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1
Stone, Jonathan. "Polyphony and the Atomic Age: Bakhtin's Assimilation of an Einsteinian Universe." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 2 (March 2008): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.2.405.
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Mikhail Bakhtin described a novelistic world bound to the reader's point of view and perception of reality. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity justified Bakhtin's elevation of the reader to a central position in his theory of the novel. This essay examines Bakhtin's engagement with Einsteinian relativity in the context of two of his most influential contributions to critical discourse—polyphony and the chronotope. Originating in the 1920s, Bakhtin's notion of polyphony was initially an expression of his Kantian mind-set. When Bakhtin reworked his formulation of polyphony in 1963 (having already broached the topic of literary spaciotemporality with the chronotope), Einstein had replaced Kant as Bakhtin's guiding intellectual paradigm. In advocating a relativistic model to explicate the literary world, Bakhtin aligned centuries of novelistic tradition with a distinctly modern worldview. His use of the epistemological possibilities inaugurated by twentieth-century physics allowed him to interpret centuries-old texts with an insightfulness available only to a post-Einsteinian reader.
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Karimzad, Farzad, and Lydia Catedral. "‘No, we don't mix languages’: Ideological power and the chronotopic organization of ethnolinguistic identities." Language in Society 47, no. 1 (December 5, 2017): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000781.
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AbstractIn this study we address ethnolinguistic identity using Bakhtin's (1981) notion of chronotope. Taking an ethnographic approach to linguistic data from Azerbaijani and Uzbek communities, we trace the impact of various chronotopes on our participants’ acts of ethnolinguistic identification. Building on Blommaert & De Fina (2017), we illustrate how ethnolinguistic identification is an outcome of the interaction between multiple levels of large- and small-scale chronotopes. Furthermore, we argue that chronotopes differ in terms of their power, depending on the ideological force behind them. We demonstrate how power differentials between chronotopes can account for certain interactional and linguistic patterns in conversation. The power inherent in chronotopes that link nationhood with specific languages makes the notions ofdiscrete languagesandstatic identities‘real’ for our participants. Therefore, discussions of language and identity as flexible and socially constructed, we argue, must not obscure the power of these notions in shaping the perceptions of sociolinguistic subjects. (Chronotope, ethnolinguistic identity, power, Uzbek, Azeri/Azerbaijani, nationalism, language mixing, language ideology)*
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Waithe, Marcus. "News from Nowhere , Utopia and Bakhtin's idyllic chronotope." Textual Practice 16, no. 3 (January 2002): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502360210163426.
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Ayers, Carolyn Jursa. "AN INTERPRETIVE DIALOGUE: Beckett's "First Love" and Bakhtin's Categories of Meaning." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 7, no. 1 (December 8, 1998): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-90000109.
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From the very first sentence of "First Love", Beckett's narrator-protagonist engages the reader in an aggressive, one-sided dialogue. We might respond by bringing the voice of the narrator, and Beckett's narrative in general, into contact with the major theorizer of dialogue, Mikhail Bakhtin. Bakhtin's categories of genre suggest that Beckett's story may share strategic affinities with the menippea, while his concept of chronotope helps to clarify some of the contradictory details in the text. It is the idea of dialogue, however, with its implied surrender of power to the other that dominates the text and obsesses the narrator. In illuminating the narrator's resistance to, and regretful acknowledgement of his dialogic position in the worId, Bakhtin's words respond to and renew Beckett's.
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Perrino, Sabina. "Chronotopes of story and storytelling event in interviews." Language in Society 40, no. 1 (February 2011): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404510000916.
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AbstractNarratives in interviews involve the alignment of two chronotopes (Bakhtin's term, literally ‘time-space’) or what has traditionally been termed the narrated and narrating events. While narrators are expected to separate the there-and-then narrated-event chronotope from the here-and-now narrating-event chronotope, tropic forms of coeval alignment exist that erase or blur the line between the two events, as if they were occurring in the same time and place. In this article I argue for the need to map these shifting alignments in interviews. This article begins with, but then moves beyond, the familiar case of the “historical present,” where narrators shift into using nonpast temporal deixis for past events. Drawing first on an oral narrative from Italy, I show how resources besides the historical present can produce similar alignment effects. In order to demonstrate more extreme forms of coeval alignment, I then compare these data with those from a Senegalese narrator in Dakar who transposes participants “into” his stories. Through this comparison I illustrate how cross-chronotope alignment reveals the way narrators manage the relationship between story and event in interviews. Mapping these shifting alignments can help illuminate the emergent relations between interviewer and interviewee and hence show how stories reflect and shape the interview context in which they occur. (Narrative, interview, chronotope, historical present, Italian, Senegal)*
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Blommaert, Jan. "Commentary: Mobility, contexts, and the chronotope." Language in Society 46, no. 1 (February 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404516000841.
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Mobility raises specific issues with regard to what we understand by ‘context’, and in this commentary I suggest that Bakhtin's concept of chronotope could be a useful instrument enabling a precise and detailed, mobile, unit of ‘context’. This unit connects specific time-space arrangements with ideological and moral orders, projecting possible and preferred identities. The articles in this issue offer rich material in this direction.
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Segal, E. "Bakhtin's Theory of the Literary Chronotope: Reflections, Applications, Perspectives." Poetics Today 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-1586599.
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Voronina, N. I. "DAYS OF M.M. BAKHTIN IN SARANSK (TO THE 125TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE THINKER'S BIRTH)." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23 (2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-76-5-9.
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Subject of the article: review of the Bakhtin days in Saransk (to the 125th anniversary of the thinker's birth)". The object of the article: twenty-first century, "dialogue with a thinker" on the day of birth. Project goal: to update information about the development of Bakhtin studies in the modern world for the scientific and educational world. Methodology of work: the phenomenon of Bakhtin is unique, unique and significant. This context of studying his scientific work became possible using comparative historical, cultural-philosophical approaches, as well as the biographical method of analysis. Results of the work: consideration of Bakhtin's works, his ideas, thoughts, approaches and research methods, the meanings of his biographical chronicle, and transcripts on publications from the scientist's personal library makes it possible to build a chronotope of memory, fix the dominant literary and cultural-philosophical meanings, and identify the specifics of Bakhtin's thinking and the ideas that dominate his work. Scope of the results: the dialogue that reflects the new multi-level way of research of Bakhtin's works becomes the basis for the formation of a new scientific paradigm, in his own words, "The last word about the world is not said. Still ahead", which stimulates interest in understanding the innovative phenomena associated with the life and work of the thinker, opens up the possibility of comparative methodology in the study of the "Circle of Bakhtin" and his personality. Understanding the scientific dialogue "I and the Other", the phenomenon of polyphonism, the chronotope of culture and art in the regional and urban space, etc. it allowed us to clarify / detail the General patterns of development of Bakhtin studies. Conclusion: the scientific novelty of the project consists in a comprehensive analysis of the Round table materials related to the increasing dynamics of research on Bakhtin, the activities Of the M. M. Bakhtin Center at the N. P. Ogarev Mordovian state University, and the publication of the scientific electronic journal "Bakhtin Bulletin". In the context of Russian culture, holding such an International forum, which held a dialogue about the present and the future perspective in the study of the semantic context of M. M. Bakhtin works, is important and significant. The inclusion of these materials in scientific circulation contributes to the enrichment of scientific thought about the literary critic and philosopher M. M. Bakhtin. The conclusions presented in the scientific review are reasoned and logical.
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Osovsky, Oleg, Svetlana Dubrovskaya, and Ekaterina Chernetsova. "Social education through the lens of Bakhtinian theory." Dialogic Pedagogy: An International Online Journal 9 (September 7, 2021): R7—R16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/dpj.2021.440.
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A review of Bakhtin in the Fullness of Time: Bakhtinian Theory and the Process of Social Education, Edited by Craig Brandist, Michael E. Gardiner, E. Jayne White and Carl Mika. L.: Routledge. 2020. 160 p.
The review of the collection of articles Bakhtin in the Fullness of Time: Bakhtinian Theory and the Process of Social Education represents an analysis of the perspectives, main trends, and interpretations of key points, ideas, and concepts of M. M. Bakhtin in the contemporary theory and practice of Social Education.
The book’s nine chapters are grouped within three problem areas, researched by the book’s contributors. This is, in the first place, a re-establishment of those philosophical and sociological sources that trace back to the roots of Bakhtin’s early views that had defined the nature of his responses to the challenges of his time in his early philosophical texts, books about Dostoevsky and books about bildungsroman. Another field of examination is Bakhtin's late dialogue with his contemporaries. Sometimes this dialogue is active and obvious, as it happens in the situation with the latest aesthetic and literary trends in Russia at the beginning of the 1920s. Sometimes this dialogue turns out to be ambiguous, therefore researchers can only guess how to reconstruct it, basing their views on the complementarity of Bakhtin’s ideas and Lev Vygotsky or Paulo Freire’s ones.
An equally important aspect of this collection is a number of articles devoted to how Bakhtin's theory is transformed into "classroom practice", whether it concerns the use of dialogue and its capabilities in interaction with foreigners, providing educational opportunities to the most economically vulnerable segments of South African society, or communication with preschoolers in kindergarten.
The authors of the book managed to create a convincing picture of how Bakhtinian theory is becoming one of the most important elements of contemporary theory and practice of education. At the same time, not only Bakhtinian ideas, primarily the concepts of dialogue, polyphony, carnival, and chronotope, are important, but also that free polyphony, which puts into effect any creative practice.
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Porter, Laurin. "Bakhtin's Chronotope: Time and Space inA Touch of the PoetandMore Stately Mansions." Modern Drama 34, no. 3 (March 1991): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.34.3.369.
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KOHRI, Shin-ya. "The Basis of M. M. Bakhtin's Idea of "Chronotope" in the Novel." Japanese Slavic and East European Studies 14 (1993): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5823/jsees.14.0_1.
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Newsom, Carol. "Response to How Are the Mighty Fallen? A Dialogical Study of King Saul in 1 Samuel." Horizons in Biblical Theology 29, no. 1 (2007): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187122007x198455.
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AbstractBarbara Green's monograph, How Are the Mighty Fallen?, opens new vistas for the interpretation of 1 Samuel. No other work has attempted to use Bakhtin's thought so systematically in its interpretive project. In one sense the book might be viewed as a kind of experimental workshop in which the usefulness and generative potential of Bakhtin's categories are systematically explored. One of the risks in such a procedure is that not everything will work equally well—or, conversely, that there will not finally be an integral relationship between the Bakhtinian categories and the reading that is produced. Perhaps the most useful applications of Bakhtinian categories are "answerability" and "architectonics." Two of his concepts employed by Green that are found less satisfactorily are his understanding of genre and chronotope.
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Cloran, Carmel. "Rhetorical unit analysis and Bakhtin’s chronotype." Functions of Language 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 29–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.17.1.02clo.
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Bakhtin introduced the concept of chronotope (chronos = time; topos = space) to facilitate his exploration of the ways in which space-time intersections occur in literary texts. However, he also suggests that chronotopes characterise non-literary texts — indeed, that “every entry into the sphere of meaning is accomplished only through the gates of the chronotope” (1981: 258) — this historical, biographical and social time-space configuration. This formulation immediately suggests that these categories should be accessible via the categories of language and indeed, in English, they are most generally expressed via the Mood categories Subject and Finite. These same Mood categories of English are crucially involved in the identification of a unit of discourse — the rhetorical unit (Cloran 1994). Thus, this discourse unit provides a useful means of concretising, from a linguistic perspective, Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope and investigating the presence of such chronotopes in the everyday mundane discourse of mother-child interaction. Selections from such interaction are illustrations of authentic cultural chronotopes, and provide exempla of a (sub)cultural chronotopic motif within the broader culture, i.e. social positioning at a particular historical point in time (the late 20th century Australian culture).
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Procházka, Ondřej. "Chronotopic representations as an effect of individuation: The case of the European migrant crisis." Language in Society 49, no. 5 (November 12, 2019): 717–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404519000812.
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AbstractThis article discusses internet memes in their capacity to prompt affective responses on social media in the aftermath of the migrant crisis. The focus is on Facebook pages devoted to geopolitical satire meme-comics known as countryballs and their uptake with regard to the proposed migrant relocation mechanisms. Engagement with internet memes reveals a multilayered complexity behind what is often simplistically portrayed as pro- or anti-migrant sentiment. In order to account for this complexity, the paper combines Gilbert Simondon's theory of individuation with Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope currently developed in interactional sociolinguistics along the lines of symbolic interactionism. Finally, this article shows that memes are not a mere product of participatory culture, but rather a powerful instigator of technosocial and often heteroglossic practices that co-organize social life in the new polycentric collectivities appearing on social media. (Chronotope, individuation, internet memes, countryballs, Facebook, identity)*
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Fernandez, Ramona. "The Somatope: from Bakhtin's Chronotope to Haraway's Cyborg via James Cameron's Dark Angel and Avatar." Journal of Popular Culture 47, no. 6 (January 2014): 1122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12201.
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Myers, Casey Y., and Janice Kroeger. "Scribbling Away the Ghosts: A Bakhtinian Interpretation of Preschool Writers and the Disruption of Developmental Discourses." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 12, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2011.12.4.297.
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Using Mikhail Bakhtin's conceptions of dialogue, monologue, and chronotope, the authors ask readers to consider how different values and actions ultimately create the teaching and learning spaces in which children are recognized as literate. Using qualitative data that focus on the relational writing practices of two preschoolers, this ethnographic work explores how authoritative monologues of development and risk commonly structure our thinking about and interaction with young writers. The article offers an alternative interpretation of children as writers engaged within a relational and dialogic writing space, wherein dominant developmental beliefs are rejected and relationships between children and teachers are reinterpreted. The authors argue for the creation of dialogic classroom spaces that afford children opportunities for multiple possible futures as whole persons.
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Zarate, Andrea. "Portals, Agency and the Negotiation of Liminality in A Tale of Time City and Johnny and the Bomb." International Research in Children's Literature 4, no. 1 (July 2011): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2011.0009.
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This paper focuses upon the portal trope in Diana Wynne Jones's A Tale of Time City and Terry Pratchett's Johnny and the Bomb, suggesting that the portal trope is not just a practical narrative conveyance but a liminal space in which negotiation of discourse comes to the fore. In light of Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope, the portal is rendered a nexus point of time and space in which multiple discourses meet and blend. Characters, in entering a portal space, must negotiate these discourses, absorbing and appropriating them – a phenomenon that both alters the characters and the discourses themselves. From this theoretical lens, the portal trope articulates the fluidity of discourse as well as the processes of subject negotiation that characterise much of fantasy literature for children.
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Adelman, Rachel. "Midrash, Myth, and Bakhtin's Chronotope: The Itinerant Well and the Foundation Stone in Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer." Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 17, no. 2 (2009): 143–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/105369909x12506863090431.
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AbstractThroughout the midrash Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer (PRE), motifs are recycled to connect primordial time to the eschaton. In this paper, I read passages on the well “created at twilight of the Sixth Day” in light of Bakhtin's notion of “chronotope” (lit. time-space). The author of PRE disengages the itinerant well from its traditional association with the desert sojourn and links it, instead, to the foundation stone of the world (even shtiyah) at the Temple Mount. The midrash reflects the influence of Islamic legends about the “white stone” around which the Dome of the Rock was built (ca. 690 C.E.). Over the course of the discussion, PRE is understood in terms of the genre “narrative midrash” and compared to classical rabbinic literature in order to illustrate changes in both form and content arising from the author's apocalyptic eschatology.
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Noh, Dae-won. "The Embodied Chronotope in Literature - Dialoguing Between Bakhtin's Time-Space Theory of Novel and Embodied Cognitive Science." Korean Literary Theory and Criticism 67 (June 30, 2015): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20461/kltc.2015.06.67.93.
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Sachs, Jonathan, and Andrew Piper. "Technique and the Time of Reading." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 5 (October 2018): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.5.1259.
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What time is it when we read? There are many answers to this question. Time might refer to a particular day of the week, as in Sunday reading, a practice that Christina Lupton finds has spanned both religious and secular contexts. Or time might imply a sense of pace, that reading is something we do quickly or slowly, which Rolf Engelsing suggests when he distinguishes between intensive and extensive reading. Or perhaps time is more periodic, an argument one finds in Deidre Lynch's work on nineteenth-century habitual reading or Christopher Cannon's work on medieval practices of rereading. Or time could be closer to an idea or topos, as in Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope like idyllic time. Finally, for someone like Gerard Genette the time of reading is fundamentally about anachronism, the nonlinear nature of narrative time.
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Veselovsky, A. N., Jennifer Flaherty, and Boris Maslov. "Envisioning World Literature in 1863: From the Reports on a Mission Abroad." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 2 (March 2013): 439–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.2.439.
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Veselovsky has assigned a task to scholarship which can hardly ever be solved. The Russian formalists, however, have taken up his challenge.—René Wellek (279)The task, which many feel is beyond their abilities, lies within the power of scholarship.—A. N. VeselovskyALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH VESELOVSKY (1838-1906) IS WIDELY REGARDED AS RUSSIA'S MOST DISTINGUISHED AND INFLUENTIAL Literary theorist before the formation of Opoyaz (“Society for the Study of Poetic Language”), whose members—Viktor Shklovsky, Boris Eikhenbaum, Yury Tynianov, Roman Jakobson, and others—developed the approach generally known as Russian formalism. Readers of Shklovsky may note the prominence accorded to Veselovsky in Theory of Prose (1925). Some will also recall the use of the term historical poetics—in reference to the method put forward by Veselovsky—in the 1963 edition of Mikhail Bakhtin's book on Dostoevsky and in his “The Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel: Notes towards a Historical Poetics” (1937-38, pub. in 1975). Another eloquent testimony to Veselovsky's spectral ubiquity in Russian literary theory is the concluding paragraph of Vladimir Propp's pathbreaking Morphology of the Folktale, where Propp humbly asserts that his “propositions, although they appear to be new, were intuitively foreseen by none other than Veselovsky” and ends his study with an extensive quotation from Veselovsky's Poetics of Plot (115-16). It is rarely recognized, however, that Veselovsky's method, in its rudimentary form, constitutes a common denominator of Shklovsky's, Bakhtin's, and Propp's widely divergent approaches.
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Kinza Sadique and Dr. Muhammad Asif. "Survivance and Remembrance: A Study of Trauma and Chronotope in the Book of Gold Leaves." Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol2-iss1-2021(223-231).
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The book of Gold leaves by Mirza Waheed aims to present the interconnectedness of memory and trauma in making the survival of an individual complicated. Memory of any incident makes it traumatic when it returns with haunted effects. Remembrance of traumatic incidents makes survival complicated by creating a distressing situation for the devastated self by switching the timeless past into the present through Bakhtin's chronotopic images of time and place. Struggle to re-memorize the event through narration is like denying the traditional concept of indescribability of trauma and narration is equal to re-live that moment and be at that place again in the memory when places turned into traumatic sites and time ceased. Time becomes circular and these sites become a referent of that devastating time according to Caruth, it is the trauma of survival rather than the death that pinches most. Waheed's book of Gold leaves is a part of Kashmiri literature, explores the struggle to gain freedom and identity through collective losses. Intriguing situations of lockdown and bombings are enough to create hollow identities. Thus Words, being semantically analyzed, heighten the trauma of survival through the Spatio-temporal spectrum.
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Porter, Laurin. "Bakhtin's Chronotope: Time and Space in A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions." Modern Drama 34, no. 3 (1991): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mdr.1991.0038.
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Travis, Charles. "Abstract Machine – Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for literary and cultural studies: ‘Mapping Kavanagh’." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 4, no. 1-2 (October 2010): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2011.0005.
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Drawing upon previous theoretical and practical work in historical and qualitative applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), this paper, in Giles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's terminology, conceptualizes GIS as ‘an abstract machine’ which plays a ‘piloting role’ which does not ‘function to represent’ something real, but rather ‘constructs a real which is yet to come.’ To illustrate this digital humanities mapping methodology, the essay examines Irish writer Patrick Kavanagh's novel The Green Fool (1938) and epic poem The Great Hunger (1946) and their respective contrasting topophilic and topophobic renderings of landscape, identity and sense of place under the lens M.M. Bakhtin's ‘Historical Poetics’ (chronotope) to illuminate GIS's ability to engage in spatio-discursive visualization and analysis. The conceptualizations and practices discussed in this paper reconsider GIS software/hardware/techniques as a means to engage subjects of concern to literary and cultural studies commensurate with the recent strong interest in the geographical and spatial dimensions of these cognate areas.
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Stamenković, Slađana S. "THE CITY, THE DESERT, THE ROAD: AMERICAN CHRONOTOPES IN DELILLO’S UNDERWORLD." ZBORNIK ZA JEZIKE I KNJIŽEVNOSTI FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA U NOVOM SADU 8, no. 8 (April 4, 2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/zjik.2018.8.97-108.
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In the contemporary discussion of the concept of space, there is a tendency to employ space to make a comment about the society that inhabits it. Regarding this and the prose of the contemporary American authors, the theory of Bakhtin’s chronotope may be one of the most legitimate ways to depict the society of contemporary America. In the fiction of Don DeLillo, one could discuss three typical American chronotopes: the city, the desert, and the road. The said chronotopes may be interpreted within the scopes of Bakhtin’s original chronotopes. They operate on both individual and mutually overlapping levels. In one way or the other, the American chronotopes mentioned seem to function as the ultimate Nowhere, space where the modern characters go to disappear in DeLillo’s prose.
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Burlina, E. Ya. "URBAN CHRONOTOPE – URBAN SEMIOTICS. FLORENCE AND SAINT PETERSBURG." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 22, no. 74 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2020-22-74-77-84.
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In this paper author presents an interdisciplinary interaction betweeen semiotics and chronotopy. The paper refers to the great cities of Renaissance and the Russian cities like Saint Petersburg. As M. M. Bakhtin formulated, "genre is cultural memory". According to the author, the structural and spatiotemporal memory lies in the core not only of artistic works, but of urban structurestoo.As an instruments of structural and semiotic analysis of city, the terms of chronotope and chronotopy were coined. The followers of M. M. Bakhtin, the structuralists and the semeiologists of the Yu. M. Lotman Semiotic School now agree on this point. In 1990s, one of the founders of Russian semiotics, Yu. M. Lotman came to the conclusion that new spatiotemporal modes can crystallize and spiritually develop citizens. This concept formed the basis of the first part of the paper. The second part considers practical opportunities of semiotics and urban chronotopy in dialogue with students during classes on such humanities subjects as philosophy, global art culture, aestetics e.t.c. According to the author, urban chronotope and urban semiotics are different and complementary instruments of scientific comprehension and development of cities.
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Spencer, Diana. "IV Landscape: Time and Motion." New Surveys in the Classics 39 (2009): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383510000410.
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We have already thought about how Golden Age imagery influences understanding of what landscape should be about, and we will return later to issues of chronology and temporality. Here, we start with some strategies for reading landscape as a sequence of places that can be combined to tell a story. One definition of space makes it what we experience by moving through a series of places, which we connect up into patterns by picking particular routes to follow. Using this model, landscape stories invite us to move into and around them, offering different ‘ways of going out and coming back in’, depending on how we map our route. Following the narrative flow through a landscape takes time. Time, however, is relative – and culturally constructed; depending on context and terminology, time can move at different speeds and follow different logics. Bakhtin's chronotope is helpful here. Using the natural environment to create a structure for understanding how time passes gives meaning and order to the passage of the year. For agricultural communities, it was a matter of life and death: studding the calendar with legends and myths closely linked to places, seasons, and appropriate activities was one way to ensure that good and bad ways of doing things were remembered over time. Calendars therefore engage in a complex dialogue with religious and cultural assumptions, and they also respond to scientific advances in measuring the passage of time.
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Cenedese, Marta-Laura. "Home and Exile in Irène Némirovsky’s Novella Les Mouches d’automne (1931)." Open Philosophy 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2020-0172.
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Abstract Irène Némirovsky’s novella Les Mouches d’automne (1931. Snow in Autumn, 2007) paints an effective portrait of exile, of the longing for the lost home, and the disorientation that one feels when faced with a reality that is neither recognizable nor understandable. In this article, I analyse Némirovsky’s narrative strategies in relation to spatio-temporal phenomena. My analysis is based on the work of philosophers Mikhail Bakhtin and Gilles Deleuze: Bakhtin’s chronotope and Deleuze’s crystal-image illuminate how the novella’s dominant themes, exile and nostalgia for the home, are irreducible to the clichés of a linear narration and to the simplistic dichotomy home/exile, past/present, and here/there. Instead, Némirovsky creates a productive tension of overlapping and coalescing space- and time-frames. The philosophical framework provided by Bakhtin and Deleuze is useful to unlock and make visible how this thematic complexity is reflected in the novella’s narrative structure. Indeed, my analysis of Les Mouches’s chronotopes and crystal images illuminates Némirovsky’s innovative experimentation in the creation of time–space crossings and a/synchronies, and also contributes to extend further our understanding of Némirovsky’s place within the contemporaneous literary panorama.
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Marievskaya, Natalia Yevgenyevna. "On the Approaches to the Formation of the Artistic Time Theory: M.M. Bakhtin, G. Deleuze." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2013): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik5452-64.
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The article surveys the experience of borrowing the concept of “Chrono-tope” from Relativistic Mechanics, defines the boundaries of chronotopic analysis in lit erature and cinema studies and suggests the possible ways of eliminating the difficulties in the chronotope theories of H. Bergson and G. Deleuze.
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Macmillan, Catherine. "The Witch(ES) of Aiaia: Gender, Immortality and the Chronotope in Madeline Miller’s Circe." Gender Studies 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/genst-2020-0002.
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Abstract This article explores Madeline Miller’s Circe from the perspective of Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope, the inseparability of space and time in fiction. The article focuses on the chronotopes of the road, the idyll and the threshold in the novel, and how these intersect with its themes of gender and immortality. The island of Aiaia acts as a threshold, transforming all who cross it. Circe’s life on the island, however, is a repetitive idyll; only at the end of the novel does she become a traveller on the road herself rather than just a stop on the way.
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Viķis-Freibergs, Vaira. "Narrative Structures, Meanings, and Life Histories in the Historical Novel Kaugurieši." Journal of Narrative and Life History 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1991): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.1.4.05str.
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Abstract Narrative structures serve the double function of selecting episodes and charac-ters to be included in the narration, as well as offering a generative mechanism for their sequencing, both functions being simultaneous and mutually interac-tive. According to Eco (1984), narrative structures are multilayered, including an abstract level of ideology. Few studies have been done on specific narrative subgenres, such as the historical novel. This article examines a historical novel by Latvian writer Karlis Zariņš (1938, 1948, 1975, 1985), which depicts a failed peasant uprising at Kauguri, Latvia in 1802. Bakhtine's (1978) theoreti-cal notion of chronotope is invoked, distinguishing the external chronotope— the general historical and geographic situation—from the internal chronotope—the sequence of individual transformations. In Kaugurieši, the ex-ternal chronotope is depicted as a sociopolitical chess game, in which the Rus-sian king and the German knights play active roles, the queen is chance, and the pawns (Latvian peasants) are helpless victims. The plot centers on a tragi-cally failed attempt by the Latvians to change the historical givens by becom-ing an active, collective force. The internal chronotopes reveal the paths of individual lives, some of which follow the abstract model of heroic quest and sacrifice. (Psychohistory)
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Buda, Agata. "The idyllic chronotope in Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy." Ars Aeterna 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aa-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe paper presents the idea of the chronotope in the novel Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy, with special attention paid to idyllic time and space. The research is mainly based on the theory of chronotopes according to Mikhail Bakhtin, who distinguishes various types and motifs within this notion. The author presents here the features of an idyllic chronotope, among them vast descriptions of nature and its connection with human life, as well as the destruction of an idyll, unhappy love and the motif of a road or path, which seems to be one of the most significant motifs in the work. The paper also presents the importance of coincidence and the sudden decisions of characters in the process of constructing the whole story of Gabriel and Bathsheba.
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Marková, Ivana, and Adelina Novaes. "Chronotopes." Culture & Psychology 26, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x19888189.
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Dialogical single case studies involve mutually interdependent relations between humans in their real locations and in real time (here-and-now). Mikhail Bakhtin explored such relations in terms of chronotopes, i.e. as indivisible units serving as analytical tools for the study of dynamic processes in literature. We argue that chronotopic thinking also serves as an epistemological and ethical organising principle of human activities in daily thinking, knowing, actions and communication. This article explores different types of chronotopic thinking in dialogical single case studies, such as routines and changes; bildungsromans and heteroglossia; and values, meanings and intensities of these chronotopes in different time-scale situations. Considering ethical and dynamic interdependencies between the participants, this article suggests in what ways knowledge obtained in dialogical single case studies could be transferred (extended, generalised, resituated) to other kinds of studies.
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Zou, Hang. "On Linguistic Philosophy of Mikhail Bakhtin and Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0902.19.
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It is noteworthy that florid descriptions of interaction between linguistics and the philosophy of language are regularly inspired. In this paper, parallels have been drawn between Bakhtin’s philosophical perspectives and Hallidayan theoretical claims of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Through the analysis of Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism, heteroglossia, chronotope and metalinguistics, I argue that Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistic theory is compatible with Bakhtin’s philosophical perspectives to a great extent in terms of the close relations between speech genre and register, heteroglossia and appraisal theory as well as metalinguistics and metafunctions. It is safe to say that as a precursor, Bakhtin has a profound influence on socio-semioticians like Halliday who has expounded in linguistics.
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Kim, Cheol-soo. "Reading “Araby” through Bakhtin’s Chronotope." James Joyce Journal 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46258/jjj.2017.23-1.31.
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Kawamoto, Marcia Tiemy Morita. "Subverting the chronotope: the Donnie Darko (2001) case." Fórum Linguístico 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 5238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2020.e70764.
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This paper analyzes the film Donnie Darko (2001) by director and screenwriter Richard Kelly through the theoretical perspective of Mikhail Bakhtin’s (1981) chronotope. The latter defines it as an intermingling between temporal and spatial relations, artistically assimilated in literature (BAKHTIN, 1981), but in this study it is applied to film studies. Gilles Deleuze’s (1986, 1989) concepts of movement-image and time-image also contribute to the analysis. The film presents sequences of chronotope disruption, which are associated to the main’s characters mental state. Film techniques as parallelism, superimposition and ellipsis contribute to this break in the time and space association. Lastly, the analysis discusses Garret Stewart’s (2007) proposal that the digital cinema contributes to a disruptive cinematography, especially in relation to time-space constructions.
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Ilivitskaya, Larisa Gennad'evna. "Diagnostic model of the city: a chronotopic approach." Человек и культура, no. 1 (January 2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.1.33303.
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The object of this research is the city viewed as a multilayered semantic phenomenon. The needs of transdisciplinary nature determine the vector of its analysis in light of the possibility of application of diagnostic approach, which incorporates the theoretical and practical aspects, cognitive and transformative sides. The goal consists in the development of diagnostic model of the city as a cultural phenomenon. The position is defended on the limitation of classical diagnostic search applicable to the so-called city. The prospects of its research correlate with the nonclassical interpretation of diagnostics, which views it as methodology of cognition. The basic method of this research is modelling. The development of diagnostic model of the city is founded on M. M. Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope. Namely chronotope is determines as the basic parameter underlying its construct. Incorporating the spatiotemporal parameters of the city and their cultural meanings, it allows recording the temporal-topos configurations in city motion, which reflect various qualitative states of its existence, set by the past, present and future. The author offers a ternary model of the city, consisting of historical-cultural, eventful, and innovative chronotopes. The formulated conclusions indicate that the proposed chronotopes can be viewed separately or following the principle of complementarity, which allows assessing the city from the perspective effective arrangement of urban space, as well as the presence of problematic fields therein.
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Bubnova, Tatiana. "Bajtín y la hermenéutica." Interpretatio. Revista de Hermenéutica 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.it.2020.5.1.0005.
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Bakhtinian hermeneutics did not develop as part of a specific “hermeneutic” discipline, but as an integral aspect of his philosophical anthropology based on communication. Texts,seen as the products of intentional or ethical acts, are conceived as statements that accompany parallel acts, or even constitute acts in themselves. This article aims at understanding the process through which Bakhtin developed a phenomenology of comprehension based on the interpretation of communicative acts embodied in the text, unlike traditional hermeneutics. Bakhtin’s dialogism is self-referred and oriented towards the other person speech, in a specific chronotope. The concept of carnival, a variant of the communicative process which encompasses the sacred and the profane, is also an intrinsic aspect of Bakhtin’s anthropological philosophy.
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Beyad, Maryam Soltan, and Ehsan Kazemi. "Digging the Liminal Spaces: Chronotopic Representation of Liminality in Seamus Heaney’s North and Station Island." Anglia 138, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2020-0003.
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AbstractChallenging the established poetic idea of Ireland as a unified whole, new Irish poetry encourages a perspective toward homeland alongside with a corresponding revision of Irish subjectivity as liminality. Introduced by Homi Bhabha as a postcolonial cultural term, the idea privileges hybrid cultures and challenges solid or authentic ones. Moreover, this liminal rationale entails a corresponding chronotopic rendition, as Bakhtin intends to theorize it, whereby the notion of spatio-temporality assists the poet in rethinking the Irish identity. An archeologist shrouded as a poet, Heaney’s early work, North (1975), is an attempt to reterritorialize the Motherland while Station Island (1984) represents the deterritorialization of the land, a collection in which Heaney proposes an alternative notion of Irish identity. The present study seeks to show how Heaney’s aforementioned poetry collections manifest a transition from a patently nationalist reception of land to a tendency to liminal spaces. Hence, a critical juxtaposition of these two works bears witness to an endeavor to move beyond the solid, reductionist perspective of the unified Ireland into a state of liminality with respect to Bhabha’s idea of hybridity. Furthermore, it is argued how Bakhtin’s idea of chronotope can accommodate to the accomplishment of such a poetic project.
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Neill, Lindsay, Nigel Hemmington, and Luca Sturny. "We’d love to turn you on: Considering Bakhtin and the music of The Beatles, ‘A Day in the Life’." Journal of European Popular Culture 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jepc_00002_1.
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From the Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band album, this article re-reads The Beatles’ classic song ‘A Day in the Life’. Our re-reading uses Bakhtin’s chronotope. While ‘A Day in the Life’ was released in 1967, our chronotopic perspectives of it are timely. In using the chronotope to re-read this classic, we have developed an equation linking utterance to culture, time, history, the individual and interpretation. In those ways, our article not only reveals how texts are interpreted within socio-temporal constructs, but through our equation also shows how other texts may be understood and interpreted. Indeed, our equation explains the process of interpretation. Applied to ‘A Day in the Life’, our interpretation reveals the relevance of the songs lyric and music to contemporary understanding that transcends ways of being and becoming. That understanding also reflects The Beatles’ own change from four ordinary Liverpudlians to global mega-stars. Our interpretation of ‘A Day in the Life’ shows how, through lyric, The Beatles addressed their celebrity by reinstating their ordinariness within the music and lyric of the tune. Consequently, and while we concentrate on ‘A Day in the Life’ our article provides a wider view and understanding of how text and music combine to generate a timeless understanding of both meaning and interpretation.
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Creese, Angela, and Adrian Blackledge. "The ‘other woman’ in a mother and daughter relationship: The case of Mami Ji." Language in Society 46, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404516000993.
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ABSTRACTThis article describes the range of discursive strategies in the socializing messages of a mother and daughter interaction. The analysis draws on the work of Bakhtin (1981) and Tannen (2007) to interrogate the role of a physically absent but discursively present sister-in-law, ‘Mami Ji’, across three speech events. Following Tannen, we show how the characterisation of the sister-in-law, Mami Ji, has chronotopic value that connects mother and daughter in the present and makes links across family histories. Through the discursive strategies of repetition, dialogue, detail, and translanguaging, ‘Mami Ji’ becomes an iconic benchmark of how not to speak, how not to dress, and how not to behave. Drawing on material from a linguistic ethnography approach, we present three discourse analyses from a much larger international project that also looked at classroom interaction and break-time conversations. The article contributes to the under-researched topic of the representation of sisters-in-law in discourse, theorises the chronotope in everyday conversation, and demonstrates how mother and daughter solidarity is achieved through opposition to another female family member. (Chronotope, linguistic involvement strategies, translanguaging, socialisation, sister-in-laws, mothers and daughters)
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SCHIFFRIN, DEBORAH. "Crossing boundaries: The nexus of time, space, person, and place in narrative." Language in Society 38, no. 4 (September 2009): 421–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404509990212.
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ABSTRACTRecent research on narrative has widened the scope of analysis, suggesting the value of reexamining the canonical Labovian view of the structure and function of personal-experience narrative. This article suggests that narrative is not simply a way of evoking and shaping experience in time. Rather, narrative can evoke and shape cultural “chronotopes” (Bakhtin 1981) or nexuses of time, space, and identity. To illustrate this, I analyze a narrative from an oral history related in 1972 by a young woman whose volunteer work in the mid-1960s led to the rehabilitation of a small African American enclave in a middle-class White suburb. Analysis of clause types, constructed dialogue, existential there, deixis, verb chains, and referring expressions shows that the narrative is a blend of genres evoking place as well as personal identity linked to complex coordinates of time and space, and dependent intertextually on other parts of a larger story. (Narrative, oral history, chronotope, space, place, identity, genre)*
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Cusack, Andrew. "Bakhtin’s Theory of the Literary Chronotope: Reflections, Applications, Perspectives." European Legacy 19, no. 2 (February 23, 2014): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2014.876210.
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Ladányi, István. "Bakhtinʼs Influence on Croatian Literary Theory and Criticism." Dostoevsky Journal 16, no. 1 (April 25, 2015): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23752122-01601007.
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The School of Stylistics in Zagreb and the School of Literary Studies in Zagreb had a dominant role in the shaping of literary studies in Croatia. From its beginnings in the late 1950ʼs, it can be only investigated in correlation with the other Yugoslav centres of literary studies, mainly with the literary researches and translations carried out at the University of Belgrade. The School of Literary Studies in Zagreb was influenced by the Structuralist schools and Russian Formalism. In the research focusing on the history of the novel (Viktor Žmegac, Milivoj Solar and others), the interest was raised in Bakhtinʼs theoretical works (both the Russian editions and their translations). Especially the notions of carnivalization, chronotope and the concept of the novel’s polyphony are discussed in works on the history of the novel. The influence of the latest Russian and international readings of Bakhtin’s work can be seen in Croatian literary studies in the researches and editions by Vladimir Biti and his co-workers, from the beginning of the 1990’s onwards.
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Torn, Alison. "Chronotopes of madness and recovery." Narrative Inquiry 21, no. 1 (September 30, 2011): 130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.21.1.07tor.
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Narrative methods have been extensively used to study the subjective experience of physical illness with only a handful of studies looking at narratives of madness. However, much of the research on both physical and mental illness has focused on isolating specific narrative structures and thematic categorisation. As traditional temporally linear forms of narrative are often not available to those experiencing psychological distress, there is the risk that such individuals become narratively dispossessed (Baldwin, 2005). This paper challenges the usefulness of a traditionally linear narrative approach in first-person accounts of madness, by presenting an analysis of the narrative of Mary Barnes, a resident in R.D. Laing’s Kingsley Hall in the late 1960s. In order to go beyond the confines of linear narrative research and the textual confines of discourse analysis, Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope is used to examine the different ways in which time and space are represented in the narrative, revealing not only the temporal complexities of the narrative structure, but also, through Bakhtin’s concept of unfinalizability, the meaning of the embodied phenomenological dimension of lived experience. I shall argue that by engaging with more ancient chronotopes in the throes of madness and rejecting modernist, linear conceptions of timespace, Barnes loses her finalised identity, becoming other, and, as such, is able to construct meaning out of chaos and distress, which critically impacts on her experience of recovery. Using Bakhtinian concepts as analytic tools has implications for the way researchers engage with, and construct meaning from, narratives of both physical and psychological trauma, which in turn highlights the complex, multi-dimensional nature of recovery.
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Vigouroux, Cécile B. "Genre, heteroglossic performances, and new identity: Stand-up comedy in modern French society." Language in Society 44, no. 2 (April 2015): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404515000068.
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AbstractThis article analyses the ways in which stand-up comedy has been taken up by French comics of North and sub-Saharan African origins as a space of visibility and hearability. Following Bakhtin (1986), who argues that a genre reflects the social changes taking place in a society, I argue that such an appropriation should be considered as an important sociolinguistic fact that gives us privileged access to Hexagonal France's contemporary sociopolitical dynamics. I show that through their display of heteroglossic repertoires (viz. Maghrebi Arabic, several varieties of vernacular French, Hexagonal standard French, mesolectal African French, stylized chunks of English) comics challenge, at least symbolically, France's monoglot and highly centralized linguistic ideology. They also contribute to unsettling France's Republican model, which is marked by the institutional denial of the social and cultural diversity of the French population. The comics use heteroglossic resources to align with and disalign from multiple chronotopes associated with different social personae. From this emerges a new identity,urban,which both encompasses and transcends racial and ethnic categories. By contrast, I show that this identity is constructed through and received by the nonratified audience with ambivalence. (France, stand-up comedy, genre, urban, identity, chronotope, intertextuality.)*
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Jeusette, Julien. "Le chronotope de la « route moderne »." Études françaises 53, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042290ar.
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Guidé par le concept de « chronotope », que Mikhaïl Bakhtine applique à l’analyse de la littérature européenne, cet article pose l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’espace-temps particulier qui se déploie dans le genre du road movie à la fin des années 1960 est déjà présent dans l’un des premiers textes à rendre compte d’un voyage en automobile, La 628-E8, récit d’Octave Mirbeau, en 1907.
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Vasil’yeva, El’mira V. "ON THE PECULIARITIES OF CHRONOTOPE IN NEW ENGLAND GOTHIC: THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE AND THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE BY SHIRLEY HARDIE JACKSON." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 1 (2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-1-87-92.
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The article deals with Mikhail Bakhtin’s term «the chronotope of the castle» analysed on the material of two New England Gothic novels – «The House of the Seven Gables» by Nathaniel Hawthorne and «The Haunting of Hill House» by Shirley Hardie Jackson. The author assumes that chronotope is not just a spacetime characteristic, but a set of motifs – the motive of dark past, the motif of spatial and temporal isolation, and the motif of «sentient» house. All of these motifs were used by classic Gothic novel writers of the 1760s to 1830s, and were as well employed in later quasi-Gothic texts. At the turn of the 19th century, Gothic novel commenced its parallel development in American literature, where it subsequently became one of the national genres. American writers aspired to adapt Gothic poetics to the cultural context of the country. For instance, in New England Gothic fi ction, the chronotope of the castle was transformed into the chronotope of the «bad» house. However, the set of motifs has remained the same: both Hawthorne and Jackson consistently used the motifs, provided by British Gothic fi ction, yet they further explored them and came up with their own interpretations.
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Werbińska, Dorota. "Akwizycja języka obcego w perspektywie studenta filologii: badanie tożsamości narracyjnej studenta w kontekście czasoprzestrzeni i heteroglosii." Neofilolog, no. 39/1 (June 15, 2012): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/n.2012.39.1.5.
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The general aim of this article is to present second language acquisition from the perspective of an English philology student. Taking the position that identity is a relevant concept in language acquisition, it explores how the identity of English philology students, both day and extramural, is constructed in their narratives when drawing on Bakhtin’s notions of „chronotope” and „heteroglossia”.
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Belozerova, Natalia N. "Human internal organs as a possible and textual world." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2019-5-2-20-34.
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Ever since Shakespeare had sent a fat king to go a progress through the guts of a lean beggar [31] human internal organs started to serve as a textual locus in fiction and non-fiction, or a subject in a possible world. Their presentation varies depending upon the purpose, the form and the style of writing, semiotic modalities of their exposition, as well as the epistemological development of knowledge. These varieties come under the umbrella property known as “the possibility of the impossible” [12]. In such possible world a cat can walk in the brain as if it were his apartments [3], or together with children travel through the whole system of human internal organs [9], or a concerto could be designed for neurons and synapses [22]. In scientific articles, a textual world takes the form of topographic maps and models, including semantic distribution [11]. With this in the mind, we state the purpose for this paper to classify the types of textual “chronotops” (in a Bakhtinian sense [2]) that characterize fictional and nonfictional loci of human internal organs. We also aim at stating the type of dependences that provide narrative shapes to a possible world inside a human body. For the analyses we attract among others M. Bakhtin’s theories of the “carnival poetics” and “Chronotop” [2], and Yu. Lotman’s theories of “semiotic textualization” [18] and “semantic intersection” [19].<br> We state as our hypotheses that a blend of epistemological knowledge, personal involvement of the authors into any sort of scientific experiment and an educational goal determine the type of the deixis or “chronotop”, the major semiotic modality being “SAVOIR”-TO KNOW (in the Greimasian sense).