Relevant bibliographies by topics / Balkbro

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Balkbro'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Balkbro"

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Sultanova, Aminat, and Zalina Unezheva. "Settlements and dwellings of Karachais and Balkars." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128102010.

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This article is devoted to one of the underdeveloped issues of the material culture of the Balkar and Karachai people - dwellings and settlements, which are the main components in human life support. The traditional dwellings of the Balkars and Karachais were distinguished by their special features that had been developed over the centuries in a peculiar historical and geographical setting. The paper gives a general description of the Balkar and Karachai dwellings.
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Alkhlavova, Inna Khumkerkhanovna, Abusup'yan Tatarkhanovich Akamov, and Abdulakim Magomedovich Adzhiev. "On the Balkar-Karachay-Kumyk folklore commonness." Litera, no. 7 (July 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.7.33293.

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The subject of this article is the genetic affinity of the Balkar, Karachay and Kumyk folklore. Interconnection between three closely related nations – Balkars, Karachays, Kumyks, whose origins take roots in the ancient time and continued in medieval times, are reflected virtually in all folklore genres: myths, heroic epos, ritual and nonritual poetry, heroic-historical songs, etc. The object of this research is the folklore and historical materials that testify to close genetic affinity of the Balkars, Karachays, Kumyks. The scientific novelty of this work consists in analysis of the material that demonstrates significant commonness of Balkar-Karachay-Kumyk folklore. Therefore, the targeted study of folklore ties of Balkars-Karachays and Kumyks with regards to all genres, represents not only scientific-theoretical significance, but also allows determining specific cultural-historical paths of development of these ethnoses along with other ethnic groups of North Caucasus. The conducted analysis of tales, nursery rhymes, skipping-rope rhymes, proverbs and sayings of the three ethnic groups emphasizes their typological similarities and genetic affinity. This allows formulating the conclusions of scientific-theoretical nature, as well as on the history of the indicated ethnoses.
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Lanzillotti, Ian T. "Historiography and the politics of land, identity, and belonging in the twentieth-century North Caucasus." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 4 (July 2016): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1179726.

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Intercommunal, socio-economic, and political relations in the North Caucasus have historically revolved around access to this mountain region's prized pasturage and scarce farmland. Given the centrality of the land question in the North Caucasus, it is unsurprising that historiography on land relations in the region has been highly politicized. This article examines how indigenous writing on the history of land relations in the central Caucasus – a region inhabited by today's Kabardians, Balkars, Ossetians, Ingushes, and Karachais, and dominated by the princely confederation of Kabarda before the tsarist conquest – has been subject to wide revision in response to changes in local and national political dynamics and the emergence of ethnicized identity politics. In the late-imperial and early Soviet periods, Karachai, Balkar, and Ossetian elites-cum-historians, writing for an audience of imperial policy-makers, crafted histories to influence state policies toward land reform. By the 1930s, historians from the region tailored their histories of land relations to the prerogatives of Soviet nationality policies. The ideas contained in these histories impacted the construction of national identities in the Soviet period. Post-Soviet Karachai and Balkar intellectuals, seeking to establish new post-colonial national histories for their peoples, have reinterpreted the history of land relations in order to depict their ancestors as independent of Kabarda's land-based dominance. This revisionism is part of the struggle of the Karachais and Balkars against their historiographical erasure, which was a product of the exclusion of the Karachais and Balkars from the family of Soviet nations during their deportation and exile to Central Asia from 1944 to 1957 and their subsequent political and cultural marginalization.
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Chochiev, Georgy. "Settlement of Karachais and Balkars in Anatolia in the second half of 19th — early 20th centuries (in the light of the Ottoman archival documents)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2020): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi05.

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The article deals with one of the relatively subtle “national” versions of the North Caucasian muhajirism, namely, immigration and colonization in Anatolia of the Karachais and Balkars. The reasons, phases, circumstances and results of the resettlement of representatives of these closely related peoples to the Ottoman territory and the peculiarities of their initial adaptation to new living conditions are considered. Archival documents, first introduced into scientific circulation, shed light on the dynamics of Karachai-Balkar immigration, the motives and aspirations of the migrants, their numbers, the attitude of the Porte to the reception of new subjects and, in general, its policy of settlement and socio -economic support of the muhajirs.
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Sarbasheva, Alena Mustafaevna. "SYNTHESIS OF DOCUMENTAL AND ARTISTIC IN THE WORKS OF ISSA BOTASHEV." Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali24/13.

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The article examines the creativity of the Balkar playwright Issa Botashev, special attention is paid to the syn-thesis of documentary and artistic, inherent in the creative manner of the writer. An artistic study of the fate of historical figures, events, documentary facts in the life of the people is conditioned by the cognitive needs of the author and contemporary reader. The factual basis of the plays of I. Botashev contributes to the creation of an artistic model of reality, allows you to convey the essence of characters and depicted events, life reliability. The role of the playwright in the revival of the spiritual culture of the Balkars in the second half of the 20th century is noted.
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Stepanyan, Elena, Victoria Chadaeva, and Nelli Tsepkova. "Floristic findings in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Central Caucasus)." BIO Web of Conferences 35 (2021): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213500022.

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The article presents information on floristic findings in the Kabardino-Balkari Republic. As a result of expedition research in 2020-2021 and inventory studies in the Herbarium of the Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories RAS, we revealed nine species new to the Kabardino-Balkar Republic and new locations of ten vascular plants species. Species new to the region flora were Carex acuta, Genista angustifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Ambrosia psilostachya, Mercurialis annua, Echinocystis lobata, Phlomis majkopensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Bidens frondosa. New locations of seven species were identified for the Balkarskiy floristic region. These were three native species (Carex flacca subsp. erythrostachys, C. songorica, Eriophorum latifolium) and four alien species (Oenothera biennis, Elsholtzia ciliata, Sigesbeckia orientalis, Bidens frondosa). Carex elongata, Genista angustifolia, Ambrosia psilostachya, Mercurialis annua, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Amaranthus albus and alien species Acer negundo were revealed for the Tsentralno-Elbrusskiy and Kabardinskiy floristic regions, respectively. We also found the alien species Amorpha fruticosa, Echinocystis lobata and rare steppe species Phlomis majkopensis, Glaucium corniculatum in the Tursko-Sunzhensky floristic region. We provided data on floristic findings indicating the coordinates of the locations, species habitat preferences, and distribution in the Caucasus according to earlier literary sources.
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Voznesenskaia, Anastasiia. "Wh-questions in Balkar." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v5i1.4785.

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This paper deals with the properties of wh-questions in Balkar. It is shown that wh-in-situ structures in Balkar are island insensitive (with an exception of coordinate structures). I discuss the complement/adjunct asymmetry regarding intervention effects. I also consider embedded multiple wh-structures. In this paper, I discuss a puzzle that the Balkar data presents to the prominent theories of wh-questions, which do not explain the properties it shows.
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Bzhahov, M., and A. Sultanova. "THE USE OF THE NATIONAL ORNAMENT OF THE KABARDINS AND BALKARS AS ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF FACADES OF BUILDINGS." Construction Materials and Products 2, no. 4 (June 27, 2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2019-2-4-79-83.

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the article presents the results of research on the use of the national ornament of the Kabardins and Balkars as an architectural decoration of facades of buildings, contributing to the increase of architectural and artistic expression of facades of buildings. Classification of the national ornament of the Kabardins and Balkars is given, stylized schemes of the national ornament are considered and variants of their placement on facades of buildings as an architectural decor are offered.
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Sultanova, Amina M. "The Architectural Heritage of the Balkars." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.780.

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In the given article the historically established typology of the Balkarian dwelling, which differs by a number of special, traditional features related to the constructional and architectural plan is considered as well as ethnically specific types and varieties of dwellings evolved over many centuries under the conditions of a peculiar historical, geographical and socioeconomic situation.The layout and dimensions of the dwellings in all the gorges of Balkaria were almost identical, the constructive decisions of individual parts of the buildings, the methods of erecting walls, roofs, and building materials were different.
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Akhmatova, Mariyam A., Aminat T. Dodueva, and Mussa B. Ketenchiev. "Verbalization of the Concept of “Kysh” (Winter) in the Karachay-Balkar Language Picture of the World." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2021-18-2-153-164.

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This article discusses the concept of kysh (winter), which is one of the main elements of the concept sphere of the Karachay-Balkar language picture of the world. The national and cultural specificity of the concept under study is revealed on the basis of various works of art, phraseological units, proverbs and sayings, as well as dictionary definitions. The paper presents the semantics of the lexical units that make up this concept, reveals its conceptual features based on various associations of native speakers, analyzes the linguistic representation and cognitive characteristics of this concept in the Karachay-Balkar language picture of the world, and therefore considers paremiological units that represent the ethno-cultural specifics of the Karachay-Balkar language, features of the ethnic worldview and world perception. The main distinguishing features of winter, attributes, and accompanying factors are considered.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Balkbro"

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Solevind, Alexander, and Linn Solevind. "Införande av BK4 : Bärighetsberäkning av balkbro med lång spännvidd." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215092.

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Regeringen har på förslag att införa en ny bärighetsklass för det svenska vägnätet. Den föreslagna bärighetsklassen får beteckningen BK4 och innebär att maximal bruttovikt för lastbilar ökas från nuvarande 64 ton till 74 ton. Målet för arbetet var att utröna påverkan på beräkningar och resultat för broar av denna ökning, med hänsyn till befintliga broars bärförmåga – specifikt med avseende på broar vars spann är långa nog att rymma minst ett helt lastbilsekipage. I samband med höjningen av maximal bruttovikt kommer fordonsutseendet för lastbilar att förändras. En bärighetsberäkning utfördes för balkbron 15-910-2, som har spann på 25-28 m. Beräkningen utfördes i enlighet med svenskt regelverk för bärighetsberäkning, TDOK 2013:0267, och med hjälp av FE-analys i programmet Brigade/Standard. I arbetet har specifik FEM-teori använts för att bestämma var kritiska snitt uppstår i FE-modellen och i vissa fall har justering av utdata gjorts med hjälp av lastfördelningsbredder. Rapporten är tänkt att kunna användas som en mall för hur en bärighetsberäkning kan utföras. Mallen för bärighetsberäkningen kan användas som stöd för beräkningar för andra broar där framförallt tankesätt och beräkningsgång kommer att vara liknande. På grund av förändringen av fordonsutseende i samband med bruttoviktshöjningen har en FEanalys utförts för att kontrollera skillnader på lastpåverkan mellan dagens fordonsutseende för BK1 och exempel på framtida utseende för BK4. Jämförelsen visar att påverkan kan variera något mellan olika fordonskonfigurationer men konsekvent ökar avsevärt då bruttovikten höjs. Resultatet av bärighetsberäkningen gav en klassning A/B = 176/284 kN för bro 15-910-2, vilket ligger över kravet för införandet utav BK4 med gränsvärden på A/B = 120/210 kN. Skillnaden i resultat för BK1 och BK4 visar på att beräkningar och resultat för en lång balkbro i brottsgränstillstånd inte påverkas avsevärt av höjningen av maxvikten för lastbilar. Innebörden av detta bör då vara att en bro som är klassad för BK1 enligt TDOK 2013:0267 med en klassning som är högre än kravet för BK4 kan uppgraderas utan ytterligare kontroll. Dock bör ytterligare studier utföras för fler broar av samma typ för att kunna styrka detta samband. I samband med att bärighetsberäkningen utförs tas ett så kallat k-värde fram, som sedan används för att proportionera upp, eller ned, A/B-värdena från de gränsvärden som gäller för given bärighetsklass. Då bärighetsberäkning utfördes för BK1 och BK4 gav resulterande bärförmåga för bron endast en två-procentig skillnad, men k-värdet blir betydligt mindre för BK4 jämfört med BK1. Ett lägre k-värde innebär en högre utnyttjandegrad och därmed snabbare utmattning och högre slitage på bron. Effekten av dessa skillnader bör undersökas i ett senare arbete.
The Swedish government has proposed a new load carrying capacity class for the Swedish road network. The proposed capacity class is labeled BK4 and will increase the maximum weight for road vehicles from the current 64 t to 74 t. The goal for this thesis was to investigate the impact of this increase on the capacity calculations and results for bridges, regarding existing bridges’ load carrying capacity – specifically with respect to beam bridges with spans long enough to contain an entire truck. Coincidental to the increase of maximum weight the vehicle configuration of trucks will change. A capacity calculation was performed on the beam bridge 15-910-2, with span lengths of 25-28 m. The calculation was performed according to Swedish regulations for capacity calculation and with an FE-analysis in the software Brigade/Standard. In this thesis, specific FEM theory has been used to determine where critical sections occur in the FE-model and in some cases output adjustments have been made using load distribution widths. This report is meant to be able to be used as a template for how a capacity calculation can be performed. The capacity calculation template can be used as calculation support and process description for the calculation of other bridges. Due to the change in vehicle appearance in the context of the gross weight increase, a FE-analysis has been conducted to measure the differences in impact on the structure between today’s vehicle appearance for BK1 and the examples of future appearance for BK4. The comparison shows that the impact can vary slightly between different vehicle configurations but the impact consistently increases significantly with the increase in gross weight. The result of the capacity calculation gave a classification rating of A/B = 176/284 kN for bridge 15-910-2, which is above the requirement for the introduction of BK4 which has a required rating of A/B = 120/210 kN. The marginal result difference between BK1 and BK4 shows a plausibility that the calculations and results for long beam bridges in the ultimate limit state are unaffected by the increase of maximum weight for road vehicles. Thus the implication of this should be that a bridge with a BK1 load carrying capacity classification score that is higher than the demanded score according to BK4 can be upgraded without further control, if the prior capacity classification calculation was done according to TDOK 2013:0267. However further studies should be carried out for other beam bridges in order to increase this plausibility. When performing the load calculation, a so-called k-value is generated, which is then used to proportionate the A/B limit values for the given capacity class to reach a final classification rating. When capacity calculation was performed using input values for BK1 and BK4 respectively, the resulting load carrying capacity showed a two percent difference between BK1 and BK4, but the kvalue for the BK4 class was significantly lower than for BK1. A lower k-value means a higher utilization rate and hence faster fatigue and higher wear on the bridge. The effect of these differences should be investigated further in later studies.
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Wennerkull, Hampus, and Robin Svensson. "Analys av en spännarmerad balkbro : Inverkan på spännvidd och armeringsåtgång." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277905.

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Concrete girder bridges are a commonly used type of bridge which can be reinforced withboth regular and post-tensioned reinforcement. At a certain span length, the use of tensionreinforcement becomes a must because regular reinforcement won’t be enough. To get anidea of where this boundary lies, we studied a bridge in this research which is a half-throughbridge intended for railway traffic with the use of post-tensioned reinforcements. Thisbridge has a span of 22,15 metres and it is compared to bridges at the same span andshorter span using regular reinforcements. The analysis in this thesis is made using the finiteelementsprogram Brigade Standard.Two previously executed projects are used as references. A literature study will be carriedout initially, where Eurocodes, old examination projects and other literature on tensionreinforcement are examined.The acquired result is that the tension-reinforced bridge relates to a bridge with about 3/4span with regards to torque over the middle support. The torque over the support is thelimiting factor which causes an exponential increase in the amount of reinforcement atlonger spans. At about 20 metres the amount of necessary reinforcement starts to increaseexponentially and above this span post-tensioning is the preferred method.Torsion at the end support is also a crucial parameter since a regular-reinforced bridge with20-metre span cannot be reinforced to handle this with the current geometry. At a 20-metrespan, actions are therefore required to improve the torsion capacity, for example, increasingthe girder width. This increased girder width could be considered a saving in materials dueto the avoided increment of concrete in the case of tension-reinforced design, where thisincreased width is unnecessary.The total amount of reinforcement, independent of the reinforcement type, is greater in themiddle support of the regular reinforced bridge than the tension reinforced with the samespan. However, the total amount of reinforcement over the entire bridge is higher in thetension reinforced alternative.The result also shows that the tension reinforcement increases the compression force in thebridge and eliminates tension cracks which were expected according to our literature study.
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Carlsson, Catharina, and Stefan Johnsson. "Jämförande studie mellan en ZIP-balksbro och en traditionell plattrambro : Utifrån underhåll, materialåtgång, last av trafik samt en utvärdering av det färdiga broprojektet." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42936.

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I Sverige finns 21 000 broar som Trafikverket förvaltar (Trafikverket, 2018a). Två brotyper som finns är rambro och balkbro. Rambron är en av de vanligaste brotyperna och är uppbyggd som en fast inspänd konstruktion. Brosystemet kallas plattrambro eller balkrambro beroende på om balkarna eller plattan är det bärande elementet. Om bron istället är fritt upplagd på stödkonstruktionen, kallas brosystemet för plattbro eller balkbro (Vägverket, 1996). ZIP-balksbron är uppbyggd som en balkbro med en modell liknande omvända T-balkar som läggs fläns mot fläns. Brosystemet kommer ursprungligen från Spanbeton i Holland och gjorde under år 2019 premiär på den svenska marknaden med ett projekt i Härnösand. Bron har en spännvidd på 20,55 meter bestående av nio ZIP-balkar. Balkarna prefabriceras på Strängbetongs fabrik i Långviksmon utanför Härnösand. Projektet blev klart under hösten 2019. Syfte och mål med examensarbetet var att undersöka skillnader mellan ZIP-balksbron och en traditionell exemplifierad plattrambro. Aspekterna som undersöktes var underhållet hos de två brotyperna, materialåtgång av betong och armering, last av trafik samt att det gjordes en utvärdering av projektet. Resultatet visar att ZIP-balksbron kräver mer underhåll än en plattrambro eftersom balkbroar har övergångskonstruktion och brolager. Den tar även mer tid att inspektera då den innehåller manhål. ZIP-balksbron använder sig av 29,38 % mindre betong på en meter. Armeringsdifferensen mellan broarna är försumbart. Momentet av den vertikala respektive horisontella lasten av trafik är 44,5 % respektive 19,2 % större hos ZIP-balksbron jämfört med plattrambron. Resultatet visar även på ett bra utfört brobygge som kan hänvisas i brolösningen, samt nöjda parter från flera håll. Slutsatsen är att plattrambron är mer fördelaktig att använda ur ett underhållsperspektiv, en balkbro kräver betydligt större underhåll än de driftåtgärder som årligen sker på broar. Men, genom arbetets bevisning använder ZIP-balksbron mindre betong än hos en traditionell plattrambro och har en enkel byggprocess, vilket ökar förtroendet för brolösningen och framförallt för prefabricering inom brobranschen. Trots att brotypen kräver ett större underhåll samt en ökad och mer komplex momentfördelning än hos en plattrambro, kan säkerheten under byggtiden vara en avgörande aspekt vid val av brobyggen i framtiden.
The ZIP-beam bridge is constructed as a beam bridge with inverted T-beams placed with flanges next to each other. The bridge system is originally from Spanbeton in Holland and it is having its premiere on the Swedish market during year 2019 with an ongoing project in Härnösand. The bridge span is 20,55 meters consisted with nine ZIP-beams. The project was finished in august 2019.  The purpose and goal were to examine differences between the ZIP-beam bridge and a traditional slab frame bridge. The aspects to examine was maintence, use of concrete and reinforcement and traffic loads.  The results show that the ZIP-beam bridge requires more maintenance than the slab frame bridge. The ZIP-beam bridge uses 29,38 % less concrete per metre. The use of reinforcement is negligible. The moment force of the horisontal and vertical traffic loads is 44,5 % respective 19,2 % larger at the ZIP-beam bridge. The conclusion of this paper shows that even though the ZIP-beam bridge requires more maintenance and a more complex moment force than a slab frame bridge, the safety during the building time as well as the less amount of concrete used can be a conclusive factor when building bridges in Sweden in the future.
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Fransson, Tony. "Dimensioneringsgång med kontroll av HSQ-balkar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101011.

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Detta examensarbete ämnar belysa dimensioneringsgången av en HSQ-balk i stålkvalité S355 i kombination med KL-trä. Tre olika HSQ-balkar har kontrollerats mot en bestämd konstruktion gällande spännvidder för KL-träskivan och HSQ-balken. Byggnadshistoriskt har HSQ-balkens huvudsakliga syfte fungerat som upplag för prefabricerade betongelement som därefter gjutits ihop till en samverkanskonstruktion (Stålbyggnadsinstitutet, 2004). Balken är relativt oprövad i kombination med KL-trä och med anledning av detta bestämde författaren i samarbete med Martinsons att en undersökning av kombinationen HSQ och KL-trä vore intressant med fokusering på HSQ-balken.   Efter slutförda beräkningar dras följande slutsatser gällande HSQ.   Vridstyv balk Nedböjningen blir nästan uteslutande den dimensionerande parametern Två olika balkar med samma tvärsnittsarea men olika höjd visade i denna rapport att en högre balk gav bättre kapacitet och lägre nedböjning. En högre balk kan dock leda till ett tjockare bjälklag.
In these Master's thesis the dimensioning process of a HSQ beam is examined, steel quality S355, in combination with Cross-laminated timber (CLT). Three different HSQ beams have been used for a determined construction regarding the beam spans of the CLT and the HSQ beam. In the history of construction building the purpose of the HSQ beam has primarily been to function with prefabricated concrete elements. Thereafter the elements are set in concrete in order to create an integrated construction-mechanism (Stålbyggnadsinstitutet, 2004). The combination of CLT and the HSQ beam has not been widely used in constructions. For that reason the author of these thesis - together with Martinsons decided to examine the combination of HSQ and CLT with focus on the HSQ beam.   After completed calculation some conclusions for HSQ-beam could be drawn: Torsion stiff beam Deflection nearly becomes the excluded dimensioning parameter The study of two different beams with the same cross sectional area but different height, show that a higher beam has more capacity and less deflection. However, a higher beam could lead to a thicker floor
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Samuelsson, Alexander, and Peter Gårdefors. "Betongfyllda HSQ-balkar : Ett alternativ till traditionellt brandskydd." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231454.

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Den brandskyddsmetod av bjälklagsbalkar som används mest idag är brandskyddsfärg och brandskyddsskivor. Dessa metoder kräver ett extra arbetsmoment efter att balken är monterad. Genom att fylla balken med betong samtidigt som hålbjälklagskarvarna fylls och på så sätt integrera brandskyddet i balken kan ett extra arbetsmoment undvikas. Byggnadstekniska Byrån har märkt ett intresse från beställare att i ett tidigt skede få in brandskyddet i projekteringen.  Målet är att undersöka om betong, ingjuten i en HSQ-balk kan få balken att uppfylla de brandskyddskrav som idag ställs enligt Boverkets byggregler. Målet är även att ta reda på om det är kostnadseffektivt jämfört med brandskyddsfärg.  Referensobjektet som används är en skola på tre våningar och balken som undersöks är den som tar upp de största lasterna i projektet. Balken ska enligt Boverkets byggregler klara av en standardbrand i 60 min. Temperaturanalysen av balktvärsnitten har gjorts i Ansys Aim 18.2 och dimensioneringsmetoder av balken sker enligt Eurokoder.  Balken som idag finns på plats skulle inte i oskyddat tillstånd klara av en standardbrand i 60min. De utförda beräkningarna visar att balken i samverkan med betong och armering i tvärsnittet skulle klara momenten och tvärkrafterna i referensobjektet. Fenomen så som spjälkning av betong, dess inverkan på betongens hållfasthet samt armeringens vidhäftning har inte kunnat tas i beaktning. Därför rekommenderas att balkens underfläns dimensioneras upp från 20mm till 30mm och enbart betraktar den ingjutna betongen som kylande medium.
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Sjölund, Sofia. "Avväxling på sammansatt byggelement : Provningar med balksko och skruvar i balkfläns." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156112.

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Lättelement AB i Örnsköldsvik tillverkar sammansatta självbärande byggelement i form av tak, väggar och bjälklag. Elementen är uppbyggda med lättbalkar som stomme och elementen fylls med isolering mellan lättbalkarna. På lättbalkarnas översida spiklimmas en plywoodskiva med syfte att ta upp tryckkrafterna och på undersidan av lättbalkarna spiklimmas en tunn plåt som tar dragkrafterna i elementet. Vid yttertak finns oftast behov av ventilationshuvar och takluckor som medför att ett hål måste utformas i takelementen. Håltagning i elementen innebär att bärande lättbalkar avväxlas med en avväxlingsbalk, en så kallad primärbalk. Lättbalkarna som avväxlas kallas för sekundärbalk. I denna studie har en infästning utformats mellan en sekundär- och primärbalk som undersökts genom fyra olika provningar. Infästningen bestod dels av en utvikt balksko som fästes med ankarskruvar. Primärbalkens övre- och undre fläns sattes fast med två träskruvar genom sekundärbalkens flänsar. Provserie 1 hade syftet att vara ett referensprov med balkar av massivt trä med infästningen beskriven ovan. Provserie 2 bestod av lättbalkar och med infästningen. Provserie 3 var uppbyggd av lättbalkar med en plywoodskiva på översidan och en plåt på undersidan.  Provserie 4 bestod av två lättbalkar, en plywoodskiva och en plåt samt med den utformade infästningen. Provningarna genomfördes hos underleverantören Masonite Beams i Rundvik. Samtliga provkroppar utsattes för en tryckkraft för att undersöka infästningens bärförmåga för respektive provserie. Deformationen mättes under balkskon, som låg placerad vid ena upplaget, med ett digitalt skjutmått. Den karakteristiska bärförmågan beräknades fram utifrån kraften som respektive provserie utsattes för vid en förskjutning på 1,5 mm. En provkropp i respektive provserie utsattes för en högre last för att kontrollera ifall ett spräckbrott skulle uppstå längs primärbalken. Ett spräckbrott kan uppstå när en balk utsätts för en kraft vinkelrätt fiberriktningen som kan resultera till ett brott längs träets fiberriktning. Provserie 1 tillverkades och provades inte, eftersom inga tecken på spräckbrott uppstod längs primärbalken på de övriga provserierna. Resultatet från provningarna blev att provserie 2 hade en karakteristisk bärförmåga på 16,47 kN och brottet för samtliga i provserie 2 resulterade till att sekundärbalken slutligen gav vika. Testerna för provserie 3 visade en kraftig förskjutning mellan balkarna som medförde att plåten slutligen gick sönder. Provserien ansågs inte fylla någon funktion varav ingen bärförmåga togs fram för provserie 3. Resultatet för provserie 4 visade att provserien klarade av störst last jämfört med de övriga provserierna och brottet blev att sekundärbalken gav vika. Den karakteristiska bärförmågan beräknades till 15,32 kN vid en förskjutning av balkskon på 1,5 mm. Slutsatsen blev att infästningens förstärkta träskruvar bidrog till ett för tidigt brott som medförde att balkflänsen på sekundärbalken sprack i både provserie 2 och 4.  Under samtliga provserier uppstod inga tecken på spräckbrott på primärbalken. Brottet som skedde blev ett balkbrott på sekundärbalken för både provserie 2 och 4. Resultatet visade att provserie 2 hade en högre karakteristisk bärförmåga jämfört med provserie 4, detta berodde på att provserie 4 hade en större spridning på provkropparnas resultat jämfört med provserie 2. För framtida arbeten rekommenderas att utforma fler provningsserier med ett större antal provkroppar inom varje serie för att undersöka varje del för sig, detta skulle ge en ökad förståelse för hur konstruktionen påverkas som helhet. Samt utforma infästningen svagare jämfört med balkens bärförmåga för att undersöka risken för spräckbrott längs primärbalken.
Lättelement AB in Örnsköldsvik manufactures self-supporting building elements in the form of roofs, walls and building floors. The elements are structured with light beams as frame filled with insulation. A plywood sheet is nail and glued on the upper side of the light beams and a thin steel plate is placed on the underside. In roofs there is usually a need for ventilation holes and roof hatches. A hole in the element means that load bearing light beams must be cut off to transfer the load to a lintel, called primary beam. The load bearing beam is called secondary beam. In this study, a connection has been designed between a secondary- and primary beam that has been analyzed in four different test series. The connection consisted partly of a hanger attached with anchor screws. The upper and lower flanges of the primary beam were attached with wooden screws placed through the flanges of the secondary beam. Test series 1 had the purpose of being a reference sample with beams of solid wood attached with the connection described above. Test series 2 consisted of light beams and with the connection. Test series 3 consisted of light beams, a plywood sheet placed one the upper side and a plate one the underside. Sample series 4 consisted of light beams, one plywood sheet and one plate and with the designed connection. The tests were performed at the subcontractor Masonite Beams in Rundvik. All test specimens were subjected to a compressive force to calculate the characteristic resistance of the connection for each test series. The deformation was measured under the hanger with a digital slider. The characteristic resistance was calculated based on the force at a displacement of 1.5 mm of the hanger. One specimen in each test series was subjected to a higher load to check if a crack fracture would occur along the primary beam. A crack fracture can occur when a beam is subjected to a force perpendicular to the fiber direction which can result in a break along the fiber direction of the wood. Test series 1 was not manufactured or tested because the results from the other test series didn’t have no signs of crack fracture on the primary beam. The result of the tests showed that test series 2 had a characteristic resistance of 16.47 kN and the failure for all specimens in test series 2 resulted in to that the secondary beam broke. The tests for test series 3 showed a strong displacement between the beams, which eventually caused the plate to break. The test series was not interesting to evaluate so no characteristic resistance was calculated for test series 3. The result for test series 4 showed that the test series managed the largest load compared to the other series of tests and the failure was that the secondary beam breaks. The characteristic resistance was calculated to 15.32 kN with a displacement of 1.5 mm under the hanger. The conclusion was that the wooden screws in the upper flanges resulted to the first break. The upper beam flange on the secondary beam cracked in both test series 2 and 4. During all series of tests, no sign of crack fractures occurred on the secondary beam. The result showed that test series 2 had a higher characteristic resistance compared to test series 4, this was because the test series 4 had a lager dispersion between the specimens compared to the test series 2. For future work it is recommended to design more test series with a larger number of specimens of each series to examine each part separately. This would give an increased understanding of the whole structure. As well as design the connection weaker than the beam´s bearing capacity to investigate the risk of crack fractures along the primary beam.
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Persson, Simon. "Dimensionering av HSQ-balkar med hänsyn till vridande moment." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104926.

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Svetsade balkprofiler har under de senaste årtiondena i allt större utsträckning ersattstandardprofilerna vid upprättandet av större stålstommar. Möjligheten att utforma balkenefter bjälklagets tjocklek, samt stor smidighet vid montaget är några av de stora fördelarnamed dessa profiler.En vanligt förekommande svetsad profil är så kallade HSQ-balkar, vanligen kallade för hatt &kepsbalkar. Tyréns har länge förutsatt att vridningen som uppkommer som följd av denexcentriska belastningen på dessa inte haft någon betydande inverkan och endastdimensionerat balkarna för moment och tvärkraft.Syftet med detta arbete har varit att upprätta ett dimensioneringsverktyg där man viddimensioneringen utökar kontrollen till att även ta hänsyn till vridningens inverkan.En litteraturstudie har utgjort den huvudsakliga metoden vid ansamlandet av material tillteoridelen. Denna låg sedan till grund för upprättandet av arbetsgången och sedermeradimensionerings-hjälpen.Resultatet redovisar en exempelberäkning av en HSQ-balk där teorin implementeras. Endimensionerings-hjälp har upprättats för att ha ett alternativt tillvägagångssätt viddimensioneringen av HSQ-balkar.Projektet har resulterat i att ett dimensioneringsverktyg för HSQ-balkarna har upprättats samtatt de problemområden som kommer till följd av vridningen har ringats in. Slutsatsen avarbetet är att HSQ-balken är en mycket stabil balk som klarar stora påkänningar i form avkombinerade böj och vridmoment. Deformationerna blir nästan uteslutande dendimensionerande faktorn på grund av strikta deformationskrav.
Over the last few decades, standard steel profiles have been replaced by welded profiles whendesigning larger scale steel structures. A big advantage is the possibility to individually designeach profile to suit the dimension of the slab combined with the simplicity when installing thebeam and its surrounding slab at the site. HSQ-beam (usually named “hat” or “cap-beams”) isa common welded steel profile that is often used combined with hollow-core slabs. Tyréns haswhen designing these beams just checked the effects from moment and shear force, supposingthat the torsion caused by the eccentric load has no serious effect on the beams.The intension with this study was to create a design-tool for HSQ-beams were the effectsfrom torsion are being included in the calculations. The work began with a literary study,were collecting material and getting a more in depth knowledge about torsion was the maingoal. This work, combined with prior knowledge from the design courses at Umeå Universitymade up the basis when creating the design-tool.The result is a simple design-tool for HSQ-beams created in MathCad. An example of a beamdesigned with this tool will be presented in chapter 4. Also, some problem areas in thesurrounding structures directly caused by the torsion have been detected and included in thecalculations. The conclusion is, after several calculations that this kind of welded profiles canhandle big stresses caused from combined moment, shear force and torsion at the same time.The deformation is still, almost exclusively the main factor that directs the design because ofthe often strict requirements.
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Bondsman, Benjamin, Barzan Al, and Felix Hedlund. "Dimensionering av höga balkar enligt fackverksanalogi : -En parametrisk studie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29936.

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Larsson, Josefine, and Isabelle Åström. "Metodbeskrivning och tillämpning i Strut-and-Tie metoden vid höga balkar." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27470.

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Deep beams have traditionally been calculated through experiments and estimations. The purpose of the Strut-and-Tie method is to design a truss with struts, ties and nodes and to calculate these. The method is by Eurocode 2 recommended to use for deep beams and the result will always be on the safer side because the actual capacity will always be equal to or greater than the truss.   The purpose of the study is to create a step by step method description on how to use the method and then apply it in a deep beam for a five-story building.   The study includes an FE-analysis of the sheet and of the truss. After that hand calculations will be made to control the strength and to dimension the reinforcement.  The wall sheet have three supports and the length is 12 m, 3 m high and 0.2 m thick. The result shows that the area reinforcement FS9150 will be needed along with 4 layers of 2Ø16 in the bottom of the deep beam and 5 layers of 2Ø12 in the top of the deep beam. It is also necessary to extend the middle support by 400 mm for the node to have enough capacity.   One difficulty with the method was to develop an optimal truss model. It was difficult to produce models that matched the direction of the forces in the sheet while getting the right angle between the struts and ties. In addition to that, there is also a recommendation to have as few struts and ties as possible. Making a model where all of these are taken into account is a difficult task. It is likely that the method gives a better result, the more experience the structural engineer has with the method.
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Magnusson, Johan. "Structural concrete elements subjected to air blast loading." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Byggvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4441.

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Books on the topic "Balkbro"

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Desi︠a︡tova, M. I︠U︡. Balkano-romanskiĭ glagol. Moskva: Pravoslavnyĭ Svi︠a︡to-Tikhonovskiĭ gumanitarnyĭ universitet, 2007.

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Sheĭtanov, Naĭden Khristov. Balkano-bŭlgarskii︠a︡t titanizŭm. Sofii︠a︡: "Zakhariĭ Stoi︠a︡nov", 2006.

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Doniyorova, Saodat. Parlons karatchay-balkar. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.

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Chodiyor, Doniyorov, ed. Parlons karatchay-balkar. Paris: Harmattan, 2005.

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Gabunia, Zinaida. Boris Khazeshevich Balkarov i kavkazskoe i͡a︡zykoznanie. Nalʹchik: Izdatelʹskiĭ t͡s︡entr "Ėlʹ-Fa", 1997.

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Németh, Gyula. Kumuk ve Balkar lehçeleri sözlüğü. [Ankara]: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990.

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Kumykov, T. Kh. Obshchestvennai︠a︡ myslʹ i prosveshchenie adygov i balkaro-karachaevt︠s︡ev v XIX - nachale XX v. Nalʹchik: Ėlʹbrus, 2002.

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Obshchestvennai︠a︡ myslʹ i prosveshchenie adygov i balkaro-karachaevt︠s︡ev v XIX-nachale XX v. Nalʹchik: Elʹbrus, 2002.

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The Balkars of Southern Russia and their deportation (1944-57). Pasadena, California: William Carey Library, 2012.

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Baranov, Evgeniĭ. Kavkazskie legendy. Nalʹchik: Izd. M. i V. Kotli︠a︡rovykh, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Balkbro"

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Gürer, Aslı, and Dilek Uygun-Gökmen. "Morphosyntax-prosody mismatches in Karachay-Balkar." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 286–312. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.215.11gur.

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Nedjalkov, Vladimir P., and Igor' V. Nedjalkov. "24. Reciprocals, sociatives, and competitives in Karachay-Balkar." In Reciprocal Constructions, 969–1019. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.71.35ned.

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Kibrik, Andrej A. "Discourse semantics and the form of the verb predicate in Karachay-Balkar." In Typological Studies in Language, 3–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.104.01kib.

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Lepshokova, Zarina, and Nadezhda Lebedeva. "The Role of Social Disidentification in Acculturation Preferences of Ethnic Majority and Minority Members in Kabardino-Balkar Republic." In Societies and Political Orders in Transition, 313–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72616-8_18.

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Marjanović-Dušanić, Smilja. "Le changement de la fonction des récits anachorétiques : l’hagiographie balkano-slave dans le cadre de la fin du xiiie siècle." In Byzantine Hagiography: Texts, Themes & Projects, 451–65. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.sbhc-eb.5.115113.

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Chechenov, Aslan M., Murat Z. Shogenov, Gyuldzhan K. Azamatova, Zarema A. Atabieva, and Natalia N. Reshetnikova. "Self-administration and Development of Local Communities of North Caucasus: By the Example of Kabardino-Balkar Republic and Karachay-Cherkess Republic." In Digital Future Economic Growth, Social Adaptation, and Technological Perspectives, 59–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39797-5_7.

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"Karachay-Balkar andız." In Studies in Asian Historical Linguistics, Philology and Beyond, 202–35. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004448568_018.

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Merlin, Aude, and Svetlana Akkieva. "Le retour des Karatchaïs et Balkars : entre mobilisations et stéréotypes." In Les déportations en héritage, 117–32. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.106056.

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Akkieva, Svetlana Ismailovna. "Preservation of the balkar language during the 1950–2019 period." In Sociology and Society: Traditions and Innovations in the Social Development of Regions, 2432–43. Russian Society Of Sociologists of FCTAS RAS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/kongress.2020.294.

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Shluinsky, Andrey. "Verb–verb complexes in Turkic languages." In Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages, 397–429. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759508.003.0015.

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The chapter contains an overview of V–V complexes in Turkic languages and three case studies of the interaction of V–V complexes with lexical verbs based on field data of Karachay-Balkar, Anatri Chuvash, and Tubalar Altai. The chapter shows that the meaning of a modifier is not uniform but interacts with the meaning of the lexical verbs. Modifiers have different interpretations and/or lexical restrictions that in most cases may be predicted from the semantic features of the lexical verb. If a modifier changes the actional structure of the lexical verb, its specific meaning may be predicted from the actional class of the verb. If a modifier changes the argument structure of the lexical verbs or has a modal meaning, the most relevant features are the volitivity and agentivity of the lexical verb.
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Conference papers on the topic "Balkbro"

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BİTTİROVA, Tamara. "KARAÇAY-BALKAR DİASPORASININ FOLKLORÜNDE ATATÜRK'ÜN KİŞİLİĞİ." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.82.

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Eser, demokratik bir cumhuriyetin oluşumu döneminde, Türkiye'de bir asır önce yaşanan olayları canlı olarak yansıtan diasporanın folklorunu analiz ediyor. Tarihsel gerçekler ve savaş katılımcılarının soyundan gelenlerin anılarına dayanarak, Türklerin atası, olağanüstü bir lider olan Atatürk'ün, tarihteki rolünü gösteren dramatik olayların panoraması canlandırılıyor. Onun hakkında halk şarkıları söylenir ve Muhacirlerin soyundan gelenler onun hakkında efsaneler anlatır. Tüm Türk dünyası ve daha fazlasının birçok nesline örnek olur.
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Shaozheva, Nataliya A. "Socio-Economic Situation In Kabardino-Balkar Republic At Modern Stage." In SCTCGM 2018 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.185.

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Abazov, Albek Ch, Muslim I. Barazbiev, and Hakim K. Gegraev. "Kabardian and Karachay-Balkar aristocrats' children in the Dmitryevskiy semisquadron of military cantonists in the 1830s." In 2017 International Conference "Quality Management,Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies" (IT&QM&IS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itmqis.2017.8085787.

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Tabishev, Timur A., Madina V. Alikaeva, and Alina L. Betuganova. "Electronic Informational and Educational Environment and Organization of the Educational Process of a Modern University (on the Materials of the Kabardino-Balkar State University)." In 2019 International Conference "Quality Management, Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies" (IT&QM&IS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itqmis.2019.8928402.

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Pishchulina, Victoria. "TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF KARACHAY - BALKAR PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF A CULTURAL COMMUNITY OF MOUNTAINEERS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS OF THE XIV-XVII TH CENTURIES." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb51/s17.008.

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Reports on the topic "Balkbro"

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Mahieva, L. H. Phonetic transformation of the Arab-Persian words in the terminology of the modern Karachay-Balkar language. КБНЦ РАН, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/mlh_8.

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Bittirova, T. Sh. Creativity of the classic of Karachay-Balkar literature of Kyazim Mechiev period of repression and deportation. Известия Кабардино-балкарского научного центра РАН, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/7020189398.

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