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1
Cross, Rod. "Ball bearings and bearing balls." American Journal of Physics 89, no. 1 (January 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0002859.
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Zhao, Yanling, Gang Zhou, and Qiyu Wang. "Discrete Dynamics of Balls in Cageless Ball Bearings." Symmetry 14, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14112242.
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Cageless ball bearings are often preferred as a back-up bearing for active magnetic bearings to support a falling rotor, but the contact between the balls of the cageless ball bearing may lead to the deterioration of the bearing performance and affect the dynamic stability of the rotor system. Thus, we studied the discrete dynamics of cageless ball bearings. First, a model is proposed to change the groove curvature center of the local outer raceway to control the ball velocity to achieve dispersion. Combined with the spatial geometry theory, the mathematical model of the discrete raceway is established, the collision between the balls is considered as an abruptly added constraint, and the non-smooth dynamics equation of the cageless ball bearing with a local discrete raceway is established. Then, the fourth-order Adams prediction correction algorithm is used to numerically solve the dynamic discretization of the ball, and the structural parameters of the discrete raceway are preferably selected, according to the phase diagram of the ball and the change in the angular spacing. The results show that the structure of the discrete raceway has a strong influence on the discrete dynamics of the ball.
3
Ohta, Hiroyuki, and Shinya Satake. "Vibrations of the All-Ceramic Ball Bearing." Journal of Tribology 124, no. 3 (May 31, 2002): 448–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1456455.
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All-ceramic ball bearings with silicone nitride balls and silicone nitride rings were tested and the vibration characteristics were compared with those of hybrid ceramic ball bearings and conventional steel ball bearings. The vibration measurement results showed that the overall vibratory velocity levels of the all-ceramic ball bearings are influenced by rotational velocities, and do not change with axial loads. Under a given axial load and rotational velocity, the overall vibratory velocity level of the all-ceramic ball bearing is the lowest, and the hybrid ball bearing the highest. The frequencies of main peaks in the measured vibration spectra of the all-ceramic ball bearing are higher than the frequencies of the corresponding main peaks for the hybrid ceramic ball bearing and the steel ball bearing. To explain the main peaks, modal analysis was done and the relationship between peak and natural vibration was analyzed. The results of the analyses showed that the main peaks are caused by: (1) the mass-type natural vibration of the outer ring in the vertical direction, (2) the bending natural vibration of the outer ring in the radial direction, (3) the moment of inertia-type natural vibration of the outer ring in the angular direction, (4) the mass-type natural vibration of the outer ring in the axial direction, and (5) the bending natural vibration of the outer ring in the axial direction. We also discuss the generating mechanism of the vibration and present the calculation method of the vibration spectra. As a result, it is clear that the vibration spectra of the all-ceramic ball bearing are determined by the amplitude of the waviness of the raceways and ball surface, the mobility, and the non-linear spring constant associated with the contact between the raceways and balls.
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Berrada, S., R. Serra, P. V. Dalen, and C. Chastagner. "Impact of low inner ring waviness orders on hybrid ball bearing under high speeds." Proceedings of the International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management 2023, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/cm2023.2f3.
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Deep groove ball bearings (DGBB) are widely used in rotating equipment in many fields among which we have electric vehicle Powerpack, so very demanding in terms of noise and vibration. Geometrical design, clearance, component material, and lubricant properties influence vibratory behavior and bearing life cycle. In rotating machines, bearings are acting as friction reducers to allow a smooth rotation but are also exciters inducing vibrations due to the rotation of ball set, even in the case of a theoretical perfect bearing. Bearing performance depends highly on contact surface quality (ring races and balls surface). In a ball bearing, contact surface quality results from several manufacturing processes (heat treatment, turning, grinding, honing and assembly) and directly affects the noise and vibration levels generated by the bearing in the application. Also, component materials and hardness will affect the contact forces between balls and rings path on rotating bearings. Hybrid bearings are known for their performance when operating under high rotation speeds. In this article, inner and outer ring low waviness orders are studied on Hybrid Deep Groove Ball Bearings (DGBB). Both numerical model and, experimental tests were carried out to study the effect of rings waviness on hybrid bearing under high rotation speed.
5
Xue, Jiang, Wang, and He. "Accurate Detection Method of Aviation Bearing Based on Local Characteristics." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091069.
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Aviation bearing assembled detection is the final barrier to quality and safety. Therefore, an accurate detection method of aviation bearing that is based on local characteristics is designed to solve the detection problem of mis-assembly and miss-assembly of balls in aviation bearing assembled. When considering the spatial limitation of aviation bearing assembled image acquisition, the dynamic distribution of balls and the interference of lubricating grease on the surface, a dynamic local ball segmentation model that is based on U-Net network with symmetrical structure is designed to achieve the accurate segmentation of the local ball region of aviation bearing. Subsequently, an incomplete circle fitting algorithm is designed based on the segmented local ball image and Hough transform principle. These two algorithms make the measurement error of aviation bearing ball size less than 100 μm. Using bearings validates the algorithm. The results show that the accuracy of dynamic local ball segmentation model that is based on U-Net network with symmetrical structure is over 99%. At the same time, on the basis of accurate segmentation in aviation bearing local ball, the designed Hough circle algorithm is used for circle detection. The experimental results show that the false detection rate of mis-assembly and miss-assembly of balls is less than 3%. Further, the goal of zero-missed detection of mis-assembly and miss-assembly of balls in aviation bearing is achieved. The accurate segmentation of aviation bearing local ball and the effective identification of mis-assembly and miss-assembly of balls are realized. This method can provide a theory for the improvement of mis-assembly and miss-assembly of balls detection in aviation bearing. Furthermore, it has high application value.
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Zhang, Ke, Xianchao Wu, Xiaotian Bai, Zinan Wang, Defang Zou, and Jie Sun. "Effect of the Lubrication Parameters on the Ceramic Ball Bearing Vibration in Starved Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041237.
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The thickness of the oil film in ceramic ball bearings varies greatly at starved lubrication conditions, thus leading to non-uniform contact between the balls and raceways in the circumference. The lubrication parameters have a direct impact on the thickness of the oil film and then affect the dynamic characteristics of the ceramic ball bearings. A nonlinear dynamic model of ceramic ball bearing with limited lubrication is presented in this paper, and parametric studies on the effect of lubrication parameters are conducted. In starved conditions, the uneven contact between the ball and ring leads to changes in vibration, and the inner ring vibration is applied to evaluate the degree of starved lubrication. The results show that as the oil quantity increases, the bearing stiffness increases and results in increased peak frequency. As the oil quantity decreases, the thickness of the oil film reduces, resulting in the bearing vibration increase. The research findings provide a theoretical reference for ceramic ball bearing design and have guided significance for improving the service performance of ceramic ball bearings.
7
Miner, J. R., J. Dell, A. T. Galbato, and M. A. Ragen. "F117-PW-100 Hybrid Ball Bearing Ceramic Technology Insertion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816608.
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Results of an Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) sponsored project to demonstrate the operational benefits of incorporating advanced structural ceramic ball elements into the F117-PW-100 aircraft gas turbine engine high rotor thrust bearings is described. This program consists of design, fabrication, and experimental evaluation of candidate hybrid ball bearing designs in Pratt & Whitney and MRC Bearings test facilities. The bearing design criteria and development test conditions utilized for the project are compatible with the requirements of the F117-PW-100 engine system application. Two hybrid bearing designs were produced by analytically varying internal geometry features such as M-50 race curvatures and contact angles to optimize for the modulus of elasticity of the ceramic balls. CERBEC grade NBD 200 silicon nitride ceramic balls (1 1/8 in. size) demonstrated integrity and a quadruple rolling contact fatigue life improvement versus state-of-the-art M-50 steel balls in single ball test rigs. Thermal performance data obtained in full-scale bearing rig performance testing with 178 mm size hybrid and all-steel baseline bearings shows comparable characteristics. The hybrid bearing displayed a distinct survivability benefit in bearing liquid lubricant starvation testing. Two dozen hybrid bearings will be fabricated for full-scale bearing rig endurance tests to be conducted in 1995–1996 as a prerequisite to validation in operating F117-PW-100 engines in 1996–1997.
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Zhao, Yi, Jin Yao, and Chun Tong. "Optimization Design of Rectangular Cross-Sectional Wire Race Ball Bearing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.553.
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Wire race ball bearing with large radial size and small axial size, saves space extremely, and is widely used in rotary devices of large machineries. This paper establishes a mathematical model of optimization design of rectangular cross-sectional wire race ball bearing,and considers minimum friction torque as objective function, and analyses constraints of contact intensity and design specifications of wire race ball bearing, and forges an optical design method that determines the number of balls, the diameter of ball, the contact angle and the diameter of ball center circle as optimal design parameters, to attain the purpose of extending bearings life. Comparing results of Optimization with original sample, the friction torque of ball that bears maximum load reduces by 10.20%. This method provides a reference for conducting further scientific researches on wear of wire race ball bearing.
9
Wang, L.-Q., L. Cui, L. Gu, and D.-Z. Zheng. "Study on dynamic characteristics of angular ball bearing with non-linear vibration of rotor system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes817.
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A rotor system supported by an angular ball bearing displays very complicated non-linear behaviour due to non-linear Hertzian contact force. The non-linear force and moment caused by the ball bearing are calculated on the basis of the relationship between deflection, and five-degree-of-freedom dynamic equations of the rotor ball bearing system are established. The Newmark-β method and the Newton—Raphson method are used to solve the non-linear equations. The dynamic characteristics of angular ball bearings are computed, considering the non-linear vibration of the rotor system. Taking angular ball bearing QJS208ACQ4C1/HNP4 as an example, the effects of the vibration of the rotor system on bearing dynamic characteristics are analysed. The results show that the spin-to-roll ratio of balls, the slide ratio of the cage, and stiffness of the bearing all vary obviously with the non-periodic vibration range of the rotor; initial contact angle and axial load of the ball bearing change the non-linear dynamic nature of the rotor system and dynamic characteristics of the bearing. The rotor ball bearing system can work stably by choosing the structural and operation parameters reasonably.
10
Gao, Xiang, and Chen Yang Zhang. "A Study on Measuring Method for 3D Motion of Balls in High-Speed Ball Bearings." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.449.
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In order to simply and accurately measure the realistic motion of balls in a ball bearing, a method called the static oblique coordinates is proposed to measure the 3D motion of balls in an angular contact ball bearing. This measuring method utilizes Hall elements as the sensors which are assembled on the side of outer race and cage of the ball bearing with magnetized balls. The voltage signals of the Hall sensors are collected online and applied to calculate and analyze the variation of magnetic axis of the magnetized ball, from which the 3D motion of the balls can be calculated. The basic principles and experiment method of the measuring method are illustrated. This method has simple structure without damaging the bearing, by which the bearing’s real motion can be studied consequently with a high precision. The magnetization and magnetic pole detection methods in this study effectively solved the problem of magnetized balls’ magnetism un-uniformity which causes the measure signal chaos.
11
Niu, Qingbo, Yeteng Li, Yongsheng Zhu, Shiyuan Pei, Yanjing Yin, and Dongfeng Wang. "Analytical Determination and Influence Analysis of Stiffness Matrix of Ball Bearing under Different Load Conditions." Machines 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10040238.
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Bearing stiffness, as one of the most important service characteristics for ball bearing, plays a crucial role in the bearing design and rotor dynamic analysis. To rapidly and accurately calculate the stiffness matrix of ball bearing under the arbitrary load conditions, a 5-DOF analytical model for bearing stiffness matrix analysis has been established by the ball–raceway contact analysis, implicit/explicit differential method, and matrix operations. The model has been validated comparing with the previous methods and experimental results. Based on this, the model has been used to investigate the influences of the load and operation conditions, the structural parameters variation on stiffness of ball bearing. The results show that property increasing axial preload can inhibit the attenuation of speed-varying stiffness, and the contact states between balls and raceways also have significant influence on the change in the stiffness of ball bearings. Besides, a larger curvature coefficient of inner raceway and a small curvature coefficient of outer raceway can effectively improve the stiffness of ball bearing at high speed. Therefore, the proposed method can be a useful tool in bearing optimize design and performance analysis of ball and rotor system under various load conditions.
12
Akimov, O., V. Boiarov, M. Zhdaniuk, R. Kholodnyi, and S. Pankov. "DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR TURRET BALL BEARING RING OF A BMP-2 INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 9 (December 3, 2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.9.2021.01.
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A large part of BMP-2 Infantry Fighting Vehicles needs to replace turret ball bearing rings. Under realization of replacement of spare parts and components made in Russia with domestic ones, KNVO "Fort" MVO Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine made an experimental batch of balls for turret ball bearing rings of infantry fighting vehicles BMP type. As a result of modernization of a turret ball bearing ring, steel balls were replaced with balls made of composite material.
A turret ball bearing is a large radial thrust bearing, cages of which are turret races. A stabile lower race is fixed by means of screws to a top of the vehicle‟s hull. Above the fixed race there is a movable upper race to which the turret is bolted.
A method for assessing the reliability of turret ball bearing rings of military armored vehicles was developed. The results of tests of turret ball bearing rings of BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle tower are given. The reliability of turret ball bearing rings of armored vehicles was assessed taking into account the damage to the balls. The main types of damage to the balls: non-compliance of balls average diameter and non-compliance of the spherical shape of the ball to the requirements of operating documentation. The impact of the probability of no-failure operation of the balls on the durability of the ball bearing is determined.
It is necessary to take into account the presence of damage to the balls when determining the durability of the ball bearing. To validate the adequacy of the method, it is necessary to increase the test time of the ball bearing by conducting tests during its operation.
13
Иванов, Яков Николаевич, Олег Петрович Бадун, Сергей Алексеевич Дешевых, and Александр Юрьевич Стрельченко. "ПАРАМЕТРИЧНІ КОЛИВАННЯ РОТОРУ ТУРБОНАСОСНОГО АГРЕГАТУ НА ШАРИКОПІДШИПНИКАХ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 7 (November 10, 2018): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.7.08.
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This work is dedicated to the problem of ball bearings capacity on the turbopump assembly rotor. Many publications and books have been devoted to solve this problem. The result of research is benefit for designers, technologists and operatives. However, many important questions, which are concerning of ball bearings work, in engineering practice are not sufficiently disclosed. In favor of this is telling the statistic of development of high-speed rotor assemblies. In the total mass of turbopump assembly defects, which appear at the phase of developmental design, more the half of them are belong to the friction nodes, which are including the ball bearings too. The authors are present their own results of the experimental data, which were accumulated as result of the ball bearings tests on the special installation and as part of the turbopump assembly from a Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engine. The defects of ball bearings parts were described and analyzed. The main factors which are worsening the service life of ball bearings in consisting of the turbopump assembly were examined. The kinematics and force interaction of balls with bearing race were examined.In the final analysis was advanced the version of the cause of increased wear of ball bearings high-speed rotor, which consists of the assumption on that during the operation of the bearing, in the radial clearance mode, axial displacements of the balls occur, under the influence of the axial force generated by the flow of the cooling liquid. Also this article shows how these movements of the balls affect the load distribution between the bearing parts and their deterioration.It is assumed that in this mode of operation, in the system "rotor - ball bearing - body" may arise forced axial oscillations. These oscillations are suitable for the term perametric ocillations, since the energy is introduced to the oscillatory system by the periodically changing parameters of the system. In this case, this is the movement of balls, which is expended the energy of rotor rotation or the energy of the flow of cooling liquid.In support of the advanced version, the experimental data on the state of bearings №207Ю and №205Ю were given after the tests with different values of the flow of cooling liquid.
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Ohta, Hiroyuki, and Takumi Nakagawa. "Using Ceramic Balls to Reduce Noise in a Linear Guideway Type Recirculating Linear Ball Bearing." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 3 (June 19, 2003): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1537264.
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A new method of reducing the noise of the linear guideway type recirculating linear ball bearing (linear bearing) was studied. In the experiments, the overall sound pressure levels of linear bearings with steel balls or ceramic Si3N4 balls were measured, and sound frequency analyses were carried out. Moreover, based on the assumption that the main cause of the noise may be the collision between the ball and the carriage, the overall sound pressure levels of the linear bearings were analyzed combining the Hertzian theory and the results of previous studies on collision sound. From the results of experiments and analyses, the conclusions were obtained as follows: (1) The overall sound pressure level of the linear bearing with steel balls can be reduced by about 4.5 dB by using Si3N4 balls having the same diameter; (2) The overall sound pressure levels of linear bearings with steel balls or ceramic Si3N4 balls were both increased by about 9.8 dB as the linear velocity increased an octave; and (3) The analytical results, based on the assumption that the main cause of the noise emitted from the linear bearings is the collision between the ball and the carriage, match the experimental results well.
15
Zhou, Hui, Jun Zheng, Ji Xing Hu, Rui Peng Sang, and Zhi Hua Wan. "Study of MoS2-Ti Composite Coatings Applied in Precision Ball Bearings." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.281.
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708C Ball bearings were made of 9Cr18 steel which had precision of class 4, MoS2-Ti composite coatings were deposited on inner and outer races of ball bearings by unbalanced magnetron sputtering system, and bearing cages were made of PTFE-based self-lubricating polymers. Bearing’s tribological torques as a function of storage time in high humidity environment were studied by using LHU-2 thermal & humidity test chamber and Bearing 2000 torque measurement device. Developing bearing vacuum performance test rig to research bearing’s torque as a function of running time, bearings were dismantled after test and using XPS to analyze the surfaces of bearing’s races and balls. The results show that storied in the environment of 30°C, 85% RH, bearing’s running torques increased proportionally as the storage time went on. When run-in the bearings which were storied for 440 days, the start and average running torques of bearings could come back to the level which was the same as the test start, but the fluctuation of bearing’s average running torque increased. Running in one direction at the speed of 650 r/min, in vacuum environment (~10-4Pa) and ambient temperature, tested bearings showed good running performance with low friction torque varied only between 1g·cm~2 g·cm until to the test ended at 1.872×108 revolutions. XPS analysis showed that a stable and sustainable solid lubrication system was established among bearing’s races, balls and cages.
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Kanai, H., M. Abe, and K. Kido. "Estimation of the Surface Roughness on the Race or Balls of Ball Bearings by Vibration Analysis." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 109, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269396.
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This paper describes a vibration-based diagnostic method by estimating the surface roughness on the rotating ring or balls in ball bearings. The surface roughness has been measured by a stylus that directly traverses the surface of the ring or balls obtained by taking apart the ball bearing. We developed a new method to estimate accurately the surface roughness by analyzing the short-length vibration signal that is excited when balls encounter flaws on the rotating ring or when races encounter flaws on the balls in a ball bearing. Our experimental results confirm that the roughness estimated by the proposed method agrees with that measured directly by using a stylus even in the case of crack μm wide. We applied this new method to the diagnosis of surface roughness in small-sized ball bearings and inferior samples were detected with a 95.3 percent accuracy rate.
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Aktärk, N., and R. Gohar. "The effect of ball size variation on vibrations associated with ball-bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 212, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650981541921.
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In this paper the radial and axial vibrations of a rigid shaft supported by a pair of angular contact ball-bearings is studied. The effect of ball size variation in the bearings on the vibration of the shaft is investigated. A computer program was developed to simulate this effect, with the results presented in time and frequency domains. All results show that off-sized balls in the bearing cause vibrations at cage speed and its harmonics, depending on their arrangement within the bearing. Symmetric combinations will produce vibrations at the multiples of the cage speed and all other combinations will produce vibrations at the cage speed. The highest radial vibrations due to ball size variation are at a speed of half of the number of balls times the cage speed.
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Yu, Yongjian, Ruixiang Ma, Yujun Xue, and Yonggang Liu. "Study on Thermal Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Considering Roundness Error." Lubricants 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2024): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020043.
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To develop an angular contact ball bearing with low power consumption, a heat generation calculation model for angular contact ball bearings has been established based on bearing quasi dynamics, elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, heat transfer theory, and Kirchhoff’s law of energy conservation, considering the effects of roundness error, bearing preload, centrifugal effect, and thermal expansion. The correctness of the model is verified through experiments. The influence of different operating conditions and roundness errors on the thermal characteristics of angular contact ball bearings is analyzed. The results of the calculation indicate that when the roundness error order is equal to the number of balls n/2 ± 2 (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the overall heat generation of the bearing is lower than that without considering the roundness error. When the roundness error order is equal to (2n − 1)/4 ± 2 (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the overall heat generation of the bearing is higher than that without considering the roundness error. At the same rotating speed, the overall heat generation fluctuates as the roundness error order changes, and the trend becomes more pronounced as the rotating speed increases. The maximum overall heat generation is achieved when the roundness error order equals (2n − 1)/4 times (where n = 1, 2, 3, …) the number of balls. When the roundness error order is equal to n/2 times the number of balls (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the bearing’s overall heat generation is minimal. The variation in the total heat generated by the bearing is directly proportional to the amplitude of the roundness error. With the increase in roundness error harmonic order, the bearing integral heat generation shows a periodic change, and the change period has a mapping relationship with the number of balls.
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Ou, Ya Fei, Xiao Chu Liu, Chuan Jian Liu, Wen Xiong Li, and Hao Wang. "Based on Bearing Centerless Strengthening and Polishing Processing Multiple Collision Finite Element Simulation Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.624.
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To further understand the bearing performance’s influence of the plastic deformation after balls and bearing rings surface multiple collision in ball bearing’s strengthening and polishing processing by the strengthening and polishing machine. ABAQUES software is used for finite element analysis in the three-dimensional modeling of multiple collision, and the plastic strengthen the performance of bearings is researched mainly. The results shows that the raceway surface is significant plastic strengthen in multiple collisions, Yield ability is enhanced largely, and surface residual stress state present for the compressive stress. Raceway surface strengthening process requires a particular number of times to ensure the processing, with strengthening processing times increasing, bearing raceway surface strength is saturated, then, the number continued to increase to strengthen, the surface strength is no significant increase. But after the collision of ball, uniform residual compressive stress is forming in the bearing surface, good for improving the fatigue strength and bearing life.
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Eckel, Hans-Martin, Christian Brecher, and Stephan Neus. "Kugelbewegung in Spindellagern unter dynamischer Belastung." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 69, eOnly Sonderausgabe 2 (2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2022-0033.
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The main design parameter of spindle bearings is the ball advance and retardation in addition to the maximum contact pressures and the spin-to-roll ratio. This value describes the leading and trailing motion of the balls in the cage pockets in radially loaded spindle bearings. With a new measuring system, the motion of the balls can be precisely measured along the bearing circumference. At the same time, the developed test rig offers the possibility to load the bearing with dynamic forces. The results show an increase in the ball advance and retardation when dynamically load - ed with the cage and the technically relevant shaft rotational frequency compared to the static case. A load with multiples of the shaft rotational frequency does not lead to a significant increase of the ball advance and retardation.
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Li, Song Sheng, T. T. Zuo, Z. H. Hu, H. W. Mao, P. Chen, Xiao Yang Chen, and Jia Ming Gu. "Analysis of Internal State Performances of the Electric Spindle Bearings Running at an Extreme Ultra-High-Speed." Materials Science Forum 628-629 (August 2009): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.83.
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Aiming at the problem of analyzing for the dynamic performances of the spindle bearings running at an extreme ultra-high-speed in high-speed electric spindles, a model is built by taking the inertia effects and EHL at the extreme ultra-high-speed into account. Based on the system simulation about a bearing on the movements of every ball, the contact areas states and the lubrication states between balls and both ring raceways, the thermal state inside the bearing and so on, the internal state performances such as the movements and the inertia forces of all the balls, the contact forces and the lubrication films and the temperatures in the contact areas between balls and both ring raceways are analyzed in some different working conditions and configurations. The simulation results showed that the main factors affecting the state performances of a bearing running at an extreme ultra-high-speed are the inertia effects of the balls and the overheating in the contact areas between the balls and both ring raceways, which indicates that it can be improved by adopting the ball material with smaller mass density and the structure with a smaller ball diameter and more ball elements.
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Zheng, De-Xing, W. F. Chen, Guanyun Xiao, and Dateng Zheng. "Effect of vibration on power loss of angular contact ball bearings." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 5 (December 6, 2019): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2019-0217.
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Purpose This paper aims to devote to the experimental analysis and modeling on the heat generation of angular contact ball bearings under vibration. Design/methodology/approach The experiments about vibration effect on bearing temperature are implemented. To explore the causes of bearing temperature rise, the shaft-bearing system is first simplified to a forced vibration model to analyze the bearing loads in vibration. Next, the vibratory-induced additional load is proposed and the spin power loss of balls is re-derived under vibration. The vibration-induced heat is integrated into a novel forecasting model of bearing power loss. For validation, the muti-node model for angular contact ball bearings is referred to create the thermal network of spindle front bearing, and then the contrast and discussion is done. Findings The simulation and test results both indicate that more energy is expended and more heat is generated with vibration. And the further quantitative comparisons between simulation results and experimental values of bearing temperature demonstrate the rationality and availability of constructed model on bearing heat generation. Originality/value The vibration-induced additional load is proposed and modeled, and the novel forecasting model for heat generation for high-speed angular contact ball bearings with vibration is constructed and validated.
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Luo, Haitao, Jia Fu, Changshuai Yu, Guangming Liu, Wei Wang, and Peng Wang. "Numerical simulation and experimental testing of dynamic stiffness of angular contact ball bearing." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 2018): 168781401879897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018798973.
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Angular contact ball bearings are widely used in the multiple rotor system, such as gear box, machine tool spindle, and aero-engine rotors. The support stiffness is very important to the vibration of shafting. In order to obtain the dynamic stiffness, a numerical simulation method for dynamic stiffness of angular contact ball bearings is presented. By means of LS-DYNA software, the displacement and stress curves of the bearing’s different components are obtained successfully, and then, the dynamic stiffness of bearing under certain working conditions also can be calculated. The maximum envelope radius of the inner ring of the measured bearing can be taken as the relative displacement change value of the inner and outer rings of the bearing. To obtain the dynamic stiffness, the test strategy for dynamic stiffness of the angular contact ball bearings is introduced. The experimental results show that the equivalent dynamic stiffness increases with the increase in the preload of measured bearing under certain conditions. The simulation result coincides with the experiments well. The research work can provide the basis for the design and dynamics analysis of the bearing rotor system and have important engineering significance to improve the service performance of angular contact ball bearings.
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Ziebell, Arne, Oskar Schöppl, Roland Haubner, and Thomas Konegger. "Identification of Bearing Defects in Hybrid Thrust Ball Bearings by Vibration Analysis." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.844.
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Hybrid ball bearings, consisting of metallic washers in combination with ceramic bearing balls, feature a variety of significant advantages in comparison to standard steel bearings, including mechanical properties and reduced friction during operation. Key aspects for a successful operation are a prevention of defects of both balls and washers, as well as the knowledge of critical and optimal operation parameters. This relevant information can be obtained through test rig trials, where vibration analysis has found to be a versatile and efficient tool for the characterization of the operational status. In this contribution, hybrid thrust ball bearings with Si3N4 balls are investigated. After an introduction of defined damages in different parts of the bearing, test rig trials were conducted, and the vibration behavior during operation was compared to new, unused bearings. The characteristic vibrational frequencies, obtained through a variety of software-based filter and analysis algorithms, were correlated with materialographic investigations of failed bearings. The proposed method was shown to yield valuable information about damage morphologies and, subsequently, about the status of the bearing during operation.
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Sun, Jian, Xin Fang, Jinmei Yao, Renyun Guan, Zhe Zhang, and Guangxiang Zhang. "Study on the Effect of Oil Supply on the Sound Field Characteristics of Full Ceramic Ball Bearings under Oil Lubrication." Lubricants 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11030146.
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To study the full sound field distribution characteristics of full ceramic ball bearings, reduce the radiation noise of the bearings, and improve their service performance. In this paper, the sound field distribution characteristics of 6206 silicon nitride ceramic deep groove ball bearings are studied under different oil supplies. A mathematical model of the sound field distribution of full ceramic ball bearings under oil lubrication is established, and the validity of the model is verified by experimental data. The bearing cavity simulation model of the full ceramic ball bearing is established, and the influence of oil supply on the operation characteristics of the full ceramic ball bearing is studied. Through theoretical and experimental research, the circular distribution law of the noise signal of ceramic ball bearings under different oil supplies is revealed. It is found that there is an optimal fuel supply when the speed and load are constant. Under optimal oil supply lubrication conditions, the full ceramic ball bearing has the minimum radiation noise, and the bearing exhibits optimal lubrication state, vibration and temperature rise characteristics. The new contribution of this paper: with the increase in oil supply, the sound pressure level of radiation noise of full ceramic ball bearings decreases and then increases. The research results reveal the radiation noise mechanism of full ceramic ball bearings, which is of great significance for enriching its theory and method.
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Tian, Junxing, Yuhou Wu, Jian Sun, Zhongxian Xia, Kexuan Ren, He Wang, Songhua Li, and Jinmei Yao. "Thermal Dynamic Exploration of Full-Ceramic Ball Bearings under the Self-Lubrication Condition." Lubricants 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090213.
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A silicon nitride ceramic bearing has good self-lubricating characteristics. It still has a good operational status under the condition of a lack of oil. However, the temperature distribution of a silicon nitride ceramic bearing during its operation is unclear. To clarify the thermal distribution of a full-ceramic ball silicon nitride ceramic bearing under self-lubricating conditions, the changing trend of the rolling friction temperature between the rolling elements and channels with different accuracies is analyzed using the friction testing machine. The bearing heat generation model based on the silicon nitride material coefficient is established, and the life test machine measures the temperature of the bearing to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. The results show that the friction temperature between the ceramic ball and channel decreases with the increase in ceramic ball level. With an increase in the ceramic ball pressure and temperature, the friction temperature rises. Under self-lubrication, when the bearing bears a heavy load, the influence of the rotating speed on temperature rise tends to decrease. Under the condition of high speed, with the increase in load, the change range of temperature rise shows an upward trend. The important relationship between the bearing’s heat and bearing’s load and speed is revealed. It provides some theoretical guidance for the thermal analysis of a silicon nitride ceramic ball bearing under the self-lubricating condition to improve the service life and reliability of full-ceramic ball bearings.
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Riva’i, Muhamad, and Nanda Pranandita. "Analisa Kerusakan Bantalan Bola (Ball Bearing) Berdasarkan Signal Getaran." Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur 10, no. 02 (May 20, 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33504/manutech.v10i02.69.
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Measurement of the damage of elements in bearing can be by measuring the vibration generated in the form of a frequency signal when the pad is rotating. Measurement of vibration on the bearing by using vibration measuring instrument. Damage to the rolling bearing includes damage to the cage, outer ring, inner ring and balls. The rolling bearings used in this study are deep groove ball bearing type 6003 RS with internal diameter (d) = 17 mm, outer diameter (D) = 35 mm, bearing thickness (B) = 10, number of rolling elements (Nb) = 10 pieces, and the diameter of the rolling element (Bd) = 4.75 mm. In the rotation of the bearing (Fr) = 2003 rpm (33.38 Hz) we found the experimental results of bearings that have been damaged in the outer race at 138 Hz frequency, inner race damage at 196 Hz frequency, (ball) at a frequency of 88.8 Hz and cage damage at a frequency of 13.8 Hz
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Zhao, Yang, Heng Liu, and Bowen Fan. "Traction effects on the dynamics of ball bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 235, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644193211047385.
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In the paper, a combined model of traction and ball bearings dynamics is established, considering the interaction among the cage, races, and balls. A curve-fitted traction model, which can be used to analyze the effect of the geometry of the bearing and parameters of the lubricant, is applied. The traction that is affected by certain parameters is analyzed; then, the effect of the traction on ball bearings is investigated. The displacements of balls and contact angles are different under different surface roughness. The changes in displacements of balls and contact angles are obtained with different roughness, load, and velocities. The amplitudes of axial displacement of balls are bigger with the roughness being higher. The amplitudes of ball-inner contact angles increase with greater roughness, and the amplitudes of ball-outer race contact angles decrease with greater roughness. The simulated vibration results of ball bearings under different levels agree with the actual by the model.
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Geng, Keke, and Shengye Lin. "Effect of angular misalignment on the stiffness of the double-row self-aligning ball bearing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 946–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219885979.
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The double-row self-aligning ball bearing commonly runs with angular misalignment between the inner and outer rings, and the angular misalignment significantly affects the bearing performance. However, the effect of angular misalignment on the dynamic characteristics of the double-row self-aligning ball bearing has not been studied thoroughly. This paper investigates the effect of angular misalignment on the stiffness of the double-row self-aligning ball bearing. The quasi-static model for the double-row self-aligning ball bearing is established with five degrees of freedom, namely, three translational displacements along x, y, and z directions and two tilting angles around x-axis and y-axis. The internal clearance between balls and raceways is included in the presented model. The formulation of the three-dimensional stiffness matrix for the double-row self-aligning ball bearing is analytically derived, and is verified by comparing with the available dada in published literature. Finally, the stiffness of the double-row self-aligning ball bearing under various angular misalignment conditions is analyzed systematically. The results show that the tilting angles vary the contact angles and contact forces of the compressed balls in the double-row self-aligning ball bearing, thus affect the bearing stiffness; the bearing stiffness decreases with the internal clearance; the angular misalignment significantly impacts the stiffness of the bearing running at a low speed.
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Langdon, Genevieve S., Ruixuan Qi, Trevor J. Cloete, and Steeve Chung Kim Yuen. "Influence of Ball Bearing Size on the Flight and Damage Characteristics of Blast-Driven Ball Bearings." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031133.
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This paper presents insights into the influence of ball size on the flight characteristics and damage of a ball bearing embedded in a rear detonated cylindrical charge. It includes results from a post-test damage analysis of ball bearings from previously reported experiments. Computational simulations using Ansys Autodyn were used to provide extra information about the velocity variation during flight and the damage sustained by the ball bearings during the blast event. The influence of bearing size (diameter and mass) was investigated using the validated simulation models to extend the dataset beyond the initial experimental work. The peak bearing velocity is influenced by the charge mass to ball bearing mass ratio and the aspect ratio of the charge. Larger ball bearings require extra momentum to accelerate them to higher velocities, but their higher surface area means a greater portion of the explosive charge is involved in transferring kinetic energy to the projectile. Tensile spalling was to be the major damage mechanism within the ball bearings. The charge aspect ratio also influenced the hydrostatic pressure propagation within the ball bearing itself, affecting the location and degree of internal cracking within the bearings. These findings will prove valuable to blast protection engineers considering the effects of embedded projectiles in improvised explosive devices.
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Loom, B. T., W. F. H. W. Zamri, A. K. Ariffin, M. F. Md Din, and A. Shamsudeen. "Angular Contact Ball Bearing Modeling with Different Types of Coatings." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 12, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3848.1012122.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the stress distribution of uncoated and coated ball bearings by using finite element analysis. The coatings used in this study are titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbide (TiC) and chromium nitride (CrN) with a thickness of 5 microns. A contact analysis has been performed on ball bearings to compare the performance between coated and uncoated ball bearings. Boundary loads of 5000 N is used for contact analysis. This study tries to establish a simple, two-dimensional expression for the elastic deformation with the inner ring and ball bearing as a angular or curvature model in terms of the geometry of the coating contact surfaces. The coating of ball and raceway surfaces is a requisite but difficult factor to be determined during design, so it is desirable for engineering to understand the effect of surface coating on the motion of ball and subsurface stresses in bearing. For contact analysis, the maximum contact pressure and maximum stress on the coating, inner ring and ball bearing have been used for comparison. The results of this study show that, among other coatings, TiC provides the best protection for the ball of the ball bearing. This is because the low Poisson's ratio of TiC in other coated ball bearings helps reduce the stress on the ball bearing, even though TiC has the lowest Young's modulus in the coating. When a lower boundary load is applied, high COF will also cause an abnormal increase in the maximum stress on the contact surface between the coated or uncoated ball and the inner ring of the ball bearing.
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Riva’i, Muhamad, and Nanda Pranandita. "Analisa Getaran Akibat Kerusakan Deep Grove Ball Bearing Seri 6003RS." Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur 9, no. 02 (May 15, 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33504/manutech.v9i02.44.
Full textAbstract:
Measurement of the damage of elements in bearing can be by measuring the vibration generated in the form of a frequency signal when the pad is rotating. Measurement of vibration on the bearing by using vibration measuring instrument. Damage to the rolling bearing includes damage to the cage, outer ring, inner ring and balls. The rolling bearings used in this study are deep groove ball bearing type 6003 RS with internal diameter (d) = 17 mm, outer diameter (D) = 35 mm, bearing thickness (B) = 10, number of rolling elements (Nb) = 10 pieces, and the diameter of the rolling element (Bd) = 4.75 mm. In the rotation of the bearing (Fr) = 2003 rpm (33.38 Hz) we found the experimental results of bearings that have been damaged in the outer race at 138 Hz frequency, inner race damage at 196 Hz frequency, (ball) at a frequency of 88.8 Hz and cage damage at a frequency of 13.8 Hz.
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Liu, Jing, Linfeng Wang, Li Zhou, Liming Wang, and Zhifeng Shi. "An Intelligent Detection System Development for Local Faults in a Ball Bearing." June 2019 24, no. 2 (June 2019): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2019.24.21599.
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Local faults can be produced in ball bearings during their manufacturing process. An efficient, fast and accurate local fault detection method can help improve the quality of ball bearings. To overcome this problem, an intelligent detection system for a ball bearing with the local faults is developed based on the NI LabVIEW software. This system includes the determination of bearing fault parameters, signal acquisition, envelope analysis, time-domain parameter analysis and bearing fault status modules. In this system, the frequency-domain feature method is based on the envelope demodulation analysis, the effective statistical indexes, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The frequency-domain feature method is used to determine the threshold range for each fault level in the system. This system can in turn be used to determine the fault location and sizes for the ball bearings. A case study for the calculation and analysis for the frequency and time-domain acceleration is presented to predict the location and size of the local faults in a ball bearing. The test data from the Case Western Reserve University Bearing Data Center is used to verify the developed intelligent detection system for local faults in the ball bearing. The results show that the proposed detection system can be used to detect the local fault in the ball bearings.
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Madoliat, R., and M. F. Ghanati. "Theoretical and Experimental Study of Spindle Ball Bearing Nonlinear Stiffness." Journal of Mechanics 29, no. 4 (August 7, 2013): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2013.48.
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ABSTRACTThis paper concentrates on theoretical and experimental nonlinear stiffness study of milling machine tool spindle angle contact ball bearing. The theoretical study allows us to build an analytical model to define nonlinear stiffness of angle contact ball bearings based on geometrical and physical parameters. Modifications were done on literature's models (e.g. Balls deformations) having positives impacts on conformity of models to experimental results.FEM model using ANSYS is constructed to analyze the different parameters affecting the nonlinear stiffness of ball bearing. Among those parameters are physical including the geometry, friction coefficient and the boundary conditions of the model and Numerical parameters such as mesh density and penetration.Experimental tests were done on the spindle ball bearing 7014, to measure the rigidity. Universal tensile testing machine is used to achieve load displacement curves. The developed theoretical model, constructed finite element model and experimental results showed good conformity.
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Meeks, Crawford R., and Long Tran. "Ball Bearing Dynamic Analysis Using Computer Methods—Part I: Analysis." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2837092.
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An analytical ball bearing dynamics model was developed that rigorously models all of the significant kinematic, structural, and dynamic effects. The model can analyze bearings of any material combination for the races, balls and ball cage. This model analyzes the stresses and deflections of the loaded elements due to (1) preload, (2) external axial, radial and moment loads, (3) centrifugal and gyroscopic ball loads. A rigorous six-degree-of-freedom model of ball cage motions was developed to analyze ball and cage dynamics. The ball cage equations of motion were written in a rotating coordinate system, which greatly simplifies the equations, resulting in a highly efficient, but rigorous, model of bearing dynamics. A computer program was developed, incorporating the algorithms, to solve the multiple simultaneous quasi-static ball-to-race load equations using modified Newton-Raphson methods. The Lawrence Livermore Ode package (LSODA) is employed for numerical integration of the dynamic equations of motion. This method assures convergence, while controlling the accuracy of the calculations as a function of computer run time and automatically selects the appropriate integration method for stiff and non-stiff system of ODE. The program analyzes ball and cage motions in time domain, wear life, fatigue life, lubricant film effects, ball-to-cage forces, torque noise and many other bearing parameters.
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Sun, Jian, Jiaxing Yang, Jinmei Yao, Junxing Tian, Zhongxian Xia, Haipeng Yan, Longfei Gao, Songhua Li, and Zhigang Bao. "The effect of lubricant viscosity on the performance of full ceramic ball bearings." Materials Research Express 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 015201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac4881.
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Abstract As a new high-end bearing product, full ceramic ball bearings are favoured in a variety. However, there have been few studies on the lubrication of full ceramic ball bearings. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between the vibration and temperature rise of full ceramic angular contact ball bearings and the lubricant viscosity, and to improve the service life of the bearings. In this study, the effects of lubricant viscosity on the vibration and temperature rise of silicon nitride full ceramic angular contact ball bearings under different axial loads and rotation speeds were tested. Herein, a mathematical model of oil lubrication suitable for full ceramic ball bearings is established and the relationship between the lubricant viscosity, lubricant film thickness, outer ring vibration and temperature rise of the bearing is analyzed. It was found that the vibration and temperature rise first decrease and then increase with the increase of lubricant viscosity. In this range, there is an optimal viscosity value to minimize the vibration and temperature rise of the full ceramic angular contact ball bearing. The contact surface wear of the full ceramic angular contact ball bearing varies greatly under different lubricant viscosities. There is no obvious wear on the contact surface under optimal viscosity, and the service life of the bearing is greatly improved. These results can play an important role in revealing the lubricant mechanism of full ceramic ball bearings and improving their service life under optimal lubrication.
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Mikić, Danilo, Eleonora Desnica, Imre Kiss, and Vladimir Mikić. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROLLING BALL BEARINGS CONSIDERING THE BEARING RADIAL CLEARANCE AND OPERATING TEMPERATURE." Advanced Engineering Letters 1, no. 1 (2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/adeletters.2022.1.1.3.
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The aim of the research conducted in this particular paper was related to a comprehensive reliability analysis of SKF 626 Open Deep Groove ball bearings, conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The experimental research consisted of: measurements of radial internal clearance (RIC) in ball bearings, measurement methods for the detection of bearing operating temperature and rolling element bearing wear, complete with the cage deformation of the the damaged bearing, the failure of which was revealed after the examination. The inspected SKF 6206 open deep groove ball bearings operating under laboratory conditions – simulated the model of dynamic behavior under real conditions by using the crankshaft of an air compressor. The results of research conducted based on the inspected samples of rolling bearings, showed that there was a significant dependence of the predictors of internal radial clearance on operating bearing temperature. Out of five test samples of rolling bearings, there was only one rolling ball bearing detected to be with failure after the bearing inspection. The examination of the damaged bearing revealed the final radial clearance value of 0.045 mm, i.e. operating temperature of 75 °C.
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Cabezas, Sebastian, Dániel Tóth, György Hegedűs, and Péter Bencs. "Thermal Model of a Ball Bearing using the State-Space approach and Light Gray-Box Lumped Parameter Thermal Network." MATEC Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338300005.
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In this paper, a thermal model of a ball bearing subjected to radial loads is presented. By the application of the State-Space approach and the Light Gray-Box lumped parameter thermal network, the temperature of the inner components of a ball bearing, these are: outer-race To; balls Tb and inner-race Ti; and the temperature of the housing Th were determined. The relation between the external force, rotational speed, lubrication type, were investigated for the purpose of determining the total frictional moment Mf that occurs among the elements comprising the ball bearing. Subsequently, the total heat losses Qf were calculated together with the heat distribution along the elements of the ball bearing. The analytical results were validated experimentally. It could be seen that the standard deviation of temperature between the thermal model and the experimental measurements over the outer-race To and housing Th were sd = 5.06 % and sd = 0.33 % . Moreover, the temperature of the balls Tb and the inner-race Ti were predicted. In this context, the results show good agreement with real data, therefore, the thermal model can be utilized to foresee the thermal behavior of bearings with similar geometry that undergo effects of radial loads.
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Aktu¨rk, N., M. Uneeb, and R. Gohar. "The Effects of Number of Balls and Preload on Vibrations Associated With Ball Bearings." Journal of Tribology 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833880.
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In this paper, the radial and axial vibrations of a rigid shaft supported by a pair of angular contact ball bearings are studied. The effect on the shaft vibration of varying the preload and the number of balls in the bearings is investigated when the bearings are perfect. For perfect bearings the vibrations occur at the ball passage frequency. The amplitudes of these vibrations are shown to be considerably reduced if the preload and number of balls are correctly selected. All results show that the vibration characteristics of the shaft and its bearings change when the bearings operate in different regions of their nonlinear load-deflection characteristics. This implies that the preload and the number of balls in a ball bearing are two of the important governing parameters affecting its dynamic behavior and have to be considered at the design stage.
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Prakash, E., and K. Sivakumar. "Experimental Analysis of Damping and Tribological Characteristics of Nano-CuO Particle Mixed Lubricant in Ball Bearings." International Journal of Nanoscience 14, no. 03 (May 19, 2015): 1450026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x14500264.
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Experimental analysis of damping capacity and tribological characteristics of nano CuO added Servosystem 68 lubricant is attempted. CuO nano particles were synthesized by aqueous precipitation method and characterized. Prior to dispersion into lubricant, CuO nano particles were coated with 0.2 wt.% surfactant (Span-80) to stabilize the nano fluid. Tribological characteristics of particle added lubricant were tested in ASTM D 4172 four ball wear tester. Scanning electron microscopy test results of worn surfaces of nano CuO particle added lubricant were smoother than base lubricant. The particle added lubricant was applied in a new ball bearing and three defected ball bearings. When particle added lubricant was used, the ball defected bearing's vibration amplitude was reduced by 21.94% whereas it was 16.46% for new bearing and was ≤ 11% for other defected bearings. The formation of protection film of CuO over ball surface and regime of full film lubrication near the ball zone were observed to be reason for improved damping of vibrations.
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Tărăboanţă, Iulian Paul, Viorel Paleu, Carmen Bujoreanu, Marcelin Benchea, and Dumitru Olaru. "Some Considerations on Vibration Diagnose of Miniature Ball Bearings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.670.
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Vibration based fault detection and diagnose analysis is a well established field in machine or monitoring supervision. The vibration diagnose is also suited for the miniature ball bearings monitoring. The typical balls size starts at 3 mm with the bearing outer diameter of maximum 20 mm. Ball bearings of this size are ideal for precision mechanisms, they are able to carry light loads and they are perfect for handheld medical equipment and tools which must be very small but also very precise and durable. The paper presents experiments carried out on a fully instrumented universal CETR micro-tribometer at room temperature. The tested miniature ball bearing, lightly loaded and operating at low speeds, is subjected to dry and lubrication conditions with two different oil viscosities. A comparative study is realized concerning the vibration diagnose potential using the FFT analysis of the bearing acquired signals. Statistical analysis of the vibration signals is a key point in the detection of the overall vibration level of bearings lubricated with oils of different viscosities.
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Huang, Bo Wun, Jia Sheng Chen, Zhi Yin Huang, and Nan Wen Lin. "A Finite Element Analysis on Metal Ball Effect on Dynamics of a Ball Bearing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 875 (January 2018): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.875.100.
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The bearings are widely used in the rotating machinery systems to support the mechanical, structural for system. In a high rotating speed, the spindle to be stable rotating is dependent on a high performance bearing. Therefore, the dynamic characteristic of a ball bearing is very importance and need to study. In this work, the dynamic characteristic of a ball bearing is focused to study. Because the geometric of ball bearing are so complex, the finite element analysis is employed to investigate. By using the finite element analysis software ANSYS, the bearings meshed model can be setup. The dynamic properties, natural frequency and mode shape of ball and global system, can be studied to improve the high spindle rotating stable performance. Numerical indicates that the stress, strain and dynamics of the ball bearing system can be investigated in this finite element model.
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Wang, Baomin, and Xiao Chang. "Temperature Rise Prediction of Oil-Air Lubricated Angular Contact Ball Bearings Using Artificial Neural Network." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797612666190530115739.
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Background: Angular contact ball bearing is an important component of many high-speed rotating mechanical systems. Oil-air lubrication makes it possible for angular contact ball bearing to operate at high speed. So the lubrication state of angular contact ball bearing directly affects the performance of the mechanical systems. However, as bearing rotation speed increases, the temperature rise is still the dominant limiting factor for improving the performance and service life of angular contact ball bearings. Therefore, it is very necessary to predict the temperature rise of angular contact ball bearings lubricated with oil-air. Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of temperature calculation of bearing from many studies and patents, and propose a new prediction method for temperature rise of angular contact ball bearing. Methods: Based on the artificial neural network and genetic algorithm, a new prediction methodology for bearings temperature rise was proposed which capitalizes on the notion that the temperature rise of oil-air lubricated angular contact ball bearing is generally coupling. The influence factors of temperature rise in high-speed angular contact ball bearings were analyzed through grey relational analysis, and the key influence factors are determined. Combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model based on these key influence factors was built up, two groups of experimental data were used to train and validate the ANN model. Results: Compared with the ANN model, the ANN-GA model has shorter training time, higher accuracy and better stability, the output of ANN-GA model shows a good agreement with the experimental data, above 92% of bearing temperature rise under varying conditions can be predicted using the ANNGA model. Conclusion: A new method was proposed to predict the temperature rise of oil-air lubricated angular contact ball bearings based on the artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. The results show that the prediction model has good accuracy, stability and robustness.
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Yao, Jinmei, Yuhou Wu, Jiaxing Yang, Jian Sun, Zhongxian Xia, Junxing Tian, Zhigang Bao, and Longfei Gao. "Study on Distribution of Lubricating Oil Film in Contact Micro-Zone of Full Ceramic Ball Bearings and the Influence Mechanism on Service Performance." Lubricants 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10080174.
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Compared with metal ball bearings, full ceramic ball bearings have more outstanding service performance under extreme working conditions. In order to reveal the lubrication mechanism and improve the operation performance and service life of full ceramic ball bearings, in this paper, the friction, vibration, and temperature rise characteristics of 6208 silicon nitride full ceramic deep groove ball bearing, under the condition of oil lubrication, are studied experimentally. Based on the test results, and through theoretical calculation and simulation analysis, the distribution of the lubricating oil film in bearing contact micro-zone under different working conditions was simulated. After that, the surface of contact micro-zone of full ceramic ball bearing was analyzed. It was found that there is an optimal oil supply for full ceramic ball bearing oil lubrication in service. Under the optimal oil supply lubrication, full film lubrication can be achieved, and the bearing exhibits the best characteristics of friction, vibration, and temperature rise. Compared with the load, the rotational speed of the bearing has a decisive influence on the optimal oil supply. When the rotational speed and load are constant, the minimum oil film thickness and oil film pressure in the contact area of the rolling body decrease with the increase of angle ψ from the minimum stress point of the rolling body. Under the action of high contact stress, thin oil film will be formed in the bearing outer ring raceway. In the field of full ceramic ball bearings, the research content of this paper is innovative. The research results of this paper have an important guiding significance for revealing the oil lubrication mechanism of full ceramic ball bearing and enriching its lubrication theory and methods.
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Liu, Yang, Jiyuan Han, Siyao Zhao, Qingyu Meng, Tuo Shi, and Hui Ma. "Study on the Dynamic Problems of Double-Disk Rotor System Supported by Deep Groove Ball Bearing." Shock and Vibration 2019 (February 26, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8120569.
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Aiming at the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system supported by deep groove ball bearings, the dynamic model of the double-disk rotor system supported by deep groove ball bearings was established. In this paper, the nonlinear finite element method is used combined with the structural characteristics of deep groove ball bearings. Based on the nonlinear Hertz contact theory, the mechanical model of deep groove ball bearings is obtained. The excitation response results of the rotor system nodes are solved by using the Newmark-β numerical solution method combined with the Newton–Raphson iterative method. The vibration characteristics of the rotor system supported by deep groove ball bearings are studied deeply. In addition, the effect of varying compliance vibration (VC vibration) caused by the change in bearing support stiffness on the dynamics of the system is considered. The time domain and frequency domain characteristics of the rotor system at different speeds, as well as the influence of bearing clearance and bearing inner ring’s acceleration on the dynamics of the rotor system are analyzed. The research shows that the VC vibration of the bearing has a great influence on the motion of the rotor system when the rotational speed is low. Moreover, reasonable control of bearing clearance can reduce the mutual impact between the bearing rolling element and the inner or outer rings of the bearing and reduce the influence of unstable bearing motion on the vibration characteristics of the rotor system. The results can provide theoretical basis for the subsequent study of the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the deep groove ball bearing rotor system.
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Negrea, Alexis Daniel, Ileana Nicoleta Popescu, Mihǎiţǎ Nicolae Ardeleanu, Claudiu Nicolicescu, and Carmen Otilia Rusǎnescu. "Researches and Finite Element Simulations of Radial Loading Deformations Applied to Steel Ball Bearings." Advanced Engineering Forum 34 (October 2019): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.34.109.
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The appearance of quick wear of rolling paths and rolling elements (balls) through contact fatigue phenomena and through surface defects lead to a decrease in the life of ball bearings in service. One of the causes is the interruption of the lubricating film between surfaces with relative motion under load conditions and high speeds, which leads to plastic micro-deformations and micro-welding between contact surfaces. Diagnosing defects by visual observation involves disassemble of the bearing and is an ineffective method of investigation in serial production. In this context, the necessity of: (i) comparative study of the stresses to which two types (100Cr6 steel and 100CrMnSi6-4 steel type) of radial ball bearings are subjected, (ii) the influence of contact between the ball and the inner ring during rotation, and (iii) the analysis with Finite Element Method (FEM) of the deformations occurring at the application of radial bearing forces. FEM is a current approach to real phenomena in mechanical assemblies, which allows a validation of study assumptions; the results of FEM can lead to the detection of tribological causes of increased bearing wear at inner ring to bearing balls contact. In this paper, FE simulation of radial loading deformations was performed in SolidWorks software using the Simulation module and the stresses and deformations in the bearing rings for the two materials were obtained. It has been found that the stresses that appear during simulations are similar for both materials and do not exceed the limits allowed for heavy duty steel bearings.
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Sy Truong, Dinh, Byung-Sub Kim, and Jong-Kweon Park. "Thermally affected stiffness matrix of angular contact ball bearings in a high-speed spindle system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 11 (November 2019): 168781401988975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019889753.
Full textAbstract:
Bearing stiffness directly affects the dynamic characteristics in a high-speed spindle system and plays an important role in terms of manufacturing quality. We developed a new approach for predicting the thermal behavior of a high-speed spindle, calculated the thermal expansion, and generated a bearing stiffness matrix for angular contact ball bearings. The heat convection of spindle housing in air, the balls in lubricant, the spindle shaft in quiescent air, and the bearing inner ring surfaces were determined. Heat sources such as bearing friction, and the heat contributed by the built-in motor, were simulated using an analysis systems (ANSYS) steady-state thermal model. The results were imported into a static ANSYS structural model. Ball thermal expansion was calculated based on changes in the coordinates of nodal points on the ball surface. Finally, a thermally affected bearing stiffness matrix was generated by applying the Newton–Raphson technique. Decreases in the bearing radial, axial, angular, and coupling stiffness values as rotational spindle speed increased were calculated. Also, the stiffness coefficients at a specific speed increased significantly caused by the thermal effects. Finally, for validation, the bearing stiffness was compared to that calculated using an earlier thermal network approach.
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Ohta, Hiroyuki, Yoshiki Kitajima, Soichiro Kato, and Yutaka Igarashi. "Effects of Ball Groupings on Ball Passage Vibrations of a Linear Guideway Type Ball Bearing (Pitching and Yawing Ball Passage Vibrations)." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 1 (September 18, 2006): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2401215.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of ball groupings on the pitching and yawing ball passage vibrations of linear guideway type ball bearings (linear ball bearings) under low-speed operation were studied. For this study, the test linear ball bearings (which can retain the ball grouping in operation) with three types of ball groupings were manufactured, and the pitching and yawing ball passage vibrations of each test linear ball bearing were measured using a laser autocollimator. Moreover, a calculation method of the ball passage vibrations for a linear ball bearing with an arbitrary ball grouping was presented. According to the presented method the ball passage vibrations for three types of ball groupings were calculated. The experimental and calculated results show that the occurrence of the pitching and yawing ball passage vibrations was affected by the ball groupings. For the occurrence, the wave forms, and the amplitude of the pitching and yawing ball passage vibrations for the ball groupings, the calculated results based on the presented method almost matched the experimental results.
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Bogdevičius, Marijonas, and Viktor Skrickij. "Investigation of Dynamic Processes in Ball Bearings with Defects." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.651.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers the dynamics of ball bearings with defects. A mathematical model of a ball bearing with defects is offered. The performed theoretical and experimental investigations of ball bearings with defects are described. Five cases of various defects are investigated, including the defective outer race, the defective inner race, the defective rolling element, the defective inner and outer races, the rolling element and a separator, the worn-out ball bearing.
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Lu, Wenbo, Junpeng Xue, Wei Pu, Hongyang Chen, Kelei Wang, and Ran Jia. "A Calculation Method of Bearing Balls Rotational Vectors Based on Binocular Vision Three-Dimensional Coordinates Measurement." Sensors 24, no. 19 (October 9, 2024): 6499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24196499.
Full textAbstract:
The rotational speed vectors of the bearing balls affect their service life and running performance. Observing the actual rotational speed of the ball is a prerequisite for revealing its true motion law and conducting sliding behavior simulation analysis. To address the need for accuracy and real-time measurement of spin angular velocity, which is also under high-frequency and high-speed ball motion conditions, a new measurement method of ball rotation vectors based on a binocular vision system is proposed. Firstly, marker points are laid on the balls, and their three-dimensional (3D) coordinates in the camera coordinate system are calculated in real time using the triangulation principle. Secondly, based on the 3D coordinates before and after the movement of the marker point and the trajectory of the ball, the mathematical model of the spin motion of the ball was established. Finally, based on the ball spin motion model, the three-dimensional vision measurement technology was first applied to the measurement of the bearing ball rotation vector through formula derivation, achieving the analysis of bearing ball rolling and sliding characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that the visual measurement system with the frame rate of 100 FPS (frames per second) yields a measurement error within ±0.2% over a speed range from 5 to 50 RPM (revolutions per minute), and the maximum measurement errors of spin angular velocity and linear velocity are 0.25 °/s and 0.028 mm/s, respectively. The experimental results show that this method has good accuracy and stability in measuring the rotation vector of the ball, providing a reference for bearing balls’ rotational speed monitoring and the analysis of the sliding behavior of bearing balls.