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1
Lakho, Nawab Ali, Muhammad Auchar Zardari, and Ashfaq Ahmed Pathan. "Effect of Age and Environment on Strength of Old Baked Clay Bricks of Indus Valley Civilization." July 2016 35, no. 3 (2016): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1603.13.
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This paper presents results of experimental investigations conducted on old baked clay bricks of Indus Valley civilization of tenth century. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of age and environmental conditions on the strength of the baked clay bricks which are about 1000 years old. The brick samples were collected from six different archeological sites at the banks of old route of River Indus in district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. These specimens were tested for apparent density, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and the weathering effects on them during the course of time. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard for baked clay bricks, based on compressive strength, suggests that the bricks of four sites can withstand severe weathering while the bricks of two sites are resistant to moderate weathering. These results were compared to the values of the corresponding data of bricks, of same period, obtained from the historical monuments of the world as reported in the literature. The comparison showed that the values of physical properties of old baked clay bricks of Indus valley civilization of tenth century are in agreement with that of old baked clay bricks of contemporary era. The results of this study could also be helpful for preservation of old archeological sites of Indus valley civilization.
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Mollaei, S. "Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIV, no. 2 (2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i2-009.
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A high amount of energy is required to produce different types of clay and sand-lime bricks, and a huge amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Also, brick waste from the destruction of dilapidated buildings pollutes the environment. The application of pozzolanic sources containing aluminosilicate and alkaline activators can be beneficial in the production of Geopolymer bricks, which do not need to be baked in a furnace and can be recycled for industrial and port facilities. A laterite-based Geopolymer brick mix design was introduced in this study as an environmental-friendly material. This type of brick is produced using available and cheap raw materials without the need for high furnace heat. The raw materials included laterite soil as aluminosilicate, laterite aggregate filler passed through sieve no. 8, and an alkaline activating solution with different concentrations. The effect of sieve size for laterite soil screening on the compressive strength of these brick samples was investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of the prepared bricks here was much higher than the recommended standards for construction bricks and was similar to those of high- resistance bricks. The size of laterite soil sieves had a significant effect on the compressive strength of Geopolymer brick samples. The percentage of water absorption of the bricks with different concentrations of alkali activating solution was also within the recommended range for construction bricks
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Mehta, P. K., A. Kumaraswamy, V. K. Saraswat, and B. Praveen Kumar. "Utilisation of High Energy Propellant Waste in Manufacturing of Fired Clay Bricks to Enhance the Acoustic Properties." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 5 (2021): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.17015.
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The disposal and waste management of solid high energy propellant (HEP) is a considerate conservational problem. HEP waste is currently disposed in open or confined burning which may cause environmental hazards. In this paper, we examined and discussed results on recycling of HEP waste into fired clay bricks baked in different orientation. HEP modified bricks with 1.5%, 3% and 5 wt. % HEP waste content were manufactured and tested, and then compared against virgin clay bricks without HEP content. The effect of directional orientation of bricks baked with varying HEP content on acoustic properties were experimented and discussed. The sound transmission loss decreases with increase in HEP waste due to formation of independently closed directional pores. The transmission loss of horizontally baked during firing of bricks is nearly 5dB lower than vertically baked bricks. Results of the experimental studies indicate that HEP waste can be utilised in fired clay bricks and different orientation baking further enhances the acoustic properties.
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Benjeddou, Omrane, Chokri Soussi, Mohamed Amine Khadimallah, Rayed Alyousef, and Malek Jedidi. "Development of new baked bricks based on clay and sawdust." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901040.
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Current research in the field of building materials is oriented towards the recovery of waste to ensure the lightening of certain building elements and energy saving. The objective of this study is to produce a new bricks by adding sawdust to clay mixtures. The first part of this experimental work consists on detremining the proper manufacturing process and cooking diagram for these new bricks. In the second part, the effect of the maximum cooking temperature, the firing phase time's of the bricks and the sawdust prportion on the physical and mechanical properties of the new bricks have been studied. The studied properties are the absorption ratio, the unit weight and the compressive strength. The results showed that the addition of an increasing amount of sawdust tends to modify the physical and mechanical properties of the cooked samples. The presence of sawdust reduces the number of connections between the clay grains and produces a lighter, more absorbent and less resistant material. Finally, the results showed that the manufacture of bricks based on sawdust is possible.
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Zlateva, P. "Thermal characteristics analyses of clay bricks with wheat straw additives." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1234, no. 1 (2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1234/1/012005.
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Abstract The production technology of the environmentally polluting baked bricks suggests that they can be replaced by bricks that are produced in an ecologically clean environment, such as the unbaked ones. In the present research work, different brick samples were made and studied, built with clay, sand and agricultural waste raw materials. With the development of the construction industry and increasing environmental requirements, research studies in the field continue to improve the thermal characteristics of the new construction materials. Thus, in the presented work bricks were made, which are a mixture of yellow clay and sand with added 5, 10, 15 and 20% wheat straw. The finished bricks are 0.35/0.08/0.17 m in size. Then, non-destructive measurements were carried out and thermal conductivity coefficient (k), specific heat capacity (Cp), thermal diffusivity (a) and density (ρ) were determined. The results of the measurements show that as the amount of wheat straw increases, the thermal characteristics of the samples improve. Finally, it is proved that the use of unbacked bricks from local clays and the utilization of binders from agricultural waste raw materials, will help to improve the energy performance of the produced environmentally friendly and economically beneficial structural building materials.
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Egenti, Clement, and Jamal Khatib. "Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (2021): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084188.
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Baked clay bricks (Impunyu) is the dominant wall construction material in Rwanda. Clay deposits in the country’s lowlands are utilized for baked clay bricks. Despite the ongoing campaign, the use of wood by some local brick producers is unfriendly to the environment. Recent research has called for alternative methods in order to reduce the cost and impact on the environment. Earlier efforts with compressed earth blocks were saddled with weight and a substantial use of cement for good surface texture and adequate resistance against surface erosion. This research explored the potentials of using an appropriate dose of clay (from Muhanzi), volcanic light aggregate (Amakoro, (from Musanze)), and cement to produce unbaked shelled compressed earth blocks (SCEB). SCEB is a compressed earth block with an outer shell and inner core of different cement content or materials, compressed into a unit block. The result is a masonry unit with a higher surface resistance, durability, and desirable architectural effect produced with a 60% reduction in cement content. A weight reduction of 12% was achieved with an optimum content of 33% of the volcanic lightweight aggregate. A cost reduction of 25% was recorded over conventional compressed earth brick walls and a 54% over sand-cement block walls. Possible future trends were also identified with appreciable prospects in earthen architecture.
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Benjeddou, Omrane, Chokri Soussi, Mohamed Amine Khadimallah, Rayed Alyousef, and Malek Jedidi. "Development of new baked bricks based on clay and sawdust." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201714901040.
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Laviola, Valentina. "Inserting and Combining. Stucco and Brick Tiles from the Ghaznavid Royal Palace (11th–12th c.) in Ghazni." Annali Sezione Orientale 80, no. 1-2 (2020): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340099.
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Abstract Numerous isolated tiles in brick and stucco emerged from the excavation of the Ghaznavid royal palace in Ghazni (11th–12th century). The finding in situ of edgewise laid bricks’ panels with inserted stucco tiles allows inferring that they adorned the upper section of the antechambers opening onto the palace central courtyard. How brick tiles were combined with them is still to be explained. This preliminary note offers a typological classification of tiles presenting the variety of sizes and morphologies as well as of the decorative patterns. The combination of baked brick and stucco is largely attested since the late 10th century in the architectural decoration throughout the Iranian area. Nishapur and Lashkari Bazar represent inescapable sites for comparison.
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Lozano-Miralles, José, Manuel Hermoso-Orzáez, Carmen Martínez-García, and José Rojas-Sola. "Comparative Study on the Environmental Impact of Traditional Clay Bricks Mixed with Organic Waste Using Life Cycle Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (2018): 2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082917.
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The construction industry is responsible for 40–45% of primary energy consumption in Europe. Therefore, it is essential to find new materials with a lower environmental impact to achieve sustainable buildings. The objective of this study was to carry out the life cycle analysis (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of baked clay bricks incorporating organic waste. The scope of this comparative study of LCA covers cradle to gate and involves the extraction of clay and organic waste from the brick, transport, crushing, modelling, drying and cooking. Local sustainability within a circular economy strategy is used as a laboratory test. The energy used during the cooking process of the bricks modified with organic waste, the gas emission concentrate and the emission factors are quantified experimentally in the laboratory. Potential environmental impacts are analysed and compared using the ReCiPe midpoint LCA method using SimaPro 8.0.5.13. These results achieved from this method are compared with those obtained with a second method—Impact 2002+ v2.12. The results of LCA show that the incorporation of organic waste in bricks is favourable from an environmental point of view and is a promising alternative approach in terms of environmental impacts, as it leads to a decrease of 15–20% in all the impact categories studied. Therefore, the suitability of the use of organic additives in clay bricks was confirmed, as this addition was shown to improve their efficiency and sustainability, thus reducing the environmental impact.
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Lozano-Miralles, José Adolfo, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, Carmen Martínez-García, and José Ignacio Rojas-Sola. "Comparative Study on the Environmental Impact of Traditional Clay Bricks Mixed with Organic Waste Using Life Cycle Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (2018): 2917. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082917.
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The construction industry is responsible for 40–45% of primary energy consumption in Europe. Therefore, it is essential to find new materials with a lower environmental impact to achieve sustainable buildings. The objective of this study was to carry out the life cycle analysis (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of baked clay bricks incorporating organic waste. The scope of this comparative study of LCA covers cradle to gate and involves the extraction of clay and organic waste from the brick, transport, crushing, modelling, drying and cooking. Local sustainability within a circular economy strategy is used as a laboratory test. The energy used during the cooking process of the bricks modified with organic waste, the gas emission concentrate and the emission factors are quantified experimentally in the laboratory. Potential environmental impacts are analysed and compared using the ReCiPe midpoint LCA method using SimaPro 8.0.5.13. These results achieved from this method are compared with those obtained with a second method—Impact 2002+ v2.12. The results of LCA show that the incorporation of organic waste in bricks is favourable from an environmental point of view and is a promising alternative approach in terms of environmental impacts, as it leads to a decrease of 15–20% in all the impact categories studied. Therefore, the suitability of the use of organic additives in clay bricks was confirmed, as this addition was shown to improve their efficiency and sustainability, thus reducing the environmental impact.
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Chen, Hao, and Li Li Xie. "Three Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of Crack Growth in Unreinforced Baked Brick Shear Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.674.
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This paper presents the 3D dynamic crack growth simulation of unreinforced baked brick shear wall by using particle discretization scheme finite element method (PDS-FEM), which is efficient and capable of computing bifurcation/branching in cracking. The technology of fast modelling of bricks and cements by applying VB script in AUTOCAD is illustrated briefly. The shear wall including mortar joints is modelled in detail. The model parameters are calibrated by using standard static tests. Since the computation cost is high in structural level fracture analysis, parallel computation technology is employed. Finally, with two-phase failure criterion of mortar under multi-dimension stress state, the performance of low and high loading speed is compared. The numerical results verify the availability of dynamic fracture analysis of masonry structure by using PDS-FEM.
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Lakho, Nawab Ali, and Muhammad Auchar Zardari. "Structural Properties of Baked Clay Bricks Fired with Alternate Fuels." Engineering 08, no. 10 (2016): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2016.810061.
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Kosterov, Andrei, Mary Kovacheva, Maria Kostadinova-Avramova, et al. "High-coercivity magnetic minerals in archaeological baked clay and bricks." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 2 (2020): 1256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa508.
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SUMMARY The thorough understanding of magnetic mineralogy is a prerequisite of any successful palaeomagnetic or archaeomagnetic study. Magnetic minerals in archaeological ceramics and baked clay may be inherited from the parent material or, more frequently, formed during the firing process. The resulting magnetic mineralogy may be complex, including ferrimagnetic phases not commonly encountered in rocks. Towards this end, we carried out a detailed rock magnetic study on a representative collection of archaeological ceramics (baked clay from combustion structures and bricks) from Bulgaria and Russia. Experiments included measurement of isothermal remanence acquisition and demagnetization as a function of temperature between 20 and >600 °C. For selected samples, low-temperature measurements of saturation remanence and initial magnetic susceptibility between 1.8 and 300 K have been carried out. All studied samples contain a magnetically soft mineral identified as maghemite probably substituted by Ti, Mn and/or Al. Stoichiometric magnetite has never been observed, as evidenced by the absence of the Verwey phase transition. In addition, one or two magnetically hard mineral phases have been detected, differing sharply in their respective unblocking temperatures. One of these unblocking between 540 and 620 °C is believed to be substituted hematite. Another phase unblocks at much lower temperatures, between 140 and 240 °C, and its magnetic properties correspond to an enigmatic high coercivity, stable, low-unblocking temperature (HCSLT) phase reported earlier. In a few samples, high- and low unblocking temperature, magnetically hard phases appear to coexist; in the others, the HCSLT phase is the only magnetically hard mineral present.
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Bozhko, Yuliya A., Kira A. Lapunova, and L. V. Postoi. "Face Ceramic Brick of Soft Molding Based on Opoka-Like Raw Materials." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.221.
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This article reflects the results of a set of studies on obtaining a face ceramic brick of soft molding with the search for raw materials and the development of an optimal production technology. It proposed and formulated the basic requirements for opoka-like rocks for the production of various types of wall ceramic products. They include recommendations on the chemical composition and such physical, mechanical and technological properties as density in the piece, natural humidity, porosity, mineral composition, compressive strength of the baked samples, fire shrinkage, water absorption, average density, etc. We proposed the so-called "soft molding" as a production technology. It is based on the principle of filling individual forms with a ceramic mass that has a certain plasticity and binding capacity. The appearance of such a brick is characterized by the absence of smooth edges and sides and rounded corners. The sand used for spilling forms produces a special effect of velvety and old-looking brick. The conclusions based on the results of laboratory and technological research as well as factory tests revealed the great promise for using opoka-like rocks as a raw material for the production of face ceramic bricks of soft molding.
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Rupčić, Slavko, Vanja Mandrić, Ivan Kraus, and Đurđica Kovačić. "Measuring Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Transmission Parameters Through Traditionally Constructed Buildings." Sustainability 17, no. 3 (2025): 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031232.
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This paper examines the potential for shielding against electromagnetic (EM) radiation in traditional buildings. The primary objective is to evaluate how effectively these buildings can reduce the intensity of the electric field from external sources, while also identifying the factors that influence this reduction, such as geometry, structure, and the characteristics of EM waves. Measurements were conducted on the transmission parameter S21, which indicates how EM waves propagate through the walls of residential buildings constructed using traditional methods. The buildings analyzed were made from wood, rammed earth, raw bricks blended with straw (known in Croatian as ćerpič), and baked bricks, which served as the reference material. During the measurements, conditions such as the thickness, humidity, and temperature of both the walls and the surrounding environment were carefully controlled. The buildings represented traditional construction styles typical of Croatia and most of Central and Eastern Europe. The results indicate that structures made from rammed earth and raw bricks with added straw significantly decrease the transmission of EM wave energy compared to those made from wood and baked bricks. It is important to note that the walls of wood buildings were considerably thinner than those made from the other materials tested. Additionally, both the moisture content and thickness of the walls contributed significantly to reducing transmission parameters. These findings support the use of these traditional materials for constructing environmentally friendly buildings, while also suggesting the need for further architectural design and testing. Since this research does not cover all types of traditionally constructed buildings—such as stone houses, wicker structures, and dugouts—future studies will aim to expand this investigation to include a broader variety of traditional building styles.
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Bordoni, Stefano. "The use of mudbricks and earth in modern Umbrian architectures: a preliminary report." GROMA: Documenting Archaeology 6 (October 10, 2023): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/groma-issue-6-2021-1979.
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The paper concerns with the use of unbaked bricks and clay in late medieval and early modern architectures in Umbria. In this central Italian region, a few structures are featured by such building materials, especially in areas lacking in good stone deposits. The topic has been sporadically investigated by previous studies and awaits systematic approaches. In particular, it is necessary to clarify the chronology of these building technologies and, regarding unbaked bricks, their relationship with the local baked production. Many different types of evidence will be considered: written sources, historical cartography, stratigraphic data, chrono-typological and mensio-chronological serialisations. Therefore, such focus fully locates the research within the borders of architectural archaeology. The expected goal is specifying the socio-economic, technical and chronological context in which clay-based techniques were developed and used. The paper also aims to enhance the attention and supervision on this type of material culture by related public institutions.
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Aitken, M. J., A. L. Allsop, G. D. Bussell, and M. Winter. "Archaeomagnetic intensity determination: a nineteenth century pottery kiln near Jordan, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 12 (1987): 2392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-224.
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Evaluation of the ancient geomagnetic field at the time that this kiln last cooled down, around A.D. 1840, has been made by means of the Thellier technique applied to bricks from the floor. The value obtained, 56 ± 1 μT, is significantly lower than the value expected from contemporary observatory measurements, 64 μT. The difference is consistent with the demagnetizing field expected from the rather strong magnetization of the baked clay.
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Salnaia, N. V., and D. D. Jolshin. "Archaeomagnetic Studies of Baked Clay Bricks in European Part of Russia: New Data." Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 57, no. 3 (2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1069351321030101.
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Palraj, Keerthi, and Durgadevagi Shanmugavel. "Sun-baked eco bricks: Boosting energy efficiency with natural composite phase change material capsules." Journal of Energy Storage 104 (December 2024): 114397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114397.
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Гасимзаде, Афган. "Construction Ceramics of Gabala XI-XIII Centuries." Grani 24, no. 7-8 (2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172177.
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The article deals with the construction ceramics of Gabala in the XI-XIII centuries, including samples of tiles, bricks, tiles, pottery pipes and their main characteristics. Typological and analytical methods were used to study the samples found during the research, and the information and materials obtained from the archeological research reports were thoroughly analyzed by comparison.
 Construction ceramics has not been a separate field of research in the medieval city of Gabala, which has a special place in Azerbaijani historiography. Therefore, the relevance of the article is to determine the current state of construction ceramics for the period, the general level of development of the art of construction and the main characteristics.
 It is important to study the technology of making tiles used in the roofing of buildings, bricks used in masonry, tiles used to decorate the walls and pottery pipes used in the construction of water lines in the city, their shape and size.
 If we look at the shape of the tiles, most of the patterns have a protrusion in the middle. Bricks were widely used in construction because they were cheaper. The main raw material for making bricks was clay. The abundance of clay deposits in the ancient city of Gabala created ample conditions for the production of bricks here. It is noteworthy that during archeological excavations in Gabala in 2009, two bathrooms were discovered. One of the rooms was replaced by baked bricks and the other by pottery.
 In the XI-XIII centuries, tiles were widely used by craftsmen as a decorative material in construction. Tiles were mainly used in mosques, baths, palaces and other public buildings. Floral drawings were also made on the tiles of different colors. Such images gave a new shape to the appearance of the building.
 In Gabala, pottery was widely used in the construction ceramics of the time for the construction of water lines. The use of a potter's wheel by craftsmen in the manufacture of pottery and the perfect development of water pipes was a great achievement. When the pipeline was laid, the pipes were fastened to each other with lime mortar. The pottery pipes, one of which was inserted into the other, were durable and did not leak water.
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Kaminskas, Antanas, Grazina Smolianskienė, and Česlovas Valiukevičius. "INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES AND SULPHUROUS MAZOUT ON THE QUALITY OF CARBONACEOUS CLINKERY CERAMIC SPLINTER/SUKEPIMĄ SKATINANČIŲ PRIEDŲ IR SIERINGO MAZUTO ĮTAKA KARBONATINGO MOLIO KERAMINĖS ŠUKĖS KOKYBEI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 5 (1999): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1999.10531483.
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The Republic of Lithuania does not possess a standard document on clinker bricks. In the standard LST 1458 clinkery and baked bricks are defined as products with water absorption lower than 6% and 5%, respectively. Lately in the world market the prices of oil and its products have been greatly reduced. Since the production of clinkery bricks consumes much more fuel than baking building bricks, it would be more economic to use mazout instead of natural gas. Mazout comprises sulphur (2.5–3.5)%, therefore on the surface of produced clinkery bricks appear there sulphatic spots, worsening the surface of products. In this study the possibilities were researched how to get clinkery ceramics from carbonaceous [CaO+MgO = (12.01- 14.73)%] easily dissolved clay of Kertupis-2 quarry, selecting additives which stimulate baking and to determine the influence of sulphurous mazout on the properties of ceramic splinter. Chemical composition of Kertupis-2 clay is presented in Table 1. Mineralogical composition (Fig 1) of this clay was investigated by radiographic method and dry remnant of water extract was evaporated (Fig 2). CaCO3predominated in the dry remnant. Forming mixtures, composition of which is given in Table 2, were prepared. While investigating deformation changes of forming mass at the moment of baking, dilatometric research was carried out (Fig 3–6). Baking data of laboratorial samples from Kertupis-2 clay with various additives are presented in Table 3 depending upon baking temperature. Measurings of dust amount and gas emission into atmosphere were performed when burning orimulsion, mazout M100 and desulphurized mazout with the additive of magnesium oxide. Comparable data are presented in Table 4. Sulphur oxides present in combustion gas react with calcium combinations on the surface of ceramic splinter, resulting in white deposit of CaS04. RDX pattern presented in Fig 7 has characteristic elements of anhidrite (0.349; 0.283; 0.233) nm. Having carried out the chemical analysis on the surface layer of ceramic splinter, the determined amount of sulphur combinations was more than 2.0% (rating according to S03). In the middle layers its amount fluctuated from 0.36 to 0.66%. Having summarized the results of research the following conclusions have been drawn: Choosing additives stimulating baking, baked earthenware with water absorption less than 6% from Lithuanian carbonaceous easily dissolved clays were obtained. When breakage of window-pane was used as an additive, baking process began at the lowest temperature. Baking earthenware with sulphury mazout, >2.0% of sulphur combinations formed on the surface of ceramic splinter, and in the middle layers, which had not any contact with fuel burning products, its amount fluctuated from 0.36 up to 0.66%. Applying magnesium oxide desulphurisation way, it is possible to desulphurise burning gas of mazout up to 315.3 mg/m3 of SO2 concentration. The research has developed the possibility for ceramic industry to change natural gas into much cheaper fuel—mazout.
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Pratama, Irwinsyah Aprillio Putra, Naufal Bagus Setiawan, Bambang Setiabudi, and Shifa Fauziyah. "Batu Bata Merah Ramah Lingkungan Menggunakan Bahan Campuran Abu Serbuk Kayu dan Serbuk Kaca." Jurnal Sipil dan Arsitektur 2, no. 4 (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.14710/pilars.2.4.2024.1-8.
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Along with the times in the Industrial Revolution 4.0, innovation in the construction field is needed to achieve a specific innovative idea. One is making red bricks using a mixture of ash, sawdust, and glass powder. For the composition used in red bricks with a mixture of ash, sawdust, and glass powder amounting to 0%, and 2.5% and 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of the weight of the bricks used, based on these percentages, it can also reduce the price of production materials. The researchers did the test method by testing the brick's compressive strength and the absorbency of water. This aims to find out how significant the influence of the mixture of ash, sawdust, and glass powder is on the quality of the brick's compressive strength and the level of water absorption in the brick. It is hoped that the research of red bricks using a mixture of ash, sawdust, and glass powder is expected to be an alternative solution for the utilization of red brick mixture materials to reduce the cost efficiency of production materials and to determine the quality results of brick compressive strength and water responsiveness to bricks based on the test method to be carried out.
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Lanos, Philippe, Mary Kovacheva, and Annick Chauvin. "Archaeomagnetism, Methodology and Applications: Implementation and Practice of the Archaeomagnetic Method in France and Bulgaria." European Journal of Archaeology 2, no. 3 (1999): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.1999.2.3.365.
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Recent improvements in archaeomagnetism applied to archaeological baked clay, in France and Bulgaria, are presented in this paper. After reviewing the historical development of the method in France and Bulgaria, and the principles of the method, we present sampling techniques for in situ structures (kilns and hearths) and sets of displaced materials (bricks or tiles). In the analysis protocol, we stress the importance of correcting the magnetic anisotropic effects especially for bricks. We also show how the problem of brittle specimens can be solved by induration. After a review of the published archaeomagnetic data currently available for France and Bulgaria, we present different smoothing techniques applied to data obtained in these countries. Finally, we present the usage of the variation curves of the geomagnetic elements in the past to calculate the archaeomagnetic dates. One of these techniques is based on a Bayesian approach, similar to the case of the dendro-chronological calibration of radiocarbon ages. The main goal of the paper is to highlight for the archaeologists the possibilities of archaeomagnetism for dating purposes and for other problems in archaeology, on the basis of the experience of the laboratories in France and Bulgaria. The developments of selected archaeomagnetic studies in other European countries are quoted and referenced.
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Hervé, Gwenaël, Annick Chauvin, Philippe Lanos, Pierre Rochette, Mireille Perrin, and Michel Perron d'Arc. "Cooling rate effect on thermoremanent magnetization in archaeological baked clays: an experimental study on modern bricks." Geophysical Journal International 217, no. 2 (2019): 1413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz076.
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Khawaja, Ahmed Muslim, Omar Qadir Ahmed, Amer A. L. Alkhalidy, et al. "Using Gradiometric Technique to Prospect Archaeological Features in Tell Al-Deylam, South of Babylon City, Middle of Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1300, no. 1 (2024): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1300/1/012005.
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Abstract An extensive vertical magnetic gradiometry survey was carried out over an area spanning 1,188 square meters in the northwestern section of Dilbat; a recently discovered archaeological city within Tell Al-Deylam located approximately 20 km south of Babylon city, so as to reveal the real image of the archaeological features hidden beneath the earth’s surface. The vertical gradiometric survey was done by the Geometrics-G-858 Cesium magnetometer. The gradiometric results showed three clear longitudinal magnetic anomalies in different places on the magnetic contour map. The main anomaly is located on the edge of the northern part of the study area and extends longitudinally in the northwest and southeast direction. This may indicate the presence of the main outer wall, as it extends lengthwise about 30 m, with a width of 3-4 m, and a depth of about 1 m below the surface of the ground, and may contain the main northern gate of the Dilbat Temple. Besides that, this anomaly displayed approximately a high magnetic value of about + 60 nT, which indicates that the wall was built from baked brick composed of clay minerals rich in iron oxides. Furthermore, the magnetic contour map showed two other magnetic anomalies. The first one is located in the western part of the study area and appears perpendicular to the main magnetic anomaly. Meanwhile, the second anomaly occupied the southern part of the study area and is parallel to the main anomaly. The two anomalies showed approximately lower magnetic strength than the outer wall. So, they may represent the remains of the inner room walls built from mud bricks. The thickness of the two supposed walls is about 2.5 m and they are at a depth one meter from the ground. The findings of this method have been a good guide for new excavation, which led to finding the main wall built from fired bricks.
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Wu, Baixin, Haifeng Yan, and Ao Sun. "Manually Produce Clay-Based Housing Materials in Rural Area." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 2 (2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n2p104.
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Rural housing materials in developing countries (such as African countries) are mostly (crop) straw for roof cover, soil and tree branch for (round) wall. The houses are small with interior dark. In the case of electricity, mechanical and economic conditions are not allowed, farmers hardly know how to improve housing conditions or create economic benefits by applying manual labour, animal power, land, timber and fuel (firewood or coal). In this article, the method of manually producing baked tiles (for roof cover) and bricks (for wall) are described in detail with a set of historic pictures, which aims to inherit Chinese farmers’ wisdom and diligence (intangible cultural heritage), arouse farmers in developing countries to improve their housing conditions by self reliance, promote the rise and development of rural industry, at the same time, promote the construction of water conservancy project.
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Nong, Xingzhong, Linren Zhou, Yuehua Liang, and Taojun Wang. "Experimental Study and Analysis of the Effects of Mud on the Compressive Strength of Unburned Brick Using Engineering Residue Soil." Buildings 14, no. 7 (2024): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071949.
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Engineering residue soil, a prominent type of construction solid waste, can offer considerable environmental and socioeconomic benefits if efficiently utilized. Unburned brick represents an environmentally friendly and high-value approach to reusing this residue soil. Mud, a primary constituent of residue soil, typically hinders the performance of unburned brick using cement-based materials. This study investigates the effects of mud on the performance of unburned brick made from engineering residue soil based on experimental tests and mechanism analysis. The residue soil is silty clay sourced from the alluvial soil layer in South China. A comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the residue soil and mud is conducted to assess the feasibility of using them in unburned brick production. Using ordinary Portland cement as the cementitious material, the unburned residue soil bricks are produced via semi-dry static-press forming and natural curing. The influence of mud type and content on the compressive strength of the unburned brick made with engineering residue soil is investigated and discussed. This experimental study reveals that the influence of mud on unburned brick’s compressive strength is negligible. However, excessively low mud content reduces brick compactness, impairs brick formation, and leads to lower compressive strength. Within the range of solidification, unburned brick’s compressive strength initially increases and then decreases with increasing mud content, with an optimal mud content of approximately 25%. As engineering residue soil often contains a high mud content, reducing it effectively enhances the compressive strength of unburned bricks. Through experiments and mechanism analysis, this research clarifies the impact of mud on the strength and performance of unburned residue soil bricks, providing important theoretical insights and practical guidance for the production of unburned products and promoting the efficient and environmentally friendly resource utilization of engineering residue soil.
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Norhayati, A. W., A. Suraya Hani, I. Abdul Hadi Izaan, et al. "Properties of cement bricks containing sago fine waste (SFW) with different water-cement ratio." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (2023): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012050.
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Abstract Cement is a key material in the construction industry. However, this widespread use adversely affects the environment. The replacement of cement with waste materials, mainly agricultural wastes, can reduce the impact of environmental pollution and result in sustainable construction. Sago fine waste (SFW) is a fibrous residue from waste from sago milling operations where physical treatment has been made. This study used SFW as a partial cement replacement material in cement brick and the effect of adding SFW to cement brick properties. Brick samples are designed with five different percentages of 2,4,6,8, and 10% of cement replacement, including control cement brick. The mortar mix is based on a ratio of 1:3, which follows Malaysian brick production standards. For compressive strength, density, and water absorption tests, all the specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The strength of cement bricks was investigated based on the difference of two water-cement ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The brick properties investigated in this study are density, water absorption and compressive strength. The experimental results show that the brick’s density, compressive strength, and water absorption decreased as the replacement percentage increased. However, it still meets the requirements of the standard for load-bearing structures. Analysis of this study is according to extensive data collection, the ideal composition for SFW in cement brick was 2% and 0.6 water-cement ratios. This demonstrates SFW’s promise as a novel pozzolanic material for producing more sustainable bricks. As a result, SFW as a cement replacement material could improve bricks’ physical and mechanical properties as curing time increases.
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Syaputri, Wenny Dwi Tiara Ayu, Idharmahadi Adha, and Setyanto Setyanto. "Brick's Power Dimension Study Using Fly Ash Additive (Fly Ash) Based on SNI." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 3, no. 2 (2015): 313–24. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v3i2.462.
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The bricks are made from a mixture of soil and water. In this study, the brick-making process willtry to mix the soil with additives (additive) which is fly ash brick (fly ash) to determine how muchbenefit the waste of the additive materials and compare the compressive strength of ordinary brickby brick that has been mixed with additive materials such as fly ash to achieve SNI specificationbricks that’s strong and durable.Soil sample used is a type of clay that comes from the village Yoso Mulyo, Metro. Additivematerials used are fly ash from power plants Tarahan. The variation of dimension used are 4cm x4cm x 4cm, 5cm x 5cm x 5cm, 6cm x 6cm x 6cm, 7cm x 7cm x 7cm. On dimension of 7 cm x 7 cmx7 cm the average compressive strength value is 58,46 cm 2 this is the best compressivestrength.Thus testing the bricks that have been made through the process of mixing, curing andburning, do include specific gravity test compressive strength and water absorption test. Based onthe results of physical testing of the original soil, soil samples Unified system classifies as a fine-grained soil and belongs to the group MLThe results showed that the brick-making post-combustion by using the addition of fly ash as anadditive in a mixture of brick-making material effect on the addition of compressive strengthvalues, so that the power on brick obtained in this study is quite good and meet establishedstandards of the National Standardization Agency for Indonesia (BSNI). The high value of thecompressive strength of the brick using fly ash additive materials due to reduced air volume andpore cavities in the soil particles are filled.Keywords: bricks, fly ash additive, compressive strength
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Dyakova, Olga V., and Vladimir I. Dyakov. "THE POTTERY KILN OF THE PETROVKA-5 SETTLEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FAR EAST ARCHAEOLOGY." Ural Historical Journal 79, no. 2 (2023): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-136-145.
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In Primorye, a kiln for firing ceramic material was excavated at the Petrovka-5 monument near the town of Bolshoy Kamen. The furnace occupied the northeastern cape-shaped tip of the hollow slope. The height difference at its location was 1,35 m. The furnace was erected on a flat area paved with broken bricks and baked clay. The furnace had the shape of a truncated circle with a straight end wall on the south side and a furnace on the north. The dimensions of the structure at the base are 2 × 2,3 m, the long side is oriented Northwest–Southeast. The ceiling is made of arched masonry in the shape of a dome. Ceramic vessels and tiles were loaded into the firing chamber through the southern wall. The furnace and the firing chamber were connected by a channel. The walls of the furnace are laid with a horizontal masonry of rectangular bricks 15–20 cm long, 5–6 cm thick. Clay mortar was used as a bundle for laying bricks. By type, the oven belongs to the round one. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, furnaces of this form were widely used in the North of China. Ceramics deposited in the firing chamber are represented by pots, vases, frying pan lids, tiles. The surface color of the vessels is gray, often specially blackened. The blackening of circular vessels is recorded on the handicraft ceramics of Yin, Wei, the culture of the Amur and Primorye Jurchens, on the monuments of the state of Eastern Xia. Modeling of vessels was carried out on a circle using a bottom-capacitive filling. In shape, the vessels do not find complete analogies among the ceramics of the medieval cultures of Primorye and the Amur region. The technical and technological characteristics of the vessels correspond to the handicraft production of the Far Eastern pottery province, dating back to the traditions of the Han era. Chinese archaeologists correlated the tile material with the periods of the Eastern Jin (317–420) and Eastern Wei (534–550) dynasties. According to radiocarbon analysis of coal from the fire-chamber of the furnace, the monument Petrovka-5 is dated 600–760.
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Aidona, E., D. Kondopoulou, M. Alexandrou, and N. Ioannidis. "ARCHAEOMAGNETIC STUDIES IN KILNS FROM N. GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 4 (2017): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11380.
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Archaeomagnetism combines the magnetic properties of baked materials with Archaeology. The archaeomagnetic method can be applied to any kind of permanent - in situ or displaced- burnt structures, such as kilns, ovens, hearths, burnt floors, tiles, bricks and pottery fragments, the latter for intensity measurements only. In this study we present the latest archaeomagnetic results from archaeological sites which are distributed in N. Greece (Polymylos, Sani, Thesssaloniki). The Natural Remanent Magnetization (NRM) and the magnetic susceptibility of the samples have been initially measured. The samples have been subjected to magnetic cleaning (AF and Thermal demagnetizations) and this procedure revealed the characteristic component of the ancient magnetic field. Rock magnetic experiments such as acquisition of the Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) and thermomagnetic analysis have been performed in pilot samples in order to identify the main magnetic carriers. Finally the secular variation curves for Greece and the SCHA.DIF.3K model were used in order to date these archaeological structures. This dating improved or modified the estimated archaeological ages.
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Muhammad Faheem, Md Tahir, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Hussin Kamarudin, Ahmad Mohd Izzat, and Alida Abdullah. "New Processing Method of Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Brick by Using Geopolymer Brick Machine." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406.
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With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
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Kumar, Naresh, Piyush Gaur, S. Kaliappan, et al. "Processing and Characterization of Novel Bio-Waste Hybrid Brick Composites for Pollution Control." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3127135.
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The main focus of this research is to enhance the use of eco-friendly materials these days. The current materials used in building construction are chemical-based and are harmful to humans and the environment. This research work has developed a new type of hybrid brick by using natural fibres and waste materials. This research focuses on fabricating novel bricks reinforced with different percentages of coconut waste fibre, wheat straw fibre, waste wood animal dung ash, gypsum, sand, and cement. The fabricated novel brick’s physical, mechanical, chemical, acoustic, and heat-absorbing properties were evaluated.
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Azam, Rizwan, Muhammad Rizwan Riaz, Ehtasham Ul Haq, Ayman Shihata, and Mohamed Zawam. "Development of Quality Assessment Criteria for Burnt Clay Bricks of Different Ages Based on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test." Buildings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081069.
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Burnt clay bricks are widely used as a construction material in Pakistan, and their testing for quality confirmation is frequently needed for new and old bricks used in existing structures. The destructive testing methods are time-consuming and not always feasible for testing the bricks used in existing structures. The current study investigated the feasibility of using the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test as a non-destructive technique to assess the quality of both new and old bricks in masonry structures. A relationship was developed after performing the UPV test followed by a compression test on burnt clay brick samples of five different ages acquired from different sources. The acquired brick samples ranged from new to a century old. Consequently, as a novel contribution, brick quality assessment criteria based on UPV were proposed according to which a UPV value greater than 3000 m/s represents an excellent first-class brick whereas a UPV value lower than 2000 m/s shows a second-class brick. Further, the effectiveness of the UPV test to assess the compressive strength of old bricks was demonstrated with a case study of a 100-year-old masonry structure. The research concluded with the remarks that the compressive strength of bricks can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using the UPV test. The developed quality assessment criteria can be used to quickly check the quality of new and old burnt clay bricks.
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Xing, Guoqi, Jing-jie Yu, Chun-gang Zhang, and Jun-xi Wu. "A New Energy-Efficient Building System Based on Insulated Concrete Perforated Brick with a Sandwich." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 7 (2018): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309187.
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The purpose of this research is to put forward a new energy-efficient building system that can meet the energy saving requirement of 65% for public buildings in cold areas based on modified insulated concrete perforated brick with a sandwich. Modified brick was composed of three parts and three parts can be made a whole in brick manufacturing and it was called self-thermal insulation concrete perforated brick and could avoid appearance of cracks. The tesst was done to obtain thickness of EPS for modified insulated concrete perforated brick with a sandwich in order to meet the requirement of insulation. Thickness of EPS was set to to 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 75 mm respectively and comparative experiments were also carried out to verify the effect of insulation for modified bricks and unmodified bricks. Field tests were carried out to obtain appropriate masonry methods for modified bricks. Based on the results of analysis and discussion, then obtained: (1) Heat transfer coefficient of wall made by modified bricks was less than heat transfer coefficient of wall made by unmodified bricks when the same for thickness of EPS, it could be reduce by up to 45%; (2) When thickness of insulating layer was 65 mm, heat transfer coefficient of wall made by modified bricks could reached minimum limit 0.45 and it could meet energy saving requirement of 65% for buildings in cold area. (3) Insulating layer, located inside of the wall, could avoid appearance of cracks on surface of wall for modified bricks.
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Kafrain, I. Gede Yohan, Brayen N. Palandung, Lisa S. G. E. Pandean, and Utarry E. Rangkang. "Karakteristik Batako Pejal di Kota Manado, Bitung dan Tomohon." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 8, no. 2 (2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ijfs.v8i2.42461.
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Abstract. Bricks is still one of the walls building materials that are widely used in North Sulawesi, specifically in Manado City, Bitung City and Tomon City. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of local bricks in Manado City, Bitung City and Tomohon City. The characteristics of the bricks in question are the dimensions and compressive strength of the bricks. This research was conducted by taking samples of pejal bricks from several brick production sites in Manado City, Bitung City and Tomohon City. The bricks taken to be used as samples are pressed bricks. Brick samples that have been taken from these three cities, are then tested in the laboratory. From the test results in the laboratory, it is known that for the dimensions of the brick samples taken in Manado City and Bitung City, it has not met the brick size standards based on SNI 03-0349-1989, namely the brick length of 390 mm (+3&-5), width 190 mm (+2) with a thickness of 100 mm. The bricks taken from Tomohon City for length mostly meet the existing standards with width and thickness that have not met but are close to the standard. The results of the compressive strength test for brick samples are only brick samples in Malalayang sub-district that meet the standards, including quality IV-III of 30.67 kg / cm2. None of the brick samples taken from Bitung City and Tomohon City met the compressive strength standards. Keywords: Brick, Building Material, SNI 03-0349-1989
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Ahmad, Aftab, and Luai Al-Hadhrami. "Thermal performance and economic assessment of masonry bricks." Thermal Science 13, no. 4 (2009): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904221a.
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The objective of this study was to assess the thermal performance and economic assessment of different types of clay and concrete masonry brick wall samples used in building construction. In this study, eighteen types of clay bricks and two types of concrete bricks were analyzed for thermal performance. The bricks were classified and grouped based on the brick configuration, material, and size. The analysis of the results shows that the equivalent thermal conductivity does not depend only on the brick material and configuration but also on the brick thickness. The bricks having same configuration and size, the equivalent thermal conductivity variation is large depending on the type of material used, especially for concrete brick. In general, the brick with lesser thickness has lower conductivity as compared to those having higher thickness. However, the effect of brick length on equivalent thermal conductivity is insignificant. The economic analysis showed that the insulated clay brick type 16 is the most economical brick among the types of brick studied. Moreover, it is worthwhile to note that the net present value of normal concrete brick (type 19) is reduced by about 45% by making the concrete brick lightweight (type 20).
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Aqwam, Adhi, Asryadin Asryadin, Muhammad Ichwanul Muslimin, et al. "Non-Burning Bricks with Natural Materials Environmentally Friendly." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 7 (2023): 5782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i7.4718.
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The city of Bima is an area that produces quite a lot of bricks with favorable natural conditions, most of the area consists of rice fields and has a soil texture suitable for making bricks. Red brick is the most widely produced type of brick with a total of 20,000 bricks per month and its use has a negative impact on the environment because it produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which pollute the air and contribute to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming, also as a result of burning bricks. . Based on this, researchers are trying to conduct research related to building materials in Bima City in the form of brick innovations with more environmentally friendly basic materials. The research was carried out using a true experiment and cross sectional approach using conventional bricks as a standard for quality comparison. Descriptive analysis was chosen as the method of analysis in this study. From the results of brick quality tests, all brick formulas met the requirements for water content (<15%), four of the six formulas met the compressive strength requirements based on SNI. The average compressive strength of the four formulas is >5 MPa and meets the Indonesian national brick breaking strength standard (SNI-0021-78). The most significant advantage seen from brick products without burning is the lower water content than conventional bricks and is more environmentally friendly because it uses natural materials and is obtained at competitive prices
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Aqwam, Adhi, Asryadin Asryadin, Muhammad Ichwanul Muslimin, et al. "Non-Burning Bricks with Natural Materials Environmentally Friendly." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 7 (2023): 5782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i7.4718.
Full textAbstract:
The city of Bima is an area that produces quite a lot of bricks with favorable natural conditions, most of the area consists of rice fields and has a soil texture suitable for making bricks. Red brick is the most widely produced type of brick with a total of 20,000 bricks per month and its use has a negative impact on the environment because it produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which pollute the air and contribute to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming, also as a result of burning bricks. . Based on this, researchers are trying to conduct research related to building materials in Bima City in the form of brick innovations with more environmentally friendly basic materials. The research was carried out using a true experiment and cross sectional approach using conventional bricks as a standard for quality comparison. Descriptive analysis was chosen as the method of analysis in this study. From the results of brick quality tests, all brick formulas met the requirements for water content (<15%), four of the six formulas met the compressive strength requirements based on SNI. The average compressive strength of the four formulas is >5 MPa and meets the Indonesian national brick breaking strength standard (SNI-0021-78). The most significant advantage seen from brick products without burning is the lower water content than conventional bricks and is more environmentally friendly because it uses natural materials and is obtained at competitive prices
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Zilivinskaya, Emma D. "Mausoleums of the Eastern Regions of the Golden Horde." Golden Horde Review 12, no. 1 (2024): 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-1.91-124.
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The purpose of the study: To consider the composition of architecture in the eastern regions of the Golden Horde, using the example of monuments of memorial architecture. As well, to trace regional differences and the influence of various architectural schools and building traditions on the emergence and development of mausoleum forms. Research materials: Mausoleums which are the most numerous type of monumental architecture explored throughout the territory of the Golden Horde. The paper considers both archaeological sites and various images of mausoleums: drawings of the 18th–19th centuries and photographs of the early 20th century. Results and scientific novelty: The work collects and examines all the mausoleums of the eastern regions of the Golden Horde. The review shows that among all the buildings, based on construction technology, two directions of architecture can be distinguished – construction from stone and construction from brick (burnt and adobe). An analysis of the types of planning, construction techniques, and architectural details of mausoleums and construction equipment leads to the conclusion that several directions can be traced in the composition of memorial architecture. In their architectonics, the stone mausoleums of the Urals are closely related to the architecture of Volga Bulgaria which, in turn, arose under the strong influence of Seljuk Asia Minor and to some extent Transcaucasia. Most of the mausoleums are built of baked and mud bricks. Among them, a group of cubic mausoleums with a hipped dome on a drum and a massive portal stands out. These buildings find direct analogies among the monuments of Central Asia, primarily Khorezm. A group of tower or pyramidal mausoleums are buildings of an archaic appearance that replicate the memorial monuments of the Turks. Also in the eastern regions, two-chamber mausoleums were built, consisting of a room for rituals (ziyarat-khane) and a tomb (gur-khane). Mausoleums of this type have no direct analogues outside the Golden Horde and are a creative reworking of already known schemes.
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Khalil, Wasan I., Qias J. Frayyeh, and Mahmood F. Ahmed. "Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Pavement Bricks." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 11A (2020): 1706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i11a.1699.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility to recycled and reused of waste clay brick and waste plastic as constituents in the production of green Geopolymer concrete paving bricks. Powder of clay brick waste (WBP) was used as a partial replacement of Metakaolin (MK) in Geopolymer binder. Moreover, recycled clay brick waste aggregate (BA) and plastic waste aggregate (PL) were incorporated as coarse aggregate in mixtures of Metakaolin based Geopolymer concrete (MK-GPC) pavement bricks. Six types of mixtures were prepared and cast as pavement bricks with dimensions of 150×150×100 mm. All samples have been tested for compressive strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance at age of 28 days; and compared the results with the requirements of Iraqi specification No.1606-2006. The MK-GPC pavement bricks present a compressive strength of 31-47MPa, water absorption of 3.66% to5.32% and abrasion resistance with groove length between 21.78mm to 18.91 mm. These types of pavement bricks are classified as a medium to light capacity for weight loading, and it is possible to be used in wide range of paving applications, especially in aggressive wearing environment.
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Arshad, Mohd Fadzil, Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani, Anuar Abdul Wahab, et al. "Potential of Coal Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregates in The Production of Lightweight Brick." Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jscet.v1i1.42-49.
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The use of coal bottom ash, a by-product from the coal burning process in lightweight bricks production is getting more attention worldwide including in Malaysia. The main objective of this research is to assess the extended potential of bottom ash to produce lightweight bricks. The green technology-based lightweight bricks in this study are designed using the by-product resulting from the burning of pulverized coal in thermal power plants for electric power generations. The burning of pulverized coal was questioned extensively over the last decades due to the carbon dioxide emission which is about 2.0 billion tons annually. These lightweight bricks are produced from the combination of specifically graded bottom ash, classified pozzolanic ashes, fine aggregates, Ordinary Portland Cement, and water. The lightweight bricks were subjected to a few laboratory assessments including compressive strength test, density test, and water absorption test. It was observed that the C2 brick and C3 brick at 60% and 100% addition of bottom ash, respectively had comparable compressive strength with other commercialized bricks (cement-sand brick and clay brick). The addition of coal bottom ash also produces the lowest density of the bricks which is about 1.2 kg/m3. Comparison with other commercialized bricks available in the market in terms of compressive strength, density, and water absorption indicated that the bottom ash-based bricks are stronger and lighter. A comprehensive selection of good quality materials and the selected mix design produced an acceptable quality of bricks that can be considered as part of the actual construction materials. Thus, with the production of this light and strong brick, the volume of the coal ash waste that was dumped in the landfill will be substantially reduced and simultaneously the lighter bricks will reduce the dead loads supported by the main structures of the building.
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Shen, Yueqian, Roderik Lindenbergh, Jinguo Wang, and Vagner G. Ferreira. "Extracting Individual Bricks from a Laser Scan Point Cloud of an Unorganized Pile of Bricks." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (2018): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111709.
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Bricks are the vital component of most masonry structures. Their maintenance is critical to the protection of masonry buildings. Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (TLidar) systems provide massive point cloud data in an accurate and fast way. TLidar enables us to sample and store the state of a brick surface in a practical way. This article aims to extract individual bricks from an unorganized pile of bricks sampled by a dense point cloud. The method automatically segments and models the individual bricks. The methodology is divided into five main steps: Filter needless points, brick boundary points removal, coarse segmentation using 3D component analysis, planar segmentation and grouping, and brick reconstruction. A novel voting scheme is used to segment the planar patches in an effective way. Brick reconstruction is based on the geometry of single brick and its corresponding nominal size (length, width and height). The number of bricks reconstructed is around 75%. An accuracy assessment is performed by comparing 3D coordinates of the reconstructed vertices to the manually picked vertices. The standard deviations of differences along x, y and z axes are 4.55 mm, 4.53 mm and 4.60 mm, respectively. The comparison results indicate that the accuracy of reconstruction based on the introduced methodology is high and reliable. The work presented in this paper provides a theoretical basis and reference for large scene applications in brick-like structures. Meanwhile, the high-accuracy brick reconstruction lays the foundation for further brick displacement estimation.
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S., Divya, Nithya K., Manoj Kumar S., and Saravanakumar K. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOIL CEMENT BRICKS AND CHARACTERISTICS COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY WALL." International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education Special Issue, April 2017 (2017): 226–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.574914.
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This research is intended to provide detailed technical and economic information on the production of compressed cement stabilised soil bricks. These include information on suitable soil types, local stabilisers, stabilization techniques, production of compressed stabilized soil bricks and their economical value and potential. Critical review of related literatures show that soil types, proportions between soil and stabilizer and compaction pressure applied to the moist soil mix affects the quality of the compressed soil brick. Since the soil used to manufacture the stabilized soil bricks are abundantly available all around the Tamil Nadu. Laboratory tests conducted on Perundurai area soil provided more precise and detailed information on the soils grading, plasticity, chemical composition and the result proved the soil’s suitability for brick production. Using the Ordinary Portland Cement manufactured as stabilizer and soil sample from Perundurai, three different series of tests were prepared based on literature recommendations. Tests were conducted on soil bricks performance like compressive strength and water absorption on which the durability of the blocks depend. The effects of compaction pressure on the quality of the soil bricks, the optimum cement content for stabilization and cost comparison with hollow concrete bricks are prepared. The performance characteristics of local stabilizers are evaluated and comparisons are made. The investigation has revealed that from the bricks produced at the varying cement contents from 12% in increments of 2% up to 16% at constant compressive pressure of 10MPa, all the blocks except bricks produced by 16% cement have 21<sup>st</sup>day wet compressive strength values well above most of the recommended minimum values for use in structural work. Thus 16% cement is taken as optimum cement content for stabilization of Tamil Nadu soil for brick production. Further increasing cement content results in an increase in the compressive strength value and a decrease in the absorption capacity of the soil brick. Increment of the compaction pressure also improves the compressive strength of soil cement brick. Comparisons of the effects of local brick masonry and soil brickmasonry showed that soil brick masonry has shown better stabilization effect based on the 21<sup>st</sup>day compressive strength of bricks. The cost comparison with the conventional wall making material, hollow concrete bricks, has revealed that compressed cement stabilized soil brick is preferred because it is more economical walling material lin itself and permits the use of economical building techniques.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Jun-Jian Koo, Chee-Ming Chan, Noor Khazanah A Rahman, Salina Sani, and Nur Faezah Yahya. "NON-FIRED LATERITE SOIL BRICKS WITH NA-BASED STABILIZER ADDITION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (2024): 010304(1–14). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-03-e02270.
Full textAbstract:
Fired bricks are widely used, but they are energy-intensive and non-eco-friendly. Non-fired bricks with chemical stabilisers can be the alternative solution, which is a low-energy-intensive and environmentally friendly manufacturing product. Laterite soil can be the raw material for the synthesis of non-fired clay brick in sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution. However, it may have been mixed with other laterite soils with different optimum moisture contents and grain sizes during extraction. Thus, the mixing ratio of laterite soil, Na-based stabilisers, and water for non-fired brick production is determined. Besides, two types of laterite soil, LAT 1 and LAT 2, from different locations were prepared, and another type of laterite soil, LAT 3, was prepared by mixing LAT 1 and LAT 2. Both three are compared primarily in terms of compressive strength and water absorption, which are mixed with the Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio. As a result, the new mixing ratio with increased water content was determined based on the optimum moisture content of the soil. Besides, the optimum mixing ratio of each type of brick was determined. Overall, based on the Malaysian standard, all types of brick samples from each ratio could be used as load-bearing class 1 and internal wall bricks. Additionally, LAT 2 and LAT 3-based bricks with a ratio of 1.5 Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio can be used as load-bearing brick class 2.
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Mou, Yu, Sisi Han, Yanrong Zhang, Kai Wu, and Xinrui Shen. "Numerical Analysis of Incinerator Refractory Brick with Coupled Parameters Based on Thermodynamic Theory." Materials 18, no. 4 (2025): 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040824.
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The selection of refractory bricks significantly impacts the operational performance of brick structures in high-temperature environments. In this study, a coupled thermal stress model of a refractory brick structure was established and validated by means of thermal expansion experiments. This paper innovatively combined the brick number, brick thickness, and brick material to investigate their influence on brick structural performance. The results indicated that the influence of the brick number on the temperature was less significant than that of brick thickness. However, the brick number had a greater effect on vertical displacement and principal compressive stress than brick thickness, with the maximum differences being 342.3% and 28.9%. Compared to brick thickness, brick material had a more significant effect on vertical displacement and principal compressive stress, with the maximum differences being 77.1% and 67.4%. Additionally, the influence of brick material properties on vertical displacement and principal compressive stress was greater than that of the brick number, with the maximum differences being 77.6% and 65%. Therefore, when selecting refractory bricks, it is advisable to consider the brick material first, the brick number second, and the brick thickness last. This study offers theoretical guidance for refractory brick structure design and material selection in high-temperature applications.
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Muhammad, Abdul Kadir, Muhammad Arsyad, and A. M. Anzarih. "Peningkatan Produksi Pengrajin Batu Bata Melalui Perbaikan Proses Pencetakan." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 4, no. 2 (2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v4i2.152.
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The purpose of this study is to improve theproduction process of brick craftsmen. Brick production processconsists of four stages: printing, drying, burning, and cooling. Ofthe four stages, which will be completed in this research is theprocess of printing bricks. The printing process still uses simpleequipment that is a rectangular wooden beam with a size of 20cm x 10 cm x 5 cm. The printing process includes: preparation ofraw materials by hoeing the soil, making the dough by tramplingto the shape of a paste, printing using a printing tool. For thismethod, for 4 people craftsmen can print bricks as much as 2,000pieces / day (8 hours work / day). The number of bricks is idealfor once combustion of 40,000 pieces. For reach that amount ittakes 20 days. The method applied in improving the productionprocess of brick craftsmen is the application of brick machine.The operation of the brick printing machine requires 4 personswith their respective functions: 1 person to insert the soil into theprinting machine, 1 person to cut the brick bar, 1 person to movethe bricks from the printing machine, 1 person to bring thebricks to the drying place. Based on the result of the test, it isconcluded that by using the brick machine, the dough making iseasier and shorter, the production capacity increased to 6,780bricks / day, the time required for the production of 40,000 piecesof bricks is 6 days.
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Adnan, Suraya Hani, Nurain Izzati Mohd Yassin, Shahiron Shahidan, et al. "Concrete Brick Properties Incorporating EPS and POFA as Replacement Materials." Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science 77, no. 1 (2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arms.77.1.1425.
Full textAbstract:
The implementation of sustainable construction and green building becomes the main attention of construction industries in Malaysia as it has been introduced by the government in the Construction Industry Transformation Programme (2016-2020). Therefore, this study focuses on the development of sustainable concrete bricks containing Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as sand and cement substitute materials. The percentage of replacement is 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for EPS and 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% for POFA. There are 30 different mix designs of brick have been produced and their properties have been identified. Hardened brick density, compressive strength, water absorption and initial rate of absorption are the brick properties identified in this study. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the hardened brick density and compressive strength of the brick decreased as the replacement percentage increased. On the other hand, the water absorption and initial rate of absorption of the brick decreased as the percentage of EPS increased and increased as the percentage of POFA increased. Based on the findings, it shows that EPS and POFA has significantly contributes to the reduction of brick density. Next, for the compressive strength all the bricks have satisfied the minimum strength requirement of non-load bearing brick. Finally, for water absorption and initial rate of absorption, it has been found that majority of the bricks have an acceptable value based on standard requirements for brick. This can be concluded that EPS and POFA could be potential substitute materials for the manufacture of sustainable bricks.
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Ali Rahman, Zulfahmi, Aifahana Syamimie Mohd Suhaimi, Wan Mohd Razi Idris, and Tukimat Lihan. "Developing and Mechanical Properties of Low Fired and Geopolymer Bricks from Drinking Water Sludge with Different Contents of Added Fly Ash." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 12 (2022): 4071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5112-16.
Full textAbstract:
Raw water treatment and coal-based power generation facilities produce a high level of waste to the environment annually. A low recycling scheme has worsened the situation and wastes usually end up in a landfill. Further environmental degradation could be prevented by re-utilising wastes for the production of alternative bricks. Additionally, the development of low-fired brick from wastes can comparatively reduce energy consumption during the firing stage. Geopolymer has successfully replaced ordinary portland cement (OPC) without bargaining its mechanical quality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fly ash (FA) content and geopolymerization on mechanical characteristics of brick developed from drinking water sludge (DWS). A set of brick samples was fired at 500 °C while another set of samples was prepared under a high alkaline condition to produce geopolymer bricks. Resultantly, both sets of samples demonstrated a decrease in linear shrinkage and increased density with more content of FA. For fired brick samples, the water absorption decreased from 38.6% to 33.3% before rising again at 45% of FA content. However, a continuous decrease was displayed by geopolymer brick as FA increased. The compressive strength of fired bricks showed a decreasing trend as FA content increased and vice versa for the geopolymer brick. The compressive strength of geopolymer bricks increased from 1.22 MPa to 3.63 MPa at 45% of FA content. Comparatively, geopolymer bricks demonstrated higher strength than fired bricks. These results reflect the advantage of the incorporated wastes and geopolymerisation in developing alternative brick for sustainable resources and a better environment.