Relevant bibliographies by topics / Baked pies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Baked pies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Baked pies"

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Blagonravova, Majya V., and Olga V. Mishchenko. "Development of technology of bakery products supplemented with kelp laminaria." Bulletin of the Far Eastern Federal University. Economics and Management, no. 2 (74) (July 20, 2015): 90–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46275.

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It is suggested to use as part of the filling baked pies. The paper presents the developed recipes baked pies, the results of studies of the effect of making seaweed organoleptic properties, is a flow chart of production.
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Bobylov, Yuriy A. "Development of technology of bakery products supplemented with kelp laminaria." Bulletin of the Far Eastern Federal University. Economics and Management, no. 2 (74) (July 20, 2015): 104–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46276.

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It is suggested to use as part of the filling baked pies. The paper presents the developed recipes baked pies, the results of studies of the effect of making seaweed organoleptic properties, is a flow chart of production
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Rüst, Annina. "A Piece of the Pie Chart: Feminist Robotics." Leonardo 47, no. 4 (2014): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00841.

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This paper analyzes the robotic gallery installation A Piece of the Pie Chart. The project addresses gender inequity in the tech world. It consists of a computer workstation and a food robot. The food robot puts pie charts onto edible, pre-baked pies. They depict the gender gap in technical environments. Visitors use the robot to create pies. Pictures of the pies are disseminated via Twitter, and the physical pies are mailed to the places where the data originated. In the following text, the author disassembles the machine in the context of feminist theory, feminist technology research, visualization, and political robotics.
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Hidas, Karina Ilona, Anna Visy, Judit Csonka, et al. "Development of a Novel Gluten-Free Egg Pie Product: Effects of Sensory Attributes and Storage." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410389.

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In the last few decades, convenience has become one of the most important factors for consumers. Therefore, food products that take a short time to prepare are gaining in popularity. The aim of this study was to develop a gluten-free egg-pie product which is quick-frozen in pre-baked form and remains usable for a long time. Besides, it satisfies various consumer needs while remaining sustainable by not having a great impact on the environment. A dough containing rice, millet, and buckwheat flour was developed. The fillings also appeared in unflavored and flavored form (spinach onion, cheese) with and without increased egg white content. Acceptance of the product was measured by sensory test. Texture and dry matter content measurement, triangular test, and color measurement were performed to track changes through six months of frozen storage. The stored pies’ hardness declined for three months, then doubled the original value at the end of the frozen storage. The stored pies hardness declined for three months (from 10.76 ± 1.78 and 11.22 ± 1.47 N to 8.52 ± 1.74 and 9.91 ± 1.16 N), then doubled the original value at the end of the frozen storage (21.69 ± 2.55 and 19.62 ± 1.67 N). The dry matter content showed increasing tendency. Results of the triangular tests showed that the stored flavored pies were less distinguishable from freshly baked ones than the unflavored egg-pies. Color measurement showed that the fillings of the pies were darkening during the frozen storage. Consumer liking test showed values between 6.52 ± 1.76 and 7.56 ± 1.2 on a 9-point hedonic scale. Color measurement showed that the fillings of the pies were darkening during the frozen storage, and the lightness values decreased from 90.17 ± 0.06 and 90.53 ± 0.11 to 81.43 ± 0.41 and 83.22 ± 0.87 in six months. Results generated in this study suggest that consumers’ acceptance was high, though results of penalty analysis showed that more flavorings would increase the overall acceptability.
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Flores, Jason B., and Ruby M. Petisme. "UTILIZATION AND ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF PASTRY PRODUCTS MADE FROM ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinacea) FLOUR." Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 6 (2024): 431–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11502341.

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This study explores the utilization and organoleptic evaluation of pastry products made from arrowroot <em>(Maranta arundinacea)</em> flour, aiming to assess their acceptability and nutritional value while examining age-based preferences and shelf-life. Employing an experimental approach, baked products including pies, tarts, and cakes were meticulously developed from arrowroot flour. Sensory evaluations involving 120 participants across various age groups and food experts revealed high acceptability ratings, indicating widespread satisfaction with the products' appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. Statistical analyses further demonstrated no significant differences in acceptability among different age groups, underscoring the broad appeal of arrowroot-based pastries. Additionally, nutritional analyses showcased enhanced protein and fat content in the baked products compared to raw flour, augmenting their dietary value. However, observations on shelf-life delineated varying longevity, with pies and tarts maintaining quality for up to 10 days while cakes exhibited shorter viability. In conclusion, arrowroot flour emerges as a promising ingredient for crafting nutritious and palatable pastry products, suggesting avenues for product diversification and consumer education to capitalize on its culinary and nutritional benefits.
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Omoyi, C. O., R. R. Ana, D. O. Ushie, and Imhade P. Okokpujie. "Construction and Performance evaluation of a Dual Powered Mini Baking Oven." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, no. 3 (2024): 481–85. https://doi.org/10.4314/fuoyejet.v9i3.17.

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This paper describes designing, constructing, and testing a dual power baking oven prototype with combined electric and gas heating proficiencies. The oven permits users to select an electric (120V, 2000W) or gas (20,000 BTU/hr) heating system to optimize baking across dissimilar foods. Oven testing was conducted by baking homogeneous meat pies and cake recipes using electric and gas modes. Heating profiles, bake times, weight loss and internal temperatures were measured to evaluate and compare performance. The electric mode baked at 120°C for 8 minutes, while the gas mode baked at 150°C for 6 minutes. Weight loss after baking was 0.9 kg (16.2%) with electricity versus 0.95 kg (24.2%) with gas, showing increased moisture removal with gas heating. Temperature profiles demonstrated faster preheating with gas (250°C in 3 minutes) than electric (250°C in 4 minutes) under no load conditions. However, under load, electric heats up faster and reaches a higher temperature of 160°C, the gas within the same 10-minute timeframe at 140°C. According to the results, a dual-fuel small oven is achievable where the gas produces greater temperatures and faster preheating than electric, while electric offers precise, progressive heating. A Smart regulator enabled this hybrid systems to maximize benefits.
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Forrant, Robert. "The International Association of Machinists, Pratt & Whitney, and the Struggle for a Blue-Collar Future in Connecticut." International Review of Social History 47, S10 (2002): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859002000809.

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Riding down Main Street in East Hartford, Connecticut toward the six smokestacks dominating the front of Pratt &amp; Whitney's mammoth aircraft engine factory, one cannot help noticing numerous artifacts associated with rapid industrial decline: empty and trash-strewn lots, boarded-up storefronts, and vacated triple-deckers, once homes for Pratt &amp; Whitney workers. A short drive away on the other side of the Connecticut River one can observe the dichotomies between East Hartford and downtown Hartford with its glittering insurance companies, banks, and the headquarters – known around Hartford as the “Gold Building” – of Pratt's parent, the United Technologies Corporation (UTC). The various social clubs, bars, and purveyors of fast food, ice cream, and fresh baked pies, that have served thousands of lunches and early suppers to members of the International Association of Machinists (IAM) are at risk.
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Barbas, Samantha. "Just Like Home: "Home Cooking" and the Domestication of the American Restaurant." Gastronomica 2, no. 4 (2002): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.43.

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Between 1910 and 1930, urbanization, changing gender roles, and increased culinary standardization and commercialization led Americans to lament the demise of home cooking. Gone, they claimed, were large country kitchens, run by full-time housewives,serving home-baked bread and made from scratch pies. In a successful publicity campaign in the 1920s, the restaurant industry capitalized on this discontent by promising to restore to the nation a sense of nineteenth-century domesticity. With hearty foods,matronly servers, and cozy d'cor, they recreated the aura of a nostalgic premodern kitchenthe very institution that they had helped to destroy. In the 1930s and 40s,restaurants would continue to attract patrons by promising to revitalize traditional gender roles and domestic relationships. In one of the great ironies of the modern social experience, Americans were lured into restaurants by promises of home.
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Haloho, Agatha Christiorenfa Br, Amanda Sartika Br Siregar, Grace Selvi Monica Zebua, Sandra Azura, and Siti Kholidjah Siregar. "Optimasi Keuntungan Bisnis Toko Kue Menggunakan Program Linear Metode Simpleks (Studi Kasus: Toko Kue Bread Islamy Bakery and Cake Shop)." Indo-MathEdu Intellectuals Journal 5, no. 1 (2024): 1138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54373/imeij.v5i1.846.

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A bakery business, or bakery in Indonesian, is a shop that produces and sells flour-based foods baked in the oven such as bread, pastry, cakes, donuts, pastries, cookies, pies, and many more. It is a problem if one of these ingredients is not fulfilled, production in the bakery business will be hampered. Therefore, to find out what variables hinder the optimum value in the bakery business, mathematical modeling can be made using the linear program of the simplex method. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques in this study include the use of primary data obtained through observation, interviews, or distribution of questionnaires to relevant sources. And secondary data are obtained through literature search from books and magazines relevant to the research topic. The analysis technique used is linear programming using the simplex method. The results and discussion of research show that the function has reached optimal conditions. Therefore, the calculation is stopped after all values in the goal function become positive. The result of the settlement shows that the maximum profit (Zmaks) is Rp. 69,626.
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Ivanova, Tat’iana Grigor’evna. "TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE BATTLE AS A FEAST TOPOS IN THE HISTORICAL SONGS OF THE 18–19th CENTURIES." Russkaya literatura 4 (2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2021-4-77-89.

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Drawing the material from the various cycles of the Russian historical songs composed by the soldiers in the 18–19th centuries, the article considers the universal battle as a feast topos that had first emerged in the Lay of Igor’s Regiment. Songs from various cycles are analyzed, those about the Russian-Swedish, Russian-Turkish, Russian-French wars. The topos is primarily used in two situations: in the words addressed by the Russian soldiers to the enemy and in the words of a character who perceives his injury or hardships of military life through culinary images. Various versions of the topos are identifi ed: with a toponymic component (flatbreads baked in Moscow and Tula); with elements of table decoration (tablecloths, plates, etc.); with decoding of metaphorical images (tables — Preobrazhensky Regiment); folding the topos into one word («treat» the enemy). Observations on the lyrics are summarized in a table, which clearly demonstrates that the core of the figurative system of the topos is comprised of the images associated with grain (bread, pies, flatbreads, etc.). The frequent use of grain images leads to believe that the songs were based on the mundane, ritual and folkloric experiences of the Russian peasantry.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Baked pies"

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Short, Rhys Bryan. "Phthalocyanine dimers and PIMs based on hexaphenylbenzene." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55087/.

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The first part of the work, described in Chapter One, concentrates on the attempted synthesis of discrete, water-soluble phthalocyanine dimers, which were of interest as model compounds for studies into the photochemical stability of phthalocyanine dyes. The phthalocyanines were linked together by two different bridges derived from diethyl 3,3-bis(4-(3,4- dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)pentanedioate and 1,2-di(4'-(3",4"-dicyano)phenoxy)-3,4,5,6- tetraphenyl-benzene. The formation of the dimers using 4-(2,6-di-/so- propylphenoxy)phthalonitrile was possible, as determined by mass spectrometry and visible absorption spectroscopy of the crude product mixture, but their isolation proved extremely difficult and so this work was abandoned to concentrate on the work described in chapters 3-4. After an introduction to the research area of organic microporous materials (Chapter 2) and a statement of the new aims and objectives, the second part of the work, described in Chapter 3, concerns the use of hexaphenylbenzene as a structural unit for the synthesis of polymers of intrinsic microporosity, PIMs. Even though hexaphenylbenzene does not have a site of contortion, typical of PIMs, it was thought that the rigidity and non-planarity of this unit due to the lack of rotational freedom of the benzene rings would hinder efficient packing of the polymer in the solid state and induce intrinsic microporosity. A number of different hexaphenylbenzene-based monomers suitable for use in the type of polymerisation reactions used to make PIMs due to their catechol units were synthesised. It was discovered that the position of the catechol substituents in relation to one another had a significant effect on the molecular mass and hence physical properties of the polymer, in particular its ability to form self-standing films. It can be concluded that placing the catechol units on opposite sides of the hexaphenylbenzene unit (para-substitution) suppressed cyclic oligomer formation and allowed the preparation of polymers of high molecular mass with good film-forming properties. In addition, the microporosity of this polymer was greater than that obtained from the monomer in which the catechol units were placed adjacent to one another (ortho-substitution). The Preface resulting self-standing films allowed the measurement of gas permeation through this polymer, which showed encouraging performance. The crystal packing properties of the monomers and a 2+2 cyclic oligomer isolated from the polymerisation reaction using the monomer with adjacent catechol units on the hexaphenylbenzene core are described in Chapter 4. The macrocyclic 2+2 cyclic oligomer is highly fluorescent and its binding with nitrobenzene, as a model for small nitrated aromatic compounds, was investigated in the context of its possible use as a sensor. However, studies offered no evidence of selective binding. Finally, Chapter 5 offers suggestions on the concept of using hexaphenylbenzene units in flow chemistry.
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Shapiro, David M. (David Michael) 1976. "Push-based web filtering using PICS Profiles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47537.

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Josephson, Deco. "Quality Control of Concrete Piles Based on Historical Data : Machine learning of concrete piles production line." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-86031.

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This master thesis investigates the parameters influencing the quality of concrete piles produced by NCC in Sweden. Furthermore, the thesis provides an in-depth review of the production and existing issues associated with concrete pile production. By analysing data from the production site at Ucklum, it is observed that the concrete piles produced have a large variation in strength. Production during the winter months results in higher strength and stability compared to the summer months. This may depend on the heat generated by the concrete during the summer which is much higher than during winter and may therefore affect the late strength negatively while it increases the rate of obtaining early age strength. The production uses a slightly higher cement content than what is necessary for the strength class C50/60 throughout the whole year to mainly counteract the tough strength development in the winter and also to increase the rate of strength development in the summer. Particularly when a large order of concrete piles comes in late. Achieving a high strength quickly is desirable so that the piles can be installed early in order to increase the rate of production. In this case, admixtures such as accelerators can be used instead of having a higher cement content. In addition, summer production can be improved by testing different methods presented in this report.<br>Detta examensarbete utreder parametrarna som påverkar kvalitén på betongpålar som produceras i en av NCCs produktionslinor. Den undersökta produktionslinjen är placerad i Ucklum, Sverige. Det görs också en utredning för att få en djup förståelse av produktionen och hur det går att påverka dess nuvarande problem. Genom analys av data från produktionen uppmärksammas det att produktionen har en stor spridning på hållfastheten på de producerade betongpålarna. Orsaken till variationen av hållfastheten undersöks och definieras. Det framgår att produktionen under vintern har högre hållfasthet och mer stabil än den under sommaren. Detta kan bero på att värmen som genereras av betongen under sommartiden är mycket högre än under vintertiden vilken kan leda till att den sena hållfastheten påverkas negativt, medan den snabbar upp den tidiga hållfastheten. Produktionen använder sig av lite högre cementhalt än vad som är nödvändigt för hållfasthetsklassen C50/60 genom hela året för att främst motverka den sega hållfasthetsutvecklingen på vintertid och även för snabba upp hållfasthetsutvecklingen på sommartid när en stor order av betongpålar kommer in utan god framförhållning. Att uppnå en hög hållfasthet snabbt är önskad så att pålarna kan installeras tidigt för att upprätthålla högre produktionstakt. I detta fall så kan tillsatser så som acceleratorer användas istället för att ha högre cementhalt. Dessutom kan sommarproduktionen förbättras genom att testa olika metoder som presenteras i denna rapport.
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Reddy, Sarasvathie, and Sioux McKenna. "The Guinea pigs of a problem-based learning curriculum." Routledge, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66730.

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Publisher version<br>Participants in a study on learning the clinical aspects of medicine in a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum repeatedly referred to themselves as ‘Guinea pigs’ at the mercy of a curriculum experiment. This article interrogates and problematises the ‘Guinea pig’ identity ascribed to and assumed by the first cohort of students who undertook a PBL curriculum. The article suggests that a range of issues may have come into play in the unfortunate events reported on here, and focuses on the participants’ reported experiences of marginalisation during their clinical education modules in the hospital wards. The impact of power differentials on identity formation was found to be exacerbated by the ‘Guinea pig’ characterisation.
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Yang, Luo. "RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN AND QUALITY CONTROL OF DRIVEN PILES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1153755606.

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Singh, Manjinder. "Modelling of miniature heat pipes based on wettability gradient." Thesis, IIT, Delhi, 2019. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8078.

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Zhao, Hujun 1972. "Development and analysis of sulfur based McGill heat pipe." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103312.

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The development of a mid-temperature range (250°C--500°C) heat pipe for high heat flux applications has been the focus of numerous researchers during the last 40 years. However, until this work a viable working substance for the heat pipe has eluded researchers. While the most mentioned element has been sulfur, its unusual viscosity-temperature relationship has prevented the commercialization of a sulfur-based heat pipe.<br>The recent development (and patenting) of the McGill heat pipe revived the question of whether sulfur would be viable in such a unit. Extensive testing showed that it is possible to make a high heat flux heat pipe with sulfur as the working substance. Given the lack of scientific details about the McGill heat pipe, a focused research program was undertaken to quantify the operation of the McGill heat pipe prior to studying the sulfur based unit.<br>One study looked at the two-phase flow characteristics of the McGill heat pipe. Both qualitative (videos) and quantitative data like the pressure drop and returning velocity were measured as a function of gas flow rate. Moreover, a new non-dimensional parameter, the modified swirler number was proposed. Further, the Lockhart-Martinelli method was used to analyze the pressure drop.<br>In the McGill heat pipe, the centrifugal force that is produced by the vortexing flow pushes liquid up against the walls and increases the critical heat flux. A theoretical model consisting of 4 sub-models was developed to predict the critical heat flux for defined situations.<br>The development of the sulfur-based heat pipe followed the empirical and mathematical modeling work that was carried out. A McGill heat pipe with sulfur as the working substance was designed, built and tested. The design was arrived at by considering the modeling work that was originally carried out. A number of interesting features were discovered with the sulfur-based heat pipe. A model based on mass, energy, and flow balances between the condenser and the evaporator was also developed. The model can be used to calculate the void fraction, quality, wall temperature, local heat flux distribution, heat load, cooling flow rate, and working substance temperature. The experimental results fit well the calculated ones.
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Bekhit, Amr. "Parallel platform-based robot for operation in active water pipes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12674/.

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This thesis presents a novel design for a pipe inspection robot. The main aim of the design has been to allow the robot to operate in a water pipe while it is still in service. Water pipes form a very crucial part of the infrastructure of the world we live in today. Despite their importance, water leakage is a major problem suffered by water companies worldwide, costing them billions of dollars every year. There are a wide variety of different techniques used for leak detection and localisation, but no one method is capable of accurately pinpointing the leak location and severity in all pipe conditions with minimal labour. A survey of existing pipe inspection robots showed that there have been many designs implemented that are capable of navigating the pipeline environment. However, none of these were capable of fully autonomous control in a live water pipe. It was concluded that an autonomous pipe inspection robot capable of working in active pipelines would be of great industrial benefit as it would be able to carry a wide range of sensors directly to the source of the leak with minimal, if any, human intervention. An inchworm robot prototype was constructed based on a Gough-Stewart parallel platform. The robot’s inverse kinematics equations were derived and a simulation model of the robot was constructed. These were verified using a motion capture suite, confirming that they are valid representations of the robot. The simulation was used to determine the robot’s movement limitations and minimum bend radius it could navigate. Several CFD simulations were carried out in order to estimate the maximum fluid force exerted on the robot. It was found that the robot’s design successfully minimised the fluid force such that off-the-shelf actuators had the capability to overcome it. The prototype was successfully tested in both a straight and bent pipe, demonstrating its ability to navigate a dry pipe environment. Overall, the robot prototype served as a successful proof of concept for a design of pipe inspection robot that would be capable of operating in active pipelines.
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Christensen, Ryan T. "Age Effects on Iron-Based Pipes in Water Distribution Systems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/505.

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Pipes in water distribution systems may change as they age. The accumulation of corrosion byproducts and suspended particles on the inside wall of aged pipes can increase pipe roughness and reduce pipe diameter. To quantify the hydraulic effects of irregular accumulation on the pipe walls, eleven aged pipes ranging in diameter from 0.020-m (0.75-in) to 0.100-m (4-in) and with varying degrees of turberculation were located and subjected to laboratory testing. The laboratory test results were used to determine a relationship between pipe diameter reduction and Hazen-Williams C. This relationship, combined with a manipulation of the Hazen-Williams equation, provided a simple and direct method for correcting the diameters of aged pipes in distribution models. Using EPANET 2, the importance of correcting pipe diameters when modeling water distribution systems containing aged pipes was investigated. Correcting the pipe diameters in the sample network reduced the modeled water age by up to 10% and changed the pattern of fluctuating water age that occurred as waters with different sources moved through the pipe network. In addition, two of the aforementioned aged pipes with diameters of 0.025-m (1-in) and 0.050-m (2-in) were modeled using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modeling. Flow was computed at Reynolds numbers ranging from 6700 to 31,000 using three turbulence models including a 4-equation v2-f model, and 2-equation realizable k-e; and k-ω models. In comparing the RANS results to the laboratory testing, the v2-f model was found to be most accurate, producing Darcy-Weisbach friction factors from 5% higher to 15% lower than laboratory-obtained values. The capability of RANS modeling to provide a detailed characterization of the flow in aged pipes was demonstrated. Large eddy simulation (LES) was also performed on a single 0.050-m (2-in) pipe at a Reynolds number of 6800. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor calculated using LES was 20% less than obtained from experimental tests. Roughness elements smaller than the grid scale and deficiencies in the subgrid-scale model at modeling the complex three-dimensional flow structures due to the irregular pipe boundary were identified as likely sources of error. Even so, the utility of LES for describing complex flows was established.
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Ocampo, Duran Alvaro. "High lipid diets based on palm oil for growing-fattening pigs." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270837.

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Books on the topic "Baked pies"

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Thompson, Lauren. The apple pie that papa baked. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2007.

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Reilly, Rebecca. Great gluten free goodies: Chef created recipes and tips for making mouth watering muffins, quick breads, pies, cakes, tarts, cookies, and desserts in your gluten free kitchen. Rebecca's Kitchen, 1997.

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(Firm), King Arthur Flour, ed. King Arthur flour whole grain baking: Delicious recipes using nutritious whole grains. Countryman Press, 2006.

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Dadey, Debbie. Ninjas don't bake pumpkin pies. Scholastic, 1999.

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Paulus, Mary C. Quick & easy no-bake pies. Wellspring, 1992.

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Bekbasarov, Isabay. Study of the process of driving piles and dies on models. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1074097.

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The monograph presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies conducted using models of driven piles and tape dies. The influence of the cross-section size, length, shape of the trunk and the lower end of the piles on their submergability, energy intensity of driving and load-bearing capacity was evaluated. The design and technological features of new types of piles are considered. A method for determining the load-bearing capacity of a pile model based on the results of dynamic tests has been developed. Similarity conditions and formulas are presented that provide modeling of the pile driving process in the laboratory. The influence of the shape of the tape dies on their submersibility, energy consumption of the driving and the bearing capacity of the foundations arranged in the vyshtampovannyh pits was evaluated. The method of determining the load-bearing capacity of a belt Foundation model based on the results of pit vyshtampovyvaniya is described. Recommendations on the choice of optimal parameters of piles and foundations, arranged in vystupovani pits. Recommended for researchers, specialists of design and construction organizations, doctoral students, postgraduates, undergraduates and students of construction and water management specialties.
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Hill, Lois. 365 great pies you can bake. Weathervane Books, 1991.

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Hasson, Julie. Vegan casseroles: Pasta bakes, gratins, pot pies, and more. Running Press, 2014.

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International, Hearst Books. Country living little book of pies & tarts: 50 easy homemade favorites to bake & share. Hearst Books, 2011.

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Malgieri, Nick. The modern baker: Time saving techniques for breads, tarts, pies, cakes, & cookies. DK Pub., 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Baked pies"

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Fohl, François, and Oliver Hechler. "Reuse of Steel Sheet Piles—Best Practice." In Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_3.

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AbstractSteel sheet piles are used for retaining walls. Due to their modularity, they can be easily installed and extracted after their service life. After their first use, they can be either directly recycled or reused several times and then recycled. The reuse of steel sheet piles allows to avoid new production and thus CO2-emissions for their production, reducing the environmental impacts per use. In temporary works, like construction pits, the reuse of sheet piles is common practice. Also, for certain permanent projects, there is no disadvantage in using second-hand sheet piles. This paper shows, on the basis of two case studies the best practice for reuse of sheet piles. The environmental impacts for a temporary project in Germany are discussed based on a Life Cycle Assessment for the sheet piling tonnage. Over the life cycle of the steel, 1,535 t of CO2-eq are emitted. Reuse of the sections saved 79% of greenhouse gases. For a dyke reinforcement in the Netherlands, the project owner partly chose second-hand sheet piles to reduce the environmental impacts of the infrastructure project.
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Shang, Qianqian, Hui Xu, and Jian Zhang. "Study on Prediction Method for Compression Scour Depth of River-Crossing Bridge." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_20.

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AbstractRiverbed deformation caused by river-crossing bridge construction can be divided into compression scour and local scour. Compared with local scour, fewer studies have been made on the compression scour caused by bridge piers. It is noteworthy that, the compression scour can lead to riverbed scour of the whole cross section along a bridge site, which is obviously detrimental to the bridge foundation safety. Based on a summary of existing research findings, a prediction model for the compression scour of bridge piers is constructed, and the model is applied in predicting the compression scour depth of Shiyezhou River Bridge in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Firstly, the pier boundary treatment methods at different spatial scales are discussed. Subsequently, the selection method of flow and sediment processes is proposed from the engineering safety point of view, according to the flow and sediment characteristics on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Finally, the depth of compression scour around the upstream and downstream of Shiyezhou Bridge piers are predicted, and comparisons were made between the prediction depth of Shiyezhou Bridge and other existing bridges in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Comparisons show that the compression scour depth of Shiyezhou Bridge was basically equivalent to that of other bridges downstream the Yangtze River. The results indicate that the method for predicting the compression scour depth of bridge piers is reasonable and feasible, and the prediction of compression scour depth can provide technical basis for determining the embedment depth of the bridge pier foundation.
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Liang, Gangyi, Zunwen Liu, Xingjing Li, and Hong Song. "Study on Seismic Response Mechanism of Continuous Rigid Frame Composite Girder Bridge of High-Speed Rail." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5814-2_17.

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AbstractIn order to explore the earthquake response mechanism of continuous rigid frame composite girder bridge of high-speed railway, based on a rigid frame bridge of high-speed railway in northwest China and combined with the characteristics of CRTS type I double block non-ballast track structure, three continuous rigid frame composite girder bridge models were established, which considered the constraints of track and subsequent structure, only considering the constraints of track and no considering the constraints of track. The seismic response of structural systems is studied by using response spectrum method. The results show that the track constraint effect reduces the natural vibration period of the structure, and the subsequent structure has a inhibition effect on the seismic response of the track system, which is 4.18%. At the top beam joint of the transition pier, the change of pier height has a significant effect on the seismic response of the track. With the increase of pier height, the maximum rail stress of model 1 and model 2 increases by 50% and 65%, respectively. Under the constraint of track, when the height of rigid frame pier is 28% different from that of simple beam pier, the seismic internal forces of the two piers are equal. When the height of rigid frame pier is greater than 28%, the transition pier is the main energy-consuming rod, and when the height of rigid frame pier is less than 28%, the rigid frame pier is the main energy-consuming rod. Therefore, for bridge types with different pier heights, corresponding design reinforcement measures should be taken at the bottom of the transition pier and rigid frame pier respectively.
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Choudhury, Satyabrata. "UPBD for Bridge Piers." In Performance-Based Seismic Design of Structures. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003441090-15.

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Choudhury, Satyabrata. "Displacement-Based Design for Bridge Piers." In Performance-Based Seismic Design of Structures. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003441090-14.

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Sun, Zongjun, Yingfeng Han, Fei Liu, and Rui Min. "Sensitivity Analysis of Influencing Factors of Vertical Bearing Capacity of Rock-Socketed Piles Based on Orthogonal Test." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4090-1_9.

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AbstractIn order to investigate the sensitivity of influencing factors of rock-socketed piles’ vertical bearing capability. The field static load test of embedded rock piles was performed in the article, and the pile-soil interaction model was built using ABAQUS software. The orthogonal test is properly designed to examine the sensitivity of the influencing elements of embedded rock piles by varying the relevant pile, pile side soil and bedrock parameters. The conclusions are as follows: (A) From large to small, the following factors have varying degrees of influence on the bearing capacity of rock-socketed piles: rock internal friction angle, pile diameter, rock elastic modulus, pile elastic modulus, rock poisson's ratio, soil density, soil thickness, rock-socketed depth, rock friction coefficient, rock cohesion, pile density, soil poisson's ratio, soil friction coefficient, soil elastic modulus, rock density, soil cohesion, pile poisson's ratio and soil internal friction angle; (B) Rock internal friction angle, pile diameter, rock elastic modulus, pile elastic modulus, rock poisson's ratio, soil density, soil thickness, and depth of the rock-socketed piles all have a greatly significant impact on the vertical bearing capacity of these piles. The bearing capacity of rock-socketed piles is significantly impacted by the rock friction coefficient and rock cohesiveness. The research results can provide a basis for the design of rock-socketed piles and the prediction of bearing capacity of rock-socketed piles.
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Mangraviti, Viviana. "Displacement-Based Design of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Pile-Supported Embankments to Increase Sustainability." In Civil and Environmental Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99593-5_7.

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AbstractAlthough the construction of concrete piles has a relevant environmental footprint, they are commonly used to reduce settlements of embankments on soft soil strata. A more sustainable choice to further reduce settlements (and, consequently, the number of piles) is to place geosynthetics below the embankment. However, existing design methods cannot calculate settlements at the embankment top and cannot be used to optimise the number of piles in a displacement-based design. In this note, an innovative model for assessing settlements at the top of Geosynthetic-Reinforced and Pile-Supported embankments induced by the embankment construction process is presented and validated against finite difference numerical analyses. The model is used to optimise the design of both piles and geosynthetic, and applied to a practical example, where the mass of CO2 saved by designing geosynthetics to reduce the pile number. Graphical Abstract
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Chodachek, J., and E. Williams. "Protection of bridge piles in marine environments." In Risk-Based Strategies for Bridge Maintenance. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032638294-27.

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Ouyang, Jie, Zhiying Song, Xueqing Qiao, and Xiaowei Li. "Research on the Selection Model of Apron In-Ground Pit Based on Utility Tunnel Technology." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5814-2_24.

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AbstractThis paper studies the selection of apron in-ground pits locations, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to identify key factors influencing the selection of apron in-ground pits locations. It establishes a multi-objective optimization model for apron in-ground pits locations based on utility tunnel technology, considering the construction distance cost, the human resource cost, and the in-ground pits installation cost. The model is validated through simulation using particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results show that the proposed model can achieve the integration of apron in-ground pits. Compared with the existing pit system at Zhuhai Airport, the total cost has reduced by approximately 50.4%, 52.97%, and 34.01% for the three different aircraft parking stand layouts, respectively. This can provide guidance for the application of utility tunnel in airport construction, promote the improvement of apron operation efficiency and unmanned apron realization, and contribute positively to the development of green airports.
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Gong, Wenping, Huiming Tang, C. Hsein Juang, James R. Martin, and Liangqing Wang. "Optimization-Based Design of Stabilizing Piles." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Geoenvironment and Geohazard. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0128-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Baked pies"

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Mosher, Winston, Tony Lam, and Haralampos Tsaprailis. "Methodology for the Evaluation of Cleaning Pigs on Sludge Deposits from Corrosion Pits." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07023.

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Abstract For decades pipelines have been operated in remote and environmentally sensitive areas as well as within populated locations. Proper maintenance of pipelines can prevent internal corrosion to a remarkable degree. The methods employed are primarily mechanical cleaning (pigging) and chemical treatment (corrosion inhibitors, biocides), often used in combination. Corrosion issues arise in areas of the pipeline typically under localized areas containing sediments that tend to be an agglomeration of solids, waxes and water. The resulting corrosion defects can then become ideal locations for sediment and water to continue to gather and create deep, dirt filled localized pitting that cannot be protected through chemical treatment without the aid of mechanical cleaning (pigging). In an effort to increase the knowledge of the cleaning efficiency of typical pig designs at removing sludge and debris from pre-existing corrosion pits, a novel test setup and method has been devised. A recirculating flow loop was constructed with the capabilities of launching a 102 mm (4”) diameter cleaning pig using either crude oil or water as the pumped fluid. During the test, a pig would be passed through a test apparatus which housed flush mounted coupons with variously sized pits, packed with manufactured sediment (sludge). Following the pigging operation, the coupons were removed and analyzed via laser scanning techniques to measure sludge volume removal and maximum depth of cleaning. The pigs’ cleaning abilities were compared based on both metrics and information was gathered based on the profile of the sludge’s surfaces post pigging, as well as images of the pigs with adhered sludge.
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Kobayashi, Hisako, Hiroyoshi Kiku, and Ryo Sawada. "Fundamental Study on Control of Yield Position of RC Piers." In IABSE Congress, San José 2024: Beyond Structural Engineering in a Changing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2749/sanjose.2024.0685.

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&lt;p&gt;Many of the older RC piers in Japan have stepped sections (referred to as cut-off sections) with a reduced amount of longitudinal reinforcement in response to the cross-sectional force. Figure 1 shows a RC pier with a cut-off section stripped by an earthquake. In this study, the relationship between the seismic yielding coefficient and equivalent natural period for each soil type was investigated based on horizontal cyclic loading tests on specimens simulating piers with cut-off sections. Dynamic response analyses were conducted for the two yielding types obtained from the cyclic loading tests, and the non-linear response spectrum were generated. The results showed that, for a given natural period, piers yielding at a cut-off section may change to piers not yielding at a cut-off section, depending on the ground conditions. This suggests that for a given natural period, it is possible to control damage at the pier bases through ground improvement.&lt;/p&gt;
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Payne, Joel, John S. Hudek, Jason N. Worden, et al. "Structural pier repair, primary load path change from cementitious to epoxy grout at the Keck 1 telescope." In Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes X, edited by Heather K. Marshall, Jason Spyromilio, and Tomonori Usuda. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3022887.

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Ma, Ran, Chul-Woo Kim, and Daigo Kawabe. "Point cloud-based geometry updating and finite element analysis of railway bridge pier." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.0972.

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&lt;p&gt;This study presents a novel approach to updating the geometry of railway bridge piers using 3D reconstruction techniques integrated with finite element analysis (FEA). Combining photogrammetry and laser scanning, the proposed method generates high-fidelity digital models that accurately reflect the structural and geometric characteristics of bridge piers. A case study involving a railway bridge pier demonstrates the method’s effectiveness, achieving centimeter-level accuracy in dimension evaluation compared to design documents. Additionally, the updated finite element model successfully identifies the rocking mode frequency, closely matching impact test results. This methodology offers a robust and efficient solution for structural health monitoring and assessment, addressing challenges such as limited data coverage and aging deterioration, while ensuring precise geometric updates critical for structural analysis and maintenance planning.&lt;/p&gt;
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Haase, Thomas, René Rüter, and Christoph Bosch. "High-Pressure SSC Testing of TMCP Large-Diameter Pipeline Steel." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20855.

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Abstract In the recent years concerns have been raised on the validity of 1 bar H2S testing to be representative of the full extension of SSC region 3 as currently defined in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-2. Within this work SSC four-point bend tests have been performed on base material and weld specimens from TMCP-based large-diameter pipes at exposure conditions in the range of 1-12 bar H2S partial pressure in the presence of different levels of CO2 up to 24 bar. The results are discussed based on microstructure and hardness of the tested pipes. Metallographic evaluation of the specimens to distinguish between SSC, grooves or stress-induced pits has been performed based on a recently published micrographic evaluation criteria chart. For this evaluation method, several examples are presented and discussed to contribute to the collection of data as a basis for damage feature evaluation. The results show that the tested TMCP-based large-diameter pipes are resistant to SSC at partial pressures of H2S above 1 bar, based on material parameters and test conditions. It is recommended to further investigate how the limits of SSC resistance depend on the quantity of CO2 present.
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Gunawan, Devin, Naoki Sogabe, Fumiaki Nagashima, and Yuichi Yoshimura. "Damage Evaluation of UHPFRC Repaired RC Piers Using Optical Fiber." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.2520.

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&lt;p&gt;Improvement of seismic performance and maintenance of structural health are essential to ensure the resilience of structures in earthquake prone areas. Previous studies have developed a method to retrofit RC bridge piers by replacing the cover concrete with UHPFRC in the plastic hinge region. In this study, the authors investigated its application for repairing damaged RC piers. The authors also developed a damage evaluation method for the repaired or retrofitted piers based on the strain of the UHPFRC cover measured using optical fiber sensors. A cyclic loading test was conducted on an RC pier model specimen and measurements were conducted throughout the process. As a result, the strain distribution of the UHPFRC cover in the circumferential direction confirmed the confining behaviour of the cover against the buckling of longitudinal rebars. The strain in critical areas increased significantly before the failure, showing the potential for damage evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;
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Kendell, Kevin. "The Design and Operation of a Multi-System Approach for Cathodic Protection Systems of Inter-Bonded Complex Plants." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19264.

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Abstract In order to remove the issues of stray current corrosion and to accommodate the requirements for earthing between structures many clients are adopting an inter-bonded approach to complex plants. In this approach all structures are made into an equi-potential belt such that conventional soil-based remote CP systems do not cause harm. The issues of design of multiple cathodic protection system types to address the various structures such as piles, pile-caps, pits, buildings, intakes, ponds, pipework, etc. are elaborated. In addition, the ability to accurately monitor and control such complex systems in a manner that allows true data to be determined without interference is demonstrated.
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Henderson, C. E., and S. Segall. "Cathodic Protection of Ice Shields on the Confederation Bridge Northumberland Strait Crossing Project." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98362.

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Abstract This paper presents the issues considered during the design of an impressed current type cathodic protection (ICCP) system for corrosion control on the submerged external surfaces of the steel ice shields on the piers of Confederation Bridge. General information and facts are presented on the Confederation Bridge and ice conditions in the Northumberland Strait. The challenges and cathodic protection (CP) system design solutions, associated with providing protection to the underwater CP components against ice damage, are discussed. The ICCP system is described including the different CP equipment arrangements utilized, based on the various pier configurations and construction methods. Results of the system effectiveness are also discussed.
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Pretorius, Louis. "New Application Technology for Internal Pipeline Coatings in Situ Pipeline Protection Using Pigging Techniques." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06061.

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Abstract Pipe pigging techniques for refurbishment of pipe work have existed for many years. The advantage being considerably reduced costs when compared to the logistics of transporting new pipes to site, trenching, cranage etc. The method can be used for new projects on fully welded pipe lines avoiding internal coating problems associated with flange joints, couplings or welds, or for refurbishment of old pipelines. Pipes varying from 150-900 mm diameter, up to 20 km long can be treated. The pipes or pipelines can be buried, submerged, continuously welded or flanged. Many different pipes, such as oil platform to shore based pipelines, injection lines, cooling water lines etc, can all be internally treated using this method. Recent developments have allowed heavy duty, highly chemical resistant thick film glass filled resin materials to be applied by the “pigging” technology. This being available in two different applications: Thick film highly corrosion resistant barriers (coatings)Internal structural linings to build a thick wall GRP composite pipe within a steel pipe. Liquid applied GRP (glass reinforced polymer) resins are installed using specially designed flexible pigs, which make several runs, ensuring a multi-layer, continuous lining of specified thickness, along the complete length of the pipeline. The viscous liquid polymer lining creates a “polymer pipe within a pipe” that has structural strength, fills corrosion pit marks, and re-builds lost material from channel erosion. The new thick film liquid applied material can create a robust seamless internal pipe lining. This paper will review the advances in the techniques and methods of pipe pigging (scraping and screeding) and will compare the properties of the glass flake filled coating materials to the old technology solvent based epoxy coating materials. An overview will also be given on the benefits of using heavy duty glassflake filled polymeric resin materials combined with refined pigging techniques.
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Belov, Dmitry A., Masafumi Fukuhara, Peter Coupe, and Evgeniya V. Myalo. "Material-Loss Estimation for Pipes." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11312.

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Abstract Deterioration of the internal wall of a metal pipe that results from corrosion or erosion can lead to material loss that compromises the integrity of the conduit. For subsea pipelines, both investigation and monitoring of these two processes are very important not only to prevent leakage and its associated hazards, but also due to difficulties in remediation and loss of revenue from often complex high value production streams. Although industry statistics indicate that up to 40% of offshore pipeline failures are associated with corrosion-related issues, most methods used for inspection and diagnostics of pipe integrity &amp; wall thickness are not easy to apply in deepwater pipeline environments. In this work authors present a new diagnostic method that employs pipe hoop strain in the estimation of metal-loss parameters. Factors significantly influencing the hoop strain were studied, including internal and external pressures, wall thickness, temperature, etc. The new methodology is based on the results of numerical pipe modeling that evaluates how the internal metal loss affects the external strain reading as a function of pressure and temperature.
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Reports on the topic "Baked pies"

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Ray, James, David Hyde, Dustin Brown, Melissa Pham, Ronald Smith, and Naveen Ganesh. Pier Structural Analysis Tool : user's manual. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49717.

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This report documents the development of a rapid structural load-capacity assessment capability for ship docking and offloading structures (i.e., piers) and automation of the assessment technique into a user-friendly personal computer–based tool referred to herein as the Pier Analysis Tool (PAT). This capability provides a quick first-cut assessment of the load-bearing capacity of pier structures in terms of maximum allowable ship mooring loads and allowable weights for typical commercial and military vehicles and equipment associated with military discharge operations. The report covers the technical basis for the structural analyses along with detailed computational examples. It also provides a detailed user guide for PAT.
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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Fiber-Based Seismic Damage and Collapse Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Single-Column Pier-Supported Bridges Using Damage Indices. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2241.

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Near-fault earthquakes can have major effects on transportation systems due to the structural damage they impose on bridges. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the seismic damage of bridges appropriately, and this research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. This research advances the seismic performance assessment of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion by use of ductility coefficients and damage indices. The methodology included modeling fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage development process of RC bridge piers under earthquake loadings, considering the global buckling of longitudinal steel bars, examining the cracking and spalling of cover concrete, and analyzing the effects of bond-slip. The tensile strain represented the damage of the longitudinal bars while the compression strain represented the cover concrete damage. Two innovative nonlinear fiber-based finite element models (FEMs) were developed: Model 1 (bond-slip excluded) and Model 2 (bond-slip included). Nonlinear static cyclic pushover analyses and nonlinear response history analyses were conducted. The simulation results were compared with available pseudo-dynamic test results. Model 1 provided a more ideal prognosis on the seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges under near-fault ground motion. The proposed damage indices can indicate the damage state at any stage and the gradual accumulation of damage in RC bridge piers, which are more convincing than most other indices in the literature. The proposed fiber-based nonlinear FEMs, together with the use of ductility coefficients and proposed damage indices, can also assist engineers and researchers in simulating the seismic behavior and assessing the damage state of RC bridge columns in a computationally effective manner which can empower engineers to identify and prioritize RC bridges for seismic retrofit and maintenance.
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Cook, Jeanine. PIMS: Memristor-Based Processing-in-Memory-and-Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1424888.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Zebblin M. Sullivan, and Wayne B. Roush. Oat-Based Diets for Market Pigs in Deep-Bedded Hoop Barns. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-673.

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Kim, Kwangkyum, Rodrigo Salgado, and Junhwan Lee. Load Tests on Pipe Piles for Development of CPT-Based Design Method. Purdue University, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313263.

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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Effects of Low-Cycle Fatigue Fracture of Longitudinal Reinforcing Steel Bars on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2328.

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Earthquakes, which can cause tremendous local stress and strain on infrastructure, can cause reinforced concrete (RC) bridges to collapse due to the concrete cracking and fracture of the steel reinforcement rebars. The fracture of longitudinal reinforcing steel due to low-cycle fatigue is one of the main causes of failure in RC structures under earthquake loading. The purpose of this research is to include the effects of low-cycle fatigue fracture of longitudinal reinforcing steel bars on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge piers. To obtain a greater understanding of low-cycle fatigue failure of steel reinforcement of RC bridge piers subjected to seismic loadings, its properties were studied by considering the slenderness ratio to observe its effects on the behaviors of the steel material. The slenderness ratio are functions of unsupported length, diameter of the circular cross section of the longitudinal reinforcing bars, and the spacing of transverse reinforcing bars. The seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion were assessed with the use of damage indices. The damage indices can numerically assess the damaged state of RC bridge piers and show the gradual accumulation of damage. Four numerical models are developed with fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage accumulation on RC bridge piers under seismic loadings, considering variables such as low-cycle fatigue, tensile strain damage, global buckling of longitudinal steel bars, the cracking and spalling of cover concrete, and the bond-slip between concrete and longitudinal steel bars. Bond-slip is related to the interaction between the longitudinal steel rebars and the concrete for load bearing and coordination deformation. The four numerical models were developed with different considerations of low-cycle fatigue and bond-slip: Model 1 (without bond-slip and without fatigue), Model 2 (without bond-slip and with fatigue), Model 3 (with bond-slip and without fatigue), and Model 4 (with bond-slip and with fatigue). The models underwent nonlinear time-history analyses. The results were compared with experimental testing results. All four numerical models are optimal to assess the seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges. The proposed damage indices can reasonably reflect the damage states in accordance with the experimental results. The proposed models can reasonably predict the damage states and seismic behavior of RC bridge columns and could be available to the structural engineering community for non-linear analysis and performance assessment of RC bridge structures.
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Sullivan, Zabblin M., Mark S. Honeyman, and Wayne B. Roush. Triticale-based Diets for Market Pigs in Deep-Bedded Hoop Barns: A Progress Report. Iowa State University, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1084.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Zebblin M. Sullivan, and Wayne B. Roush. Triticale-based Diets for Market Pigs in Deep-bedded Hoop Barns: A Progress Report. Iowa State University, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-848.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Zebblin M. Sullivan, and Wayne B. Roush. Triticale-Based Diets for Market Pigs in Deep-Bedded Hoop Barns: A Progress Report. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2331.

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Sullivan, Zebblin M., Mark S. Honeyman, and Wayne B. Roush. Triticale-Based Diets for Market Pigs in Deep-Bedded Hoop Barns: A Progress Report. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2511.

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