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Journal articles on the topic 'Balanites aegyptiacus'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Abel, Grace Igbele, Adebayo Ojo Adebiyi, Foline Folorunsho Olayemi, and Patricia Onoghoeto Pessu. "Effect of heat treatments on the drying behaviour, moisture content and oil yield of Balanite aegyptiaca Kernels." Croatian journal of food science and technology 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.2.03.

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The influence of different heat treatments,including oven drying at 40, 50, 60 and 70°C for 60, 120 and 180 minutes ateach temperature,roasting, boiling for 5, 10, and 15 minutes,sun and solar drying for 480 and 720 minutes,on the drying behaviour, moisture content and oil yield of Balanite aegyptiacakernels (BaKs) was investigated.The moisture contentson wet basis were determined by the oven drying method at 105C for 4 hours and calculated from both weight loss data anddry solid weight of the kernel samples,while oil was extracted with n-hexane using Soxhlet apparatus. The experiments were conducted in triplicates.Low moisture contents of 2.726 and 2.426% at drying times of 60 and 120 minutes were obtained in Balanites aegyptiaca kernelsdried at 70C,while drying at 40, 50 and 60C for 180 minutes gave low moisture contents of 3.973, 3.861 and 3.779%,respectively. The drying of Balanite aegyptiacakernels occured in the falling rate period. The moisture contents of Balanites aegyptiaca kernelsoven-dried at 40, 50, 60 and 70C decreased with increasing drying time when compared to the raw kernels. Similarly, the average oil yield of Balanite aegyptiaca kernels decreased with increasing temperature in the following order: raw>40C>50C>60C>70 C. The highest oil yield (45.345%)was obtained in the boiled kernels and the least oil yield (37.790%) in those kernels dried at 70 C. Results from thisstudy justify the use of boilingin traditional Balanite kernel oil extraction process as it gave the highest oil yield.
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2

Abel, Grace Igbele, Adebayo Ojo Adebiyi, Foline Folorunsho Olayemi, and Patricia Onoghoeto Pessu. "Effect of heat treatments on the drying behaviour, moisture content and oil yield of Balanite aegyptiaca Kernels." Croatian journal of food science and technology 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.2.03.

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The influence of different heat treatments,including oven drying at 40, 50, 60 and 70°C for 60, 120 and 180 minutes ateach temperature,roasting, boiling for 5, 10, and 15 minutes,sun and solar drying for 480 and 720 minutes,on the drying behaviour, moisture content and oil yield of Balanite aegyptiacakernels (BaKs) was investigated.The moisture contentson wet basis were determined by the oven drying method at 105C for 4 hours and calculated from both weight loss data anddry solid weight of the kernel samples,while oil was extracted with n-hexane using Soxhlet apparatus. The experiments were conducted in triplicates.Low moisture contents of 2.726 and 2.426% at drying times of 60 and 120 minutes were obtained in Balanites aegyptiaca kernelsdried at 70C,while drying at 40, 50 and 60C for 180 minutes gave low moisture contents of 3.973, 3.861 and 3.779%,respectively. The drying of Balanite aegyptiacakernels occured in the falling rate period. The moisture contents of Balanites aegyptiaca kernelsoven-dried at 40, 50, 60 and 70C decreased with increasing drying time when compared to the raw kernels. Similarly, the average oil yield of Balanite aegyptiaca kernels decreased with increasing temperature in the following order: raw>40C>50C>60C>70 C. The highest oil yield (45.345%)was obtained in the boiled kernels and the least oil yield (37.790%) in those kernels dried at 70 C. Results from thisstudy justify the use of boilingin traditional Balanite kernel oil extraction process as it gave the highest oil yield.
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3

Kabo, Kamaluddeen Suleiman, Tijjani Ali, and Abiodun B. Ogbesejana. "EXTRACTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER ANALYSIS OF DESERT DATE (Balanite aegyptiaca) OIL FROM DUTSIN-MA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-225.

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Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is perennial plant with a variety of application in vegetable oil, food preparation, condiment and medicine. This work covers extraction and physico-chemical parameters analysis: acid value, iodine value and saponification value of Balanite aegyptiaca seed oil samples obtainable at Dutsin-Ma Area, Katsina State. Soxhlet extraction method was used in order to extract oil from the samples followed by its analysis according to standard protocols. The result shows that the seeds have high oil content, percent yield of 39.58% with the density of 0.91 g/cm3, acid value 2.66, iodine value 98.74 g/100g, saponification value of 186.5 mgKOH/g and low moisture content of 2.6% was obtained. This shows that the seeds of Balanite aegyptiaca oil of Dutsin-Ma local area have high oil yield and good qualities making it suitable for use in a variety of applications to improve its value chain
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4

Isa, Muhammad. "Laboratory Assessment of Molluscicidal and Cercaricidal Activities of Balanites aegyptiaca against Vectors of Schistosomiasis (Biomphalaria pfeifferi)." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 5 (June 3, 2021): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210558.

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Studies were conducted on assessment of molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of leaves, fruits and endocarp of Balanite aegyptiaca Del against adult vectors of schistosomiasis (Biomphlaria Pfeifeferi) using standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted, where alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids were found present in leaves, fruits, and endocarp. Molluscicidal and cercaricidal activity test were also conducted. Snail mortalities were compared between each plant part and snail specie as well as LC50 of the plant parts were also recorded. The result obtained revealed that leaves extract was more susceptible to the death of the snail species. Comparing LC50, the leaves extract shows 0.0726 considered as the highest cercaricidal while fruits and endocarp showed highest LC50of 0.0531 and 0.0426 respectively. Keywords: Balanites Aegyptiaca, Molluscicidal, Cercaricidal Activities, Schistosomiasis (Biomphalaria pfeifferi).
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5

Adamou, Salissou, Adamou Issifi Abdoul-Salam, and Dramé Yayé Aissetou. "Caractérisation de la population de Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del et la perception de son potentiel socioéconomique dans la partie Sud-Ouest du Niger." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 1698–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i5.17.

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Dans la région de Tillabery au Sud-Ouest du Niger confrontée à des sècheresses récurrentes, les espèces agroforestières comme Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) jouent un rôle important dans la vie des communautés locales. Le présent article analyse les caractéristiques de Balanites aegyptiaca et son importance socioéconomique dans la région. L’étude se base sur des inventaires et des mesures dendrométriques menées dans les villages de Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio et Sansani Haoussa, et un total de 120 utilisateurs de Balanites aegyptiaca interviewés sur l’usage de l’espèce. Les résultats montrent que Balanites aegyptiaca occupe le premier rang des essences ligneuses avec un taux d’occupation de l’espace de 93%. Les diamètres varient de 24,25±0,7 à Tamou Kaina à30,60±1,9 à Sansane Haoussa. Les hauteurs varient de 5,30±0,1 à Mari et 6,16 ±1,6 à Tamou Kaina. Un indice de diversité de Shannon inférieur à 2,5 dans tous les sites indique une faible diversité. Les enquêtes montrent que toutes les parties de Balanites aegyptiaca sont utilisées dans l’alimentation humaine et animale, dans les autres activités domestiques, thérapeutiques et commerciales. Les fruits ont un d’usage plus important (80%) que les feuilles (60%), les racines (33%), le bois (53%), les écorces (46%), les fleurs (33%) et les branches (33%). Les actions anthropiques et les pâturages des animaux sont les principaux facteurs qui menacent la population de Balanites dans la zone. Malgré cela, Balanites aegyptiaca reste une espèce très utilisée par les communautés locales, et pourrait contribuer à renforcer leur résilience face à l’insécurité alimentaire et à d’autres chocs. Mots clés : Caractérisation, Balanites aegyptiaca, Perception, Dendrométrie, Carbone Niger. English title: Characterization of the population of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del and the perception of its socioeconomic potential in the southwestern part of NigerIn the region of Tillabery, in the South-western part of Niger confronted with recurrent drought, agroforestry species like Balanites aegyptiaca play an important role in the lives of local communities. The study is based on inventories and dendrometric measurements of trees conducted in the villages of Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio and Sansani Haoussa, and on interviews of 120 users of Balanites aegyptiaca on their usage of the species. Results show that Balanites aegyptiaca ranks first in the sites of Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio and Sansane Haoussa with an occupation rate of 93%. The average diameters ranged from 24.25 cm (± 0.7) at Tamou Kaina to 30.60 cm (± 1.9) at Sansani Hausa. Average heights ranged from 5.30 m (± 0.1) at Mari to 6.16 m (± 1.6) at Tamou Kaina. The Shannon Diversity Index of less than 2.5 found in all four sites, indicate a low diversity. Surveys carried out revealed that all parts of Balanites aegyptiaca are used in human and animal food, and in other domestic, medical and commercial activities. Fruits have a greater usage value (80%) than leaves (60%), roots (33%), wood (53%), bark (46%), flowers (33%) and branches (33%). Anthropic actions and pastures of animals are the main factors threatening the settlement of the species in the area. B. aegyptiaca remains a popular species among local populations and could contribute in reinforcing their resilience to food insecurity and other shocks.Keywords: Characteristic, Balanites aegyptiaca, Dendrometry, Perception, Socioeconomic factors, Niger.
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6

Abdou Habou, Maman Kamal, Boubé Morou, and Ali Mahamane. "Caractéristiques Phytoécologiques des Groupements Végétaux Ligneux des Formations Naturelles à Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. dans le Centre-Est du Niger." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 33 (October 31, 2022): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n33p333.

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Les connaissances sur l’organisation spatiale et de la composition floristique des écosystèmes forestiers sont importantes pour les politiques d’aménagement et de conservation. Ce travail vise à caractériser les formations naturelles à Balanites aegyptiaca. Les données ont été collectées au moyen des relevés phytosociologiques installés de façon aléatoire dans les agrosystèmes et les formations naturelles. Au total, 27 espèces ligneuses ont été recensées. Quatre groupements végétaux ont été discriminés dont le groupement à Balanites aegyptiaca et Vachellia tortilis, le groupement à Balanites aegyptiaca et Cordia sinensis, le groupement à Balanites aegyptiaca et Piliostigma reticulatum et le groupement à Balanites aegyptiaca et Senegalia senegal. Ces groupements sont sous la dépendance de certaines variables environnementales telles que les types d’occupation et la texture du sol. Le nombre d’espèces par groupement varie de 8 à 21 et l’indice de Shannon varie de 1,29 à 2,61 bits. Ces valeurs indiquent que les groupements sont faiblement diversifiés. L’abondance des Microphanérophytes et des espèces de la famille des Fabaceae traduise l’appartenance de ces sites au climat aride. L’abondance des espèces à large distribution sur les types phytogéographiques confirme l’aridité climatique et la perturbation du milieu. Knowledge of the spatial organization and floristic composition of forest ecosystems is important for planning and conservation policies. This work aims to characterize the natural formations of Balanites aegyptiaca. The data were collected by means of phytosociological surveys installed randomly in agrosystems and natural formations. A total of 27 woody species have been identified. Four plant groups were discriminated among which the grouping with Balanites aegyptiaca and Vachellia tortilis, the grouping with Balanites aegyptiaca and Cordia sinensis, the grouping with Balanites aegyptiaca and Piliostigma reticulatum and the grouping with Balanites aegyptiaca and Senegalia senegal. These groupings are dependent on certain environmental variables such as types of occupation and soil texture. The number of species per group ranges from 8 to 21 and the Shannon index ranges from 1.29 to 2.61 bits. These values indicate that the groups are weakly diversified. The abundance of Microphanerophytes and species of the Fabaceae family reflects the fact that these sites belong to an arid climate. The abundance of widely distributed species on phytogeographic types confirms climatic aridity and environmental disturbance.
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7

Usman, Abdulyakin, and Rufai Ibrahim Ahmad. "A REVIEW OF THE TECHNO – ECONOMIC POTENTIALS OF BALANITES AEGYPTIACA OIL." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (November 2, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0503-652.

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Plants oil are becoming important in commerce and nutrition worldwide as they are good source of dietary energy and raw material for the manufacture of industrial products. Despite this fact little attention has been given to Balanites aegyptiaca oil. Therefore there is growing interest in understanding the potential of Balanites aegyptiaca oil as feedstock for improving livelihoods of communities in dryland areas. Balanites aegyptiaca is a multipurpose tree species in dry land of Africa. The plant seed kernel produces high quality oil that amounts for 9-10 % by weight of the whole fruit. Its seed kernel has high oil content (50 %) whose extraction is economically worthwhile. The oil parameters revealed that the oil composed of long chain fatty acids with high degree of unsaturation, making it a good feedstock for biodiesel production. It also has biologically active properties which contribute in its medicinal application. The oil is fulfilling in saturated fatty acids, as such are accustomed as cooking oil. Balanites aegyptiaca oil may be useful for industrialists that produce eco-friendly soap. Therefore, conversion of the oil to different products will help in domestication of this neglected and underuse dryland tree species. This may advocate wise use of renewable natural resources and not protection without possible economic benefit. Thus, Balanites aegyptiaca oil is a multipurpose feedstock with high economic potential and industrial applications if richly exploited. Furthermore, many prospective exploitation possibilities will emerge when further researches are made on this multipurpose oil.
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8

Jauro, Aliyu, and Momoh Haruna Adams. "Production and Biodegradability of Biodiesel from Balanites Aegyptiaca Seed Oil." Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 55, no. 4 (August 20, 2011): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2011.55.4.680.

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9

Sarker, S. D., B. Bartholomew, and R. J. Nash. "Alkaloids from Balanites aegyptiaca." Fitoterapia 71, no. 3 (June 2000): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00149-5.

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10

Akourki, Adamou, Abdoul Rachidou Sodo Daka, Djibo Idrissa Sidikou, and Issa Chaïbou. "Effets du tourteau des graines de Balanites aegyptiaca sur la consommation alimentaire et les performances zootechniques des cabris roux de Maradi." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): 3355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.30.

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L’extraction d’huile contenue dans les amandes de Balanites aegyptiaca est un procédé industriel agroalimentaire qui ne cesse de se développer en Afrique sahélien mais qui génère à la fois une importante quantité de sous-produit tourteau, résultant souvent un encombrement pour les industries. Dans le cadre de la valorisation dudit sous-produit, le présent travail visait à évaluer les effets de l’incorporation du tourteau de Balanites aegyptiaca dans la ration sur les performances zootechniques des cabris roux de Maradi. Il a porté sur 12 cabris de race rousse de Maradi, âgés en moyenne de 7,5±0,5 mois, répartis en deux lots de 6 cabris chacun : un lot expérimental comprenant les cabris recevant une ration complémentée en tourteau de Balanites aegyptiaca (E) et un lot témoin constitué des cabris (T) nourris à base de l’alimentation communément distribuée aux chèvres dans la région de Maradi. Les paramètres suivis étaient entre autres : la quantité d’aliments ingérés, le gain de poids et le rendement après abattage. Les moyennes des quantités d’aliments ingérés et les gains moyens quotidiens étaient respectivement de 384,10±44,31 g et 18,90±12,60 g pour le lot E, et de 349,61±89 g et de 10,74±11,99 g pour le lot T. Les p values correspondantes étaient de 0,000 et 0,001, respectivement pour la quantité d’aliment ingérée et le gain de poids. Quant aux rendements carcasse et peau, ils étaient respectivement, de 43,18±0,74% et 8,22±1,57% pour le lot E et de 36,36±4,42% et 7,07±1,09% pour le lot T sans différence significative entre les lots (p>0,05). Cette expérience montre que le tourteau des graines de Balanites aegyptiaca n’a pas permis d’améliorer les rendements des cabris, il peut toutefois être utilisé par les éleveurs sahéliens pour augmenter la qualité de la ration en association avec la paille naturelle distribuée régulièrement aux animaux pendant la période sèche. Par ailleurs, une étude portant sur différentes concentrations de tourteau de Balanites aegyptiaca permettra sans doute d’optimiser le taux dudit tourteau dans la ration alimentaire des petits ruminants.Mots clés : Cabris roux de Maradi, performances zootechniques, tourteau, Balanites aegyptiaca et aliment bétail.
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11

Sarki, S. I., T. M. Abdulmumin, M. Murtala, Y. Abdulmumin, A. I. Muhammad, S. Y. Ismail., S. A. Bichi, et al. "Proximate Composition, Phytochemicals Evaluation and Characterization of Aqueous Fruit Extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (Desert Date Palm)." East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (June 23, 2022): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easms.2022.v05i06.005.

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Background and objectives: The plant kingdom has proven to be the most useful in the treatment of diseases and they provide an important source of all the world’s pharmaceuticals. Balanites aegyptiaca is an evergreen plant containing large varieties of chemical substances which possess important therapeutic properties and can be utilized as food supplement. The aim of the study was to carry out proximate, phytochemicals and identification of chemical compounds using aqueous fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca. Methods: The proximate and phytochemicals analysis were carried out by standard protocols of AOAC, While The phyto-constitutes of Balanites aegyptiaca aqueous fruit extract were determined by Gas Chromatography (Agilent 6890 series) coupled with HP-5MS column mass spectrometer. The helium was used as carrier gas at a flow of 1.0ml/min. The identification of the constituents of aqueous fruit extract was performed by matching their mass spectra and retention indices with those obtained from authentic samples and/or NSIT/Wiley spectra libraries, using different types of search (PBM/NIST/AMDIS) and available literature data. Results: The phytochemical analysis reveals that the aqueous fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca contained flavonoids (288.33+3.01 mg/100g), tannins (20.50+0.4mg/100g) saponin (320.90+10.28mg/100g), Glycoside (163.92+0.33), steroids (36.40+0.80mg/100g), alkaloids (78.67+1.03mg/100g) and phenols (227.43+1.01mg/100g) while Terpenoids and Anthraquinones, Anthocyanines were found to be absent. The proximate analysis of the fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca; revealed that the moisture content was 2.3±0.2%, crude protein 3.2±0.08%, crude fibre 16.4±0.5%, lipid content 3.1±0.7, carbohydrates 72.6±1.6% and ash content 2.4±0.2%. The GC-MS Analysis shows the presents of many important organic compounds in which three were reported to have biological activity this includes Benzene, [(methoxymethoxy)m ethyl]-, Undecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid, ....
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12

Umar, Ibrahim, Lamido Auwalu, Ali Zakari, Ibrahim Fatima, Yahaya Umar Kubura, and Talatu Dibilang Justina. "Evaluation of Tree Species Composition for Sustainable Eco-Tourism Development of Maladumba Lake and Forest Reserve, Bauchi-Nigeria." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.1.141.

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Ecotourism refers to travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas, such as protected areas, with the aim of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and the faunal and floral composition along with its existing cultural aspects. This paper evaluated Tree species composition of Maladumba Lake and Forest Reserve, Bauchi-Nigeria for sustainable eco-tourism development. Wandering quarter method of vegetation analysis was employed for the study where five sampling sites were studied to determine species richness, percentage frequency, basal area, relative density, relative dominance, importance value indices, mean distance between trees, mean area of trees and number of individual stem per hectare of tree species encountered. Results obtained indicated total of eighteen different Tree species in the protected area with Mitragyna inermis (126732.9 cm), Adansonia digitata (31714.9 cm), Balanites aegyptiaca (29727.3 cm), and Piliostigma thonningii (28697.7 cm) as species with the highest basal area. While Funtumia elastica presented the highest frequency of occurrence (80%) followed by Acacia nilotica, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Balanites aegyptiaca and Cassia singueeana with 60% each. Relative densities of Mitragyna inermis (18.1%) stood as the highest, followed by Funtumia elastica (16.6%) and Balanites aegyptiaca (12.5%). Relative dominance suggested Mitragyna inermis (18.1%) with the highest value seconded by Adansoni digitata (12.4%) and Balanites aegyptiaca (11.7%). Mitragyna inermis (49.8) had the highest IVI followed by Balanites aegyptiaca (24.4) then Piliostigma thonningii (11.7). Very low values of mean distance between trees (6.9 m), mean area occupied by individual trees (47.6 m), and density of trees per hectare (210) suggested sparsely populated vegetation cover in the protected area. It was concluded that Maladumba Lake and Forest Reserve is under serious deforestation. As an Ecotourism attraction, serious reforestation program was recommended to salvage the situation before the whole protected lose its value.
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Sagne, Mariama, Jean Fall, Abdoulaye Loum, Pathe Karim Djiba, Diégane Ndong, and Malick Diouf. "Effects of Replacement of Fish Oil by a Mixture of Balanites aegyptiaca and Adansonia digitata Seed Oils on the Growth and Survival of Clarias anguillaris Fries (Linnaeus, 1758)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i1.14521.

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To investigate the effects of replacement of fish oil by a mixture of Balanites aegyptiaca and Adansonia digitata seed oils three isonitrogenous (35.36%) and isoenergetic diets (3.48 MJ / kg) were formulated for one kilogram (1kg). The study was carried out on fries Clarias anguillaris for six weeks.At the beginning of the experiment, 90 Clarias anguillaris of the initial average weight of 0.82 ± 0.055g were randomly divided into three different groups with two replicates containing 15 fish/each. Fish were kept in six plastic tanks (50 x 40 x 30 cm) container (50 L). The results showed that the substitution of fish oil by a mixture of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil and Adansonia digitata seed oil gives growth for all diets. However, the best growths are obtained from all points of view (MWGr, MWGa and SGR) with diet A (mixture of Adansonia seed oil and Balanites seed oil at a ratio of 20 : 20) followed by the diet D (mixture of Adansonia seed oil and Balanites seed oil at 10 : 30) compare to the control diet M containing fish oil. The best FCR was observed with the diet A followed by the diet D compare to the FCR observed with the diet M. The PER was higher in diet A (0.57) followed by diet D with (0.45) that has no significant difference with the control diet M (0.43). The highest value 63% was obtained with the diet D followed by 60% with the diet M and finally the lowest value 53% was obtained with the diet A. In regards to the growth performance, fish fed a 100% vegetable oil diet showed the best growth performance. Therefore, the replacement of fish oil with a mixture of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil and Adansonia digitata seed oil has no negative impact on the growth of Clarias anguillaris fry. It would be interesting first to study the inclusion rate of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil for a partial replacement of fish oil.
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14

Usman, Abdulyakin, and Ibrahim Ahmad Rufai. "Effect of Oxidation Stability on the Fuel and Storage Properties of Balanites Aegyptiaca Biodiesel." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(4)-11.

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Biodiesel prepared from Balanites aegyptiaca oil, through transesterifcation process, has promising potentials for use as fuel for diesel engines. However, there is limited information regarding the physical and chemical stability of this biodiesel during storage. In view of the aforementioned, this study was carried out in order to determine the oxidation stability as well as the extent of deterioration of Balanites aegyptiaca biodiesel during storage. Storage stability study was carried-out for three (3) months with the view to investigate the effect of oxidation on the biodiesel. The induction period and storage stability parameters were determined in accordance with official standard methods. The Balanites aegyptiaca biodiesel was found to have an induction period of 66 minutes. The storage stability study shows that: the peroxide value increased from 1.4 mEq/kg to 9.4 mEq/kg; cetane number increased from 50.42 to 52.48; while acid value increased from 0.11 mgKOH/g to 0.36 mgKOH/g. In addition, changes were observed in: saponification value from 215.99 mgKOH/g to 220.19 mgKOH/g, kinematic viscosity from 4.7 mm2/sec to 5.0 mm2/sec at 40˚C and density from 887 kg/m3 to 897 kg/m3 at 15˚C. The iodine value and lower heating value decreases from 68.53 gI2/100g to 55.84 gI2/100g and from 37.5 MJ/kg to 36.2 MJ/kg respectively during the storage period. However, despite the variations observed during the storage, the parameters were still within the ASTM and European specification standards for biodiesel. The result suggests that the Balanites aegyptiaca biodiesel may be stored for up to three months without losing its fuel properties.
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15

A., Lohlum S., Forcados E. G., Agida O. G., Ozele N., and Gotep J. G. "Enhancing the Chemical Composition of Balanites aegyptiaca Seeds through Ethanol Extraction for Use as a Protein Source in Feed Formulation." Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, no. 2 (July 29, 2012): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p251.

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<p>Over dependence on conventional feedstuff has contributed to a continuous rise in the prices of feeds. <em>Balanites aegyptiaca </em>is a perennial tree and its seeds, if properly processed could be a cheaper alternative source of protein for livestock feed formulation. In this study, <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> seeds were subjected to ethanol extraction, to examine the effect on the nutrient, phytochemical, organoleptic as well as textural properties of the seed kernel. The result showed a significant (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) decrease in lipid content from 37.11% to 9.98% and a significant (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) increase in protein content from 31.73% to 37.68%. There was a reduction in the level of tannin from 0.0690 to 0.0043 mg/100g, phytic acid 108.65 to 36.65 mg/100g and oxalate 30.01 to 15.03 mg/100g. The results show that ethanol extraction is an effective processing technique for enhancing the suitability of <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> seed kernel as an alternative protein source in animal feeding.</p>
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Sodipo, O. A., J. Yakubu, A. M. Dungus, and B. Wampana. "Antinociceptive Effect of the Ethanol Leaf Extract of Balanites aegyptiaca Linn in Albino Rats." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 27, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v27i2.6.

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Balanites aegyptiaca is a medicinal plant that has been used in a variety of folk medicines in India and Africa for the treatment of different ailments such as syphilis, jaundice, liver and spleen problems, epilepsy, yellow fever. This research aimed at investigating the phyt ochemical constituents, acute toxicity, anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanol extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (EEBA) leaves. The plant material was extracted using ethanol as solvent. The dried ethanol extract was screened for the presence of phytochemicals; Acute toxicity (LD50) was determined using Lorke’s method while anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities were evaluated using hot plate and tail immersion methods in albino rats. Results of the study revealed that phyto chemical constituents such as flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins and glycosides were found in the EEBA, intraperitoneal LD 50 of 2154 mg/kg shows the substance is non toxic. The EEBA produced significant (p <0.05) and dose dependent anti inflammatory and a ntinociceptive activities at all test doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg). The presence of the phytochemicals detected might be responsible for the demonstrated anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in the plant extract. Keywords: Phytochemical, Anti inflammatory, Antinociceptive , Balanites aegyptiaca
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Sibhat, Gereziher Geremedhin, and Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos Hiben. "Consequence of concurrent use of chloroquine and hydroalcoholic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca and leaf leatx of Aloe camperi." Journal of Phytopharmacology 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2016): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2016.5107.

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Prescription and/or over the counter medications when taken together with certain foods or herbal substances, leads to either increase or decrease a drug’s therapeutic out comes or adverse effects. It has been reported that a number of plant materials alter some pharmacokinetic parameters of chloroquine when administered concurrently. In some malarious areas of Ethiopia like Tigray region where chloroquine is used as antimalarial drug, medicinal and/or food plants are commonly consumed as herbal medicines or as food items. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential consequence of oral co-administration of hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca and leaf latex of Aloe camperi on the antimalarial effectiveness of chloroqine. Extract alone and extract in combination with chloroquine were tested against plasmodium berghie infected mice using peters four day suppressive method. Acute toxicity study was also carried out. The present study revealed that concurrent administrations of leaf extract of Balanites aegyptiaca and leaf leatx of Aloe camperi was found to increase parasitemia suppression potential of chloroquine. From the study it can be concluded that Balanites aegyptiaca and leaf leatx of Aloe camperi can potentiate malaria suppression of chloroquine.
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Osman-Bashir, Nour Ahmed, and Salah Ahmed-Ali Elhussein. "Variability in Kernel Oil and Kernel Crude Protein Contents in Sudanese Fruit Accessions of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 60, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.60.3.2017.134.140.

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Balanites fruits (Balanites aegyptiaca) as a potential source of steroidal sapogenins, chemicalsin demand by the pharmaceutical industry was studied. This report focuses on two potential fruit productsother than sapogenins, namely, balanites kernel oil (BKO) and kernel total protein. The oil content ofbalanites kernels obtained from thirteen mature-fruit accessions collected from different parts of Sudanwas high, reaching a value above 40% of kernel dry weight in several accessions. Kernel total proteinaveraged 31.2%. Some physicochemical characteristics of the oil and of its component lecithin fractionwere determined. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in BKO, reaching 56.0% of total fatty acids.
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Mohammed, Elmugheira M. I., Elhag A. M. H., Patrick A. Ndakidemi, and Anna C. Treydte. "Anthropogenic Pressure on Tree Species Diversity, Composition, and Growth of Balanites aegyptiaca in Dinder Biosphere Reserve, Sudan." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030483.

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Anthropogenic disturbances, such as illegal harvesting and livestock browsing, often affect natural forests. However, the resulting tree species diversity, composition, and population structure have rarely been quantified. We assessed tree species diversity and importance value indices and, in particular, Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. population structure, across 100 sample plots of 25 m × 40 m in disturbed and non-disturbed sites at the Dinder Biosphere Reserve, Sudan, from April 2019 to April 2020. We found that the tree species diversity in non-disturbed sites was more than double that of disturbed sites (p < 0.001, T = 32.6), and seedlings and saplings comprised more than 72% of the entire tree population (F2,48 = 116.4, p = 0.034; F2,48 = 163.2, p = 0.021, respectively). The tree density of B. aegyptiaca in the disturbed site was less than half that of the non-disturbed site (p = 0.018, T = 2.6). Balanites aegyptiaca was seven times more aggregated in disturbed sites compared to more regularly spaced trees in non-disturbed sites (T = 39.3 and p < 0.001). The poor B. aegyptiaca population status of the disturbed site shows that the conservation of this vulnerable species is essential for a sustainable management and utilization scheme.
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Zarroug, Isam M. A., A. D. Nugud, A. K. Bashir, and A. A. Mageed. "Balanites aegyptiaca as a Mosquito Larvicide." International Journal of Crude Drug Research 28, no. 4 (January 1990): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209009082831.

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Farid, Huda, Ernst Haslinger, Olaf Kunert, Christian Wegner, and Matthias Hamburger. "New Steroidal Glycosides from Balanites aegyptiaca." Helvetica Chimica Acta 85, no. 4 (April 2002): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200204)85:4<1019::aid-hlca1019>3.0.co;2-s.

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Konaré, Mamadou Abdoulaye, Nina Nicoleta Condurache, Issiaka Togola, Bogdan Păcularu-Burada, Nouhoum Diarra, Nicoleta Stănciuc, and Gabriela Râpeanu. "Valorization of Bioactive Compounds from Two Underutilized Wild Fruits by Microencapsulation in Order to Formulate Value-Added Food Products." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020267.

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Currently, microencapsulation has become a viable method of nutrient delivery for the food industry. This work microencapsulated the bioactive compounds extracted from two neglected species (Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus mauritiana) by freeze-drying. A combination of wall materials (whey protein and pectin; soy protein and maltodextrin) was chosen to prepare the microcapsules. The phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of the microcapsules was then carried out. The encapsulation yield ranged from 82.77% to 96.05% for Balanites and Ziziphus, respectively, whereas the efficiency was 76.18 ± 1.39% and 80.93 ± 1.71%. The stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal test showed that encapsulation increased the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. The total carotenoids were the most bioavailable compounds with 85.89 ± 0.06% for Ziziphus and 70.46 ± 1.10% for Balanites, followed by total flavonoids for Zizyphus with 63.27 ± 1.56%. Furthermore, regardless of species or wavelengths, the HPLC analysis resulted in the identification of 17 bioactive metabolites. The predominant one was epicatechin, whose level ranged from 231.52 ± 5.06 to 250.99 ± 3.72 mg/100 g DW in Ziziphus and 91.80 ± 3.85 to 116.40 ± 4.09 mg/100 g DW in Balanites. In estimating the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant power, both studied fruits showed antidiabetic, inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. These findings suggest that natural bioactive compounds are abundant in the fruits of Z. mauritiana and B. aegyptiaca and could be a valuable source for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Wakawa, Idi Audu, and Abubakar Chiroma. "Efficacy of Aqueous Crude Fruit Extract of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca) in Anaesthetization of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fingerlings." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2.3859.

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Chemicals have been used to anaesthetize fish but due to their hazardous effects on the environment, fish and humans environmentally friendly plant anaesthetics are being sought. Fruit of Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is nontoxic to humans but has been reported to have anaesthetic potentials on fish. This study investigates anaesthetic effect of aqueous crude fruit extract of B. aegyptiaca on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Phytochemical and proximate compositions of the fruit were screened. Exactly 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings (mean weight 32.13±2.43g and mean total length 23.88±2.11cm) were used for the experiment. A total of 10 fingerlings were exposed to each of 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50 and 4.00g/L concentrations of aqueous crude fruit extract of B. aegyptiaca and a control in 6 plastic tanks (45x28x25cm) filled with 10L of tap water. Setup was arranged in randomized block design and replicated. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity were monitored. Results revealed long mean induction (25.05±3.35 min) and recovery (108.35±2.45 min) times with resultant mortalities (40%) of C. gariepinus fingerlings. significant correlation (P<0.01) exists between concentration of the fruit extract and induction time as well as between fruit extract concentrations and survival of fingerlings. Aqueous crude fruit extract of B. aegyptiaca is, therefore, not effective for anaesthetization of C. gariepinus fingerlings hence should be avoided. Keywords: Anaesthetic, Balanites aegyptiaca, Clarias gariepinus
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Ajayi, Feyisola F., Akama F. Ogori, Vivien O. Orede, and Emmanuel Peter. "Synergistic effect of Balanites aegyptiaca essential oil and storage materials on cowpea seeds." Foods and Raw Materials 10, no. 2 (September 23, 2022): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2022-2-545.

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The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is a legume produced and consumed all over Africa and especially in Nigeria. These beans are a major source of protein in the region. The cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus L.) is a major pest that affects cowpea seeds. Therefore, cowpea farmers need effective non-toxic pesticides to replace synthetic chemicals. The present research tested the effect of Balanites aegyptiaca L. essential oil on cowpea weevils. This research quantified weevil proliferation and cowpea seed qualities. The samples were treated with 5, 10, and 15 mL of B. aegyptiaca essential oil diluted in 1 mL of acetone and stored in five storage materials, i.e., jute bags, polythene bags, sacks, plastic containers, and glass bottles. The study featured a completely randomized design with three replications of each treatment: treatment time – 90 days, storage temperature – 30 ± 5°C, check – 0.125 g of aluminum phosphide, control – acetone. B. aegyptiaca essential oil proved to be an effective insecticide against cowpea weevils. The treatment achieved 100% mortality rate at 10 and 15 mL of B. aegyptiaca essential oil after 72 h of exposure in glass bottles, plastic containers, and jute bags. In addition, B. aegyptiaca essential oil demonstrated a potent activity against oviposition and survival of immature cowpea weevils. Cowpea seeds packaged in glass bottles, plastics containers, and jute bags showed significantly less damage than those stored in sacks and polythene bags. Glass bottles were the best storage material in terms of safety and shelf stability, followed by plastic containers and jute bags. B. aegeptica essential oil has potent insecticidal properties and can be used as pest control during grain storage.
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Bambara, Linda, Marie Sawadogo, Daniel Roy, Didier Anciaux, Joël Blin, and Salifou Ouiminga. "Biofuel from Balanites aegyptiaca: Optimization of the Feedstock Supply Chain." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124501.

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In arid and semi-arid climates, Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) is a potential plant to produce oilseed-based biofuels. In this paper an optimization model for a wild biomass supply chain is presented. The model was developed to identify the optimal organization of the supply network that minimizes the cost of supplying the feedstock. It was applied to a case study on a B. aegyptiaca seed supply chain in Burkina Faso. Considering different means of transport and different pre-processing locations, the results show that in contexts such as Burkina Faso’s, the most efficient option for the supply of B. aegyptiaca seeds is using animal drawn carts to transport the biomass from the harvest sites to the collection points. Feedstock pre-processing should take place before transport and an improvement in pre-processing operations by mechanical de-hulling could help reduce the cost price of the seeds. The results also show that more than 35% of the cost price of B. aegyptiaca seed is accounted for by transport costs. Pre-processing, handling, and storage costs account for about 50% of the cost of the seeds.
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Wakawa, A. I., and S. B. Audu. "Histopathological alterations in gills, kidney and liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to aqueous leaf extract of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca)." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.12.

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One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia. Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.
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27

Musa, F. I., O. E. A. Abdelkareem, H. A. Abdelrhman, M. E. S. Eltahir, S. D. A. Fragallah, E. M. I. Mohammed, and S. O. Tutu. "Value chain of Balanites aegyptiaca in North Kordofan State in Sudan." African Crop Science Journal 30, s1 (May 25, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v30is1.7s.

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Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) is considered as one of the valuable tree species in Sudan. This study interrogated different actors involved in B. aegyptiaca value chain to estimate the gross margins associated with their segments. The study was conducted during season 2019 in Sheikan Locality, North Kordofan State in Sudan, and involved 86 household head (10% of the population). Results indicated that value chain actors of B. aegyptiaca included fruit collectors, village traders, city merchants, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Based on gross margins, the wholesalers were the most benefited (36.4%) in the chain, followed by village traders (33.4%), city merchants (17.6%), collectors (9.65%) and lastly retailers (2.94%). It is clear that B. aegyptiaca value chain is mostly influenced by actors at local level.
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Aviara, N. A., E. Mamman, and B. Umar. "Some Physical Properties of Balanites Aegyptiaca Nuts." Biosystems Engineering 92, no. 3 (November 2005): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.07.011.

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29

Ya’u, J., U. N. Abdulmalik, A. H. Yaro, B. A. Chindo, J. A. Anuka, and I. M. Hussaini. "Behavioral properties of Balanites aegyptiaca in rodents." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 135, no. 3 (June 2011): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.003.

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30

Kamel, M. "Pregnane glycosides from fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca." Phytochemistry 40, no. 6 (December 1995): 1773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00551-h.

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Abdelaziz, Selouka Mint, Fouteye Mint Mohamed Lemine, Hasni Ould Tfeil, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, and Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary. "Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity and Ethnobotanical Uses of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Fruits from the Arid Zone of Mauritania, Northwest Africa." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030401.

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Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fruits of 30 B. aegyptiaca trees naturally growing in the hyper-arid and arid zones in Mauritania were evaluated by following standard procedures. Ethnobotanical uses of fruit pulps and kernel were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Balanites aegyptiaca fruit pulp is a good source of sugars (33 g/100 g dry matter (DM)), polyphenols (264 mg GAE/100 g DM) and flavonoids (34.2 mg/100 g DM) with an average antioxidant activity of 519 µmol TEAC/100 g DM. The fruit kernel is rich in lipids (46.2 g/100 g DM) and proteins (29.5 g/100 g DM). Fruits from the hyper-arid zone exhibited high level of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and soluble tannins. Almost all of the informants (97.14%) reported the use of fruit pulp in folk medicine to treat diabetes, while 72.86% reported using the fruit pulp to treat hypertension. Kernel oil is mainly employed as ointments in the treatment of paronychia (57.14%) and dermal infections (35.71%). The predominant methods for preparing/administering fruit pulp/Kernel were maceration (58.8%), sucking fruit pulp (25.7%) and decoction (24.2%). Balanites aegyptiaca fruit contain both nutritional and health-promoting phytochemicals that could be of interest in the development of strategies for sustainable use of this neglected indigenous fruit tree.
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Gebru, Belay Manjur, Sonam Wangyel Wang, Sea Jin Kim, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Socio-Ecological Niche and Factors Affecting Agroforestry Practice Adoption in Different Agroecologies of Southern Tigray, Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 3729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133729.

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This study was carried out in the southern zone of Tigray to identify and characterize traditional common agroforestry practices and understand the existing knowledge of farm households on the management of trees under different agroforestry in different agroecologies. We conducted reconnaissance and diagnostic surveys by systematically and randomly selecting 147 farming households in the three agroecologies of the study area. A logit regression model was employed to determine how these factors influence farmers’ adoption decision. The findings indicate that a majority of the households (46.3%) were engaged in homestead agroforestry practices (AFP), followed by live fence (25.9%) and farmland or parkland (15%) agroforestry practices. The study identified Carica papaya, Malus domestic, Persea americana, Mangifera indica, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Balanites aegyptiaca as the most dominant fruit tree species found in the home garden agroforestry. In total, 68% of the households had some of these fruit trees around their home gardens. We also established the three most dominant agricultural production systems as: i) Agricultural production system, composed of fruit tree + cereal crops + Ziziphus spina-christi + Balanites aegyptiaca and/or acacia species; ii) agricultural production system, consisting of cash crops, like Coffee arabica and Catha edulies + fruit trees + Cordia africana + Balanites aegyptiaca and/or acacia species; and iii) agricultural production, composed of fruit trees + vegetables within a boundary of Sesbania sesban and other acacia species in the modern irrigated land. Furthermore, 90.16% of the households in the highlands reported a shortage of farmland for planting trees as the main constraint. About 34.44% farmers reported using leaves of Cordia africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, pods of acacia species, and crop residue as the main source of animal fodder. In total, 86.4% of the households also recognized the importance of multipurpose trees for soil fertility enhancement, control of runoff, microclimate amelioration, environmental protection, and dry season animal fodder. According to the logit model analysis, sex, family size, educational level, and landholding significantly (p < 0.05) influence the household’s role in the adoption of agroforestry practices. Based on these findings, farmers used different adaptation strategies, such as planting of multi-purpose trees (34.7%), conservation tillage to minimize both erosion and runoff potentials as soil conservation strategies (27.2%), varying planting dates, use of drought tolerant crop varieties (16.3%), and others based on farmers’ indigenous knowledge passed down from generation to generation. We conclude that agroforestry practices are important components of farming systems in Tigray, resulting in diversified products and ecological benefits that improve socio-ecological resilience. Therefore, we recommend that agroforestry practices are mainstreamed into development plans, especially in agriculture.
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Kamel, M. S. "A furostanol saponin from fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca." Phytochemistry 48, no. 4 (June 1998): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(97)01015-7.

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Beka, R. G., V. D. Guiama, A. Delmont, P. Donn, M. C. Slomianny, D. G. Libouga, C. M. Mbofung, D. Guillochon, and D. Vercaigne-Marko. "Glycosyl part identified within Balanites aegyptiaca fruit protease." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 49, no. 3 (October 2011): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.019.

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35

Chukwudi Chukwuma, Emmanuel, Kehinde Adegoke Adeniji, Luke Temitope Soyewo, Temitope Omoniyi Oyebola, and Oluwaseun Adeniyi Osiyemi. "Micro-morphological studies in the genus Balanites Del. in West Africa." Webbia 77, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-12026.

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We examined the two species of the genus Balanites in West Africa for their foliar and pollen micro-characters. Fresh and herbarium specimens were used for this study. Results showed that the species have overlapping characteristics. Epidermal cells were generally anisodiametric or polygonal; anticlinal walls straight-curved while stomata were anomocytic and surrounded by large guard cells in both species. Trichomes were tectorial and only observed in B. aegyptiaca. Pollen grains were generally single, isopolar, tricolporate, and oblate spheroidal in shape, ranging from 23-23.5µm in B. aegyptiaca and 22-23µm in B. wilsoniana, in length. The exine was generally finely reticulate with indistinct lumina and thin in both species while pollen shape was oblate spheroidal in B. aegyptiaca and prolate spheroidal in B. wilsoniana. Ecological data showed that the species are allopatric but sometimes may be found in same ecological zone. Although the present study supports the co-existence of the taxa as sister species, the overlapping characters as observed also suggest the need for further taxonomic studies to ascertain beyond reasonable doubt, the recent infra-generic classification within the Zygophyllaceae.
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Massaoudou, Moussa, Rabiou Habou, Zounon Christian Serge Félix, Abasse Tougiani, and Patrick Van Damme. "Development of Vegetative Propagation Strategies for Balanites aegyptiaca in the Sahel, Niger." International Journal of Forestry Research 2022 (April 13, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5110018.

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Forests have always been a source of wood, food, and medicine for the rural populations of the Sahel. Anthropogenic and animal pressures often lead to low tree recruitment rates and seedling survival. Under certain conditions, multipurpose species such as Balanites aegyptiaca have shown dramatic decreases in population numbers. The objective of the present study is to determine the natural colonisation behaviour of B. aegyptiaca and to develop vegetative propagation strategies. Surveys were carried out in the agroforest parklands of the Regional Centre for Agricultural Research of Maradi Research Station. An inventory was carried out in 1,500 m2 plots to determine the species’ regeneration methods. We then tested seed germination success, and suckering induction, air-layering, and stem cuttings were carried out to determine the techniques best suited for the propagation of B. aegyptiaca. It emerged from this study that in nature, B. aegyptiaca is propagated naturally by dispersion of seeds (81.2%), as well as by rejection of the strain (13.5%) and by suckering (5.2%). The germination test showed that heavy seeds (38.4%) germinated best because they have a higher nutrient reserve. With a success rate of 11.1%, distal suckers react better than proximal suckers (5.5%) because they quickly acquire relative independence from the mother plant. As for air-layering, stems with large diameters react better (53.3%) than those with small diameters (46.6%) because they have thicker bark and store a large amount of elaborate sap responsible for rhizogenesis. In the stem segment cutting test, cuttings of small diameter react better at 30.8% than those of large diameter (12.6%) because they have a higher number of meristematic tissues. The stem segment cuttings seem to be the best adaptable alternative to the natural propagation of B. aegyptiaca because it combines ease of use, low cost, and a significant success rate.
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Habieballa, Abdalla Gobara, Halima Elfadel Alebead, Madena Komi Koko, Awad Salim Ibrahim, and Asha Fadllallah Wady. "Antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil." European Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.12.4.450-453.2142.

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This study was aimed to assess the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil and characterize the physicochemical properties. Seeds were collected from the local central market, Khartoum-Sudan (2019). The samples were dried under shade and grinded, then the oil was extracted with a Soxhlet extractor using n-hexane. The percentage yield of the extract was found to be 25.64%. The seed oil was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G-), Escherichia coli (G-), Bacillus subtilis (G+), Staphylococcus aureus (G+), and Candida albicans to assess their antimicrobial properties. The extract of B. aegyptiaca seed oil has antimicrobial activity against most of the organisms tested. The fatty acid profile of the B. aegyptiaca seed oil was analyzed by GC/MS. The results revealed that the presence of five fatty acids, including saturated linoleic acid, oleic acid, and unsaturated palmate and stearic acids, also a unique antioxidant compound butylated hydroxytoluene. The physiochemical properties of the seed oil showed that the oil contained kinetic viscosity (57 cp), density (0.917 g/cm3), refractive index (1.472), acid value (49.96 mg/kg), saponification value (248.75 mg/g), ester number (234.79 mg/kg) and peroxide number (0.02 mg/kg). Through physiochemical analysis, it was found that oil can be used for human consumption due to the percentage yield of unsaturated acids (81%). In addition, the results of the antioxidant activity of the seeds oil showed that the seed oil had moderate antioxidant activity.
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38

Badu, Mercy, Mary-Magdalene Pedavoah, Nathaniel O. Boadi, and Irene Y. Dzaye. "Proximate Composition, In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Adansonia digitata and Belanites aegyptiaca Seeds." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 5, no. 4 (July 27, 2021): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i4.296.

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This study evaluated the nutritional and medicinal properties of seeds from Adansonia digitata (BSF) and Balanite aegyptiaca (DDSF) plant. Proximate chemical composition, mineral elements composition, flavonoids, phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory properties were studied. Results obtained revealed that DDSF had the highest moisture, crude fat and crude protein content of 7.66 %, 42.80 %, 20.37 % respectively, whilst BSF gave the highest ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate content. Elemental analysis revealed BSF had the highest Mg content (313.65 mg/100g) and DDSF gave the highest Ca content (118.62 mg/100g). Additionally, DDSF gave the highest total phenolics (18.89 mg TAE/ 100 g), total flavonoids (8.80 mg QE/ 100 g) as well as the highest total antioxidant capacity of (19.62 mg AAE/ 100 g) dry of extract. Based on results obtained in this study, seeds obtained from the Adansonia digitata and Balanite aegyptiaca could be a potential source of functional food and antioxidant agents.
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39

Al - Thobaiti, Saed A., and Isam M. Abu Zeid. "PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION OF Balanites aegyptiaca: AN OVERVIEW." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2018.6(3).453.465.

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40

Nalge, S. S., and A. S. Wabale. "Balanites Aegyptiaca Fruit extract for managing sugarcane woolly aphid." Indian Journal of Entomology 81, no. 1 (2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2019.00009.9.

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41

Abdullah Alaraidh, Ibrahim. "Transformation of Balanites aegyptiaca into a Salt Tolerant Plant." Asian Journal of Emerging Research 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajerpk.2019.33.34.

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42

Abdel-Rahim, E. "Biochemical dynamics of hypocholesterolemic action of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit." Food Chemistry 20, no. 1 (1986): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(86)90168-8.

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43

Kasture, Sanjay B., Satish Chand Gupta, and Mita Kotecha. "Anticonvulsant activity of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Stem bark." Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine 14, no. 1 (August 21, 2013): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13596-013-0135-1.

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44

Anis, Mohammad, Ankita Varshney, and Iram Siddique. "In vitro clonal propagation of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del." Agroforestry Systems 78, no. 2 (June 26, 2009): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9238-6.

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45

Murthy, Hosakatte Niranjana, Guggalada Govardhana Yadav, Yaser Hassan Dewir, and Abdullah Ibrahim. "Phytochemicals and Biological Activity of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile)." Plants 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010032.

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Many underutilized tree species are good sources of food, fodder and possible therapeutic agents. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family and is popularly known as “desert date”, reflecting its edible fruits. This tree grows naturally in Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Local inhabitants use fruits, leaves, roots, stem and root bark of the species for the treatment of various ailments. Several research studies demonstrate that extracts and phytochemicals isolated from desert date display antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and molluscicidal activities. Mesocarp of fruits, seeds, leaves, stem and root bark are rich sources of saponins. These tissues are also rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids and polysterols. Some constituents show antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic properties. The objective of this review is to summarize studies on diverse bioactive compounds and the beneficial properties of B. aegyptiaca.
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46

Yaye Aissetou, Drame, Adamou Salissou, Saminou Elh Dango Djamallidine, and Garba Madougou. "EVALUATION DE LA FAUNE ENTOMOLOGIQUE ASSOCIEE A BALANITES AEGYPTIACA (L.) DEL. DANS LE SUD-OUEST DU NIGER." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12333.

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Balanites aegyptiaca (Desert date) is one of the pioneer agro-forestry species in the Sahel.The different parts of the tree are used in human and animal food, and the fruits are an important source of revenue for the rural population. This study aims at reducing the research data gapon in the entomofauna associated with B. aegyptiaca in countries like Niger. Tree and fruits samples were taken in the rural area of SansaneHaoussa in the South- western part of Niger to inventory insect species present and assess the level of damage. The germination potential of attacked fruits was also assessed. The plant is attacked by various insect pests belonging mainly to the orders of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera with a predominance of the first. However the most dangerous ones are the species which cause damage to the fruits, including Ephestiakuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidopèra Pyralidae) which perforates the fruits and damages the grains hindering the germination of seeds of B. aegyptiaca.
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47

Chomini, M. S., A. J. Daspan, C. Kambai, A. E. Chomini, E. A. Bassey, V. Fatoke, and A. U. Rabiu. "Assessment of Biodiesel Fuel Potentials of Seed Crude Oil Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 8 (September 9, 2020): 1467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i8.24.

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Study on assessmentof biodiesel fuel potentials of seed crude oil extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del was carriedout. Standard methods of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC) were adopted to evaluate the proximate, physico-chemical properties and fatty acid compositions of crude seed oil extracts of the test plant. The proximate constituents of the crude seed oil extract gave crude protein (22.09%), crude fat (56.75%), moisturecontent (1.35%), ash (4.70%), crudefiber (12.75%) and carbohydrate (2.36%). The crude oil physicochemical properties included saponification value(216.439mgKOH/g), peroxide value(4.84meq/kg), acid value(2.18mgKOH/g), iodine value(77.08g/100g), viscosity value(150.3@30°C) and cetane number(54.08), refractive index(1.487 @30°C), relative density (0.949g/cm3) while calorific value was 39.03(MJ/kg). The fatty acids composition of crude kernel oil extract of B. aegyptiaca indicated the presence of four (4) fatty acids, with relative percentage abundance (RPA) in the order of 67.17% (9,12-Octadecanoic acid (C19 H3402)) > 16.22% (Pentadecanoic acid (C17H3402)) > 11.8kg% (Heptacosanoic acid (C28H5602)) > 4.72% (Oleic acid(C18H3402)). These properties conferred relative prospects on the crude oil of the test plant as a suitable potential biodiesel substrate and consequently, large scale aforestation efforts be renewed, to guarantee ready availability of the raw materials. Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca, Biodiesel, proximate, physicochemical, crude seed oil extracts
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48

Amar, Ibrahim A., Salma M. Hassan, Fatima H. Aqeela, Mohamed Y. Najem, and Fatima A. Altohami. "Removal of methylene blue using balanites aegyptiaca bark powder as low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-07-2020-0075.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the potential application of Balanites aegyptiaca bark powder (BABP) for removing a basic textile dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solutions. Design/methodology/approach The biosorbent (BABP) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and point of zero charge (pHPZC). Batch mode was selected to study the biosorption of MB onto BABP surface at different experimental conditions (shaking speed, contact time, initial solution pH, ionic strength, solution temperature, biosorbent dosage and initial dye concentration). Besides, the reusability of BABP for MB biosorption was also examined. Findings The biosorption results revealed that approximately 96% of MB was removed successfully at the optimized operational conditions. Pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively, better described the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The monolayer biosorption capacity (qmax) for MB was about 97.09 mg/g. According to thermodynamics findings, the MB biosorption onto BABP is an exothermic and spontaneous process. The results demonstrate that BABP can be considered as potential eco-friendly, readily available and low-cost biosorbent for hazardous textile dyes removal from water bodies and also provides a promising method for minimization of agricultural solid wastes (e.g. plant barks). Originality/value The utilization of Balanites aegyptiaca bark powder (BABP), solid waste material, as low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of hazardous basic textile dye (methylene blue) from the aquatic environment.
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DIAITÉ, Bakary, Mariama Dalanda DIALLO, Touroumgaye GOALBAYE, Siré DIÉDHIOU, Abdourahmane DIALLO, RAMATA TALLA, Aliou DIOP, and Aliou GUISSÉ. "Effet de l’application de différentes doses de fertilisants organiques sur la croissance et le rendement de la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) en conditions semi-contrôlées." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 44.1 (April 30, 2020): 7553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v44-1.2.

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L'objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer les effets de l'application de différents fertilisants organiques (fumier de vache, litières de Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poir. et Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst) sur les paramètres de croissance et de rendement de la variété F1 Mongal de la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) en conditions semi-contrôlées. L’étude a été effectuée à la ferme agricole de l’Université Gaston Berger de Saint Louis au Nord du Sénégal entre avril et juin 2018. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé est en blocs aléatoires randomisés avec quatre (04) répétitions, huit (08) traitements et trois (03) doses (0,2%, 0,5% et 0,8%). Les traitements appliqués sont : T0 (témoin sans apport de fertilisant), T1 (litière de Balanites aegyptiaca), T2 (litière de Boscia senegalensis), T3 (litière de Sclerocarya birrea), T4 (fumier), T5, T6 et T7 (mélange à proportion égale (½+ ½) de fumier et chacune des trois (03) litières). Après application des différents fertilisants organiques, une durée de décomposition de 15 jours a été observée avant semis dans des pots de 1,5 kg. Après 60 jours de croissance, les résultats obtenus ont montré que les effets sur la croissance de la tomate varient en fonction de la dose et de la qualité de la matière organique apportée. Les litières de B. senegalensis appliquées seules ou en combinaison avec le fumier et la litière B. aegyptiaca utilisée seule ont amélioré significativement certains des paramètres étudiés (hauteur, surface foliaire, biomasse sèche aérienne et couleur du feuillage) aux doses de 0,5% et 0,8%. Les meilleurs effets ont été induits par la plus forte dose (0,8%) de B. senegalensis. La litière de S. birrea n’a pas eu d’effets significatifs sur les paramètres de croissance et de rendements de la tomate. Le fumier n’a montré aucun effet sur les paramètres de croissance de la tomate par rapport au témoin sans fertilisant. Ainsi, la litière de B. senegalensis dans les conditions de cet essai, a montré un grand potentiel pour l’amélioration des paramètres de croissance et de rendement de la tomate. ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the application of different organic fertilizers (manure, Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poir. and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst) on the growth and yield parameters of the F1 Mongal variety of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under semi-con controlled conditions. The study was conducted at the Gaston Berger University of Saint Louis farm in northern Senegal between April and june 2018. The experimental design used is randomized blocks with four (04) replicates, eight (08) treatments and three (03) doses (0.2%, 0.5% and 0.8%). The treatments applied are: T0 (control without fertilizer), T1 (Balanites aegyptiaca litter), T2 (Boscia senegalensis litter), T3 (Sclerocarya birrea litter), T4 (manure), T5, T6 and T7 (equal proportion of manure and each of the three (03) litters). After application of the various organic fertilizers, a decomposition time of 15 days was observed before sowing in 1.5 kg pots. After 60 days of growth, the results obtained showed that the effects on tomato growth vary according to the dose and quality of the organic matter supplied. B. senegalensis litter applied alone or in combination with manure and B. aegyptiaca litter used alone significantly improved some of the parameters studied (height, leaf area, aerial dry biomass and foliage color) at doses of 0.5% and 0.8%. The best effects were induced by the highest dose (0.8%) of B. senegalensis. S. birrea litter did not have significant effects on tomato growth and yield parameters. Manure showed no effect on tomato growth parameters compared to the control without fertilizer. Thus, the litter of B. senegalensis under the conditions of this trial showed great potential for improving tomato growth and yield parameters.
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50

Zahran Mohamed, Faten, Abdelgawad Ali Fahmi, Amr Saad, Fathy Mohamed Mehaya, and Esraa ahmed. "Biochemical and phytochemical studies on Balanities aegyptiaca fruits." Biochemistry Letters 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/blj.2015.63388.

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