de escoamento dos FFNA. Finalmente, a predominância de ferrira alotriomorfa na condição mais fina indica que a formação de interfaces incoerentes (mecanismo difusional ao inves de reação displaciva) durante a austenitização rápida da martensita (aquecimento de 100°C/ s).The effect of austenite grain size on the kinetics and the morphology of the bainitic reaction in an austempered ductile iron (ADI) has been investigated, Three austenite grain sizes were produced: GG (coarse grain), GH (medium grain) and GR (fine grain), The GR condition was obtained by the rapid austenitization of martensitic microstructures The secondary graphite precipitation observed in GG condition strongly accelerated the rate of bainite formation and made possible the study of the effect of austenite/graphite interface on the kinetics of this reaction, The austenite grain refinement also accelerated the bainite precipitation, increased the proportion of grain boundary alotriomorphs ferrite, refined the bainitic microstructure and improved by 14% the yield stress of ADI, The predominance of grain boundary alotriomorphs in GR was associated to the structure of austenite/austenite interface formed during the rapid austenitization of the studied ductile iron at heating rates of 100oC/s. It is suggested that the dominant mechanism of austenitization in this condition is a thermally activated one (not a displacive transformation). The different morphologies of the austenite decomposition used the Duhê\'s morphological system.
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Melado, André Caetano. "Ferros fundidos nodulares de alta resistência obtidos por tratamento térmico de têmpera e partição: microestrutura e comportamento mecânico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-16072018-134449/.
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A aplicação do novo conceito de tratamento térmico, chamado de têmpera e partição (Q&P), desenvolvido para a obtenção de aços da terceira geração da classe AHSS (Advanced high strengh steel ou aços avançados de alta resistência), mostra-se uma alternativa para o processamento de ferros fundidos nodulares com alta resistência mecânica. No processo Q&P, o carbono presente na martensita supersaturada, formada na etapa de têmpera, é utilizado para estabilizar a austenita não transformada durante a etapa de partição, mantendo-a estável na temperatura ambiente. Essa rota de tratamento térmico consiste em realizar uma têmpera no material (após uma etapa prévia de austenitização) numa faixa de temperatura entre o Ms e Mf (temperatura de início e fim da transformação martensítica, respectivamente), seguido de um reaquecimento e manutenção a uma temperatura acima do Ms (etapa isotérmica de partição) com o objetivo de que o carbono migre da martensita supersaturada para a austenita remanescente promovendo sua estabilização. Essa partição do carbono só é possível caso a precipitação da cementita seja suprimida, e isso é conseguido com a presença de elementos de liga, como o Si e/ou Al. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo sobre as características microestruturais e mecânicas de um ferro fundido nodular (3,47%C; 2,47%Si; 0,2%Mn) submetido ao tratamento térmico de têmpera e partição, o qual foi denominado neste trabalho como, Q&PDI (Quenched and Partitioned Ductile Iron ou Ferro Fundido Nodular Temperado e Particionado). Para isso foi realizada uma austenitização plena nas amostras, a 880°C, por duas horas, seguida de uma têmpera em óleo pré-aquecido nas temperaturas de 140 e 170°C. A etapa de partição foi feita nas temperaturas de 300, 375 e 450°C, com intervalos de tempo variando de 5 a 120 minutos. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada através de microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e EBSD. A técnica de difração de raios-X foi empregada para quantificar a fração volumétrica e o teor de carbono na austenita retida. Ensaios de dilatometria, difração de raios-X \"in situ\" e nanoindentação foram empregados para auxiliar na análise das transformações de fases que ocorreram na etapa de partição, como a transformação bainítica e a precipitação de carbonetos de transição nas placas de martensita. A caracterização mecânica foi feita através de ensaios de tração, impacto, dureza, nanoindentação, tenacidade à fratura e resistência à fadiga. Ensaios de compressão auxiliaram na análise da transformação martensítica induzida por deformação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível obter ferros fundidos nodulares com alta resistência mecânica (limite de resistência >1450 MPa), com consideráveis ductilidade (de até 9%) e energia absorvida sob impacto (de até 81 J), bem como tenacidades à fratura de 55 MPa.m1/2 e limites de fadiga de 550 MPa. Este comportamento é proporcionado por uma microestrutura singular, constituída por uma dispersão homogênea de placas de martensita numa matriz de ausferrita bastante refinada, com consideráveis frações volumétricas de austenita retida (max. 23%).Quenching and partitioning (Q & P), a new heat treatment concept developed to obtain third generation AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel), is an alternative for processing of nodular cast irons in order to obtain high mechanical strength. In the Q & P process, the carbon present in the supersaturated martensite formed in the quenching step diffuses towards the untransformed austenite during the partition step, keeping it stable at room temperature. This heat treatment route consists of quenching the material (after a previous step of austenitization) in a temperature range between Ms and Mf (beginning and end temperature of the martensitic transformation, respectively), followed by reheating and maintenance at a temperature above the Ms (isothermal stage of partition) allowing the carbon to migrate from the supersaturated martensite to the remaining austenite, promoting its stabilization. This partition of carbon is only possible if precipitation of cementite is suppressed; this is achieved adding alloying elements such as Si and/or Al. In this work a study was made on the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of a ductile iron (3.47%C; 2.47%Si; 0.2%Mn), submitted to a Q&P heat treatment, in this work named Q & PDI (Quenched and Partitioned Ductile Iron). A full sample austenitization was carried out at 880 ° C for two hours, followed by a pre-heated oil quanching at temperatures of 140 and 170 ° C. The partitioning step was at temperatures of 300, 375 and 450Â ° C, with time intervals ranging from 5 to 120 minutes. Microstructural characterization was performed through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EBSD. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to quantify the volumetric fraction and the carbon content in the retained austenite. Dilatometry, X-ray diffraction \"in situ\" and nanoindentation were also used to aid in the analysis of the phase transformations that occurred in the partitioning stage, such as the bainitic transformation and the precipitation of transition carbides in the martensite plates. Mechanical characterization was performed through tensile, impact, hardness, nanoindentation, fracture toughness and fatigue strength tests. Compression tests aided in the analysis of the deformation induced martensitic transformation. The results showed that it is possible to obtain nodular cast irons with high mechanical strength (resistance limit> 1450 MPa), with considerable ductility (up to 9%) and energy absorbed under impact (up to 81 J), as well as fracture toughness of 55 MPa.m -1 / 2 and fatigue limits of 550 Mpa. This behavior is provided by a unique microstructure, consisting of a homogeneous dispersion of martensite plates in a very refined ausferrite matrix, with considerable volumetric fractions of retained austenite (max. 23%).
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Santos, Camila Maria Andrade dos [UNESP]. "Estudo do efeito da variação na concentração de Al em ligas do sistema Cu-Al-Mn-Ag." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143854.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho os efeitos da variação da concentração de Al sobre as transformações de fase e as propriedades mecânicas das ligas Cu-7%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag, Cu-10%Al-10%Mn- 3%Ag e Cu-11%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag foram estudadas utilizando-se metalografia por microscopias óptica (MO), eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e eletrônica de transmissão (MET), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difratometria de raios X (DRX), ensaios de tensão-deformação, análise por dispersão de energias de raios X (EDXS), medidas de variação da resistividade elétrica com a temperatura e medidas de variação da microdureza com a temperatura e o tempo de envelhecimento. Os resultados obtidos para as ligas inicialmente submetidas a tratamento térmico de recozimento e inicialmente submetidas a tratamento térmico de têmpera mostraram que o aumento de 7 para 9%Al não modifica o comportamento térmico e a dureza das ligas Cu-7%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag e liga Cu-9%Al- 10%Mn-3%Ag, pois as curvas obtidas apresentaram o mesmo perfil, indicando que elas passam pelas mesmas transições. Porém, o aumento de 9 para 11%Al provoca uma mudança nas transformações pelas quais a liga passa, modificando assim o seu comportamento térmico e os valores da microdureza. Nas ligas inicialmente recozidas foi possível notar a ocorrência da decomposição espinodal em decorrência da retenção das fases 1 e 3 durante o resfriamento lento das amostras. Os resultados obtidos a partir das ligas submetidas a tratamento térmico de envelhecimento mostraram que aumento da dureza durante este processo está principalmente relacionado à precipitação bainítica. A partir das curvas de variação da microdureza com o tempo de envelhecimento foi possível obter os parâmetros cinéticos (n, k e Ea), utilizando-se as equações de Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) e Arrhenius. Os valores de energia de ativação obtidos mostraram que o aumento na concentração de Al diminui Ea para o processo de precipitação. A diminuição destes valores deve estar associada principalmente à ocorrência da reação de precipitação de uma fase rica em Ag, que deve ocorrer com razoável intensidade na liga com 7%Al e vai diminuindo até não mais ser detectada na liga contendo 11%Al. Os resultados obtidos pelos testes de tensãodeformação indicaram que as ligas com maior teor de Al são mais frágeis.
In this work, the effects of changes in the Al concentration on the phase transformations and the mechanical properties of the Cu-7%Al-10%Mn-3% Ag, Cu-10%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag and Cu-11%Al-10%Mn-3% Ag alloys were studied using metallography by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electronic transmission mycroscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), stress-strain tests, analysis by X-ray energy dispersing (EDXS), measurements of the variation of electrical resistivity with temperature and microhardness changes measurements with temperature and aging time. The results obtained for alloys initially annealed and initially quenched showed that the increase from 7 to 9% Al does not modify the thermal behavior and hardness of the Cu-7%Al- 10%Mn-3%Ag and Cu-9%Al-10%Mn-3%Ag alloys. However, the increase from 9 to 11%Al causes a change on the transformations of the alloys, thereby modifying their thermal behavior and values of microhardness. In the annealed alloys it was possible to notice the occurrence of the spinodal decomposition due to the retention of 1 and 3 phases during the slow cooling of the samples. The results obtained from aged alloys showed that the hardness increasing observed during this process is mainly related to bainitic precipitation. The isothermal ageing kinetics for this precipitation was studied considering four different ageing temperatures and the kinetic parameters n, k and Ea were obtained using the Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) and the Arrhenius equations. The results showed that the increase on the Al concentration decreases the activation energy values for the precipitation process. This should be mainly associated with the occurrence of the precipitation reaction of an Ag-rich phase, that should occur with reasonable intensity in the alloy with 7%Al and decreases until it is no longer detectable in the alloy containing 11%Al. The results obtained for stress-strain testing indicated that the increase in the Al content increases the fragility of the alloys.
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Carvalho, Felipe Moreno Siqueira Borges de. "Efeito do molibdênio, boro e nióbio na cinética de decomposição da austenita no resfriamento contínuo de aços bainíticos destinados ao forjamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-18092018-151920/.
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Foram realizados ensaios de dilatometria em ligas não comerciais que apresentam microestrutura bainítica após o resfriamento contínuo. As variações de composição química foram realizadas sobre o aço destinado para construção mecânica AISI 5120 com adições de molibdênio, boro e nióbio. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no dilatômetro com atmosfera e temperatura controlada. No dilatômetro, foram aplicados resfriamentos contínuos em diferentes velocidades a partir da temperatura em que normalmente peças forjadas são reaquecidas. Tradicionalmente, a classe dos aços apresentados neste trabalho é exposta ao tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento e apresentam microestrutura martensítica. Com o objetivo de eliminar o tratamento térmico realizado pós conformação, foi proposto como substituição os aços bainíticos. Aços bainíticos não exigem tratamento térmico pós conformação e, apenas com a aplicação de um resfriamento controlado, é possível obter uma microestrutura que apresenta propriedades (tensão de escoamento e tenacidade) iguais ou melhoradas em relação ao material temperado e revenido. As microestruturas obtidas nas diferentes ligas resfriadas de maneira contínua foram caracterizadas de modo a estabelecer relações entre a velocidade de resfriamento e produtos formados, morfologia e fração de microconstituíntes. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada de maneira intensiva de modo a relacionar desde propriedades magnéticas com padrões de difração de raios X das amostras para medição da fração de austenita retida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar qual é a influência do molibdênio, boro e nióbio no resfriamento contínuo de aços bainíticos, bem como estabelecer o intervalo de velocidades de resfriamento em que é possível obter de maneira homogênea a estrutura bainítica. Após o resfriamento, os corpos de prova foram caracterizados por metalografia (microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura), dureza, saturação magnética, difração de raios x e EBSD. De fato foi verificado o efeito do molibdênio, boro e nióbio na cinética de decomposição da austenita no resfriamento contínuo e estabelecido relações entre a microestrutura obtida, velocidade de resfriamento e composição química. Foi observado também o efeito do molibdênio, boro e nióbio em evitar a transformação ferrítica para baixas velocidades de resfriamento de modo a obter uma estrutura bainítica sob um maior intervalo de resfriamento.Dilatometry tests were carried out in a non commercial alloy that showed bainitic microstructure after continuous cooling from the austenitization temperature. The chemical composition variations were performed on a base chemical composition of a commercial steel (AISI 5120), additions were of molybdenum, boron and niobium. The tests were conducted on the dilatometer with atmosphere and temperature control. In the dilatometer, continuous cooling was carried out at different rates from the temperature in which the reheating of forged parts is usually performed. Traditionally, the steels used for this application are quenched and tempered and present a predominantly tempered martensite microstructure; bainitic steels were proposed as a substitution in order to eliminate further heat treatments after forging. The bainitic steels do not require post-conformation heat treatment: only with the application of a controlled continous cooling is possible to obtain a homogenous bainitic microstructure which has equal or improved properties (yield strength and toughness) comparing to quenched and tempered material. The microstructures obtained from the different alloys continuously cooled were characterized in order to establish relations between the cooling rate and formed products, morphology and volume fraction of phases. The microstructural characterization was carried out intensively and correlated with magnetic properties and X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples. The objectives of this work were to investigate the influence of molybdenum, boron and niobium on the continuous cooling of bainitic steels, as well as to establish the range of cooling rates needed in order to obtain an homogeneous bainitic structure. After cooling, the specimens were characterized by metallography (optical and scanning electron microscopy), hardness, magnetic saturation, x-ray diffraction and EBSD. The effect of molybdenum, boron and niobium on the kinetics of austenite decomposition in the continuous cooling was verified and relationships established between the microstructure, cooling rate and chemical composition. It was also observed the effect of molybdenum, boron and niobium in avoiding ferritic transformation at low cooling rates in order to obtain a bainitic structure under a longer cooling interval.
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Sierra, Robinson. "Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of TRIP steels using FEM." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99793.
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The need to develop light-weight and high strength materials for car frames which improve fuel efficiency and provide increased passenger safety during dynamic events such as automobile crashes has been the focus of the steel and automobile industries for the past 30 years. In recent years, the development of high strength steels such as multi-phase TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity)-aided steels have shown great promise due to their excellent combination of high strength and ductility. The savings in automobile weight is provided by the inherent strength of TRIP steels which allows for the use of thinner sections. The TRIP effect is characterized by the phenomenon known as strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) which enhances the work hardenability of such steels as the austenite phase transforms to the much harder martensite phase during plastic straining. This results in a resistance to local necking which subsequently enhances the strength, ductility, and formability of such steels. However, various factors exist which affect the mechanical behaviour of TRIP steels. This study will aim, through the use of finite element models, to investigate the role and influence of each of these factors on the TRIP effect in type 304 austenitic and multi-phase TRIP steels. These factors include the rate at which the martensitic transformation proceeds, the state of stress to which the material is subjected to, the interaction between the surrounding matrix and embedded retained austenite islands in multi-phase TRIP steels, and the volume fraction and morphology of the retained austenite islands. Investigation of these factors will provide further insight on each of their contributions to the TRIP effect in order to exploit the potential benefits offered by these steels.
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Korpala, Grzegorz. "Gefügeausbildung und mechanische Eigenschaften von unlegiertem bainitischem Warmband mit Restaustenit." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-229501.
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Seit vielen Jahren wächst die Nachfrage bezüglich sparsamer Fahrzeuge; die Autohersteller konkurrieren miteinander und werben mit neuen Fahrzeugkonzepten, in denen hochmoderne Werkstoffe ihre Anwendung finden. In dieser Arbeit werden Legierungskonzepte und entsprechende Warmwalztechnologien einer ultrahochfesten bainitischen Stahlsorte mit Restaustenit vorgestellt, die der genannten Anwendung angepasst werden können. Der gewählte Werkstoff gehört zu den Stählen mit mittleren Kohlenstoffgehalten, die sich nach der - im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten - Behandlung durch hohe Zugfestigkeit bei vergleichsweise hoher Bruchdehnung auszeichnen. Es werden erweiterte Modelle zur Beschreibung der Phasenumwandlung von Stählen im Bainitgebiet vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse aus den Experimenten wurden genutzt, um die Modelle zu ergänzen und zu evaluieren. Dabei wird nicht nur der Warmwalzprozess, sondern auch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Stähle selbst optimiert. Die hier präsentierte Arbeit erstreckt sich über die gesamte Produktionskette und zeigt geeignete Herstellungsbedingungen, die in Betriebsanlagen leicht realisierbar sind und umgesetzt wurden.
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Krvač, Matěj. "Opravy vysokopevnostních ocelí pomocí technologie studené kinetizace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-432550.
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This diploma thesis takes into account the possibility of repairing high-strength steels using coldspray method. The theoretical part is focused on the coldspray method, austenite transformation, bainitic steels and Rmat contact fatigue tests. In the experimental part evaluate the hardness, the structure of the supplied substrate. The hardness, adhesion and porosity of the test sprays are ranked. Furthermore, tests for contact fatigue are evaluated. Finally, the results of the experiments are summarized and measures are proposed to improve adhesion, or to continue this issue.
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Santos, Cláudio Eduardo Rocha dos. "Avaliação comparativa da resistência à fadiga de contato para um aço ferramenta com microestruturas martensíticas e bainíticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-05072012-172938/.
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Diversos componentes mecânicos como engrenagens, rolamentos, cilindros de laminação, trilhos e rodas de trem sofrem uma determinada solicitação conhecida por fadiga de contato, que consiste em uma solicitação causada pela tensão gerada entre o contato de dois corpos sob a ação de uma carga cíclica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência a esta solicitação para um aço ferramenta com microestruturas martensíticas e bainíticas. Para isto, foi utilizado um equipamento na configuração esfera contra plano, onde as esferas foram confeccionadas em material comercial ABNT 52100 e os discos em aço ferramenta tratados termicamente para obtenção de microestruturas martensíticas e bainíticas. Os ensaios foram realizados com a aplicação de uma pressão máxima de contato de 4,8 GPa até que ocorresse a falha por microlascamento da superfície do disco. Os resultados de vida em fadiga destes materiais foram apresentados por uma distribuição de Weibull que demonstraram uma maior resistência do material bainítico. Os resultados apresentados para ambas as microestruturas demonstraram que as falhas se iniciaram predominantemente na sub-superfície, atendendo as premissas iniciais do trabalho que buscava uma baixa ocorrência de falhas superficiais prematuras ocasionadas por possíveis inclusões, defeitos ou poros superficiais que agiriam como um concentrador de tensões, levando a uma falha antes que efetivamente as características físicas e metalúrgicas das microestruturas sejam testadas.Several mechanical components such as gears, bearings, rolling mill rolls, rails and train wheels suffer a particular request known to contact fatigue, which consists of a request caused by the tension generated between the contact of two bodies subjected to a cyclic loading. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance to this request for tool steel with bainitic and martensitic microstructures. For this, was used a machine in the configuration ball against flat washer, where balls were made of commercial material ABNT 52100 and flat washer in tool steel heat-treated to obtain martensitic and bainitic microstructures. The tests were performed by applying a maximum contact pressure of 4.8 GPa until the failure by micro-spalling on the disk surface or subsurface. The results of the fatigue life of those materials were presented by a Weibull distribution that showed a better resistance to the bainitic material to this request. The results presented for both microstructures showed that the failures were initiated predominantly sub-surface, given the initial goals of the work, as evidenced by the low occurrence of premature superficial failures possibly caused by inclusions, pores or surface defects that would act as a stress concentrator leading to a premature failure before the physical and metallurgical microstructures characteristics were really tested.
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Ferrer, Modesto Hurtado. "Estudo das transformações de fase de aços TRIP ao Si-Mn microligados com Nb." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-05082003-115928/.
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Estudou-se a cinética das transformações de fase em resfriamento contínuo e em tratamentos isotérmicos de cinco ligas de aços TRIP microligados com Nb, contendo teores variáveis de Mn e Si, através de ensaios dilatométricos, de caracterização morfológica dos produtos de transformação e de cálculos termodinâmicos e simulações numéricas usando os programas Thermocalc ® e Dictra®. Foram determinados os diagramas RC para a transformação da austenita, e foi estudada a influência da precipitação de ferrita pró-eutetóide e de bainita na fração volumétrica de austenita retida. Através dos diagramas de resfriamento contínuo foi possível delimitar a extensão do campo intercrítico dos cinco aços analisados, com determinação da janela de resfriamento e seus intervalos de temperaturas. Isso permitiu projetar os ciclos de resfriamento controlado a serem aplicados durante o processamento termomecânico dos Aços TRIP-D, TRIP-E e TRIP-H. Os cálculos pelo modelo numérico de redistribuição de carbono e de elementos substitucionais na interface ferrita/austenita, bem como as medidas de microanálise química por WDS e EDS permitiram verificar que a taxa de crescimento da ferrita pró-eutetóide é controlada pela difusão do carbono na austenita. Para tempos curtos de tratamento, o modelo de crescimento que melhor se ajusta é o do equilíbrio local com partição negligível de soluto. Verificou-se através de tratamentos isotérmicos no campo bainítico, que o silício atrasa a precipitação de carbonetos durante a reação bainítica, o que justifica o aumento da estabilidade da austenita retida no aço de maior Si (TRIP-H), quando comparado com o aço de menor Si (TRIP-E). Baseado nos resultados dos estudos das transformações de fase por resfriamento contínuo foram selecionadas as ligas TRIP-D, TRIP-E e TRIP-H, para simular dois esquemas de laminação controlada por meio de ensaios de torção a quente. Nesses ensaios foram variados o grau de deformação e a temperatura de acabamento, de modo a estudar os efeitos dos parâmetros de deformação mecânica na fração transformada dos diferentes constituintes microestruturais, e em particular na fração volumétrica de austenita retida. O primeiro ensaio refere-se à laminação controlada por recristalização estática (LCRE) e o segundo à laminação convencional (LCC), com temperatura de acabamento de 1030°C e 850°C, respectivamente. O resfriamento consistiu em dois tratamentos isotérmicos consecutivos: o primeiro no campo intercrítico (austenita + ferrita), e o segundo no campo bainítico. O aumento do grau de deformação na simulação por torção a quente da laminação controlada por recristalização estática, levou a um aumento da porcentagem de austenita retida obtida durante o resfriamento controlado (de 9 a 14,0 %). O acúmulo de energia de deformação abaixo da TNR na simulação do processo de laminação controlada convencional provocou uma diminuição da fração volumétrica de austenita retida bem como da concentração de carbono contido nela. Os perfis de Mn e C obtidos a partir de análises químicas com EDS e WDS em amostras do aço TRIP-E, deformadas com deformação total de 2,1 e deformação total de 2,8, mostram a contribuição do refinamento de grão para a difusão destes elementos na frente da interface ferrita/austenita, durante a precipitação de ferrita pró-eutetóide.The phase transformation kinetics of five Nb microalloyed Si-Mn TRIP steels was studied under continuous cooling and isothermal treatments, using dilatometric techniques, morphologic characterization, Thermocalc computational thermodynamics and Dictra numerical simulation. WDS and EDS X-ray microanalysis and Dictra numerical modeling of C, Mn and Si distribution during transformation showed that the reaction is carbon diffusion controlled and growth occurs under local equilibrium with negligible partition. CCT diagrams for austenite transformation were determined and the effect of the amount of proeutectoid ferrite and bainite precipitation on the volume fraction of retained austenite was also estimated. The CCT diagrams allowed determining the boundaries of the critical zone and the processing window to obtain bainite plus austenite microstructures. Based on this information cooling cycles were selected to perform thermomechanical treatments. Three TRIP steels were selected to simulate, in a hot torsion testing machine, two different controlled rolling sequences: Recrystallization Controlled Rolling and Conventional Controlled Rolling. The influence of the degree of deformation and the finishing temperature on the amount of retained austenite was studied. After rolling the cooling cycle comprised two isothermal treatments, one in the austenite + ferrite field and the other in the bainitic field. Increasing the strain during simulation of Recrystallization Controlled Rolling led to an increase in the volume fraction of retained austenite to the range 9 to 14 %. The energy stored during simulation bellow TNR of the Conventional Controlled Rolling led to a decrease in the volume fraction and in the carbon content of retained austenite. The Mn and C contents measured by EDS and WDS analysis of TRIP-E steel, showed that grain refinement due to recrystallization contributes to diffusion of these elements in front of the ferrite/austenite interface during precipitation.
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Cardille, Dionisio Mateo. "Uma abordagem a respeito do desgaste em materiais de camisas de cilindro de motores ciclo diesel atendendo as modernas leis de emissões." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2009. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1377.
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-18This study broaches the diesel engines cylinder liners waste concepts, characterizing abrasive waste, tribo-chemical waste and scuffing, with component external factors, like adultered fuel or with high sulfur level frequently found in Brazil. It presents the modern emissioned engines and the direct causes in the cylinder liners material requirement, with the tribologic evolution of piston, piston rings and cylinder. Some concepts of cylinders internal diameter surface finish and the direct involvement in the cylinder smooth, and the blow by flux besides oil consumption. The cylinder liners are manufactured in perlitic gray casting iron, and it was compared to a bainitic gray casting iron as alternative material, in order to satisfy the modern environment laws for emissions. The experiment technical was based on a dynamometric test in a 146kw diesel engine, during 500hs, with 27,4% overpower. The liners were assembled in the engine block in an intercalated way, avoiding benefits in the cylinders closer to the water pump. After the test, the liners were dimensioned with the respective piston rings. As result, was observed that the proposal bainitic material got a better waste resistance in comparison with the perlitic material, with a better dimensional stability. The piston rings presented similar waste when applied in both materials, respecting the project original tribological pair.
Este estudo aborda os conceitos de desgaste em camisas de cilindro para motores diesel, caracterizando desgaste abrasivo, tribo-químico e "scuffing", juntamente com fatores externos ao componente como a questão dos combustíveis adulterados ou com alto teor de enxofre, freqüentemente encontrados no Brasil. Apresenta o enquadramento dos motores nas modernas leis de emissões, e suas causas diretas na exigência de materiais para camisas de cilindro, juntamente com a evolução tribológica do conjunto pistão, anéis e camisa. Definem-se também alguns conceitos de rugosidade e acabamento superficial dos cilindros e suas implicações diretas no amaciamento neste componente, além do tema passagem de gases da câmara de combustão para o cárter (blow by) e consumo de óleo lubrificante. As camisas de cilindro são em sua maioria confeccionadas em liga de ferro fundido cinzento com matriz perlítica, a qual foi objeto de comparação com uma liga proposta de matriz bainítica, como material alternativo, visando satisfazer as condições impostas pela moderna legislação ambiental. A técnica experimental empregada baseou-se em um ensaio dinamométrico em um motor diesel de 146kw, porém submetido a plena carga durante 500hs, com 27,4% de acréscimo de potência. As camisas foram montadas no motor de forma a estarem intercaladas e evitando favorecimentos em cilindros mais quentes do bloco. Após o teste, as camisas de cilindro foram dimensionadas, juntamente com os respectivos anéis de pistão. Como resultado, observou-se que o material proposto em liga com matriz bainítica teve uma melhor resposta ao desgaste em comparação com o material de matriz perlítica, inclusive com uma melhor estabilidade dimensional. Os anéis de pistão tiveram desgaste similar em ambos os materiais, respeitando o par tribológico original de projeto.
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Takahashi, Manabu. "Reaustenitisation from bainite in steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/221917.
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Opdenacker, Philippe. "The rate of the bainite transformation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621298.
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Liu, Jikai. "Influence of metallurgical phase transformation on crack propagation of 15-5PH stainless steel and 16MND5 low carbon steel." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833206.
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Ou study focuses on the effects of phase transformations on crack propagation. We want to understand the changes of fracture toughness during welding. In this work, fracture toughness is expressed by J-integral. There are many experimental methods to obtain the critical toughness JIC but they are impractical for our investigation during phase transformation. That is the reason why we have proposed a method coupling mechanical tests, digital image correlation and finite element simulation. The fracture tests are implemented on pre-cracked single edge notched plate sample which is easy for machining and heat conduct during phase transformation. The tests are conducted at different temperatures until rupture. Digital image correlation gives us the displacement information on every sample. Each test is then simulated by finite element where the fracture toughness is evaluated by the method G-Theta at the crack propagation starting moment found by potential drop method and digital image correlation technical. Two materials have been studied, 15Cr-5Ni martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel and 16MND5 ferritic low carbon steel. For these two materials, different test temperatures were chosen before, during and after phase transformation for testing and failure characterization of the mechanical behavior. Investigation result shows that metallurgical phase transformation has an influence on fracture toughness and further crack propagation. For 15-5PH, the result of J1C shows that the as received 15-5PH has higher fracture toughness than the one at 200°C. The toughness is also higher than the original material after one cycle heat treatment probably due to some residual austenite. Meanwhile, pure austenite 15-5PH at 200°C has higher fracture toughness than pure martensitic 15-5PH at 200°C. For 16MND5, the result also proves that the phase transformation affects fracture toughness. The as received material has bigger J1C than the situation where it was heated to 600°C. On the other hand, the material at 600°C just before isothermal bainite transformation after the austenitization during cooling process also has higher fracture toughness than the one at 600°C before austenitization. These two conclusions are consistent well with the result of 15-5PH. But the final situation of 16MND5 after one cycle heat treatment has a slightly smaller J1C than the receiving situation. It means that one cycle heat treatment hasn't an significant influence on 16MND5fracture toughness. Conclusions show that one should pay attention to the heating period before austenitization of the substrate material when people do the welding as the higher temperature will bring the lower fracture toughness during this process. While during cooling period, the fracture toughness doesn't change a lot during, before or after the cooling induced phase transformation. Even for 15-5PH, it has a better fracture toughness after the martensite transformation than before.
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Semrád, Lukáš. "Mechanické vlastnosti odlitku z LKG." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228679.
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Graduation theses consist of two parts. The first one, theoretical is focused on piece of knowledge regarding nodular iron history, its mechanical properties, chemistry, production and heat treatment. Theoretical part also includes information relating to graphite and white irons that relate closely with nodular iron. Important chapter is description of isothermal refining which is the subject of these theses. The second, experimental part is focused on isothermal refining of nodular iron casting. Description of the casting introduces this section, material specification, production and application. Following chapters describe preliminary conditions for isothermal refining that is applied on every single specimen made of the casting. These specimens have been tested mechanically. Optimal procedure of isothermal refining is applied on whole the casting and characterized final mechanicals. Final mechanical properties after casting isothermal refining has been analyzed and confronted with literature.
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Bellon, Julio Cezar. "Aplicação de tratamento termomecanico a um aço bainitico microligado com niobio, titanio e boro." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263078.
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Orientadores: Paulo Roberto Mei, Hans Jurgen KestenbachDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Realizou-se um estudo sobre a influência de diferentes condições de laminação e resfriamento controlados, simulativos de laminação de tiras a quente, na formação de microestrutura e, por implicação, nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço bainítico de baixo carbono microligado com nióbio, titânio e boro. Adicionalmente ao estudo dos efeitos dos parâmetros de processo, verificou-se também a influência do boro nas propriedades do material. O tratamento termomecânico foi conduzido em escala de laboratório, utilizando-se um laminador FENN duo-reversível de 25 HP. As amostras foram inicialmente reaquecidas a 1200°C, mantidas nesta temperatura por uma hora, e então laminadas na região de rápida recristalização da austenita (1150°-l050°C), com 50% de redução total em três passes, seguido por uma etapa de deformação em baixas temperaturas, correspondentes a região de não recristalização da austenita. Neste último estágio, foram aplicadas diferentes quantidades totais de redução e faixas de temperaturas de laminação. Após a deformação, as amostras foram submetidas a resfriamento ao ar ou acelerado, seguido de resfriamento lento simulando o processo de bobinamento. Neste último estágio, foram utilizadas três temperaturas iniciais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, para as condições experimentais aplicadas, o aumento da quantidade total de deformação e o abaixamento das temperaturas de laminação de acabamento, melhoraram a tenacidade provocando contudo uma pequena queda na resistência mecânica. O resfriamento acelerado, seguido de baixas temperaturas de bobinamento, resultou em um ganho de resistência mecânica, sem prejuízo significativo às propriedades de impacto. Finalmente, foi possível comprovar a importância do boro no desenvolvimento de aços bainíticos
Abstract: The influence of different conditions of controlled rolling and cooling was studied, simulating the industrial process of hot strip mill. This simulation aimed the investigation of microstructure formation and mechanical properties of a low carbon bainitic steel microalloyed with niobium, titanium and boron. In addition to the analysis of process parameters, the influence of boron on the material properties was evaluated. The experiments were performed in a thermomechanical processing laboratory, using a 25 HP FENN reversible rolling mill. The samples were initially reheated to 1200°C, kept at this temperature for one hour, and then rolled in the region of high temperature austenite (1150°-1050° C) with 50% of total reduction in three passes, followed by one step of deformation at low temperatures, corresponding to the region of non-recrystallization of austenite. In this stage, three rolling temperature ranges and cumulative reductions were used. After rolling, the samples were submitted to either air or accelerated cooling and then slow cooled , simulating the coiling processo For the latter step, three initial temperatures were applied. The experimental results indicated that increasing the cumulative reduction and lowering the finishing pass temperatures improve the material toughness, with a slight decrease on the Yield Stress and Tensile Strength. Increasing the cooling rate and reducing the coiling temperature, improved the mechanical strength with no significant deterioration on the impact properties. Finally, the importance of boron addition was confirmed for the development of bainitic steels
Mestrado
Engenharia de Materiais
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Gerdemann, Florian L. [Verfasser]. "Bainite in medium carbon steels / Florian L Gerdemann." Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1081884649/34.
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