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1
Gavurníková, Soňa, Michaela Havrlentová, Ľubomír Mendel, Iveta Čičová, Magdaléna Bieliková, and Ján Kraic. "Parameters of Wheat Flour, Dough, and Bread Fortified by Buckwheat and Millet Flours." Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 57, no. 4 (2011): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10207-011-0015-y.
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Parameters of Wheat Flour, Dough, and Bread Fortified by Buckwheat and Millet FloursThe composite flours were created from basic wheat flour and from buckwheat and millet flours used as additives in the weight ratio of 5-30%. Basic technological parameters of flours (ash content, wet gluten, gluten swelling, sedimentation index, falling number), rheological properties of dough, and sensory parameters of baked bread loaves (weight, specific volume, aroma, taste, structure) were studied. Additives influenced all traits of flours, doughs, and baked breads. From the technological and sensory points of view, baked breads with the addition of buckwheat were accepted up to the addition of 20% and breads with millet up to 5% (even though taste and flavour were accepted up to 15% addition).
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Saunders, J. A., Kurt A. Rosentrater, and P. G. Krishnan. "Analysis of Corn Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS) / Flour Mixtures, and Subsequent Bread Baking Trials." Journal of Food Research 3, no. 3 (2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v3n3p78.
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<p>Grains offer a variety of nutrients; it is thought that through the addition of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) the fiber and protein in baked products may be improved. In this study, all-purpose flour and bread flour were tested with various DDGS substitution levels (0%, 25%, or 50% flour substitution) with the dough conditioner sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) (0%, 0.15%, or 0.3% flour weight basis). SSL is surfactant produced from reacting stearic acid with food grade lactic acid in the presence of sodium. Overall, as the substitution level of DDGS increased, so did protein, moisture, ash, and Hunter-a values. Peak height, side height, width, and length of baked loaves decreased as DDGS quantity increased, however. Baked bread containing SSL had enhanced quality, with increasing dough strength, rate of hydration, mixing tolerance, crumb strength, loaf volume, and shelf life. Overall, 25-50% DDGS substitution appeared to have a negative effect on physical features despite the fact that the nutrient content was enhanced. Less than 25% DDGS had minimal negative effects on bread properties.</p>
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Bojňanská, T., H. Frančáková, P. Chlebo, and A. Vollmannová. "Rutin Content in Buckwheat Enriched Bread and Influence of its Consumption on Plasma Total Antioxidant Status." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (2009): S236—S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/967-cjfs.
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The goal of this study is the evaluation of enriched bread prepared with an addition of buckwheat as a source of biologically active components in nutrition. Experimental pastry was baked using buckwheat wholegrain flour blended with wheat flour in different portions (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) in order to observe the influence of buckwheat addition on dough processing and the quality of the final baked products. Taking into account the overall acceptability rating, it was concluded that bread with an addition of up to 30% of buckwheat could be baked with satisfactory evaluation results. The content of rutin in loaves in a consumable form prepared with a buckwheat addition varied between 7.76 mg/kg and 26.90 mg/kg. The clinical study which followed the baking experiment was based on the consumption of enriched bread (30% buckwheat, between 34.7 mg/kg and 38.2 mg/kg rutin content in dry matter) by a group of volunteers during a period of four weeks. The results approved the increase of the total antioxidant status thanks to the buckwheat enriched bread consumption from the value of 1.135 ± 0.066 mmol/dm<sup>3</sup> at the beginning of the study to 1.46 ± 0.083 mmol/dm<sup>3</sup> at the end of the study, i.e. significant differences.
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Awoyale, Wasiu, Adebayo Abass, and Bussie Maziya-Dixon. "Retention of pro-vitamin A carotenoid in composite bread baked with high quality cassava flour from yellow-fleshed cassava root." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 8, no. 9 (2018): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v8i9.534.
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Background: As one of the most widely consumed foods, bread is one of the most important agricultural products. Bread made from high-quality cassava flour is consumed in some parts of Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). The bread has no pro-vitamin S carotenoids (pVAC) due to the use of artificial colorants. Consequently, there is a need for the use of pVAC rich foods for bread production. Foods that are rich with pro-vitamin A carotenoids can be converted into retinol in the human body and whose bioconversion contributes to the reduction of vitamin A deficiency diseases (VAD). VAD has caused annual loss of life in SSA, especially in Nigeria. The yellow-fleshed cassava root might contribute to the reduction of this disease. The high quality yellow cassava flour (YHQCF) produced from yellow-fleshed cassava root may contribute to the pVAC composition of bread. As a result, there is a need for the evaluation of the retention of pVAC in composite bread baked with high quality cassava flour from yellow-fleshed cassava roots. Methods: The YHQCF was produced from TMS01/1368 cassava variety. The bread loaves consisted of 20% and 100% YHQCF and were produced by mixing the sugar, margarine, yeast, improver, and salt with the composite flour and YHQCF respectively, after which water was added and mixed to get the homogenous dough. The dough was proofed for 2.5 hours, kneaded, cut into shape, placed in a lubricated baking pan, and baked at 200oC for 30 min. Analyses of the pro-vitamin A (cis and trans-β carotene) and dry matter content were carried out on all the samples, including samples from the YHQCF production steps using standard methods. The samples from the YHQCF production steps were chosen and analyzed for pVAC in order to check the levels of degradation of the pVAC from the raw cassava root to using the root for flour production and the quantity of pVAC retained when 100% of the YHQCF is used for bread production compared to 20% composite. The β-carotene nutrient retention of the bread was also calculated.Results: The results demonstrated how the total pVAC content of the raw yellow-fleshed cassava root was 16.83 µg/g dry basis with 29% dry matter (DM) content. Subsequent processing by peeling, washing, grating, and dewatering into granules (56% DM) caused 48% reduction in the pVAC content which was reduced to 40% after drying and milling the dried grits into YHQCF (97% DM). Preparation of recipe for bread demonstrated how the 20% composite flour dough (61% DM) contained 0.29 µg/g db pVAC representing 1.72% retention, which was later reduced to 0.25 µg/g db pVAC or 1.49% retention after baking (62%DM). On the other hand, bread loaves baked from 100% YHQCF (67% DM) retained 0.74 µg/g db pVAC representing 4.40% of the 16.83 µg/g db pVAC in the starting raw material. Conclusions: The bread produced from 100% YHQCF may contribute to the pro-vitamin A status of bread consumers in SSA more than the 20% YHQCF composite. However, both bread samples are low in pVAC. In order to attain the required retinol equivalent level after bioconversion in the human body, consumption of other foods rich in vitamin A would be required to attain the required retinol equivalent level after bioconversion in the human body but can be enhanced if consumed with other foods rich in vitamin A.Keywords: High quality cassava flour; composite flour; Bread; Pro-vitamin A carotenoid; Nutrition
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Belcar, Justyna, Anna Sobczyk, Tomasz R. Sekutowski, Sławomir Stankowski, and Józef Gorzelany. "Evaluation of Flours from Ancient Varieties of Wheat (Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt) used in Production of Bread." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 25, no. 1 (2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2021-0005.
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Abstract The study investigates rheological properties of dough and baking process made from flour obtained by milling grains from ancient varieties of wheat (einkorn, emmer and spelt), compared to common wheat flour dough (Arkadia variety). The findings show that einkorn flour dough and emmer flour dough present poor tolerance to mechanical processing and prolonged fermentation. These types of dough should be mixed through relatively short, and fermentation time should not exceed 80 minutes for einkorn dough and 45 minutes in the case of emmer dough. In the case of spelt flour dough, the optimum duration of mechanical processing and fermentation amounted to 10 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. In terms of technological and baking parameters, spelt flour was most similar to the flour obtained by milling conventional wheat, and the superiority of the former was in fact identified in the case of selected factors. A one-stage method was used in the baking process and the bread was then subjected to organoleptic and physicochemical assessments and to texture profile analysis (TPA). Measurements were also performed to determine the indicators reflecting the quality of the baking processes, including dough yield, baking loss and bread yield. The physical parameters of the bread produced were significantly related to the wheat variety. The loaves made from einkorn and spelt flour were of good quality, comparable to the bread made from the conventional wheat, while their baking quality indicators were satisfying. Bread dough made from emmer flour did not meet the required parameters mainly related to the organoleptic assessment and selected physical properties of the bread crumb. However, the one-stage production method should not be applied to doughs made from emmer flour. Given the specific characteristics of the breads produced from the ancient wheat varieties, including their pleasant taste and aroma, as well as attractive colour in the case of einkorn bread, these baked products may be an interesting addition to the assortment of breads on offer from bakeries, restaurants and agritourist farms.
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Suhasini. K, Suhasini K., Jagadeesh S. Sanganal, Phani A. R. Phani A.R, et al. "Synthesis, Characterisation of Azathioprine Loaded Chitosan based Nanoparticles." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 7 (2012): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/july2014/87.
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Gao, De Zhong, Gan Wei Cai, Hui Shi, and Yu Chen Pan. "Adjacency Matrix Based Analysis on a Novel Metamorphic Manual Operation Sugarcane Loader." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1529.
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Sugarcane loader is a kind of agricultural machinery for sugarcane transport. Traditional sugarcane loaders are mostly hydraulic type powered by diesel engine, which is difficult to promote in small producing unit, because of its big size and high maintenance costs. A manual operation sugarcane loader with metamorphic function invented by the research of metamorphic mechanism applied to sugarcane loaders can change its topological structures according to different needs of work tasks. The grabbing and raising task of sugarcane can be done by a single operator action. This paper introduces the source-metamorphic mechanism of the sugarcane loader, as well as the metamorphic ways. Use the adjacency matrix to describe the topology changes of different work tasks and to analysis the principles and characteristics of configuration.
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Zhang, Shuanghong, Lei Yu, and Guohua Song. "Emissions Characteristics for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Under Different Loads Based on Vehicle-Specific Power." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2627, no. 1 (2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2627-09.
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Both operating modes and emissions factors for heavy-duty diesel (HDD) trucks were analyzed under different loads to understand the effect of vehicle loads on emissions. Second-by-second speed data for different loads for HDD trucks were collected first. Then a method for calculating the vehicle-specific power (VSP) values and an emissions model for heavy-duty vehicles by using the VSP value were developed to evaluate the effect of different vehicle loads. The VSP distributions and emissions characteristics for fully loaded and unloaded trucks were analyzed and compared. The results illustrate that the fully loaded vehicles spent more time driving in steady modes and the time percentage of VSP values in the bin of 0 kW/ton for fully loaded trucks was lower than the percentage for unloaded trucks. However, the time percentage at the positive VSP value was significantly higher than the percentage for the unloaded trucks. The emissions factors of fully loaded trucks were significantly higher than those of unloaded trucks. Emissions factors were affected the most at speed intervals of 20 to 40 km/h, with emissions factors for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon, and particulate matter (PM) at 20.4%, 23.5%, 29.0%, 11.7%, and 9.4% higher, respectively, than those levels for unloaded vehicles. With an increase of travel speed, the impact of the load on emissions weakened. Vehicle loads had the greatest effect on emissions of NOx, followed by emissions of CO. PM emissions were the least affected by vehicle loads. The impact of vehicle loads on emissions was affected by different acceleration behaviors under different loads.
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Onikiienko, Serhii, Mykhailo Dyba, and Iuliia Gernego. "Econometric modelling of bank activities: value-based approach to the problem loans terms’ rescheduling." SHS Web of Conferences 107 (2021): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110709002.
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The permanent state of the financial crisis has predictably brought to the forefront such traditional problem of banking as problem loans. This research aims to work out an econometric approach to the solution of the problem of loans terms’ rescheduling. For this purpose, we, firstly, treated credit as a bank’s investment project with cashflows’ chart including initial outflow (principal) and following inflows represented by loan payments. Secondly, we combined the schematic representation of loan’s cashflows with NPV formula accustomed to loan’s cashflows and it allowed to create the econometric models for three types of loan: classic, annuity, serial. Thirdly, for the case when borrower breaks a loan’s payment schedule and it leads to the reduction of loan’s NPV and loss of the wealth of bank’s shareholders, respectively, we outlined special compensative models of cashflows where default in payment is interpreted by the lender as an additional forced loan. We suggested modifying the loan terms (interest rate or effective period of the loan agreement) for the rest of payment periods. Fourthly, we laid the special compensative models of forced loans’ cashflows a top corresponded initial cashflows of loans and this has made it possible to get formulas calculating the modified interest rate and the additional number of loans’ payment periods with the aid of backward calculation. As a result, we developed the econometric models of the loan terms’ modifications based on the prolongation of the initial credit period and the increasing of the initial interest rate.
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Ma, Wenxing, Yubo Zhang, Chunbao Liu, and Songlin Wang. "Prediction Method of the Fuel Consumption of Wheel Loaders in the V-Type Loading Cycle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/538176.
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Wheel loaders in the V-type loading cycle are characterized by complicated loading conditions, nonlinear power-train system, and time-variable engine power distribution. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the fuel consumption of wheel loaders in the V-type loading cycle. The static matching methods cannot provide fuel consumption prediction for the loading cycle. In this paper, the prediction method and model of the fuel consumption for wheel loaders in the V-type loading cycle were proposed. Firstly, the hydraulic system data were tested when a wheel loader loaded three different materials in a typical V-type loading cycle. Secondly, the tested data were filtered by the 8th-order Butterworth filter and the dimensionless power deduction equations of hydraulic power system for loading three different materials were obtained by Gaussian and linear fitting based on the filtered data in the loading cycle. Finally, fuel consumption was obtained with the compiling dynamic calculation program as well as input parameters of tested vehicle speed, throttle parameter, and the dimensionless equation. The simulation results agreed well with experiment results. Dynamic calculation program is applicable to calculate loading economy and can provide academic guidance for wheel loader’s design and optimization.
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Wang, Xin, Guohua Song, Zhiqiang Zhai, Yizheng Wu, Hang Yin, and Lei Yu. "Effects of Vehicle Load on Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks: A Study Based on Real-World Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (2021): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083877.
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Vehicle loads have significant impacts on the emissions of heavy-duty trucks, even in the same traffic conditions. Few studies exist covering the differences in emissions of diesel semi-trailer towing trucks (DSTTTs) with different loads, although these vehicles have a wide load range. In this context, the operating modes and emission rates of DSTTTs were analyzed under varying loads scenarios to understand the effect of vehicle loads on emission factors. First, second-by-second field speed data and emission data of DSTTTs with different loads were collected. Then, the methods for calculating the scaled tractive power (STP) and the emissions model for DSTTTs were proposed to evaluate the effect of different loading scenarios. The STP distributions, emission rate distributions, and emission factor characteristics of different loaded trucks were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that the STP distributions of DSTTTs that under the unloaded state were more narrow than those under fully loaded or overloaded conditions. The emission rates of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) for DSTTTs under a fully loaded state were significantly higher than those under an unloaded state. However, due to the influence of exhaust temperature, the emission rates of nitrogen oxides (NOx) among fully loaded trucks were lower than those under the unloaded state when STP bin was above 4 kW/ton. The emission factors of CO2, CO, THC, and NOx for fully loaded trucks demonstrated the largest increases at low-speed intervals (0–30 km/h), which rose by 96.2%, 47.9%, 27.8%, and 65.2%, respectively.
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Zhao, Huanyu, Guoqiang Wang, Weidong Lv, Yue Cao, and Xuefei Li. "Optimization of hydropneumatic suspension for articulated wheel loader based on kriging model and particle swarm algorithm." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 11 (2018): 168781401881064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018810648.
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Articulated wheel loaders that travel on unstructured roads experience severe vibration and poor stability. Introducing suspended axles on wheel loaders, which are traditionally constructed without wheel suspension, is desirable for ride comfort. This study mainly focuses on the parameter optimization of the hydropneumatic suspension to obtain the minimum root mean square of vertical accelerations under different driving conditions, thereby improving the ride comfort of the wheel loader. The multibody model of the wheel loader with hydropneumatic suspension was developed by RecurDyn in co-simulation with MATLAB/Simulink. The vertical acceleration root mean square at the seat position was analyzed when the wheel loader was traveling on class C, D, and E roads with different travel speeds. The surrogate model of the vertical acceleration root mean square with respect to the suspension parameters was established based on kriging method. The established surrogate model was then optimized using particle swarm optimization algorithm. The optimization results of the hydropneumatic suspension parameters of the wheel loader under different road excitations and driving speeds were obtained. Simulation and optimization results show that a well-designed hydropneumatic suspension system can significantly improve wheel loader performance in reducing the vertical acceleration at the seat position compared to a suspension system without optimization.
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Lyu, Chang, Zhao Yanqing, and Lyu Meng. "Loader power-split transmission system based on a planetary gear set." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (2018): 168781401774773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017747735.
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In hydraulic mechanical transmission loaders, a hydraulic torque converter can prevent an engine from stalling due to overloading of the loader during the spading process; however, the hydraulic torque converter also reduces the loader’s fuel economy because of its low transmission efficiency. To address this issue, the study designs an output-power-split transmission system that is applied to a hybrid loader. The designed transmission system removes the hydraulic torque converter in the power transmission system of a traditional loader and adopts a planetary gear set with a compact structure as the dynamic coupling element, thus allowing the output power of the loader to be split transmitted. During shoveling, the loader power-split transmission system based on a planetary gear set can prevent the motor from plugging and over-burning under conditions that ensure that the traction does not decrease. In addition, the transmission efficiency and loader fuel economy are higher in the proposed transmission system than in the power transmission system of a traditional loader. The test results show that the transmission efficiency of the designed system was 13.2% higher than that of the traditional hydraulic mechanical transmission loader.
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Chen, Yan Hui, and Yi Hua Hu. "Platform Configuration Method of the Wheel Loader Products Based on the Customers’ Demands." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1949.
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This paper presents a kind of the platform configuration method of the wheel loader products based on the customers’ demands. This method first analyzes the customers’ demands for the wheel loaders and divides it into two major categories of the binding demand and selective demand, then performs the optional configuration for the modular product platform based on the customers’ binding demand, the similar matrix of the platform configuration of the wheel loaders is established and the similarity between the customers’ demand set and the product platforms is calculated to carry out the optimized configuration for the product platforms, finally an example of the product platform configuration of the wheel loaders is given.
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Li, Xuefei, Chao Duan, Kun Bai, and Zongwei Yao. "Operating Performance of Pure Electric Loaders with Different Types of Motors Based on Simulation Analysis." Energies 14, no. 3 (2021): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030617.
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The electrification of loader designs can utilise several power motor types. Hence, this study investigates the operational performance of pure electric-powered loaders matched with three types of motors. Firstly, for the ZL08 loader, it is proposed that a pure electric-powered loader structure adopts two motors to drive the walking and hydraulic systems separately. Secondly, the dynamic parameters of the two motors were matched, and then, a joint vehicle dynamics model of the control system, the Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) module and the material Discrete Element Method (DEM) module, was established. Finally, the performance of the walking system with three motors was tested by inserting three materials and using accelerating and climbing methods. The operating performance of the hydraulic system was tested by shovelling and unloading three materials. Results show that when inserting difficult materials, the loader’s walking system with switched reluctance motors is 9.74–21.2% deeper than that with the other two motors and 11.7–56.2% faster at the same depth. The hydraulic system consumes 3–15.7% less energy when matched with a permanent magnet synchronous motor than the other two motors. Pure electric loaders have the best operating performance when the walking system is matched with a switched reluctance motor, and the hydraulic system is matched with a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
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Li Yang, 李阳, 王秀翃 Wang Xiuhong, 李艳艳 Li Yanyan, 于静文 Yu Jingwen та 王璞 Wang Pu. "金属有机框架载药平台光动力消融乳腺癌细胞". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, № 14 (2021): 1417002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.1417002.
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Meinen, Nadieh Elisabeth, Raphaël Daniël Johannes Maria Steenbergen, Bas Hofland, and Sebastiaan Nicolaas Jonkman. "Applicability of the Goda–Takahashi Wave Load Formula for Vertical Slender Hydraulic Structures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (2020): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110868.
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Vertical slender hydraulic structures such as sluices, navigation locks, or storm-surge barriers are often dynamically loaded by waves. For a safe and economic design, an accurate description of the wave loads is needed. A widely used formula for this purpose is the Goda–Takahashi wave load formula (GT). It was derived for the assessment of gravity-based caisson breakwaters. Due to its many advantages, the formula is also often employed for the assessment of vertical slender hydraulic structures, although its applicability to those type of structures was never fully demonstrated. This study provides insights in the applicability of GT for vertical slender hydraulic structures. This is done based on a literature review on the historical backgrounds of GT, and an investigation of several case-studies. In the case-studies, the equivalent-static wave loads for caisson breakwaters in scope of GT are compared with those for vertical slender hydraulic structures. The results show that GT can safely be applied for vertical slender hydraulic structures loaded by pulsating wave loads, but that systematic over- or under-estimations are expected for breaking or impact wave loads. For individual cases, differences up to 200% were obtained. These large over- or under-estimations underline the need for an improvement of the current design tools for vertical slender hydraulic structures loaded by breaking or impact wave loads.
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Li, Bin, Xin Tao, Yan Zhang, and Li Ze Xu. "Research of Loads State of the Upper Part of the Tower Crane Based on Guide Wheel Pressure of Climbing Frame." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.599.
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The force of tower crane is extremely complex when climbing, and climbing frame is the key to structure loaded by forces of climbing working condition, which supports all loads of the upper part of the tower crane when climbing. The guide wheels are arranged on climbing frame, and play the guiding role between climbing frame and tower body. The guide wheel pressure can reflect the upper horizontal loads and unbalanced moment, and climbing press reflects the upper vertical loads. This article is based on the climbing press and guide wheel pressure to analyze loads state of the upper part of the tower crane when climbing, ensure the upper load values in a safe range when the tower crane climbing.
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Bladyko, Y. V. "Mechanical Calculation of Flexible Wires Loaded with Concentrated Loads." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 2 (2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-2-103-115.
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Calculating of wires sag and tension under various modes is the task of mechanical calculation. The article derived formulas for the curve of the wire sag under the action of one or several concentrated forces and with various tensioning insulators strings in the span. Formulas for estimating the distance to the maximum sag have been obtained. Based on the length of the system of “first tension insulators string – conductors – second tension insulators string” that depends on the supporting beam reactions and beam lateral forces in the corresponding sections, the system load factor was determined taking into account structural elements for different climatic loads. The formulas to calculate the load factor for solving the equation of state in the case of different insulators strings in span loaded with one or several concentrated forces have been obtained. The resulting expressions can also be applied in case of horizontal wind loads; in this case the equation of state should take this component into account when calculating the resulting reduced load on the wire in an inclined plane. The reliability of the formulas was proved by the coincidence of the results for the particular case of the arrangement of the insulators strings. An algorithm for calculating sag under the combined action of vertical and horizontal loads, as well as in the case of the location of wire suspension points at different heights, is given. A formula has been proposed for estimating the sag increase factor due to the presence of concentrated forces uniformly distributed along the span and various insulator strings in the span. The dependence of the coefficient of increase of the sag on the distance to the concentrated force in the presence of one and two forces in the span is drawn.
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Alifanov, O. M., S. A. Budnik, A. V. Nenarokomov, and D. M. Titov. "Experimental testing of heat flux sensors based on the inverse problem technique." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 4 (2020): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-4-7-17.
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In final adjustment of thermally-loaded elements of space structures information on thermal loads (heat fluxes and surface temperatures) for the whole period of flight in the atmosphere is of primary importance. The level of temperature and the processes taking place on the surface of the heat shield do not always allow using conventional methods of measuring thermal loads. In this case determining thermal loads by the results of measuring the temperature at several points of elements of the heat shield structure is an alternative to direct measurements. The aim of this work is to develop and test sensors for measuring heat loading of thermal-protective coating of modern descent vehicles, as well as to test the developed methods of carrying out thermo-physical tests. Heat flux sensors for indestructible composite fibrous materials with a high degree of non-uniformity are described in the paper.
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Zhang, Yi, Li Chen, Jian Kui Zhao, and Chun Lin Peng. "Dynamic Analysis of Axially Loaded Beams under Arbitrary Transverse Force." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.247.
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A theoretical analytical solution on the linear responses of axially loaded beams subjected to arbitrary transverse impulsive loads was proposed in this paper, based on the Timoshenko’s beam theory. The equivalent matrix of frequency, matrix of loads and modified matrix of mass were established respectively. Furthermore, the affecting parameters of the beams such as length-depth ratio, axial compression ratio, boundary constraints and load conditions were discussed based on the analytical solution developed above, which were assumed subjected to the typical triangle impulsive loads. The results and conclusions were also helpful to the anti-blast analysis of columns
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Vatansever, Fahri, and Nedim Aktan Yalcin. "The Design of Harmonic Simulator based on Hartley Transform." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (2018): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.7.
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Increase in the number of nonlinear loads and devices in energy and power systems have raised harmonic distortion on voltage and current signals. Harmonics are one of the primary factors in determining power quality. Therefore, measurement and control of harmonics are crucial. Many methods have developed for harmonic analysis. In this study, a simulator which uses Hartley transform for determining harmonics is designed. Harmonic distributions and parameters of loaded/defined signals can be calculated accurately and effectively and obtained results can be displayed numerically and graphically with developed systems which have user friendly interface.
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Kaliappan, Kannan. "GSM based Energy Meter Monitoring and Load Control Via SMS using Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 5233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36157.
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The main objective of the project is to develop a GSM based energy meter reading system and load control through SMS. Electricity department sends employees to take meter reading every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job. The proposed project provides a convenient and efficient method to avoid this problem. The electricity department and the user can get the readings of the energy meter of consumers via SMS. The loads can also be controlled by the user of this system via SMS using this project. A microcontroller input is effectively interfaced to a digital energy meter that takes the reading from the energy meter and displays the same on an LCD. The reading of the energy meter is also sent to the control room by an SMS via SIM loaded GSM modem. This GSM modem can also receive commands from the cell phone to control the owner’s electrical loads. It uses a standard digital energy meter that delivers output pulses to the microcontroller to perform counting for necessary action. On receiving command it can switch ON/OFF the loads.
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Kocsis, Attila. "Buckling Analysis of the Discrete Planar Cosserat Rod." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 16, no. 03 (2016): 1450111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455414501119.
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In this paper, a discrete model of the planar Cosserat rod is presented. Based on the calculus of variations, the equilibrium equations of the model are derived for potential forces and hyperelastic material. Buckling of the structure under axial loading is thoroughly studied assuming linear elasticity. Dimensionless stiffness parameters are introduced, and analytical solutions are given for the critical loads and the corresponding buckled shapes of the model. Classification of the axially loaded structure is accomplished based on the number, sign, and physical admissibility of its buckling loads. It is revealed that the model can possess several buckling modes under tension.
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Liu, Chang, Haoming Shi, Yujun Cai, Shu Shen, and Dongtao Lin. "A NEW PRICING APPROACH FOR SME LOANS ISSUED BY COMMERCIAL BANKS BASED ON CREDIT SCORE MAPPING AND ARCHIMEDEAN COPULA SIMULATION." Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, no. 4 (2019): 618–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.9854.
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The traditional loans pricing methods are usually based on risk measures of individual loan’s characteristics without considering the correlation between the defaults of different loans and the contribution of individual loans to the entire loan portfolio. In this study, using account-level loans data of 2010-2016 abstracted from 2 databases kindly provided by a Chinese commercial bank, the authors choose Archimedean Copula to fit the default relationship between loans, combined with the loss distribution function constructed to measure the economic capital of the loan portfolio, to propose a loan pricing method that is more suitable for measuring the unique risk characteristic of SMEs loans. Empirical evidence shows that compared with the traditional loan pricing model, this new proposed one, requiring lower loan interest rates from customers with higher credit rating, while higher loan interest rates from customers with lower credit rating, could thus be able to provide higher risk-adjusted returns, higher economic capital adequacy ratios, and ultimately stronger banks’ capabilities to tolerate risk events. Although there might still be some issues and limitations in the study, the method proposed in this study could be of interest not only to the banks’ management, but also to banking regulators as well.
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Umeyama, M., M. Kato, and K. Inoue. "Effects of Gear Dimensions and Tooth Surface Modifications on the Loaded Transmission Error of a Helical Gear Pair." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 1 (1998): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826663.
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Analysis of the loaded transmission error proved that the actual contact ratio and the effective contact ratios are the valid indices. In order to calculate the loaded transmission error, deformations of a pair of teeth are estimated using Hertzian formulas for the approach deformation and approximate formulas based on the FEM for the bending deflection. The actual contact ratio εr is defined using the rotational angle during which a tooth pair is actually in contact with each other. εr increases with the increase of applied loads. The effective contact ratio, εn, is determined geometrically by gear dimensions and modified tooth surfaces based on the path of contact. Adopting these ratios, the following characteristics are derived. 1) The loaded transmission error correlates to εr when it is smaller than εn and correlates to εn when εr exceeds εn. 2) Loaded transmission errors have their minimums and maximums at the same values of εr. 3) No load transmission error is the largest among the maximums. 4) Gear pairs with higher values of εn show lower loaded transmission error.
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Xiong, Tie Hua, and Shu Guo Liang. "Limit Wind Loads of a Concrete Filled Steel-Tube Transmission Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1697.
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Limit wind loads of a Concrete Filled Steel-Tube (CFST) transmission tower in a long-span tower-line system is computed. Firstly, fine Finite Element Method (FEM) model of the tower and its Multiple-Degrees-Of-Freedom (MDOF) model are built and the material nonlinear models including steel-tube and CFST are also modeled. Secondly, based on MDOF model, mean displacements under mean wind force are evaluated and the Root Mean Square Displacement (RMSD) under fluctuating wind force is also evaluated by random vibration theory. Then, Equivalent Static Wind Loads (ESWL) are computed considering the first three order modes. Finally, based on FEM model, the nodes are loaded by the ESWL and the nodal loads increase step by step in order to impel materials into plastic status until calculation can not converge. Plastic analysis shows the tower’s failure is caused by steel-tube element failure and the CFST elements have enough strength reserve. The tower’s three kinds of limit wind loads are computed based on different references and it is suggested to select the limit wind loads, whose corresponding wind velocity is 69.7m/s, as the design limit wind loads of the tower.
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Yang, Chun Xia, Ji Mei Shen, Wei Jun Yang, Sai Jiang Zhou, and Ya Ying Wu. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Cavity Heat Insulation Walls Out-Of-Plane Loaded." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.897.
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The cavity heat insulation walls as a major form of multiple thermal insulation walls is the development of the energy-efficiency building materials. Attention is taken to describe the mechanics properties of cavity walls under out-of-plane load. In this paper, Mechanical model is developed for masonry walls out-of-plane loaded, and the analytical expressions about the internal force and deflection are abtained using the orthotropic theory. Limit deflection of interior walls under vertical and horizontal loads is calculated by mathematical software (MATLAB) and is simulated based on finite element analysis software (ANSYS) respectively. Finally, the results indicate that vertical loads and elastic modulus have great impact on the maximum deflection of masonry walls. Numerical computations show that the shell element of SHELL63 is well used in analysis of the internal force and deflection of masonry walls out-of-plane loaded.
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Enciu, K., and A. Rosen. "Aerodynamic modelling of fin stabilised underslung loads." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1219 (2015): 1073–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000011143.
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AbstractBox-like slung loads exhibit periodic yaw response instabilities, while carried externally by a helicopter. When coupled with the slung load longitudinal and lateral pendulum motions, these instabilities result in significant pendulum oscillations of the load. High amplitude oscillations lead in many cases to the limiting of a load’s flight envelope. Using wind tunnel and flight tests, rear mounted fins were previously demonstrated as efficient means for stabilisation of a problematic load. However, the lack of a proper analytical model of the stabilised load’s aerodynamic characteristics, led to a trial and error development process, without an appropriate physical understanding of the stabilisation problem. The present paper describes a method for the aerodynamic modeling of fins stabilised slung loads based on a limited number of simple static wind-tunnel tests. The resulting database is incorporated in a dynamical slung load simulation that shows good agreement with dynamic wind-tunnel tests. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated, by the calculation of stabilised loads aerodynamic databases for interim fin inclination angles not covered by tests.
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Xiong, Shaoping, Gabriel Wilfong, and John Lumkes. "Components Sizing and Performance Analysis of Hydro-Mechanical Power Split Transmission Applied to a Wheel Loader." Energies 12, no. 9 (2019): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091613.
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The powertrain efficiency deeply affects the performance of off-road vehicles like wheel loaders in terms of fuel economy, load capability, smooth control, etc. The hydrostatic transmission (HST) systems have been widely adopted in off-road vehicles for providing large power density and continuous variable control, yet using relatively low efficiency hydraulic components. This paper presents a hydrostatic-mechanical power split transmission (PST) solution for a 10-ton wheel loader for improving the fuel economy of a wheel loader. A directly-engine-coupled HST solution for the same wheel loader is also presented for comparison. This work introduced a sizing approach for both PST and HST, which helps to make proper selections of key powertrain components. Furthermore, this work also presented a multi-domain modeling approach for the powertrain of a wheel loader, that integrates the modeling of internal combustion (IC) engine, hydraulic systems, mechanical transmission, vehicle(wheel) dynamics, and relevant control systems. In this modeling, an engine torque evaluation method with a throttle position control system was developed to describe the engine dynamics; a method to express the hydraulic loss of the axial piston hydraulic pump/motor was developed for modeling the hydraulic transmission; and a vehicle velocity control system was developed based on altering the displacement of a hydraulic unit. Two powertrain models were developed, respectively, for the PST and HST systems of a wheel loader using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation on a predefined wheel loader drive cycle was conducted on both powertrain models to evaluate and compare the performance of wheel loader using different systems, including vehicle velocity, hydraulic displacement control, hydraulic torque, powertrain efficiency, and engine power consumption. The simulation results indicate that the vehicle velocity controller developed functions well for both the PST and HST systems; a wheel loader using the proposed PST solution can overall save about 8% energy consumption compared using an HST solution in one drive cycle. The sizing method and simulation models developed in this work should facilitate the development of the powertrains for wheel loaders and other wheeled heavy vehicles.
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Oe, Kiyotaka, Akio Koyama, and Leonard Barolli. "Proposal and Performance Evaluation of a Multicast Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks Based on Network Load." Mobile Information Systems 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/523294.
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Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) can provide wide range Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) area by connecting Access Points (APs) of WLANs with each other using radio communications. A routing protocol is very important to keep communication quality over radio multihop communications because radio waves are impacted much by surrounding environment. When we use multiuser shared applications like a video conference and an IP phone, it is predicted that large amount of traffic flows on network. Therefore, we should consider network loads to use these applications. In this paper, we propose a multicast routing protocol for WMNs which considers network loads and hop count. Furthermore, we evaluate performance by simulation. In the simulation results, we show that the proposed protocol has better performance than a conventional protocol (MAODV) at high loaded scenario.
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Chinh, P. D. "On Dynamic Cycle Collapse of Circular Plates." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 1 (1999): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789154.
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The upper bound kinematic method, which is based on a reduced kinematic formulation and involves construction of fictitious elastic moment fields and potential incremental collapse mechanisms, is used to evaluate the dynamic cycle collapse loads for a symmetrically loaded circular plate. The respective nonshakedown curves are constructed, A point load effect is discussed.
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Ning, Xiao Bin, Ji Sheng Shen, and Bin Meng. "Co-Simulation of Wheel Loader Working Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.72.
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The purpose of the work is to accurately calculate the forces acting on the working mechanism of wheel loader when excavating granulated material. In order to examine mobile machines movement processes, MSC.ADAMS is used to carry out multi-body system simulation and hydraulics sub-system simulation. Because the flexibility of the component of the working mechanism of wheel loader can not be neglected, ANSYS is used to compute the data describing the behaviour of the flexible component of working mechanism of wheel loader. Based on the Fundamental Earthmoving Equation, this paper describes a methodology and basic formulations of forces between the tool and the material to be moved as well as the internal forces in the pile to be dug from. The method has been implemented in an MSC.ADAMS model of a working mechanism wheel loader. The numerical simulation test on LCM(Linyi Construction Machinery) Wheel Loaders under various position of working equipment will be done to predict the forces acting on the machines during digging cycles.
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Liu, He Shan, Xun Chen, Jun Zhou, and Wei Liu. "External Appearance and Internal Decoration Design of Loader Based on Eye Tracker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.828.
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In today’s marketplace, external appearance and internal decoration become an increasingly important factor that affecting sales volume of product. Moreover, for loaders, the external appearance and decoration of the cab may influence the driver’s comfort both visually and mentally. In order to find out how it works, we divided the experimental subjects into professional group and nonprofessional group and used eye tracker to record subjects’ responses (eye movements) to the pictures of the loader, and then analyzed these responses with the eye tracker build-in analyzing software. The results show that the professional are more interested in functional parts and the nonprofessionals are more likely to be influenced by appearance shape and color; the instrument panel is less attracted during the whole experiments.
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Qu, Feng, and Dong Po Qu. "Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Analysis of Tubular C/C-Weaving Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.538.
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For the tubular C/C-weaving composite is often loaded on thermotics and mechanics loads together in using, adopting the sequential coupling method, utilizing the finite element analysis software: firstly analyze the stress distribution on loading temperature and pressure loads together, the maximums and changing rules of displacement, stress and strain have been obtained. Based on the works above, further to analyze the thermo-mechanical coupling of different loads, the curves of displacement, stress and strain in the specified paths have been obtained, it shows that the influence from temperature on every parameters is little when loading on the larger loads. So come to the conclusion that the tubular C/C composite has good temperature stability and can be used in the condition of high temperature or temperature changes greatly.
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Meshchikhin, Il'ya A., and Sergej S. Gavryushin. "The envelope method in the problem of choosing a rational composition of measuring instruments." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 2 (2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2021-2-68-72.
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As part of the development of monitoring systems for the operation of technical objects, the problem of improving the quality of monitoring systems for the loaded state is considered. Based on the analysis of the mathematical model of the structure and its loading, a methodology for the selection of measuring instruments was developed. The urgency of the problem of calculating substantiation of the choice of key points of the structure is shown, at which it is possible to measure deformations for the subsequent restoration of the existing loads with maximum accuracy. An approach based on the envelope method for determining the rational composition of measuring instruments for restoring the loads acting on the structure is stated.
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Johnson, P. N., H. F. Grundy, and A. P. Stanway. "The effect of an inoculant additive on the fermentation characteristics of grass silage and bovine performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033572.
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The efficacy of inoculant silage additives has often been questioned under difficult ensiling conditions. This study was conducted under testing conditions to test the efficacy of an inoculant additive (SA55) on silage fermentation and animal performance.A perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) based sward was mown and conditioned on 29 October 1996 and was picked up on 30 and 31 October. Two similar precision-chop forage harvesters were used, one picked up grass without applying additive (Control), whilst the second applied the inoculant additive (SA55). SA55 (Microferm Ltd) was applied at a target rate of 2 1/t to give 5 x 105 organisms (Lactobacillus plantarum, Paediococcus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis lactis and clostridial bacteriophages) per gramme of grass. The harvesters picked up adjacent swaths and dedicated trailers serviced each harvester. Frequent checks were made on the application rate of the additive. Two similar, roofed bunker silos were loaded with grass, using loaders dedicated to each silo. Loads of grass were tipped in their respective silos to avoid Cross contamination during the filling operation. Care was taken to ensure equal consolidation of both clamps. After consolidation, clamps were sealed with polythene sheeting and weighted down with tyres. Each load of grass was weighed and sampled.
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Kapcsándi, Viktória, Erika Hanczné Lakatos, Beatrix Sik, László Ádám Linka, and Rita Székelyhidi. "Antioxidant and polyphenol content of different Vitis vinifera seed cultivars and two facilities of production of a functional bakery product." Chemical Papers 75, no. 11 (2021): 5711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01754-0.
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AbstractThis study aimed to examine the differences between the antioxidant capacity, and the total polyphenol content of the seed of eight different grape varieties. We also attempt to create a functional loaf enriched with grape seed meal. To achieve this goal, 3, 6, and 9% of the grape seed meal were added to the loaves made of bread flour and gluten-free flour mixture, and then the changes in their antioxidant and polyphenol content were examined. Based on the results, there were significant differences between the polyphenol and antioxidant content of grape seed varieties. The antioxidant content of the grape seeds varied between 228.50 mg AAE/g (94.80 mg TE/g) and 438.33 mg AAE/g (181.86 mg TE/g) in case of fatty samples, and between 176.29 mg AAE/g (41.24 mg TE/g) and 424.91 mg AAE/g (99.40 mg TE/g) in case of defatted samples. The total polyphenol content of the fatty samples changed between 91.16 and 221.81 mg GAE/g; in case of defatted samples, it ranged from 46.01 to 207.68 mg GAE/g. Rhine Riesling contained the greatest amount of these compounds. The functionality of loafs was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis. Total polyphenol content ranged from 0.91 to 3.16 mg GAE/g in case of wheat loafs, and from 1.39 to 5.92 mg GAE/g in case of gluten-free loafs, while the total antioxidant content changed between 0.70 and 6.44 mg AAE/g in case of wheat loafs, and ranged from 2.55 to 9.75 in case of gluten-free loafs. Graphic abstract
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Liu, Fu Yun, Ying Sun, and Tian Chao Yu. "Topological Optimization Design of Cistern Stents of the Planomiller Machine Based on Hyperworks." Advanced Materials Research 421 (December 2011): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.421.423.
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Planomiller is a milling machine that widely used in processes of large parts. Cistern stents is a component of planomiller supporting the sink. In this paper, topological optimization of Cistern stents is implemented to reduce its weight. Firstly geometry model of Cistern stents is built in SolidWorks, a finite element model of Cistern stents is established. Then loads and boundary conditions are loaded to the finite element model according to engineering practice. Finally density of units is set as the design variables, energy of structural deformation is set as the objective function, Cistern stents can be optimized by optimizing analysis. The compared results show that the proposed optimization design is effective.
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Ahmed, Danish, and Andi Asiz. "Structural performance of hybrid multistorey buildings with massive timber-based floor elements loaded under extreme lateral loads." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements 5, no. 6 (2017): 905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cmem-v5-n6-905-916.
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Kolomeets, Andrey, та Tatyana Sych. "Сalibration method for a strain-gauge measurement system based on bidirectional rail loading". MATEC Web of Conferences 216 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821603005.
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At present, all railways tend to increase the speed of passenger trains and axle loads in transportation of goods. These processes contribute to the improvement of rolling stocks and railway infrastructures. At the same time, there is a need to maintain a high level of safety in transportation. Therefore, experimental research and feasibility studies of the existing monitoring solutions are of the highest priority. Being experimental in nature, this study is aimed at increasing the reliability of the strain-gauge method in measurement of dynamic forces transferred from the wheel to the rail in real operating conditions. Rail strains were experimentally studied under bidirectional loading using a special-purpose impact device. Results of this research are presented in the paper. An experimental measuring section was created for recording loads. Strain gauges were installed on rails in several cross-sections. Rails were loaded with a special-purpose device, which was designed to adjust a loading force and shift a contact point. The structure of the loading device and its basic features are described in the paper.
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Zhang, Hao, Minglei Shi, Lei Yang, and Yuancheng Guo. "A Semianalytical Solution for Passively Loaded Piles Adjacent to Surcharge Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 10, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2398389.
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Piles adjacent to a surcharge load commonly support not only active loads from superstructures but also the passive loads caused by soil lateral movement. To investigate the influence of passive load and the response along pile shafts of existing actively loaded piles, a load transfer model for analyzing the soil-pile interaction was developed based on plastic deformation theory and the triparameter soil model. An analytical solution for the deformation and internal force of such piles was proposed using the transfer matrix method, in which the transfer matrix coefficients for piles in free, plastic, and elastic zones were analytically obtained by considering the second-order axial force effect caused by lateral loading and soil yielding based on the triparameter soil model. The proposed methodology was validated by comparing its predictions with field measurements and previously published results. A good match between model predictions, field measurements, and previously published results implies that the proposed method can be used to evaluate the response of passive piles adjacent to a surcharge load. Parametric studies were also carried out to investigate the influence of surcharge pressure, soil resistance, and boundary conditions on the behavior of passively loaded piles adjacent to a surcharge load.
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Wang, Luming, Yanhui Liu, Jiahuan Song, et al. "Deflection Calculation Based on SDOF Method for Axially Loaded Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Members Subjected to Lateral Impact." Shock and Vibration 2020 (March 12, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6301018.
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Axial force has a great influence on the dynamic behavior and the impact resistance of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) members. Based on numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, the impact response and deflection calculation method for axially loaded CFST members subjected to lateral impact are investigated in this paper. The nonlinear numerical model of an axially loaded CFST member considering the strain rate effects has been established, and the simulation accuracy has been validated by comparing with existing test results. The contrastive investigation is carried out to illustrate the influence of axial load on the variation pattern of impact force for CFST members under various structural and impact parameters, and its result indicates that the impact force-time histories for CFST members with different axial loads are mainly characterized by rectangular pulse and triangular pulse. Moreover, a simplified calculation method considering the effect of axial force is proposed based on the equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) method, devoted to predicting the deflection of axially loaded CFST members subjected to lateral impact. The comparisons with the numerical simulation prove that the deflection calculation method has a reasonable accuracy; thus, the proposed method can be utilized in the damage assessment and anti-impact design for CFST members subjected to lateral impact and axial load.
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Liu, Guo Gao, and Li Tian. "A Novel Bandpass Filter Using Asymmetric Open Stub-Loaded SIRs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1720.
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A novel microstrip bandpass filter using stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) with asymmetric open stub-loaded is proposed in this paper. The filter uses asymmetric open stubs as capacitive loads, resulting in higher-order spurious frequencies suppression and wider upper stopband. Compared with the traditional filter based on stepped impedance resonators at the same design frequency of 2.4 GHz, the proposed filter can significantly reduce the circuit size of 45 %. By changing the geometric dimensions of the asymmetric open stub-loaded SIRs, which can achieve single-band bandpass filter at the centre frequency of 3.5 GHz and dual-band bandpass filter at the centre frequency of 2.4/3.5 GHz.
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Zbiciak, A., R. Oleszek, and R. Michalczyk. "Dynamics of an Orthotropic Railway Bridge in the Light of European Standards." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 2 (2016): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0078.
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Abstract The paper presents selected aspects of dynamic numerical simulations of an orthotropic steel railway bridge loaded by high-speed trains. The model of moving loads was adopted in accordance with the models set out in the applicable standards. The current European code requirements are referred in which the computer calculations of the dynamic response of the structure are the basis for assessing the suitability of the structure to carry high-speed rail traffic (v > 160 km/h). In this research the calculations are based on the author’s method of generating traffic loads in Abaqus FEM environment. It is emphasized in the paper that in most commercial FEM codes (including Abaqus), moving loads are not implemented in modules responsible for defining of loads. The author’s approach to this issue allowed to obtain results confirming its adequacy. In the longer term, the authors will develop a plan to adapt this algorithm in order to generate traffic loads on bridges discretized as spatial and plane numerical models.
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Hirabayashi, Manato, Yukihiro Saito, Kosuke Murakami, Akihito Ohsato, Shinpei Kato, and Masato Edahiro. "Vision-Based Sensing Systems for Autonomous Driving: Centralized or Decentralized?" Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (2021): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0686.
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The perception of the surrounding circumstances is an essential task for fully autonomous driving systems, but its high computational and network loads typically impede a single host machine from taking charge of the systems. Decentralized processing is a candidate to decrease such loads; however, it has not been clear that this approach fulfills the requirements of onboard systems, including low latency and low power consumption. Embedded oriented graphics processing units (GPUs) are attracting great interest because they provide massively parallel computation capacity with lower power consumption compared to traditional GPUs. This study explored the effects of decentralized processing on autonomous driving using embedded oriented GPUs as decentralized units. We implemented a prototype system that off-loaded image-based object detection tasks onto embedded oriented GPUs to clarify the effects of decentralized processing. The results of experimental evaluation demonstrated that decentralized processing and network quantization achieved approximately 27 ms delay between the feeding of an image and the arrival of detection results to the host as well as approximately 7 W power consumption on each GPU and network load degradation in orders of magnitude. Judging from these results, we concluded that decentralized processing could be a promising approach to decrease processing latency, network load, and power consumption toward the deployment of autonomous driving systems.
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Antoni, Grégory. "Effects of ThermoMechanical Coupling in Tribological Surface Transformations: A One-Dimensional Modelling Including Irreversible Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Classical Plasticity." Journal of Materials 2013 (April 28, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/892050.
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Under compressive loads combined with friction, some materials undergo Tribological Surface Transformations (TSTs) on the surface of the loaded parts and in the immediately vicinity, which in the case of metals, are known as irreversible solid-solid phase transformations. During the solid-solid phase transformations occurring under mechanical loads, TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) processes are generated at much lower stress levels than those associated with the yield strength of the material in classical plasticity. In order to assess the effects of thermomechanical coupling in these TSTs, a one-dimensional modelling based on irreversible solid-solid phase transformations and classical plasticity is presented and discussed.
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Muscat, M., R. Hamilton, and J. T. Boyle. "Shakedown analysis for complex loading using superposition." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 37, no. 5 (2002): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/030932402760203865.
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Bounding techniques for calculating shakedown loads are of great importance as design criteria since these eliminate the need for performing full cyclic loading programs either numerically or experimentally. The classical Melan theorem provides a way to recognize whether or not elastic shakedown occurs under a specified loading. Polizzotto extended Melan's theorem to the case where a combination of steady and cyclic loads are acting on the structure. The purpose of this paper is to present a finite element method, based on Polizzotto's theorem, to estimate elastic shakedown for a structure subjected to loads resulting from a combination of steady and cyclic mechanical loads. This method, called non-linear superposition, is then applied to investigate the shakedown behaviour of a biaxially loaded square plate with a central hole. Results obtained for the plate with a hole problem are compared with those available in the literature and are verified by means of cyclic elastoplastic finite element analysis.
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Poduška, Jan, Pavel Hutař, Andreas Frank, Gerald Pinter, and Luboš Náhlík. "Lifetime Calculation of Soil-Loaded Non-Pressure Polymer Pipes." Key Engineering Materials 827 (December 2019): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.827.141.
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Outstanding durability of plastic pressure and non-pressure pipes can cause difficulties, when a reasonable lifetime estimation is needed. It is impossible to prove the lifetime by testing, but there is a method of calculation that can provide a certain idea about the expected lifetime. The lifetime estimation is based on the assumption that the failure occurs as a result of the slow crack growth mechanism and it is calculated using the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. Numerical simulations of crack growth in the pipe are necessary for this calculation. These simulations must consider various effects that can play a role in the lifetime. This paper deals with the lifetime calculations of a pressure and a non-pressure corrugated pipe considering the soil loads acting on pipes when they are buried. In the simulation of the pressure pipe, a combination of loads is applied that consists of internal pressure, residual stress and the soil loads. The influence of the loads is discussed. The non-pressure corrugated pipe is loaded by the soil loads only.
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Peddeeti, Sudheer. "A Study on Grid Interfaced Renewable Energy and Battery Storage based Hybrid Systems for Supplying AC and DC Loads." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP7 (2020): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp7/20202179.
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