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Journal articles on the topic 'Baking furnace'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 May 2022

Last updated: 5 May 2022

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1

Choi, Jongrak, Giyeob Yang, and Nahmkeon Hur. "A numerical simulation of a line-type paint drying furnace." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 5 (July 29, 2019): 2639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2018-0697.

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Purpose Paint drying is a very important process in an industry where shorter drying time for productivity and lower energy consumption for production cost are required while maintaining the product’s painting quality. In the present study, a drying process in a line-type paint drying furnace equipped with nozzles for hot air supply and moving conveyer belt to dry painted automotive parts is numerically simulated for the flow and heat transfer inside the furnace to evaluate the quality of the drying or baking at the end of the drying process in a production line. Design/methodology/approach A baking window for a specific paint is used for judging the local degree of baking (DOB) of the painted parts, which can be useful to identify under-baked or over-baked locations of the painted parts, and hence the quality of the baking process. Findings Numerical results of a time history of temperatures at two monitoring points on the painted parts were obtained and compared to the measured data in an actual furnace and showed good agreement. Three types of paints were considered in the present study and numerical results showed different drying characteristics. In addition to the original furnace nozzle configuration, two more furnace nozzle configurations with different numbers, direction and speed of hot air supply were simulated to improve the furnace’s drying performance. As a result, a newly suggested nozzle configuration with quick drying paint can give us a remarkable improvement in surface averaged DOB compared to the original nozzle configuration with original paint. Originality/value The present simulation technique and DOB methodology can be used for the optimal design of a drying furnace.

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2

Nakate, Prajakta, Domenico Lahaye, Cornelis Vuik, and Marco Talice. "Analysis of the Aerodynamics in the Heating Section of an Anode Baking Furnace Using Non-Linear Finite Element Simulations." Fluids 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010046.

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The emissions from the industrial furnaces impact the environment. Among the various factories, those having anode baking furnaces are working on reducing the pollutant emissions. The aerodynamics in the furnace influences the emissions due to the high dependence of combustion and radiation phenomena on the mixing characteristics. Therefore, this paper aims to establish the numerical simulation results for the three-dimensional turbulent flow in a single section of an anode baking furnace with a high rate of fuel injection. The stabilized non-linear finite element approach on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation is used with COMSOLMultiphysics. The turbulent viscosity ratio is highly sensitive to the mesh for the standard k-ϵ model. The requirements of the Cartesian and refined mesh near the jet development region is explained. The comparison of meshes generated by two meshing tools namely cfMesh and COMSOL Multiphysics default Mesher is carried out. The high numerical diffusion in the flow models due to the coarser mesh leads to convergence but deficit the precision in the results. This paper shows that the mesh generated by cfMesh with flow aligned refinement combined with the non-linear finite element solver in COMSOL Multiphysics proves to provide accurate results of turbulent quantities.

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Oumarou, Noura, Duygu Kocaefe, Yasar Kocaefe, and Brigitte Morais. "Transient process model of open anode baking furnace." Applied Thermal Engineering 107 (August 2016): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.090.

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4

Sha, Peng, Weimin Pan, Jiyuan Zhai, Zhenghui Mi, Song Jin, Baiqi Liu, Chao Dong, et al. "Quality Factor Enhancement of 650 MHz Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavity for CEPC." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020546.

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Medium-temperature (mid-T) furnace baking was conducted at 650 MHz superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity for circular electron positron collider (CEPC), which enhanced the cavity unloaded quality factor (Q0) significantly. In the vertical test (2.0 K), Q0 of 650 MHz cavity reached 6.4 × 1010 at 30 MV/m, which is remarkably high at this unexplored frequency. Additionally, the cavity quenched at 31.2 MV/m finally. There was no anti-Q-slope behavior after mid-T furnace baking, which is characteristic of 1.3 GHz cavities. The microwave surface resistance (RS) was also studied, which indicated both very low Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) and residual resistance. The recipe of cavity process in this paper is simplified and easy to duplicate, which may benefit the SRF community.

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5

Gundersen, Ø., and Jens G. Balchen. "Modeling and simulation of an anode carbon baking furnace." Modeling, Identification and Control: A Norwegian Research Bulletin 16, no. 1 (1995): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4173/mic.1995.1.1.

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6

Li, Xiao Bin, Ting Hu, Hai Yan Sun, Nai Jie Xia, and Jian Hua Wang. "Intelligent Modeling and Optimization of Carbon Anode Baking Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1018–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1018.

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Coal anode baking temperature system is a MIMO control system which is nonlinear and has cross-coupling and time-delay. The thermal model and flue model before are usually created based on hydrodynamics and heat transfer theory which take long to do the calculation or have ill conditions sometimes. The PID control systems based on the two mechanism models do not yield satisfactory results. In order to control the baking temperature accurately, an intelligent control model based on GA-NN with the aim of improving control precision of baking temperature of carbon anode is established by gathering the real data from anode baking furnace used for initial predictive models. A new GA-NN predictive control system is thus realized for the control of anode baking temperature of which the simulation and real control results showed that the system is efficient and effective with better control precision and robust properties than tradition PID control systems.

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7

You, Wei, Yan Mei Jiang, Qian Lin, Xiao Xia Yu, Peng Fei Li, and Yu Ge Wang. "Lost Wax Casting Process Design of Artificial Jade Cup Basing on Blast Furnace Slag." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.462.

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The blast furnace slag is an industrial solid waste in the production process, this paper deals with the blast furnace slag as products -- artificial jade cup handicraft lost wax casting process of high additional value of main raw material, firstly analyses the production process of chemical composition and artificial jade common blast furnace slag and natural jade, then the detailed design of the lost wax casting process of artificial jade cup, including manufacturing, shell mould manufacturing, dewaxing, baking, imitation jade material melting and casting. The lost wax casting method for producing artificial jade crafts complex products, the added value of products, so as to achieve a high added value utilization of blast furnace slag.

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8

Nizhegorodov, A., A. Gavrilin, B. Moyzes, and K. Kuvshinov. "The development of baking technology for bulk materials based on the use of alternative electric furnace." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 98, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph2/93-100.

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The article based on the experimental data and it describes the development of a rational design of an oscillatory system for controlled vibrational feeding of bulk materials during their heat treatment in furnaces with a vibratory base plate, which, together with the moving trolley on elastic connections, is the basis to transfer bulk material in the thermal field of an electric heating system with set processing time. To create nonsymmetric oscillations and to obtain unidirectional material motion at the horizontal furnace position, the conical springs are used. They should provide a gently inclined resonant peak, which can significantly reduce the sensitivity of the oscillating system to fluctuations of the natural frequency and excitation frequency, stiffness, friction and other factors under high temperatures and instability of the electrical network. However, the total elastic characteristic of the oscillatory system which is obtained as a result of the experiments consists of conical and cylindrical springs and shows a weakly expressed nonlinearity. Therefore, to achieve a transport effect it will require the installation of the entire furnace unit at an angle to the horizon. According to the available experimental data, a linear model of the oscillatory system was utilized.

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9

Litovchenko, Igor. "Modeling work furnace recirculating heating gases for tunnel baking ovens." Ukrainian Food Journal 5, no. 3 (September 2016): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24263/2304-974x-2016-5-3-15.

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10

Zhang, Liqi, Chuguang Zheng, and Minghou Xu. "Simulating the Heat Transfer Process of Horizontal Anode Baking Furnace." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 12, no. 3-4 (May 15, 2008): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500120416.

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11

Zhang, L. Q., C. G. Zheng, and M. H. Xu. "Simulating the Heat Transfer Process of Horizontal Anode Baking Furnace." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 13, no. 3-4 (May 15, 2008): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500130327.

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12

Mishra, B., B. B. Sahu, and B. K. Panda. "Failure Mechanism of Alumino Silicate Refractories in Anode Baking Furnace." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 67, no. 3 (July 2008): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.2008.11078651.

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13

Lahaye, Domenico, Prajakta Nakate, Kees Vuik, Franjo Juretić, and Marco Talice. "Modeling Conjugate Heat Transfer in an Anode Baking Furnace Using OpenFoam." Fluids 7, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7040124.

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The operation of large industrial furnaces will continue to rely on hydrocarbon fuels in the near foreseeable future. Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation is expected to deliver key insights to implement measures to further reduce pollutant emissions. These measures include the design optimization of the burners, the dilution of oxidizer with exhaust gasses, and the mixing of natural gas with hydrogen. In this paper, we target the numerical simulation of non-premixed turbulent combustion of natural gas in a single heating section of a ring pit anode baking furnace. In previous work, we performed combustion simulations using a commercial flow simulator combined with an open-source package for the three-dimensional mesh generation. This motivates switching to a fully open-source software stack. In this paper, we develop a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes model for the turbulent flow combined with an infinitely fast mixed-is-burnt model for the non-premixed combustion and a participating media model for the radiative heat transfer in OpenFoam. The heat transfer to the refractory brick lining is taken into account by a conjugate heat transfer model. Numerical simulations provide valuable insight into the heat release and chemical species distribution in the staged combustion process using two burners. Results show that at the operating conditions implemented, higher peak temperatures are formed at the burner closest to the air inlet. This results in a larger thermal nitric-oxide concentration. The inclusion of the heat absorption in the refractory bricks results in a more uniform temperature on the symmetry plane at the center of the section. The peak in thermal nitric-oxides is reduced by a factor of four compared to the model with adiabatic walls.

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14

Kim, Jihye, and Gisele Azimi. "Recovery of scandium and neodymium from blast furnace slag using acid baking–water leaching." RSC Advances 10, no. 53 (2020): 31936–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05797e.

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An environmentally sustainable pyro-hydrometallurgical process, called acid baking–water leaching, helps enable the extraction of scandium and neodymium from ironmaking slag to establish the circular economy.

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15

Oumarou, Noura, Duygu Kocaefe, and Yasar Kocaefe. "An advanced dynamic process model for industrial horizontal anode baking furnace." Applied Mathematical Modelling 53 (January 2018): 384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2017.09.003.

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16

Nakate, Prajakta, Domenico Lahaye, and Cornelis Vuik. "The nitric oxide formation in anode baking furnace through numerical modeling." International Journal of Thermofluids 12 (November 2021): 100122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2021.100122.

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17

Huang, Zheng Wen, Rong Su, Bo Yu, and Jun Sun. "Comprehensive Utilization of Sulfuric Acid Residue in Small Chemical Enterprise." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.977.

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Sulfuric acid residue is one kind of important secondary resource, its comprehensive utilization has drawn extensive attention. Based on analyzing the chemical composition of sulfuric acid residue, through comprehensive comparison of flotation, gravity separation, magnetized baking, magnetic separation and other joint technical processes, it is showed that the chemical-magnetic separation is reasonable by evaluating the applicable ability. Then introduced a case study on comprehensive utilization of sulfuric acid residue in Shikefeng chemical Co., LTD in Luzhou City, the duplex melting process combined advanced induction furnaces with smelting furnace was put forward. Finally, it's concluded that there are many advantages of the duplex melting process, it’s more suitable for the comprehensive utilization of sulfuric acid residue in small chemical enterprise.

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18

Bui, R. T., A. Charette, T. Bourgeois, and E. Dernedde. "Performance analysis of the ring furnace used for baking industrial carbon electrodes." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 65, no. 1 (February 1987): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450650116.

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19

Hsiao, Ta Ching, and Sheng Tsao. "Synthesis and Purification of Silicon Carbide Powders for Crystal Growth." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.37.

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Silicon carbide powders were prepared in a vacuum induction melting furnace (VIM). Silica and silicon were used as sources of silicon, and graphite powder was used a source of carbon. Pressures of 0.1 and 0.01 atm were selected as the operation conditions, and different silicon carbide powders were prepared. Free carbon and remnant silica were removed by high-temperature baking in air and acid leaching. Low-pressure powders show better crystallinity; moreover, free carbon and silica were rarely found in the product after baking and leaching. The low-pressure grains were prismatic whereas the high-pressure grains were porous. This shows that pressure is a critical parameter in silicon carbide formation, and low-pressure makes the low-temperature synthesis of silicon carbide feasible. Glow discharge mass spectra were used to analyze the impurity content in silicon carbide powders. After baking and leaching, the purity is increased from 3N5 (99.95 wt.%) to 4N5 (99.995 wt.%). Further purification procedures will be combined to meet the quality requirements for crystal growth.

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20

Han, Feng Xia, Ting Lei, and Lin Zhou. "Energy Balance and Offgas Utilization of Ilmenite Smelting in a 30 MVA Direct Current Electric Arc Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2343.

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Energy balance and offgas utilization of ilmenite smelting in 30 MVA direct current electric arc furnace (DC furnace) of a Yunnan company were investigated to make sure safety production, and to save energy and reduce pollution. The total input energy in the DC furnace was 2,000 kWh per ton of ilmenite, in which 1,003.31 kWh per ton of ilmenite was used to carbothermic reduction and other energy was consumed as heatloss. Based on energy conservation, the whole system heatloss in physical production should be controlled at 1,000 kWh per ton of ilmenite. With high combustion heat, the offgas discharged from furnace after treatment could be used to ilmenite drying, anthracite drying, titanium slag drying, and casting ladle baking. The offgas design flow ranged from 5,000 to 8,000 Nm3/h with the mean of 6,500 Nm3/h. The combustion heat quantity of offgas in the plant was 82,160 MJ per hour, which could save 480,276.8 kWh of electrical energy per day, and thus lower carbon emission of the whole production line.

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21

Kim, Bongju, Chulhyun Park, Kanghee Cho, Jaehyun Kim, Nagchoul Choi, and Soonjae Lee. "Sulfuric Acid Baking—Water Leaching for Gold Enrichment and Arsenic Removal from Gold Concentrate." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121332.

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During the roasting of gold concentrate to improve gold recovery, arsenic is released into the air and valuable elements such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb are converted into oxide minerals. In this research, we evaluated the release of As and the loss of valuable metals during the acid baking and hot water leaching processes used for gold concentrate. The acid bake tests were conducted for gold concentrate using an electric furnace by applying various concentrations of H2SO4 solution under different baking times. The water leaching process was enacted using 70 °C water for the baked samples. Chemical and mineral compositions of the raw and treated samples were analyzed using AAS and XRD, respectively. The results show that soluble metal sulfates, such as rhomboclase and mikasite, were formed in the baked samples, and that the leaching of valuable metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb) was accelerated during the hot water leaching procedure. During acid baking, arsenic was partially removed by volatilization, and the rest of the arsenic-containing minerals were converted to soluble minerals. The soluble arsenic-containing mineral resulted in a dissolution that was 60 times higher than in the roasted sample. The maximum gold grade of solid residues increased up to 33% through the acid baking–water leaching process. It was confirmed that acid baking with H2SO4 prevented As release into the air, as well as the recovery of valuable metals through hot water leaching, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb, which were formerly discarded in the tailings.

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22

He, Feisi, Weimin Pan, Peng Sha, Jiyuan Zhai, Zhenghui Mi, Xuwen Dai, Song Jin, et al. "Medium-temperature furnace baking of 1.3 GHz 9-cell superconducting cavities at IHEP." Superconductor Science and Technology 34, no. 9 (August 6, 2021): 095005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac1657.

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23

Dao, Luu Van, Cao Thanh Ta, Cuong Manh Chu, and Hien Van Dinh. "Effects of process parameters on density and strength of cold briquetted sponge iron." Science and Technology Development Journal 20, K6 (October 31, 2017): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v20ik6.1167.

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Sponge iron has been widely used for melting high-quality steels. However, there are several disadvantages of using sponge iron to melt steels, e.g boiling and furnace’s wall wearing strongly... which leads to a reduction in life duration of furnace due to its porous structure and low density. The solutions for overcoming these disadvantages are rising the density and reducing the purity of sponge iron by compacting particles of sponge iron to briquets in a high pressure and using a suitable binder. In this paper, the effects of pressing pressure, particle size, a fraction of binder and baking temperature on the density and strength of the sponge iron briquet using hydraulic machine were investigated. The process parameters range to obtain the sponge iron briquet with the density over 3.5 g/cm3 were found, and the optimal processing parameter range for maximizing the compacting strength of the sponge iron briquet was determined.

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24

Ertu¨rk, Hakan, Ofodike A. Ezekoye, and John R. Howell. "Boundary Condition Design to Heat a Moving Object at Uniform Transient Temperature Using Inverse Formulation." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 126, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1763179.

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The boundary condition design of a three-dimensional furnace that heats an object moving along a conveyor belt of an assembly line is considered. A furnace of this type can be used by the manufacturing industry for applications such as industrial baking, curing of paint, annealing or manufacturing through chemical deposition. The object that is to be heated moves along the furnace as it is heated following a specified temperature history. The spatial temperature distribution on the object is kept isothermal through the whole process. The temperature distribution of the heaters of the furnace should be changed as the object moves so that the specified temperature history can be satisfied. The design problem is transient where a series of inverse problems are solved. The process furnace considered is in the shape of a rectangular tunnel where the heaters are located on the top and the design object moves along the bottom. The inverse design approach is used for the solution, which is advantageous over a traditional trial-and-error solution where an iterative solution is required for every position as the object moves. The inverse formulation of the design problem is ill-posed and involves a set of Fredholm equations of the first kind. The use of advanced solvers that are able to regularize the resulting system is essential. These include the conjugate gradient method, the truncated singular value decomposition or Tikhonov regularization, rather than an ordinary solver, like Gauss-Seidel or Gauss elimination.

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Jacobsen, Mona, and Morten Christian Melaaen. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE BAKING OF POROUS ANODE CARBON IN A VERTICAL FLUE RING FURNACE." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 34, no. 6 (October 1998): 571–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407789808914004.

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26

Setyadji, M., and H. F. Nurly. "Baking process of mineral carrier of rare earth metals with sodium hydroxide using muffle furnace." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1091 (September 2018): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1091/1/012012.

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27

Tajik, Abdul Raouf, Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub, Mouna Zaidani, and Tariq Shamim. "Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Diffusion Flame in the Aluminum Anode Baking Furnace Employing Presumed PDF." Energy Procedia 142 (December 2017): 4157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.340.

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Kim, Jihye, and Gisele Azimi. "Valorization of electric arc furnace slag via carbothermic reduction followed by acid baking – water leaching." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 173 (October 2021): 105710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105710.

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Li, Da Yong, and Lei Shi. "The Technique of Recycling Alkaline Zincate Zinc Plating Waste Liquid in Laboratory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.580.

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It introduces a kind of technique method that recycling alkaline zincate zinc plating waste liquid in laboratory, involving the fields in electroplating and comprehensive utilization of waste liquid. This method is introduced that with adopting materials such as HCl, NaOH, H2O2, activated carbon, dithiocarbamate diethyl ester, chloroform, ammonia and baking furnace, incinerator, pH test paper, for treatment of the waste liquid through some processes like neutralization, filtration, chemistry precipitation, extraction, distillation, burning, so that some recycled substances in it can be reused such as distilled water, zinc oxide, and as to those can not be recycled, carry on the harmlessization handle by incineration or deep bury.

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Zolfaghari, Ali, Hamid Reza Gheisari, Arash Omidi, and Saeed Nazifi. "Zinc and Manganese of serum were negatively, but Copper positively influenced by Iron elevation in diet of male Wistar rats." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 88, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000456.

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Abstract. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of dietary iron on distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, calcium and magnesium in the body of Wistar rats. Commercial Sangak, an Iranian traditional flat bread was used in this study. It was prepared by additionof yeast and sourdough. Different doses of iron (35, 70, 140, and 210 mg/kg per diet) were added to bread vehicle for 30 days with or without baking soda (250 mg/kg per diet). The concentrations of the above elements were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Serum zinc and manganese concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in rats that received higher concentrations of iron compared to the controls. Serum iron, and copper concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) with an increase in dietary iron compared to the controls. Increments of dietary concentrations of iron raised the concentration of iron, zinc and manganese in the feces, and lowered the concentration of copper and calcium in the feces (P < 0.05). Diets that contained baking soda showed a statistically significant increase in phytic acid (P < 0.05). Lower serum iron was seen in rats that received baking soda with diet of the control group. Conversely, feces iron and zinc were increased in this group. It is concluded that iron absorption might interfere with zinc and manganese because of similar physicochemical properties. Knowledge about these interactions is essential when supplementation of some elements is recommended in populations with a high risk of some deficiencies such as iron and zinc.

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Філимоненко, Н. М., and К. В. Філімоненко. "Analysis of capability for improvement of basic mathematical model of electrode of ferro-alloy furnace." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 7 (263) (December 10, 2020): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2020-263-7-53-57.

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The article analyzes the Mathematical Model of The Self-Baking Electrode which is defined as basic. Its advantages and disadvantages are determined. Criterias for creating more advanced mathematical model for equalizing the thermal field of the Electrode are proposed. The problem of calculating the thermal field is solved by the the method of elementary heat balances of electrode. For this goal the simulated area is divided into annular (cylindrical) elements along the radius and height of the electrode.The calculation of the temperature field of the electrode is carried out in two stages: I – with boundary conditions and currents for the parts of the electrode facing to the center of the smelting furnace; II – with boundary conditions and currents for the parts of the electrode facing to the lining. The mathematical model takes into account an effect of the ribs and the hood on the distribution of electric current and Joule’s Heat over the cross section of the Electrode. In case heating ferromagnetic materials under impact of an electromagnetic field, the magnetic permeability at first decreases relatively slowly, and then droping down sharply as a certain temperature (Curie Point) is reached. The material loses its magnetic properties completely and goes into into a paramagnetic state. The value of the electrode current changes according to the graph from the starting value to the working value and then remains constant. The current density of the electrode along the radius is unequal due to the action of the surface effect, as well as due to existence of a metal hood and ribs, the electrical conductivity of which is higher than conductivity of special carbon paste. The goal of the work is to create modern mathematical model of the secondary current network of electric smelting furnace which could improve baking conditions of the Electrode and to reach the state of its temperature field to equable. This would create a stable mode of operation of the furnace.The paper analyzes the main features of the mathematical model of the secondary network of the smelting furnace, identifies the stages of development and formulates the main assumptionssimplifications that could be accepted wile creating this model.

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Zhou, Ping, Chi Mei, Jie-min Zhou, Nai-jun Zhou, and Qiong-hui Xu. "Simulation of the influence of the baffle on flowing field in the anode baking ring furnace." Journal of Central South University of Technology 9, no. 3 (September 2002): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-002-0028-9.

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Tajik, Abdul Raouf, Tariq Shamim, Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub, and Mouna Zaidani. "Two Dimensional CFD Simulations of a Flue-wall in the Anode Baking Furnace for Aluminum Production." Energy Procedia 105 (May 2017): 5134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1042.

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Melichar, Tomáš, Jiří Bydžovský, Ámos Dufka, and Jindrich Melichar. "Polymercement Composites in Environment with Increased Concentration of Sulfate Ions and Extreme Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 908 (October 2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.908.10.

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Polymer cement matrix based materials were designed within the frame of the research presented in this paper. Resistance of these materials to combination of several adverse factors was observed. Considerable proportion of input materials used were components from alternative material resources. Primary binder was replaced with fly ash and blast furnace slag. Dominant proportion of filling mass was taken up by agloporite – porous aggregate produced by self-baking from fly ash. The focus of the research was assessment of degradation of materials after long-term exposition (up to 90 days) to increased concentration of sulphate ions and high temperatures. Degree of degradation was evaluated on the basis of physico-mechanical and physico-chemical tests combined with microstructural analyses.

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Oumarou, Noura, Duygu Kocaefe, and Yasar Kocaefe. "Investigation of the refractory bricks used for the flue wall of the horizontal anode baking ring furnace." Ceramics International 42, no. 16 (December 2016): 18436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.178.

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36

Zaidani, Mouna, Abdul Raouf Tajik, Zahid Ahmed Qureshi, Tariq Shamim, and Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub. "Investigating the flue-wall deformation effects on performance characteristics of an open-top aluminum anode baking furnace." Applied Energy 231 (December 2018): 1033–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.197.

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37

Zhuchenko, Oleksii A., and Anton P. Korotynskyi. "Research of the influence of fuel flow rate on the temperature fields of a coal product baking furnace." Collection of Scientific Publications NUS 4(478) (2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15589/znp2019.4(478).1.

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38

Kim, Hye-Jin, Hyeong-Kwon Park, Chang-Wook Lee, Byung-Gil Yoo, and Hyun-Yeong Jung. "Baking Effect on Desorption of Diffusible Hydrogen and Hydrogen Embrittlement on Hot-Stamped Boron Martensitic Steel." Metals 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060636.

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Recently, hot stamping technology has been increasingly used in automotive structural parts with ultrahigh strength to meet the standards of both high fuel efficiency and crashworthiness. However, one issue of concern regarding these martensitic steels, which are fabricated using a hot stamping procedure, is that the steel is highly vulnerable to hydrogen delayed cracking caused by the diffusible hydrogen flow through the surface reaction of the coating in a furnace atmosphere. One way to make progress in understanding hydrogen delayed fractures is to elucidate an interaction for desorption with diffusible hydrogen behavior. The role of diffusible hydrogen on delayed fractures was studied for different baking times and temperatures in a range of automotive processes for hot-stamped martensitic steel with aluminum- and silicon-coated surfaces. It was clear that the release of diffusible hydrogen is effective at higher temperatures and longer times, making the steel less susceptible to hydrogen delayed fractures. Using thermal desorption spectroscopy, the phenomenon of the hydrogen delayed fracture was attributed to reversible hydrogen in microstructure sites with low trapping energy.

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39

Luo, Hong Jie, Hao Lin, Jian Kun Zhang, and Guang Chun Yao. "Al-Si Alloy Foam Prepared by Two Step Foaming Method." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.42.

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Two basic methods can be used to fabricate aluminum foam. One is powder metallurgy route which can provide the near net shape casting containing aluminum foam core, and the other is melt foaming route which can prepare large scale aluminum foam plate directly. To combine the advantages of above two methods, the precursor was obtained through melt foaming route and then baked in a furnace like that of powder metallurgy method in this investigation. The test results indicated that the SiC and TiH2 particles after treatment in air could be dispersed in Al-Si matrix alloy melt and the precursors were obtained. The porosity and their pore diameter of the precursors decreased along with the temperature reducing as well as the magnesium or SiC particles adding. The density of Al-Si alloy foam decreased with the elevation of baking temperature and extension of heating time before collapse of foam block occurred. The foaming process parameters were seriously affected by the aluminum alloy composition.

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Tajik, Abdul Raouf, Tariq Shamim, Mouna Zaidani, and Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub. "The effects of flue-wall design modifications on combustion and flow characteristics of an aluminum anode baking furnace-CFD modeling." Applied Energy 230 (November 2018): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.078.

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Zaidani, Mouna, Rashid Abu Al-Rub, Abdul Raouf Tajik, and Tariq Shamim. "3D Multiphysics model of the effect of flue-wall deformation on the anode baking homogeneity in horizontal flue carbon furnace." Energy Procedia 142 (December 2017): 3982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.307.

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42

Zaiets, Natalia, Ihor Kondratenko, Natalia Lutskaya, Andrii Zhyltsov, and Serhii Usenko. "Modeling and Robust Optimization of the Technological Mode of Electrotechnological Complexes with the Renewable Energy Systems of Heat." E3S Web of Conferences 154 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015404006.

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The article works out the structure of the relationship between the managerial levels of the food enterprise, which is developed taking in-to account the use of robust control systems in the abnormal mode and systems of repair of heat power. To optimize renewable energy systems to the existing range of technological equipment of the bakery, a cogeneration unit is installed, due to its ability to generate and consume both heat and electricity. Also it is shown that the emergence of an abnormal situation at the electrotechnological complex of food production leads to a significant change in the transfer coefficients of the object over the direct and cross-channel channels, which will lead to loss of stability of the closed control system. Synthesized structure robust control system which has roughness properties and minimal sensitivity to parametric and structural uncertainties facility in case of emergency situations and elected its optimization criterion. The basic properties of the electrotechnological complexes of food industries are analyzed and on the example of the baking furnace the robust control system synthesis and renewable energy systems are shown. A comparison of the characteristics of the control system with local and robust controllers has shown that a robust controller system has better robust properties in case of emergency situations.

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Kim, Hye-Jin, Hyun-Yeong Jung, Seung-Pill Jung, Ji-Hee Son, Joo-Sik Hyun, and Ju-Sung Kim. "Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption Behavior on Aluminum-Coated Hot-Stamped Boron Steel during Hot Press Forming and Automotive Manufacturing Processes." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 6730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216730.

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Our study mainly focused on diffusible hydrogen in aluminum–silicon-coated hot-stamped boron steel during a hot press forming process and in pre-treatment sequential lines of the automotive manufacturing process using a thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) technique. First, in the hot stamping procedure, as the soaking time increased in the heating furnace at a specific dew point when austenitizing, a high concentration of diffusible hydrogen was absorbed into the hot-stamped boron steel. Based on the TDS analysis of hydrogen absorbed from hot stamping, the activation energy value of hydrogen trapping in 1.8 GPa grade steel is lower than that of 1.5 GPa grade steel. This means that diffusible hydrogen can be more easily diffused into defective sites of the microstructure at a higher level of the tensile strength grade. Second, in sequential pre-treatment lines of the automotive manufacturing process, additional hydrogen did not flow into the surface, and an electro-deposition process, including a baking procedure, was effective in removing diffusible hydrogen, which was similar to the residual hydrogen of the as-received state (i.e., initial cold rolled blank). Based on these results, the hydrogen absorption was facilitated during hot press forming, but the hydrogen was sequentially desorbed during automotive sequential lines on aluminum-coated hot-stamped steel parts.

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Burdo, N. B. "EARLY TRYPILLIAN SANCTUARY AT SABATYNIVKA II. PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION OF TRYPILLIAN BUILDING REMAINS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 28, no. 3 (September 22, 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.03.03.

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The remains of three burnt mud houses and one depression were investigated at Trypillia A site Sabatynivka II. Particular interest in this explorations was attracted by findings related to the sacred practice, namely by famous M. L. Makarevych’s reconstruction of the dwelling 3 as a sanctuary. During the last 50 years, the graphic reconstruction of this object was used many times by different authors without a slightest attempt of its verification. The article analyzes the data for the reconstruction of the sanctuary at the early settlement of Sabitatynivka II in the Kirovohrad region. The analysis of field documentation and the description of the excavation of dwelling 3 in Sabatynivka II from all available sources reveals some inconsistencies in the real object and details reconstructed by various researchers. The fact that the object is partially destroyed by the late trench makes it difficult to reconstruct and interpret it. Turning to the possible reconstruction of this building, the obvious traces of the ritual fire in which the building died should be noted. The obtained data suggest that the dwelling 3 was a rectangular adobe two-storey building. Most of the items found during excavations, including numerous figurines, are connected to the second floor. The ritual character of the fire is indicated by the inventory placed in the house before burning. However, there are no grounds for the reconstruction of the furnace, the elevation-altar and clay chair, as well as the «ritual of baking bread» in this house.

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Maklyukov, V. I. "Analysis of methods for modeling the bread baking process." Khleboproducty 30, no. 7 (2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32462/0235-2508-2021-30-7-26-32.

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An experimental method for modeling the process of baking molded bread is considered in detail. Elementary and generalized thermophysical models are presented for the purpose of using them for technological adjustment of industrial furnaces with a tunnel baking chamber.

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46

Corliss, Glenn F., and Mark A. Stett. "Clay alumina brick used in anode baking furnaces." JOM 48, no. 11 (November 1996): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03223240.

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Nol, Hagit. "Ṭabūn, Tannūr or Mustawqad? Fire Devices and Their Use in the Early Islamic Period." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 1, no. 1-2 (February 9, 2021): 34–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340007.

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Abstract Ovens, hearths and furnaces were used by early Islamic societies for baking, cooking, and the production of various artefacts. The archaeological evidence from one research area in central Israel, from the seventh–eleventh centuries, accordingly presents a variety of fire installations. This paper offers an interpretation of their function through the analyses of terminology in contemporary texts, ethno-archaeological data, and spatial relations in the archaeological record. The paper suggests that domestic baking and cooking left almost no remains in the archaeological context. Instead, fire installations in the research area were almost exclusively related to crafts.

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48

Grégoire, François, and Louis Gosselin. "Comparison of three combustion models for simulating anode baking furnaces." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 129 (July 2018): 532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.04.006.

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49

Libreros, Jose, and Maria Trujillo. "Effects of Mesh Generation on Modelling Aluminium Anode Baking Furnaces." Fluids 6, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040140.

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Anode baking is critical in carbon anode production for aluminium extraction. Operational and geometrical parameters have a direct impact on the performance of anode baking furnaces (ABF), and hence on the resulting anode quality. Gas flow patterns, velocity field, pressure drop, shear stress and turbulent dissipation rate are the main operational parameters to be optimised, considering a specific geometry that is discretised as a mesh. Therefore, this paper aims to establish the need to generate an appropriate mesh to perform accurate numerical simulations of three-dimensional turbulent flow in a single section of an ABF. Two geometries are considered for generating three meshes, using COMSOL and cfMesh, with different refinement zones. The three meshes are used for creating nine incompressible isothermal turbulent flow models, with varying operational parameters. Velocity field, convergence and turbulent viscosity ratio in the outlet of fuel inlet pipes are the quantification criteria. Quantification criteria have shown that a better physical representation is obtained by refining in the whole combustion zone. COMSOL Multiphysics’ built-in mesh generator allows quadrilateral, tetrahedron and hexahedron shapes. Adaptive cell sizes and shapes have a place within modelling, since refining a mesh in appropriate zones brings the Peclet number down when the incompressible isothermal turbulent flow is simulated.

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Carvalho, Maria da Graça, and Marcos Nogueira. "Improvement of energy efficiency in glass-melting furnaces, cement kilns and baking ovens." Applied Thermal Engineering 17, no. 8-10 (August 1997): 921–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-4311(97)00001-x.

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