Academic literature on the topic 'Balante (langue) – Syntaxe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Balante (langue) – Syntaxe"
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Hao, Fu. "On English Translations of Classical Chinese Poetry." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 3 (November 15, 1999): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.3.05hao.
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Abstract There have been numerous classical Chinese poems translated into English since the 18th century, and many of them enjoy more than one version. This article discusses some prominent aspects of English translation of classical Chinese poetry, such as choice of words, syntax, metre and form, and allusion, based on comparative analysis of different versions. In the language of classical Chinese poetry, the prevailing monosyllabic word often tends to be polysemous and the grammatical function of a word more flexible. There are also many grammatical ellipses in its syntax. How does a translator choose the right word and decipher the sentence? In addition, classical Chinese poetry enjoys strict verse forms and rhyme schemes, and has a tradition to employ literary allusions. How can an English version achieve an equivalent effect? To solve such problems, translators in different times and places have made various experiments. But the swing of the pendulum seems not to go beyond the two extremes, rigidly imitating the original form or freely rewriting in another language. Under proper modulation, both methods may score some points. Résumé Il y a eu de nombreux poèmes classiques en langue chinoise traduits vers la langue anglaise depuis le 18ème siècle, et plusieurs d'entre eux ont plus d'une version. Cet article discute de certains aspects particuliers de la traduction anglaise de la poésie classique chinoise tels que le choix des mots, la syntaxe, la versification et la forme ainsi que les allusions, basées sur l'analyse comparative des différentes versions. Dans le langage de la poésie classique chinoise, le mot monosyllabique qui prévaut tend à avoir plusieurs significations et la fonction grammaticale du mot à être plus souple. Il existe aussi beaucoup d'ellipses grammaticales dans sa syntaxe. Comment un traducteur choisit-il le mot exact et décompose-t-il la phrase? En outre. la poésie classique chinoise nous offre une structure en vers et un agencement de rimes très strictes et possède une tradition de l'emploi d'allusions littéraires. Comment une version anglaise peut-elle atteindre un effet équivalent? Pour résoudre ce type de problèmes, les traducteurs à différentes époques et lieux ont effectué des expériences différentes. Mais le pendule ne balance pas en dehors des deux extrêmes, l'imitation rigide de la forme originale ou sa réécriture libre dans une autre langue. Selon la modulation appropriée, chacune des deux méthodes pourrait présenter certains avantages.
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Neeleman, Ad, and Fred Weerman. "The balance between syntax and morphology: Dutch particles and resultatives." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11, no. 3 (August 1993): 433–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00993166.
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Wolfart, H. C. "Choice and balance in Michif negation." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 55, no. 1 (March 2010): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001390.
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AbstractThe Michif language, while distinct from both Cree and French, combines a largely French-based nominal complex with a largely Cree-based verbal system. The syntax of negation cuts across these dimensions. Declarative sentences in Michif show the Cree-based negatornamôand the French-basednôinterchangeably. (This is also the only context forpas.) Imperatives, by contrast, demand the Cree-basedêkâ (ya) exclusively.In subordinate clauses, Michif permits eitherêkâornô. In Cree, all such constructions require the deontic negatorêkâ. The integration of the two Cree-based negation types and the French-basednoandpasinto a single new system in Michif poses not only problems of constituency and syntactic analysis. It also raises once again the thorny question of balance: Is the imbrication of Cree and French symmetrical, or is one of the two languages dominant?
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Holm, John, and Incanha Intumbo. "Quantifying superstrate and substrate influence." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 218–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.24.2.02hol.
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To quantify the degree to which the structure of superstrate and substrate languages influence that of a creole, this paper compares the nearly 100 grammatical features of Guiné-Bissau Creole Portuguese surveyed in Baptista, Mello, & Suzuki (2007) with the corresponding structures in Balanta (one of the creole’s substrate/adstrate languages) and Portuguese (its superstrate), proceeding from one area of syntax to another. However, tables summarizing the presence or absence of features in each of the three languages are not organized by area of syntax but rather by the patterns of the features’ presence or absence in the three languages, allowing a quantification of the various patterns of influence, e.g. the percentage of cases in which a feature is found in the creole only, in the creole and its superstrate only, in the creole and its substrate only, or in all three. These percentages are then discussed regarding what support they might lend to the various hypotheses purporting to explain the sources of creole language structures: the influence of superstrate and substrate languages, universals, creole-internal innovations, and the convergence of all or some of these. The issue of Balanta being both a substrate and an adstrate language with many speakers bilingual in the creole is also discussed, as is the dated bias in the very grammatical categories chosen for the survey, which assumes an Atlantic creole prototype based on ‘Kwa’ rather than West Atlantic languages, the Niger-Congo subfamily to which Balanta belongs.
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Bennett, Ryan, Emily Elfner, and James McCloskey. "Lightest to the Right: An Apparently Anomalous Displacement in Irish." Linguistic Inquiry 47, no. 2 (April 2016): 169–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00209.
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This article analyzes mismatches between syntactic and prosodic constituency in Irish and attempts to understand those mismatches in terms of recent proposals about the nature of the syntax-prosody interface. It argues in particular that such mismatches are best understood in terms of Selkirk’s (2011) Match Theory, working in concert with constraints concerned with rhythm and phonological balance. An apparently anomalous rightward movement that seems to target certain pronouns and shift them rightward is shown to be fundamentally a phonological process: a prosodic response to a prosodic dilemma. The article thereby adds to a growing body of evidence for the role of phonological factors in shaping constituent order.
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Gabsi, Zouhir. "Writing in Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL): Towards Finding a Balance between Translation Dependency and Creative Writing." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 11, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1104.02.
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The main objective of the paper is to assess the effect of Google translation and other software applications on the students’ writing in Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL). Its central hypothesis hinges on the possibility that some students’ errors are attributable to translation mishaps. The research is based on three main areas of enquiry: first; it seeks to establish patterned input when writing in Arabic, such as a semantic transfer from English to Arabic and literal translation. Second, the paper discusses those areas of the Arabic language that challenge the students’ inability to provide a correct TL (Target Language) output on the levels of morpho-syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Third, the paper argues for the importance of teaching the rudiments of translation at the early stages of language learning. Hence, it proposes solutions and empirical strategies to reducing the students’ reliance on translation by, for instance, educating them about the translation process, and by designing guided writing tasks with rehearsed structures, and without discouraging creativity.
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HERZIG SHEINFUX, LIVNAT, NURIT MELNIK, and SHULY WINTNER. "Representing argument structure." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 04 (July 5, 2016): 701–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226716000189.
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Existing approaches to the representation of argument structure in grammar tend to focus either on semantics or on syntax. Our goal in this paper is to strike the right balance between the two levels by proposing an analysis that maintains the independence of the syntactic and semantic aspects of argument structure, and, at the same time, captures the interplay between the two levels. Our proposal is set in the context of the development of a large-scale grammar of Modern Hebrew within the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). Consequently, an additional challenge it faces is to reconcile two conflicting desiderata: to be both linguistically coherentandrealistic in terms of the grammar engineering effort. We present a novel representation of argument structure that is fully implemented in HPSG, and demonstrate its many benefits to the coherence of our Hebrew grammar. We also highlight the additional dimensions of linguistic generalization that our proposal provides, which we believe are also applicable to grammars of other languages.
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Groves, Peter. "What, if anything, is a caesura? The ontology of the ‘pause’ in English heroic verse." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 28, no. 3 (June 6, 2019): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947019854001.
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The term ‘caesura’ (or ‘pause’) has featured in discussion of English iambic pentameter for four centuries, and yet it still lacks what the Latin hexameter or the French alexandrine have: a definition of the term that might be usefully applied in stylistic description. Despite the temptation to dismiss it as a prosodic chimera or a mere epiphenomenon of syntax, this article will investigate a rough consensus that emerged amongst 18th-century theorists and practitioners about the bisecting caesura as both a normative element of versification and an aesthetic instrument, and attempt to formalize that consensus into a taxonomy based on linguistic features that will allow the caesura to function as a feature of stylistic description and analysis, not just for the heroic couplet but for the pentameter more generally, in terms of three independent and objectively definable properties that I term ‘balance’, ‘juncture’ and ‘integration’.
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Nolan, Brian. "Dynamicity in the construal of complex events in Irish English and Modern Irish." English Text Construction 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.9.1.09nol.
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In this study we take an ‘above the clause’ perspective on the conceptualisation of complex events of Irish English and Modern Irish within a functional Role and Reference Grammar perspective, using corpus based data. Functional models of language generally assume some layered structure of the clause, the noun phrase and the word. (Nolan 2012a, 2012b; Van Valin 2005). While excellent work has heretofore been achieved at clause level, the description of important linguistic phenomena above the clause has often been somewhat neglected. In this regard, a central part of the grammar of every human language is the encoding of events and their participants in a clause. This motivates an ‘above the clause’ perspective to characterise the balance between uniformity of encoding and variability in encoding within and across languages. In the functional-cognitive paradigm, form and meaning are not separated into self-contained components. Instead, syntactic structures of varying degrees of complexity and abstraction are paired with their corresponding semantic structures. We argue that the interaction of semantic relations with the hierarchy of clausal linkage is at the strongest pole with the semantic relations covering phase and modifying subevents. We also argue that light verb constructions are formed pre-syntactically in the lexicon using and defend this by applying certain criteria as a diagnostic. The function of light verbs in these constructions is to modulate the realisation of event and sub-event semantics into syntax. We provide evidence of the dynamicity in conceptualising a complex event, considered as complex predication across constructions, in Irish English and Modern Irish.
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Tantucci, Vittorio, and Aiqing Wang. "Resonance as an Applied Predictor of Cross-Cultural Interaction: Constructional Priming in Mandarin and American English Interaction." Applied Linguistics, April 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amab012.
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Abstract In Dialogic syntax (cf. Du Bois 2014; Tantucci et al. 2018), naturalistic interaction is inherently grounded in resonance, viz. the catalytic activation of affinities across turns (Du Bois and Giora 2014). Resonance occurs dynamically when interlocutors creatively coconstruct utterances that are formally and phonetically similar to the utterance of a prior speaker. In this study, we argue that such similarity can inform the machine learning prediction of linguistic and cross-cultural diversity. We compared two sets of 1,000 exchanges involving (dis)-agreement from the two balanced Callhome corpora of naturalistic interaction in Mandarin Chinese and American English. We found a correlation of overt use of pragmatic markers with resonance, indicating that priming does not occur as an exclusively implicit mechanism (as it is commonly held in the experimental literature e.g. Bock 1986; Bock et al. 2007), but naturalistically underpins dialogic engagement and cooperation among interactants. We fitted a mixed effects linear regression and a hierarchical clustering model to show that resonance occurs formally and functionally in different ways from one language to another. The applied results of this study can lead to a novel turn in AI research of conversational interfaces (McTear et al. 2016; Klopfenstein et al. 2017), as they reveal the fundamental role played cross-linguistically by resonance as a form of engagement of human-to-human interaction and the importance to address this mechanism in machine-to-human communication.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Balante (langue) – Syntaxe"
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Gomes, Cleonice Candida. "O Sistema verbal do balanta : um estudo dos morfemas de tempo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-19012009-154521/.
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Este trabalho analisa os valores dos morfemas de tempo e de modalidade da língua balanta. O balanta é uma língua falada entre Casamansa, sul do Senegal, e o rio Geba, norte de Guiné-Bissau. A língua balanta pertence à família Atlântica do tronco Nigero-Congolês, que possui como línguas mais faladas: fula, uolofe (wolof), diola, serer, temne. A língua balanta se encontra no braço do norte, no grupo denominado Bak, juntamente com o diola, o manjaco, o mancanha e o papel. O paradigma verbal do balanta apresenta os seguintes morfemas de tempo e de modalidade: {-Æ} presente, passado remoto, futuro, mudança de estado, dêitico, concluso, e inconcluso, os quatro últimos são usados para a expressar a atitude do falante em relação ao conteúdo proposicional ou ao valor de verdade do enunciado, ou em relação ao ouvinte a quem o enunciado se destina. O morfema {-Æ} presente, de acordo com o paradigma verbal e o tipo de verbo, apresenta valores como presente e passado no acabado; presente ou futuro no inacabado; os morfemas de modalidade, de acordo com o paradigma verbal e o tipo de verbo, apresentam valores como mudança de estado e interrupção da ação, fechamento da ação no tempo e certeza ou não fechamento da ação e incerteza.The focus on this paper is to show the values of the tenses and the modality morphemes in the Balanta language. The Balanta is a language spoken between Casamance, South of Senegal, and Geba River, north of Guinea-Bissau. The Balanta is an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo branch, of which Fufulde, Wolof, Diola, Serer, Temne are among the most spoken. The Balanta is located in the north branch, in the group called Bak, togheter with Diola, Mandyak, Mankanya and Papel. The verbal paradigm of Balanta presents the following tenses and modality morphemes: {-Æ} present, remote past, future, change of stage, deictic, conclusive, inconclusive, the last four morphemes are used to express the attitude of the speaker in relation to the propositional content or in relation to the truth of the statement, or in relation to the listener. The morpheme {-Æ} present, in accordance with the verbal paradigm and the kind of verb, present values such as present and past in the perfective, present or future in the imperfective; the modality morphemes, in accordance with the verbal paradigm and the kind of verb, present values such as change of stage and interruption action, closing action in the time and certitude, no action closing and incertitude
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Palmer, Kelly. "Increasing oral language fluency and syntactic structure through a balanced reading approach a case study of a five-year old beginning reader of the edge of the autism spectrum." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/595.
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In recent years, a significant surge has occurred in the amount of children who are being diagnosed with a disorder on the autism spectrum. Current statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) show that 1 in 110 children in the United States have an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and that the diagnosis of such is estimated to grow prodigiously due to a variety of different aspects, such as an ever-increasing broadening definition of autism, an inclusion of autism as a disability category under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, improved diagnostic methods, and some other unknown factors (In Nickel's work as cited by Nickels in 2010). Also, because a lack of or weakness in communication skills is a common characteristic for students who have an ASD, receiving early intervention to increase communication is imperative for this population. In consideration of this premise, this study looks at whether using a blended, balanced mode of reading instruction, the Language Experience Approach (Stauffer, 1970; Van Allen, 1970) and the work of Patricia Oelwein (1995), through written means can improve oral language fluency output and syntactical structure concurrently for a student who has suffered from many of the symptoms of ASD, but has not been clinically diagnosed. Along with the collection of qualitative data aggregated throughout this study through observational means, quantitative data was also collected before, during, and after the intervention to measure the effects on the subject. Quantitative data was obtained from a Letter-Identification Assessment (Clay 2005), the QRI-5 (Leslie & Caldwell, 2011), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn & Dunn, 1997) , and Mean Length of Utterance (MLU).; Results obtained from this study showed that the interventions had a positive effect on the subject in terms of listening, speaking, reading, and writing where the fluency and complexity of the subject's speech patterns and ability to read and write improved over the course of the intervention period.B.S.
Bachelors
Education and Human Performance
Elementary Education
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Kellett, Lucy. ""Enough! or too much" : forms of textual excess in Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge and De Quincey." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:641b0fe2-3b07-46cf-94b6-7d27a2878686.
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My thesis explores the potential and the peril of Romantic literature's increasingly complex forms through a close comparative study of the works of William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Thomas De Quincey. These writers exemplify the Romantic predicament of how to make vision manifest – how to communicate one's imaginative and intellectual expansiveness without diminishing it. They sought different strategies for increasing the capacity of literary form, ostensibly in the hope of communicating more: clarifying meaning, increasing accessibility and intensifying original experience. But textual expansion – materially, stylistically and intellectually – often threatens more opportunities for confused and partial meanings to proliferate, overwhelming the reader by dividing texts and undermining attempts at coherent thought. Expansion thus becomes excess, with all its worrying associations of superfluity. To further complicate matters, Burke's influential tenet of the Sublime makes a virtue out of excess and obscurity, raising the problematic spectre of deliberately confused/confusing texts that embody an aesthetic of incomprehension. I explore these paradoxes through four types of 'textual excess' demonstrated by the writers under discussion: firstly, the tension between poetry and prose adjuncts, such as prefaces and notes, in Wordsworth and Coleridge; secondly, De Quincey's indulgent verbosity and struggle to control the freeing shapelessness of prose; thirdly, Wordsworth's and De Quincey's parallel experiences of revision as both uncontrollably diffusive and statically concentrated; and lastly, Blake's more deliberate, systematic attempt to enact a literary Sublime in which the reader is forced out of passivity by the competing demands of verbal and visual media. All are motivated and thwarted in varying degrees by their anxious preoccupation with saying "Enough", and the difficulty of determining when this becomes “Too much”. These authorial dilemmas also incorporate larger concerns with man's (over)ambition at a time of rapid and unprecedented economic, social and intellectual acceleration from the Enlightenment to industrialism. The fear that the concept and process of 'progress', or 'improvement', marks deficiency rather than fulfilment haunts Romantic writers.
Books on the topic "Balante (langue) – Syntaxe"
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1916-, Lehmann Winfred Philipp, ed. Language typology 1987: Systematic balance in language : papers from the Linguistic Typology Symposium, Berkeley, 1-3 December 1987. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1990.
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Samvelian, Pollet. Specific Features of Persian Syntax. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.9.
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This chapter is devoted to three specific features of Persian syntax, namely, the Ezafe construction, differential object marking with the enclitic rā, and complex predicates, which have received a great deal of attention for more than thirty years. Each of these phenomena involves language-specific challenging facts which need to be accurately described and accounted for. At the same time, each constitutes a topic of cross-linguistic investigation for which the Persian data can be of crucial interest. The chapter is divided into three sections. Each section provides an overview of empirical facts and the way various theoretical studies have tried to account for them. While it was impossible to do justice to all influential studies because of the impressive amount of work on each topic, the article is nevertheless intended to be as exhaustive as possible and to maintain the balance between different theoretical approaches.
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Baauw, Sergio. The Acquisition of Binding and Coreference. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.22.
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In this chapter the acquisition of pronouns and reflexives is discussed. It reviews several accounts of the so-called Delay of Principle B Effect, the absence of this effect in some languages, and the structural factors that influence its appearance in child language. It also discusses children’s alledged target-like performance on reflexives in several languages with different type of reflexives. The chapter concludes that provided a balanced experimental design is used, the experimental results point at early mastery of Principle A and B, and that children’s difficulties with the interpretation of pronouns and reflexives are to be found at the interfaces between syntax and discourse or semantics, and may be due to limited (syntactic) processing resources.
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Lehmann, Winfred P. Language Typology 1987: Systemic Balance in Language (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory). John Benjamins Pub Co, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Balante (langue) – Syntaxe"
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Müller, Natascha, and Antje Pillunat. "11. Balanced bilingual children with two weak languages: A French/German case study." In First Language Acquisition of Morphology and Syntax, 269–94. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.45.11mul.
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Bonnesen, Matthias. "7. On the "vulnerability" of the left periphery in French/German balanced bilingual language acquisition." In First Language Acquisition of Morphology and Syntax, 161–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.45.07bon.
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Atiskov, Alexey Y., Fedor A. Novikov, Ludmila N. Fedorchenko, Vladimir I. Vorobiev, and Nickolay A. Moldovyan. "Ontology-Based Analysis of Cryptography Standards and Possibilities of Their Harmonization." In Theory and Practice of Cryptography Solutions for Secure Information Systems, 1–33. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4030-6.ch001.
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Security means for shared computer, networking, and information resources are not balanced, inefficient, and poorly integrative. This chapter gives a brief overview of certain discrepancies and incompletenesses of ISO standards ISO 15408, ISO 18045, ISO 27k, etc., which are not balanced. Formal methods for their harmonization and coordination are described. Then the chapter discusses Hybrid Ontology Technology using Unified Modeling Language, State Transitions Model (state machine diagrams), and a special tool based on Equivalent Transformations of syntax graph-scheme.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Background Physics." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0007.
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This chapter covers the background physics that is not otherwise covered in the relevant chapters associated with the equipment discussed. It is a useful introduction to some loosely related, but widely applicable concepts. Any measurement made by the anaesthetist can be simplified and made easier to understand if it is represented by its basic dimensions. Dimensions are the basic components of equations and are independent of the units used. For example a common term in physics and medicine is velocity, which has the dimensions of length per unit time, written dimensionally as [L][T]−1. This means that, independent of the measurement system used, the measurement of velocity requires that the numerical value of a length be divided by the numerical value of a time. Equations or graphical axes can be predicted and their validity can be checked by dimensional analysis. Each side of an equation can be represented in basic dimensions and both sides should balance. The dimensions needed to describe most events are mass [M], length [L], time [T], and temperature [θ]. An example of dimensional analysis is described later in this chapter but first units must be discussed. All measurements need to have their correct unit and symbol attached to them. Equations have a unique language and the syntax must be correct for communication within the international community. In the past many different systems of units were used; one was Imperial, another c.g.s. The Systéme International (SI) of units was established in 1960 and is now the recognised system of measurement communication. For completeness the base quantities are shown and some useful derived physical quantities are shown in Table 3.1 In the SI system the combination of basic units involves multiplication and division but multiplication is shown as a space and division is shown as a negative superscript. For example, velocity, in metres per second, is m s−1. Prefixes to the name of each unit are usually in multiples of 103 and 10−3. There are a few non-SI units that are still used in medicine, (not just anaesthesia) and these seem resilient to change. One is the millimetre of mercury (mmHg) for intravascular pressures (100 mmHg = 13.3 kPa), and total and partial gas pressures.