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1

Minoru, Genda. Heiwa no tankyū: Heiki ni takusu mirai wa nai. Tōkyō: Zenponsha, 1990.

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2

Čhulālongkō̜nmahāwitthayālai. Rāingān chabap sombūn, khrōngkān wičhai khwāmmo̜som nai kānkamnot māttrakān phư̄a lot kānkhātdun bō̜rikān sanœ̄ Krom Kānprakanphai, Krasūang Phānit. [Bangkok]: Čhulālongkō̜nmahāwitthayālai, 1991.

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3

Benson, Carl S. Semi-annual report on NASA grant NAG 5 887 entitled remote sensing of global snowpack energy and mass balance: In-situ measurements on the snow of interior and Arctic Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, 1989.

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4

Andrade, Darly Fernando (org.), ed. Sustentabilidade e Responsabilidade Social em Foco – Volume 6. Belo Horizonte: Editora Poisson, 2018.

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5

Schild, Laurent. Sodium transport and balance. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0021.

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The kidney maintains the extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure by regulating urinary sodium (Na+) excretion to precisely balance daily Na+ intake. Genetic and experimental evidence support a central role for the distal nephron in the fine tuning of urinary Na+ excretion. The cellular and molecular aspects of the transporters involved in Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron, and their regulation linked to complex signaling pathways are discussed. Na+ absorption can be viewed as a continuum in the activities of specific transport processes along the distal nephron. The crosstalk between these different and complex reabsorptive processes is important for the adaptation of Na+ excretion in various physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological conditions.
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6

Simulação, ambiente e energia no espaço construído. Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/9786558460435.

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Este livro aborda conceitos, tecnologias e métodos relacionados aos aspectos energético, higrotérmico e lumínico, apresentando como pano de fundo o uso de programas de simulação computacional, diagramas e ferramentas simplificadas para estudos analíticos, aplicados ao espaço construído em diferentes climas. Na primeira parte do livro, “Inputs – conforto, vento e luz”, o Capítulo 1 apresenta a ferramenta alemã de simulação computacional ENVI-met e o seu potencial na análise do microclima urbano; o Capítulo 2 mostra as variáveis climáticas e os arquivos climáticos utilizados nas simulações higrotérmica; o Capítulo 3 aborda os programas de simulação aplicados à ventilação natural; e o Capítulo 4 trata da complexidade dos estudos de iluminação e a necessidade de avaliar várias dimensões, simultaneamente. Na segunda parte, “Outputs – ambiente construído e energia”, o Capítulo 5 ensina a identificar o potencial de aproveitamento das envoltórias para integrar sistemas de geração de energia; o Capítulo 6 traz a análise de uma casa pré-fabricada de balanço energético nulo; e o Capítulo 7 insere, à guisa de conclusão, uma visão sistêmica sobre o uso da energia elétrica no país. O livro dialoga com diversos perfis profissionais, pois contempla temas atuais e inovadores para estudantes e profissionais de Arquitetura, Engenharia, Geografia, Planejamento Urbano e áreas relacionadas com a qualidade e sustentabilidade do ambiente construído.
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7

Brêtas, Anilce de Araújo. Balanço eletrolítico estratégico na ração de suínos criados em clima quente. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-318-3.

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The effect of Dietary Electrolyte Balance (EB) in rations for growing and finished swine under high temperatures ambient was evaluated. Two hundred male castrated pigs with initial average 25,3±1.3 kg were allotted in completely randomized experimental design with five treatments T1 diet without supplemented electrolyte 191 mEq/kg; T2 (supl B) diet supplementd with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 250 mEq/kg; T3 (supl B+C) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) 250 mEq/kg; T4 (supl B) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) 300 mEq/kg; T5 (supl B+C) diet supplemented (NaHCO3) and (KCl) 300 mEq/kg and four replication and 10 pigs per experimental unit. The average weight of the animals was 68,8±3,4 kg. The performance parameters evaluated were the feed intake (FI), the daily gain (DG), finished weight (FW), nitrogen intake (NI), lysine intake (LI), efficiency of N utilization for weight gain (ENUWG), efficiency of L utilization for weight gain (ELUWG) and the gain:feed ration and physiologic parameters to respiratory frequency (RF) and rectal temperature (RT). Blood was colleted to measure serum concentration of Na, Cl and K. The average temperature was 29,65±1,80ºC with (RU) of 69,6±10,4%. The levels of EB decreased (P<0,05) the (FI) and improved (NI). The others performance parameters evaluated weren’t influenced by treatments (P>0,05). In the termination phase the supplementation with sodium bicarbonate and or potassium chloride with 250 or 300 mEq/kg can be used to correct electrolyte balance under heat stress.
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8

Predictions of control inputs, periodic responses and damping levels of an isolated experimental rotor in trimmed flight: Final technical report under NASA-Ames research grant no. NAG 2-797. Boca Raton, FL: Florida Atlantic University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, 1996.

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9

Semi-annual report on NASA grant NAG 5 887 entitled remote sensing of global snowpack energy and mass balance: In-situ measurements on the snow of interior and Arctic Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, 1989.

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10

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Semi-annual report on NASA grant NAG 5 887 entitled remote sensing of global snowpack energy and mass balance: In-situ measurements on the snow of interior and Arctic Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, 1989.

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11

Skivenes, Marit. Adoption from Care. Edited by Tarja Pösö and June Thoburn. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47674/9781447351054.

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EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND. This book explores how children’s rights are practised and weighed against parents’ rights in a range of countries, and examines how governments and legal and welfare professionals balance those rights in the challenging circumstances following the decision that children cannot grow up in their parents’ care. Looking at adoption from care in Europe and the United States, it provides in-depth analysis of concepts of family, contact, the child’s best interest principle and human rights in adoption from care across these different socio-political and legal contexts. Taking an international comparative approach to these issues, this book provides best practice evidence on adoption processes and shares learning across country boundaries to help improve outcomes for all adopted children.
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12

Oliveira, Mário Cézar Amorim de, Nilson de Souza Cardoso, and Jaqueline Rabelo de Lima. Itinerários de resistência: pluralidade e laicidade no Ensino de Ciências e Biologia. Editora Realize, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46943/viii.enebio.2021.01.000.

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Você tem em mãos o e-book com os Anais do ENEBIOnLine, a edição totalmente à distância (ou remota, ou virtual, ou on-line, como queira! rs) do VIII Encontro Nacional de Ensino de Biologia (VIII ENEBIO), do VIII Encontro de Ensino de Biologia da Regional Nordeste (VIII EREBIO-NE) e do II Simpósio Cearense de Ensino de Biologia (II SCEB). Uma edição histórica, em vários sentidos: 1. A primeira edição completamente não presencial dos nossos encontros de Ensino de Biologia; 2. A primeira edição organizada e realizada durante uma pandemia de grandes proporções que causa (ainda, infelizmente) uma crise sanitária sem precedentes na história mundial; e 3. Uma edição que tem “história pra contar”, exatamente em virtude desses contextos. Em 2018, no VII Encontro Nacional de Ensino de Biologia (VII ENEBIO) e I Encontro Regional de Ensino de Biologia (I EREBIO-NORTE), estávamos muito animados em trazer de volta para o Nordeste esse evento que bianualmente congrega nossa comunidade sbenbiana e tem o papel fundamental de dar continuidade e ampliar as ações da SBEnBio, promovendo interações de profissionais que atuam em diversos níveis e ambientes educativos no ensino de Ciências e de Biologia. Além disso, pensávamos em consolidar o EREBIO-NE como um importante espaço acadêmico-científico de troca e aprendizados entre professores e pesquisadores da região. Esses encontros congregam pesquisadores dos campos do Ensino de Ciências e Biologia, professores do ensino superior e da educação básica, além de estudantes das Licenciaturas em Ciências Biológicas e afins, alcançando quatro importantes segmentos de investimento na educação científica de qualidade. Empolgados com a expressiva participação numérica alcançada nos encontros nacionais anteriores e com a possibilidade de mitigar a carência de eventos dessa natureza e magnitude na região nordeste, em 2019 submetemos três propostas de tema gerador a uma enquete pública nas redes sociais. O tema gerador escolhido para o VIII ENEBIO, VIII EREBIO-NE e II SCEB, foi Itinerários de Resistência: Pluralidade e Laicidade no Ensino de Ciências e Biologia. Um tema que nos possibilitaria propor debates sobre questões pertinentes ao contexto social, político e educacional que o país atravessava e que acreditávamos que impactariam a formação inicial e continuada tanto quanto o trabalho de professores de Ciências e Biologia, tais como: as novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Formação Inicial de Professores, as recém aprovadas Base Nacional Comum Curricular para o Ensino Fundamental e para o Ensino Médio, além de questões sócio ambientais e culturais, educação para as relações étnico-raciais, educação no campo, educação indígena, relação entre conhecimento científico e conhecimentos de outras naturezas (religiosos, senso comum etc.), dentre tantas outras importantes questões. Nem imaginávamos que um vírus, que ironia, nos imporia mudanças... ainda no final de 2019 vimos nos noticiários o surto do SARS-CoV-2 na China... graças à nossa formação específica (em Ciências Biológicas) e à lembrança de situações anteriores, como a do surto da Síndrome Aguda Respiratória Grave (SARS) em 2002-2003, sabíamos que poderíamos estar diante não apenas de uma mera “gripezinha”, mas mantivemos os planos do evento que estava agendado para acontecer no período de 29 de Abril a 02 de Maio de 2020. Tínhamos um enorme interesse em promover o debate acerca das experiências dos professores e pesquisadores que atuam em diferentes espaços e níveis de escolaridade e refletir sobre como as características da pluralidade e laicidade necessárias a uma educação básica democrática e inclusiva, especialmente a educação científica, estavam, e ainda estão hoje, vulneráveis no contexto dos atuais projetos e políticas educacionais. Nesse contexto, debater conflitos, propor ações e compartilhar experiências eram os desafios que nos moviam a pensar itinerários de resistência que caminhassem na direção do fortalecimento da profissão docente e do ensino de Ciências e de Biologia. Com o aumento do número de casos de infecções na China e com sua disseminação pela Europa, nos acendeu o alerta para um eventual adiamento. Em março, o primeiro caso no Brasil é noticiado, mais tensão e mais apreensão. Tivemos uma primeira onda, da qual, para alguns especialistas, nunca saímos, decidimos, portanto, após as primeiras medidas de isolamento social, adiar a realização do Encontro para acontecer, ainda presencialmente, de 02 a 04 de setembro de 2020. Em 31 de maio, já somávamos mais de 29 mil vidas ceifadas no país pela COVID-19, em meio a negacionismos de todas as ordens que indicavam que o quadro provavelmente pioraria. Em junho de 2020, a Coordenação Organizadora Local, em concordância com a Diretoria Executiva Nacional (DEN) da SBEnBio e seu Conselho Deliberativo Nacional (CDN), comunicava o adiamento do evento por tempo indeterminado. Nesse momento, tínhamos indicativos de que poderíamos contar em breve com uma vacina, mas não havia prazo para que isso acontecesse. O Ceará e outros estados nordestinos estavam em lockdown, o país estava atônito frente à disseminação do vírus e ao negacionismo dos que deveriam estar lutando para combatê-lo. Final do ano de 2020, apesar de uma pequena queda do número de mortes no país e do anúncio de vacinas por laboratórios e institutos como o Butantan e a Fiocruz, as exitosas experiências de nossa parceira, Realize Eventos Científicos, na organização de eventos nacionais on-line, nos estimulou a retomar a organização do evento e considerar a possibilidade de sua realização nesse modelo. Seria uma aventura! Mas será que a vacinação não possibilitaria nos encontrarmos presencialmente, já em 2021? As estimativas não eram nada animadoras. Tudo indicava que o foco do governo federal seria o “tratamento precoce”, sabidamente ineficiente. Enfim, nos apegamos a experiência de nossa parceira e, em novembro de 2020, anunciamos o novo formato do evento, nascia o ENEBIOnLine! E foi contando com expressiva compreensão e apoio da comunidade sbenbiana que, mesmo que registrado descontentamentos, prevaleceu a decisão consciente ante a crise sanitária que ainda enfrentávamos no final de 2020 e início de 2021; e de 25 a 29 de janeiro aconteceu o VIII ENEBIO, VIII EREBIO-NE e o II SCEB, no formato totalmente on-line. Mantivemos praticamente a mesma programação, apesar do contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 e de suas implicações para a nossa área, como o impacto do ensino remoto na educação científica e formação docente, terem permeado inevitavelmente os debates nas palestras, mesas redondas e sessões de apresentação de trabalho. Podemos dizer que foi um “sucesso de público e de crítica”, com 909 credenciados participando das seis mesas redondas, palestras de abertura e encerramento, reunião ampliada da SBEnBio, painel temático reunindo as ex-presidentas e os ex-presidentes da associação... e tudo no conforto e na segurança de nossos lares. Uma decisão que já durante o evento se mostrava acertada, tendo em vista o recrudescimento da crise sanitária, com aumento alarmante do número de mortos (hoje, já somamos mais de 265.500 vidas perdidas para a COVID-19, segundo o último balanço do consórcio de veículos de imprensa), colapso da rede de atendimento hospitalar e que, possivelmente, será agravada em função da morosidade da vacinação no país associada ao “jeitinho brasileiro” de desobedecer as normas básicas de (auto)proteção contra a infecção. Apesar dos tempos terríveis que aparentemente ainda haveremos de enfrentar, esperamos que o reconhecimento pelo STF da perseguição jurídica sofrida pelo nosso ex-presidente da República... ops (desculpem-nos o ato falho! rs)... esperamos que a publicação desse e-book com os Anais do ENEBIOnLine, contendo a íntegra dos 632 trabalhos apresentados durante o evento, chegue como um sopro de esperança de que dias melhores virão! De que depois da peste e da tempestade, virá a bonança... de que, no segundo semestre de 2022, todes vocês poderão estar conosco em Fortaleza, Ceará, para o IX ENEBIO, IX EREBIO-NE e III SCEB... para sentir o calor da ‘Terra da Luz’ e do abraço que não pôde ser dado, para debater sobre o Ensino de Biologia, cada dia mais necessário no enfrentamento do negacionismo científico e das fake news que adoecem de morte o Brasil.
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13

da Silva Coêlho Mendonça, Eliana. NÍVEL DE DESEMPENHO MOTOR E SUA RELAÇÃO COM APTIDÃO FÍSICA, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E ESTADO MATURACIONAL DE ADOLESCENTES. Edited by Ricardo Figueiredo Pinto. Conhecimento e ciência, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20872/niveldedesempenhomotor.

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Esta pesquisa foi caracterizada como descritiva quantitativa de corte transversal. Durante o processo de desenvolvimento motor ocorre uma série de mudanças físicas e mecânicas, onde os fatores do crescimento físico, da maturação, do desenvolvimento da aptidão física, da atividade física, da idade e da experiência estão inter-relacionados. Objetivo geral deste estudo foi estudar os diferentes efeitos da aptidão física, estado nutricional e estado maturacional sobre o desempenho motor de adolescentes de 13 a 16 anos no município de Itaituba/Pará. Metodologia desenvolvida foi com o n=amostral de102 alunos de ambos os gêneros com idade entre 13 a 16 anos da cidade de Itaituba/PA. Todos os responsáveis assinaram o TCLE e liberados pelo médico para os testes, os instrumentos utilizados foram MABC-2,caminhada/corrida de 6 e 9, protocolo de T.G Lohman, Banco de Wells, Arremesso de Medicinibol, Sargent Jump Test, Teste de Impulsão Horizontal, Balança Antropométrica e o PVC. A estatística utilizada foi descritiva e inferencial através do programa SPSS que avaliou a relação e ou associação dos resultados. Resultados para o Estado Nutricional, na avaliação geral da amostra, 78,4% foram classificadas dentro da normalidade. Quando comparada entre gêneros, os meninos apresentaram o índice de 85,4% e as meninas 72,2% dentro da normalidade. Para a variável Aptidão Física, apenas os valores dos testes de Arremesso de Medicinibol, Impulsão Horizontal e Flexibilidade, apresentaram índices acima da média. Quando comparados entre gêneros, os meninos não superaram as meninas no teste de abdominal, impulsão horizontal e percentual de gordura. Na análise do estado maturacional, realizado através do teste de Pico de Velocidade de Crescimento, as meninas alcançaram este estado por volta dos 12,9 anos de idade, enquanto os meninos aos 14,6 anos. Na análise do desempenho motor, apenas 38,9% das meninas encontram-se na zona verde, apresentando 40,7% com indicativo de TDC, nos meninos, 50% estão na zona verde e apenas 18,8% apresentam indicativo de TDC. Na associação do desempenho motor entre a idade, a aptidão física, o estado nutricional e o estado maturacional, os resultados apontam significância apenas para a associação entre o desempenho motor e um item da aptidão física, a flexibilidade. Concluímos que o processo de aquisição das habilidades motoras emerge em função das influências ambientais e socioeconômicas, claro, sem esquecer, principalmente, da interação entre o genótipo e fenótipo sobre o desempenho motor. Hoje em dia observamos um declínio enorme de oferecimento de oportunidades motoras para crianças e adolescentes, gerando menores estímulos e com isso, poucas experiências motoras.
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14

Harold, Finger, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Maintaining the program balance: A report by an Academy panel examining the distribution of NAA Science and Engineering work betwwen NASA and contractors and the effect on NASA's in house technical capability, volume 1. [Washington, DC]: National Academy of Public Administration, 1991.

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15

1924-, Finger Harold B., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Maintaining the program balance: A report by an Academy panel examining the distribution of NAA Science and Engineering work betwwen NASA and contractors and the effect on NASA's in house technical capability, volume 1. [Washington, DC]: National Academy of Public Administration, 1991.

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16

Kipnis, Eric, and Benoit Vallet. Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0138.

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Resuscitation endpoints have shifted away from restoring normal values of routinely assessed haemodynamic parameters (central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) towards optimizing parameters that reflect adequate tissue perfusion. Tissue perfusion-based endpoints have changed outcomes, particularly in sepsis. Tissue perfusion can be explored by monitoring the end result of perfusion, namely tissue oxygenation, metabolic markers, and tissue blood flow. Tissue oxygenation can be directly monitored locally through invasive electrodes or non-invasively using light absorbance (pulse oximetry (SpO2) or tissue (StO2)). Global oxygenation may be monitored in blood, either intermittently through blood gas analysis, or continuously with specialized catheters. Central venous saturation (ScvO2) indirectly assesses tissue oxygenation as the net balance between global O2 delivery and uptake, decreasing when delivery does not meet demand. Lactate, a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, increases when oxygenation is inadequate, and can be measured either globally in blood, or locally in tissues by microdialysis. Likewise, CO2 (a by-product of cellular respiration) and PCO2 can be measured globally in blood or locally in accessible mucosal tissues (sublingual, gastric) by capnography or tonometry. Increasing PCO2 gradients, either tissue-to-arterial or venous-to-arterial, are due to inadequate perfusion. Metabolically, the oxidoreductive status of mitochondria can be assessed locally through NADH fluorescence, which increases in situations of inadequate oxygenation/perfusion. Finally, local tissue blood flow may be measured by laser-Doppler or visualized through intravital microscopic imaging. These perfusion/oxygenation resuscitation endpoints are increasingly used and studied in critical care.
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17

Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.

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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.
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