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Abdulin, R. R., V. V. Bolshakov, V. A. Podshibnev, N. B. Rozhnin, and S. L. Samsonovich. "On the Results of Investigating the Efficiency of Ball Screws with Separators." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (141) (June 2022): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2022-2-54-74.
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Extensive use of ball screws with separators is due to manufacturing simplicity and increased reliability as compared to ball screws with recirculating rolling elements. The issues of determining the efficiency of such mechanisms have not been sufficiently studied. The paper presents analytically derived primary dimension ratios for parts of ball screws with separators, taking into account those tolerances that should be observed to ensure that the mechanism assembly is guaranteed and the preloads affecting the breakaway forces and the mechanism efficiency are prevented. We provide guidelines for designing parts of ball screws with separators. We plotted the interacting forces in the parts constituting ball screws with separators and analytically determined the efficiency of such mechanisms as a function of contact angles and lead angles. The experimental investigation results concerning electro-mechanical drive prototypes based on ball screws confirm the analytical expressions obtained. Adhering to the dimension ratios proposed for parts of ball screws with separators reveals that the analytically and experimentally determined efficiency values converge. Using the efficiency plots presented for ball screws with separators while designing electromechanical drives is appropriate to assess energy losses in mechanical transmissions
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Овчаренко, А. Г., and М. С. Василишин. "METHOD OF CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC SEPARATORS WITH A FERROMAGNETIC BALL NOZZLE FOR CLEANING SUSPENSIONS FROM MAGNETIC IMPURITIES." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 3(37) (June 30, 2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.37.3.008.
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Для повышения эффекта очистки суспензий от магнитных частиц экономически целесообразно в промышленных условиях использовать устройства с магнитными полями невысокой напряженности, но имеющими высокие градиенты магнитного поля в рабочем пространстве. В качестве таких устройств используются магнитные сепараторы с ферромагнитной шаровой насадкой. Для расчетов за основу взята модель процесса осаждения магнитных частиц в квазисплошном поглощающем экране магнитного фильтра, при этом предполагается, что рельеф зоны захвата в окрестности точек контакта намагниченных шаров будет в виде сегментов с характерными размерами rо и b. Анализ такой модели позволил отметить подобие рассмотренных процессов осаждения в магнитном сепараторе процессам адсорбции и в дальнейшем использовать элементы теории процесса адсорбции для расчетов таких сепараторов. Представлена методика расчета магнитных сепараторов с ферромагнитной шаровой насадкой для очистки суспензий от магнитных примесей. Экспериментальная проверка расчетных зависимостей при очистке антифрикционной присадки «Деста» подтвердила возможность использования предложенной методики для магнитных сепараторов с ферромагнитной шаровой насадкой To increase the effect of cleaning suspensions from magnetic particles, it is economically feasible in industrial conditions to use devices with low-intensity magnetic fields, but having high magnetic field gradients in the working space. As such devices, magnetic separators with a ferromagnetic ball nozzle are used. The calculations are based on a model of deposition of magnetic particles in a magnetic absorbing screen, and it is assumed that the topography of the capture zone in the vicinity of the contact points of the magnetized balls will have the form of segments with characteristic sizes ro and b. The analysis of such a model allowed us to note the similarity of the considered deposition processes in the magnetic separator with the adsorption processes and to further use the elements of the theory of the adsorption process for the calculations of such separators. A method for calculating magnetic separators with a ferromagnetic ball nozzle for cleaning suspensions from magnetic impurities is presented. Experimental verification of the calculated dependences during the cleaning of the anti-friction additive "Desta" confirmed the possibility of using the proposed calculation method for magnetic separators with a ferromagnetic ball nozzle.
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Овчаренко, А. Г., and М. С. Василишин. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAGNETIC SEPARATORS WITH FERROMAGNETIC BALL NOZZLE." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 4(38) (August 31, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.38.4.006.
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Магнитные сепараторы с применением ферромагнитной насадки, имеющими высокие градиенты магнитного поля в рабочем пространстве, находят применение для очистки пылегазовых потоков и суспензий от магнитных примесей и являются достаточно экономичными в промышленных условиях. Исследованы полупромышленные сепараторы периодического и непрерывного действия с щаровой ферромагнитной насадкой для очистки антифрикционной присадки «Деста» от магнитных примесей. Для исключения потерь времени на промывку насадки, обеспечения постоянной производительности по суспензии и качества очистки суспензий авторами разработана конструкция и предложен метод расчета основных параметров сепаратора непрерывного действия. Проведены экспериментальные исследования работы сепараторов периодического и непрерывного действия одинаковых габаритов рабочего пространства и производительностей по очищаемой суспензии, которые показали неоспоримые преимущества сепаратора непрерывного действия. Magnetic separators with the use of a ferromagnetic nozzle, having high gradients of the magnetic field in the working space, are used for cleaning dust and gas flows and suspensions from magnetic impurities and are quite economical in industrial conditions. Semi-industrial separators of periodic and continuous action with ferromagnetic ball nozzle for cleaning the antifriction additive "Desta" from magnetic impurities are studied. To eliminate the loss of time for flushing the ferromagnetic ball nozzle, to ensure constant suspension performance and the quality of cleaning suspensions, the authors have developed a design and proposed a method for calculating the main parameters of a continuous separator. Experimental studies of the operation of separators of periodic and continuous action of the same dimensions of the working space and the performance of the cleaned suspension were carried out, which showed the undeniable advantages of a continuous separator.
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Meeks, Crawford R., and Karen O. Ng. "The Dynamics of Ball Separators in Ball Bearings—Part I: Analysis." A S L E Transactions 28, no. 3 (1985): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698198508981622.
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Meeks, Crawford R. "The Dynamics of Ball Separators in Ball Bearings—Part II: Results of Optimization Study." A S L E Transactions 28, no. 3 (1985): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05698198508981623.
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Bardenhagen, Ingo, Michael Gockeln, and Julian Schwenzel. "Fabrication of Thin Li6PS5Cl Separators for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 8 (2024): 1089. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-0281089mtgabs.
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Thin sulfide separators for all-solid-state batteries are crucial to obtain low internal battery-cell resistances, i.e. good battery-cell performances, and high energy densities [1]. A two-dimensional sulfide separator sheet consists commonly of sulfide powder and a polymeric binder. The components are dispersed in a solvent and casted to a given sacrificial substrate. Current challenges for thin separator fabrication include either (1) high costs for commercial sulfide material with very fine particle sizes (<5 µm) or (2) very large particle size distributions (<1 to >100 µm) for “lower-cost” commercial sulfide powders. Since the separator thickness is limited to the diameters of the largest particles, sulfide particles are preferred to be smaller than ~5 µm at an affordable price. In this work, we have produced thin two-dimensional sulfide separator sheets with thicknesses of 20 µm from commercial “lower-cost” Li6PS5Cl material. The powder was wet-ball-milled and dried before it was subjected to paste fabrication and separator casting. Using x-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was proven that crystal structure and Li-ion conductivities of Li6PS5Cl were unhampered from the mechanical treatment. Secondary electron images of the separator cross-sections revealed ultra-fine particles and the strikingly low separator thickness of 20 µm. An example for such a separator is visible in the attached figure: (a) Photograf of the casted layer on PET foil, (b) SEM top view, (c), cross-section (d) and magnified cross-section of a compressed separator. In the next step, the separator was connected with the (composite) electrodes. Here, we investigated two different approaches to achieve a good mechanical contact and therefore a good electrochemical performance. On the one hand we transferred the separators onto the electrodes by uniaxially or isostatically pressuring. On the other hand we investigated a direct coating of the separator slurry onto metal or composite electrodes. [1] Randau, S., Weber, D.A., Kötz, O. et al. Benchmarking the performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries. Nat Energy 5, 259–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0565-1 Figure 1
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Kharchenko, Serhii, Oleksandra Bilovod, Farida Kharchenk, Ihor Kotliarevskyi, and Volodymyr Yarovyi. "Causes of Blocking the Holes of Perforated Screening Surfaces of vibraTing Separators." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 54 (2024): 126–35. https://doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2024.54.126-135.
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Separation of loose materials is a popular technological process used in various industries to divide components by size. The use of vibrated perforated sifting surfaces on the basis of separating machines is realized with vibration and, despite significant efficiency, there is unrealized potential. The presence of a number of sub-processes makes it difficult to optimize them and requires consideration of each: loading, segregation, screening, mechanical oscillations of the surface, cleaning of holes, etc. The efficiency of separation equipment directly depends on the timely and maximum unblocking of the holes on the screening surfaces. One of the most common hole cleaning systems is ball cleaners together with a bumper or reflective grating. The main objective of the research was to experimentally analyze the potential of this cleaning system. In particular, the search for rational parameters of the cleaning system, which will maximize the efficiency of unblocking the holes under the condition of a significant number of variable factors. Based on the identified shortcomings, it was possible to identify the following factors that are significant: parameters and properties of ball cleaner materials; structural and kinematic parameters of the sieving surface; parameters of the reflecting device; environmental temperature; parameters and properties of the loose material component. Based on the results of the analysis, the criteria for the effectiveness of the hole cleaning system were determined: the effectiveness of unblocking the holes or the productivity/quality of sifting components.
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Sandulyak, Alexander, Anna Sandulyak, Vera Ershova, and Petr Shkatov. "The Regular Pattern of Demagnetizing Factor Behaviour of Various ‘Cores’ of Granule-Ball Chains." Advanced Materials Research 1083 (January 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1083.75.
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We analyze previously not studied issue on the value, nature and manifestation f a demagnetizing factor of effective channels-magnets formed in magnetized granular media by the chains of contacting granules. We provide the factor values for conditionally defined quasi-solid cores of the channels varying in length and diameter, as well as a corresponding consolidating expression which turned out to be exponential with such an argument as the radical of the core relative size. We emphasize full agreement of this expression with the one for a granular medium, i.e. the medium consisting, basically, of the effective channels bundle according to the developed theory of channel-by-channel (selective) magnetization of granular ferro-magnetic media used, e.g. as operating elements in versatile magnetic separators.
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Mohammed, Habeeb, Md Farouq Mia, Jasmine Wiggins, and Salil Desai. "Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Systems—A Review." Molecules 30, no. 4 (2025): 883. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040883.
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The ever-increasing global energy demand necessitates the development of efficient, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems. Nanotechnology, through the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, offers significant potential for enhancing the performance of energy storage devices due to unique properties such as increased surface area and improved conductivity. This review paper investigates the crucial role of nanotechnology in advancing energy storage technologies, with a specific focus on capacitors and batteries, including lithium-ion, sodium–sulfur, and redox flow. We explore the diverse applications of nanomaterials in batteries, encompassing electrode materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, metal oxides), electrolytes, and separators. To address challenges like interfacial side reactions, advanced nanostructured materials are being developed. We also delve into various manufacturing methods for nanomaterials, including top–down (e.g., ball milling), bottom–up (e.g., chemical vapor deposition), and hybrid approaches, highlighting their scalability considerations. While challenges such as cost-effectiveness and environmental concerns persist, the outlook for nanotechnology in energy storage remains promising, with emerging trends including solid-state batteries and the integration of nanomaterials with artificial intelligence for optimized energy storage.
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Nataliia, Peretiaka, Boryak Konstantin, and Vatrenko Oleksandr. "IMPROVING THE THERMAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF ROLLING BEARINGS BASED ON THE HEATING RATE CRITERION." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 1 (107) (2020): 118–26. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.212540.
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An improved method of passive thermal control has been proposed in order to operatively assess the technical condition of rolling bearings, based on studying the heating rate of a bearing. The values of the heating rate of ball, roller, and conical rolling bearings, as well as ball separators, have been determined empirically. It has been shown that the discrete limit heating rate values derived under the regular heating mode of mechanical reducers during stand tests are suitable for use as a diagnostic criterion for rolling bearings. Based on the heating speed criterion for mechanical reducers, it is possible to perform an operative assessment of the technical condition of rolling bearings of different types during the operation of equipment for different purposes. It has been established that for a rolling bearing in a working technical condition the heating rate under a regular heating mode does not exceed 1 °C/min. The resulting value corresponds to the diagnostic criterion for the heating rate of mechanical reducers in a working technical condition of ϑ<sub>н</sub>≤1.1 °C/min. Using a diagnostic parameter of the heating rate under a regular heating mode makes it possible to resolve the issue related to the duration of control over the technical condition of a rolling bearing using a thermal method. Reducing the control procedure duration, when using the improved thermal non-destructive testing, by 4 times, would yield a reduction in operating costs due to the possibility of ongoing control over rolling bearings at the beginning of the equipment operation. It has also been confirmed that the heating rate of rolling bearings under a regular heating mode directly depends on their technical condition and does not depend on the load transferred and the mode of operation of the bearing nodes of the technological equipment. The proposed method could be applied in the maintenance system based on the actual condition of the equipment for the operative control over rolling bearings
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Abdulin, R. R., V. V. Bolshakov, A. S. Zudilin, et al. "On Developing an Electromechanical Drive Equipped with a Ball Screw Protected from Jamming." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 6 (135) (December 2020): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2020-6-66-82.
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At present, one of the most pressing issues is the problem of improving electromechanical drive reliability, specifically, eliminating the possibility of jamming in the ball screw. The paper proposes an engineering solution designed to replace expensive imported ball screws. We analysed alternative designs intended to improve electromechanical drive reliability. We proposed and patented a ball screw design featuring a separator, in which the nut acts as a piston. The structure consists of a smooth cylindrical body and a slotted separator, its slots positioned along a helical line with a step equal to the thread lead. The body and the separator are coaxial and rigidly fixed together at the separator end faces so that the rolling elements remain in contact with the screw thread surfaces, the internal smooth cylindrical surface of the nut body and the surfaces of the separator slots. The ball screw design proposed, which features a nut with no internal threading, significantly simplifies the structure and its manufacturing technology. We built a model of an electromechanical drive equipped with a recirculating ball screw in order to determine static and dynamic properties of an electromechanical drive containing a ball screw featuring a separator. We compared the strength of the ball screw designs considered. As the ball screw featuring a separator is simpler and more reliable, the results of our analysis and the properties of an electromechanical drive equipped with the design proposed show that it is a promising solution to the import substitution problem concerning recirculating ball screws
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Bogdevičius, Marijonas, and Viktor Skrickij. "Investigation of Dynamic Processes in Ball Bearings with Defects." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.651.
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The paper considers the dynamics of ball bearings with defects. A mathematical model of a ball bearing with defects is offered. The performed theoretical and experimental investigations of ball bearings with defects are described. Five cases of various defects are investigated, including the defective outer race, the defective inner race, the defective rolling element, the defective inner and outer races, the rolling element and a separator, the worn-out ball bearing.
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Слободян, S. Slobodyan, Деева, et al. "OPTIMUM OF SPHERE – DIVIDER OF VISCOUS FLOW." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 3, no. 1 (2016): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18577.
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The application of a separator, which prevents coagulation and aggregation of the viscous fractions of oil with the transport on the conduit, is immediate. Is obtained formula for the optimum diameter of the ball separator of viscous flow in the conduit. The principle of stability with respect to Lyapunov is used.
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Udding, Udding, Rifki Ardian Firdaus, Muhammad Arham, Muh Annur Jimran, and M. Gimnastiar. "Analisis Sistem Production Separator dengan Metode RAM (Reliability, Availability and Maintainability)." Dewantara Journal of Technology 2, no. 2 (2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59563/djtech.v2i2.131.
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Penelitian ini berisi tentang analisis RAM (Reliability, Availability and Maintainability) sistem production separator, yang umumnya terdapat di instalasi produksi minyak dan gas. Data yang digunakan untuk analisis diperoleh dari buku OREDA (Offshore Reliability Data) dan literatur tentang reliability, selama 1 tahun operasi. Analisis RAM dilakukan terhadap komponen-komponen (sub-sistem) yang terdapat pada sistem production separator, seperti: Separator (10-50) m3, ball valve, globe valve, PSV, check valve dan pneumatick valve. Analisis RAM dimulai dengan menerapkan RBD (Reliability Block Diagram) dari sistem production separator. Berdasarkan RBD, nilai RAM dari sistem akan diperkiran. Untuk kasus production separator yang di pakai dalam kasus ini, hasil analisis menunjukan nilai RAM sistem sebagai berikut : reliability, 99.93%; availability, 99.99%; dan maintainability, 100%.
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Sladkova, Lyubov', Valery Fokin, and Nikolay Voronin. "ONE OF THE REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF SLEWING DEVICES OF SELF-PROPELLED JIB CRANES MANUFACTURED BY LIEBHERR." Transport engineering 2024, no. 12 (2024): 61–69. https://doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2024-12-61-69.
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For import substitution, it is necessary to maintain the operability of available equipment that has suffered failures, especially since the sanctions imposed by unfriendly countries do not allow receiving spare parts and components from manufacturing companies. In particular, failures of slewing devices of self-propelled jib cranes with a lifting capacity of over 50 tons, the service life of which, by definition, should be equal to the service life of the machine as a whole. However, as it is shown from experience, a catastrophic failure of slewing devices occurs after 3 ... 5 years of operation. At the same time, it is obvious that any, even minor, failure of this crane structural element, as well as any other type of equipment, leads to repair work comparable to overhaul in terms of labor intensity. The determination of the causes of slewing device failure depends on changes in the stress-strain state of its elements (ball and roller supports), the loads on which are transmitted from the drive system, one of the main elements is a gear train, which type depends on the model of the crane manufactured (cylindrical or conical). Uneven wear of the teeth of the wheel and gear along the width of the tooth leads to a change in the kinematics of the wheel movement and uneven load on the elements of the pivoting device. Uneven height wear of the wheel is found out, and its upper part wears out to a greater extent than the lower one, which leads to slippage between the gear teeth in the upper part to a greater extent than in the lower one. The wear of the gear teeth and the rotary wheel leads to uneven and increased wear of the cassettes and separators of the slewing device and, accordingly, to the loss of rolling elements. The found unevenness of wheel wear in its various segments enables to make proposals for improving the wheel design. The essence of the improvement is in the manufacture of not a single wheel, but one consisting of four interchangeable parts with the ability to rearrange them as they wear out during operation. This will increase the service life of the slewing devices by 3-4 times and bring it up to the specified rated characteristics of the machine.
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Su, Erjie, Yongzhi Tian, Erjun Liang, Jiayu Wang, and Yibo Zhang. "A Multiscale Instance Segmentation Method Based on Cleaning Rubber Ball Images." Sensors 23, no. 9 (2023): 4261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094261.
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The identification of wear rubber balls in the rubber ball cleaning system in heat exchange equipment directly affects the descaling efficiency. For the problem that the rubber ball image contains impurities and bubbles and the segmentation is low in real time, a multi-scale feature fusion real-time instance segmentation model based on the attention mechanism is proposed for the object segmentation of the rubber ball images. First, we introduce the Pyramid Vision Transformer instead of the convolution module in the backbone network and use the spatial-reduction attention layer of the transformer to improve the feature extraction ability across scales and spatial reduction to reduce computational cost; Second, we improve the feature fusion module to fuse image features across scales, combined with an attention mechanism to enhance the output feature representation; Third, the prediction head separates the mask branches separately. Combined with dynamic convolution, it improves the accuracy of the mask coefficients and increases the number of upsampling layers. It also connects the penultimate layer with the second layer feature map to achieve detection of smaller images with larger feature maps to improve the accuracy. Through the validation of the produced rubber ball dataset, the Dice score, Jaccard coefficient, and mAP of the actual segmented region of this network with the rubber ball dataset are improved by 4.5%, 4.7%, and 7.73%, respectively, and our model achieves 33.6 fps segmentation speed and 79.3% segmentation accuracy. Meanwhile, the average precision of Box and Mask can also meet the requirements under different IOU thresholds. We compared the DeepMask, Mask R-CNN, BlendMask, SOLOv1 and SOLOv2 instance segmentation networks with this model in terms of training accuracy and segmentation speed and obtained good results. The proposed modules can work together to better handle object details and achieve better segmentation performance.
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Leveille, Alan, Peter Frantz, and Garry Rosene. "A Model to Estimate Separator Forces during Ball Speed Variations." Journal of ASTM International 9, no. 4 (2012): 104209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai104209.
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Abdulin, R. R., V. V. Bolshakov, V. A. Podshibnev, and S. L. Samsonovich. "Steering actuator based on a ball screw with a separator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 862 (May 28, 2020): 032082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/862/3/032082.
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Ni, Ni San Hlaing, Man Oo Hay, and Thin Oo Thin. "Colour Detector and Separator Based on Microcontroller." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 5 (2019): 1103–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3590538.
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Sorting of objects is one of the most important tasks in the industries. Sorting machines can be made by using the sensor, camera, microcontroller and image processing system, etc., based on colour, size and shape of the objects. Among these systems, colour sorting machines are widely used in most industries to sort various coloured objects. This thesis describes the design and implementation of colour detection and sorting machine by using Arduino, colour sensor and two servo motors. In this system, a top servo motor is used for placing the object to the colour sensor which detects the RGB values of the object and then sends the information to Arduino. Then bottom servo motor will move according to the angle of respective degree which is command in the code depending on the RGB values of the object and then the object which is over the slider drops into the container. Servo motor is used to substitute the human operator and Arduino is used to controlling the overall process. Ni Ni San Hlaing | Hay Man Oo | Thin Thin Oo "Colour Detector and Separator Based on Microcontroller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26633.pdf
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Pu, Liang, Shengqi Zhang, Yiguang Pan, Jinglong Sun, and Qiang Li. "Visualization study of two-phase flow and noise control in a multiple temperature refrigerator during the defrost cycle." Noise Control Engineering Journal 70, no. 2 (2022): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/377014.
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To reduce the noise caused by the flow of refrigerant during the defrost cycle and preserve the ambient sound level, this study concentrated on exploring the mechanism of noise generation in the gas–liquid separator based on visualization experiments. A transparent gas–liquid separator made of quartz glass, which was instead of the original one, was fabricated to observe the flow pattern of refrigerant in the gas–liquid separator, and the relationship between flow pattern and noise generation was investigated. The results showed that the noise is mainly generated during the defrost cycle. The sound power level has a drastic fluctuation when the liquid level of refrigerant in the gas–liquid separator is higher than the outlet of the evaporation tube during the defrost cycle. The reduction in noise is achieved by the redesigns that prevent the liquid level of refrigerant in the gas–liquid separator being higher than the outlet of the evaporation tube during the defrost cycle. Then, the noise level of original design and two redesigns was measured in a high precision semi-anechoicroom, respectively. The noise level of the refrigerator reduces from 30.2 dB(A) to 26.1 dB(A) and 24.4 dB(A) by increasing the volume of the gas–liquid separator for 87.1% and installing a ball valve respectively.
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Salomo, Salomo, Erwin Erwin, Usman Malik, and Sandra Utama Putra. "SIFAT MAGNETIK DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL MAGNETIK SERTA KOMPOSISI MATERIAL PASIR BESI PANTAI KATA PARIAMAN SUMATERA BARAT DI SINTESA DENGAN IRON SAND SEPARATOR DAN BALL MILLING." JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 3, no. 2 (2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jop.v3i2.5730.
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Research on influence of Ball Milling time on magnetic properties composition and particle size of iron sand has been studied by Iron Sand Separator. The sampel was collected Kata beach Pariaman West Sumatera. Magnetic properties was studied using a solenoid wound with 2000 turns, length of 10 cm, and diameter 3 cm. Composition of the sample was studied by X-Ray Fluorescence, while particle size of the sample was studied by Particle Size Analyzer. The results showed that the size particle is 99,14 μm, 96,59 μm, and 93,34μm after processing by Ball Milling of 3, 5, and 7 hours respectively. The composition of the sample after being processed by Ball Milling of 7 hours is 12,2% and 47,387% respectively. More over, mass suseptibility of the sample increased after being processed by Ball Milling from 873,62 x 10-8 m3/Kg to 14.576,52 x 10-8 m3/Kg. These values are interval of ilmenite mineral (46 x 10-8 – 80.000 x 10-8) m3/Kg.
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Abdulin, R. R., V. V. Bolshakov, V. A. Podshibnev, and S. L. Samsonovich. "Analysis of load distribution unevenness in ball screw with a separator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 862 (May 28, 2020): 032087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/862/3/032087.
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Royka, Azura, and Erwin Amiruddin. "PENENTUAN NILAI SUSEPTIBILITAS DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL MAGNETIK PASIR ALAM LOGAS KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI UKURAN BALL MILLING." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 18, no. 1 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.18.1.42-47.
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Magnetic properties and morphology of natural sand has been carried out in Logas Village, Kuantan Singingi Regency have been determined. Iron sand samples were processed using iron sand separator (ISS) prior to ball milling for separating between magnetic and non magnetic particles. The product of ISS was milled for 90 hours using ball milling first step method with milling ball size of 1.5 cm. Themagnetic and non-magnetic particles of ball milling products were separated using Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnet. The product of ball milling first step then was milled for another 30 hours with milling ball size of 0.5 cm and 0.7 cm. The susceptibility and mass susceptibility were determined based on magnetic induction of a selenoid measured using Probe Magnetic Pasco PS-2162. The composition of Logas natural sand was measured using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The morphology of the magnetic particles are determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the particle size of natural sand for 90 hours + 30 hours milling displays the particle sizes from 100 µm to 800 µm. As for the particle size of the samples synthesized with 90 hours + 30 hours for 0.7 cm milling ball size, the particles are almost evenly distributed, which is about 5 µm to 100 µm. The content of Fe and Ti in the sample has increased while for Si has decreased. Mass susceptibility increases with increasing ball milling time and ball milling size.
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Wulandhari, Ayu, and Erwin Erwin. "PENENTUAN SIFAT MAGNETIK DAN MORFOLOGI PARTIKEL MAGNETIK PASIR BESI PANTAI ARTA PARIAMAN SUMATERA BARAT." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 17, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.17.1.14-18.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang sifat magnetik dan ukuran partikel dari pasir besi pantai Arta Pariaman Sumatera Barat menggunakan metode Ball Milling. Sampel pasir besi dipisahkan menggunakan Iron Sand Separator (ISS) sebelum dilakukannya proses penghancuran menggunakan Ball Milling dengan variasi waktu 30 jam, 60 jam, dan 90 jam, kemudian dilakukan Ball Milling lanjutan selama 30 jam pada sampel hasil Ball Milling 90 jam dengan ukuran bola yang diperkecil sebesar 0,6 cm. Untuk pemisahan antara partikel magnetik dan non-magnetik pada hasil Ball Milling menggunakan magnet batang Niodinium Iron Boron (NdFeB). Sifat magnetik seperti suseptibilitas magnetik dan suseptibilitas massa dapat diketahui dengan menggunakan sensor Pasco Magnetic Probe PS-2162 dengan kumparan solenoid 2000 lilitan, panjang 10 cm, dan diameter 3 cm, sedangkan komposisi dari pasir besi menggunakan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Ukuran dan bentuk partikel magnetik ditentukan dengan Scanning Electtron Microscope (SEM). Dari penelitian ini hasil ukuran partikel yang didapat sebesar 935 nm untuk waktu Ball Milling 90 jam dan ukuran dalam rentang sebesar 519 nm untuk waktu Ball Milling 120 jam/90 jam + 30 jam, Bentuk partikel pasir besi hampir bulat untuk masing-masing waktu Ball Milling. Kandungan pasir besi sebelum dan sesudah di Ball Milling selama 120 jam yaitu 6,118% dan 67,746%. Suseptibilitas massa meningkat dari 27955,7 X 10-8 m3/kg menjadi 31478,5 X 10-8 m3/kg . Nilai ini berada dalam interval mineral Ilminite (46-80000) X 10-8 m3/kg .
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Volodymyr, Yatsun. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RESONANCE VIBRATIONS OF THE VIBRATORY MACHINE EXCITED BY A BALL AUTO-BALANCER." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 1 (104) (2020): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.201105.
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A prototype of the universal resonance vibratory machine of wide use has been designed. The base of the vibratory machine is a vibratory table. Elastic supports make it possible for the platform of a vibratory machine, which has three degrees of freedom, to execute three main vibrational motions corresponding to three resonant frequencies. The vibration exciter is shaped in the form of a ball auto-balancer. It is assumed that the balls in the auto-balancer would get stuck at the first resonance shaft rotation velocity. The first form of resonance oscillations would be induced in this case. The vibratory table can be used on its own. In addition, the platform can host attachments with sieves for sifting or separating a loose material, a tumbling container, molds for bricks, slabs, etc. The experimental study has established that the proper choice of the number of plates in the supports, the number and mass of the balls could ensure almost matching dynamic characteristics of the vibratory machine in the configurations including a vibratory table and vibratory separator. At the same time, when the shaft rotates at speeds exceeding the first resonance frequency, the platform executes (almost undisturbed) vertical progressive oscillations. As the shaft’s rotation speed increases, the platform’s oscillation amplitude increases while the frequency practically does not change. If the shaft rotation speed exceeds the first resonance frequency by 15–20 %, the accelerations of the platform become sufficient to form a boiling layer at the surface of the platform. As the shaft’s rotation speed increases, the growth of the amplitude of oscillations slows down, which is due to both the sliding of the balls along the track and the non-linearity of the supports at large deformations. The current study has confirmed the efficiency and versatility of the designed vibratory machine, thereby providing the basis for its further improvement
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Abdulin, Rashid, Vladimir Podshibnev, and Semen Samsonovich. "Determining load distribution unevenness ratio in ball-and-screw transmission with separator." Vestnik Moskovskogo aviatsionnogo instituta 27, no. 3 (2020): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34759/vst-2020-3-229-239.
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Sultanovich, E. A., and V. I. Karmazin. "Kaolin Beneficiation in a High–Gradient Magnetic Separator With a Ball Matrix." Magnetic and Electrical Separation 5, no. 1 (1993): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/36465.
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Permana, Rizky, Iwan Harjono Utama, and Nyoman Sulabda. "Kadar Globulin Serum Sapi Bali (Bos sondaicus) Pascatransportasi ke Rumah Potong Hewan, Pesanggaran, Denpasar, Bali." Indonesia Medicus Veterinus 10, no. 6 (2021): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/imv.2021.10.6.887.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak transportasi terhadap perubahan kadar globulin serum darah sapi bali pascatransportasi dari Pasar Hewan Beringkit menuju Rumah Potong Hewan Pesanggaran, Denpasar dengan jarak tempuh 21 km. Transportasi dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya stres dan dehidrasi. Untuk mendiagnosis terjadinya stres dapat dilakukan dengan uji biokimia. Uji biokimia yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan mengukur kadar globulin serum dalam darah. Objek yang digunakan adalah sapi bali jantan yang belum diistirahatkan setelah transportasi sebanyak 20 ekor di Rumah Pemotongan Hewan Pesanggaran Denpasar. Darah di ambil melalui vena auricularis dan dimasukan ke tabung vacutainer yang berisi gel separator. Sampel darah dibawa ke Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Provinsi Bali untuk segera dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar globulin serum menggunakan mesin Photometer 5010V5+. Kadar globulin serum dari sampel yang telah diperiksa memiliki kadar terendah 1,6 g/dL dan tertinggi 5,1 g/dL dengan rata-rata 2,8 g/dL. Dari hasil penelitian kadar globulin serum sapi bali pascatransportasi terhitung lebih rendah dari kadar normal sapi ras lain.
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Newaz, Golam, Sanket Mundhe, Leela Arava, Min Zhu, Omar Faruque, and Saeed Barbat. "Direct Assessment of Separator Strain in Li-Ion Batteries at the Onset of Mechanically Induced Short Circuit." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030669.
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In the literature, mechanical deformation of Li-ion batteries (LIB) is characterized in terms of global or volumetric strain of the entire cell to develop load vs. strain plots. In characterizing the mechano-electrical–thermal–chemical interaction of the battery in relation to internal short circuit (ISC) due to mechanical load, these estimated strains are “indirect strains” at best. Direct evaluation of “internal local strains” between the layers, particularly, in the first separator layer should be a critical material parameter as it relates to separator rupture and should be the key link in ISC in LIBs. We make an effort to assess “internal local strains” which is not reported elsewhere, first by using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) approach to use plastic deformation of aluminum casing to “freeze” deformation states of the LIBs followed by microscopy to image undeformed and deformed cells. An image analysis procedure is developed to estimate transverse compression strains in the cells, e.g., in Cu anode, Al cathode, and the polymeric separator. The local strain experienced by the polymeric separator nearest to ball indentation is found to be close to 65–70% and this strain level is much higher than 40–50% maximum average strains estimated for the same sample.
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SRINIVASAN, VIJAY, and LEE R. NACKMAN. "Maximal Balls of Linearly Separable Sets." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 04, no. 01 (1994): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195994000033.
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Maximal balls (and the associated maximal spheres) between sets arise naturally in several areas of computational geometry such as the Voronoi diagram and the symmetric axis transform. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of maximal spheres to pass through specified points in a linear separator between sets in Ed. These results are applicable in certain problems of simplicial decomposition of domains.
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Ahmad, Fazeel, Junaid Ahmad Qayyum, Usman Asghar, Asad Ali, and Ayesha Masoom. "Effects of Mill Speed and Air Classifier Speed on Performance of an Industrial Ball Mill." Ceramics in Modern Technologies 3, no. 1 (2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29272/cmt.2021.0003.
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Nowadays, ball mills are widely used in cement plants to grind clinker and gypsum to produce cement. The research focuses on the mill speed as well as air classifier speed effect on the two compartment Cement ball mill performance in terms of Blaine, Sulphur trioxide contents, mill power, mill residue and mill residence time. Special importance was assigned to the study of the specific surface area and the surface area production rate, both during the variation with the mill speed and the air classifier speed. Within the content of this work, sampling campaigns were organized around a cement grinding circuit and varying cement ball mill speed as well as an air classifier speed at various dosage feed rate. The fact that such an examination has not been made previously by using industrial data rather than lab scale makes this work unique. The fineness is measured in terms of Blaine number. Mill speed and air classifier speed were the investigating parameters. It was deduced that depending on the speed of mill and air classifier, their effects on Blaine, SO3, mill power and mill performance were varied, ultimately all of them improved the performance of grinding and classification operations. The rapid expansion of ceramic wastes in China has raised great many interests in their sustainable uses in building materials The micro ceramic powder can be taken as a supplementary cementitious material to replace cement up to 40% for tuning the microstructure and mechanical properties of blend cement materials. The Blaine quality dictates strength, setting time and overall performance of cement. Optimum performance of ball mill could potentially refine Blaine fineness, thereby improving the cement quality. This study investigates the effects of separator speed and mill speed on Blaine fineness, mill residue, consumed power. Five speed levels used in closed cycle grinding mill are 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 rpm. The capacities were determined to obtain product Blaine surface areas in the limits between 2000 cm2 / gram and Variations in clinker feed rate, mill speed and separator speed could proportionally impact the grain quality of Blaine. When the separator speed is increased from 850 to 900 rpm the Blaine is increased from 2800 to 3000 cm2/g and mill residue decrease from 15 to 10 microns. Therefore, optimum parametric combination could reduce power consumption while improving the cement quality. Knowledge of effects of parametric variations on the quality of end product could be helpful for controlling product quality. Furthermore, proper grinding of clinker produces fine Blaine at first place and reduces the need for recycling of coarse grains.
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Lengerov, Angel, Nadya Arabadzieva, and Silvia Salapateva. "DETERMINATION OF AXIAL FORCES OF TOOL ELEMENTS FOR PLASTICALLY STRENGTHENING HOLE MACHINING." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGY. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 4 (June 8, 2025): 181–84. https://doi.org/10.17770/etr2025vol4.8455.
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When machining holes by burnishing, there is a direct relationship between the main parameter - the applied force and the geometric elements of the deforming rollers. This relationship can be determined by considering the force balance of the tool during operation. It is determined by the accuracy of the workpiece positioning and tool adjustment, and is expressed in the unevenness of the allowance, both in the transverse and in the proper section of the workpiece. The nature of the errors obtained and their magnitude depend, in addition to the accuracy of the relative position of the workpiece and the tool, on the scheme and operating mode. In order to simplify the analysis, it is necessary to neglect the friction forces during rolling and the magnitude of the elastic recovery of the material after burnishing. The tightness of the deforming elements is formed depending on the prescribed roughness of the surfaces, the type of material being processed and the type of tool. The rate of deformation of the machined holes is limited by the power of the machine and the design features of the deforming separator tool. This publication provides analytical dependencies for determining axial components of the deforming force using roller-ball separator tools for machining holes. Dependencies are derived for determining the optimal number of deforming elements ensuring a given accuracy of machined surfaces.The obtained analytical dependencies allow, under given production conditions, to ensure the necessary quality indicators of processing by changing the number of deforming elements and their radius in the tool design. From the condition for dynamic equilibrium of the support cone, the relationship between the cutting force and the deformation force can be revealed. This is a prerequisite for determining the transmission coefficients of the power chain for the two types of deforming elements - balls and rollers.
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Liu, Cheng Gong, Zhi Gang Yuan, and Shu Hong Ba. "Preparation of Composite Particles Containing Nano-CuO and Micron Flake Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.522.
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Nano-CuO particles are prepared by using Cu(NO3)2 and NH4HCO3 as the starting materials and pure water as the solvent. And use high-energy ball milling method to make nano-CuO particles embeded in the crystalloid surface of graphite to form composite particles. The products of nano-CuO and composite particles are characterized by using techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and separator-size analyzer. The results show that the average size of CuO particles is 11.2nm, the Median diameter of composite particles is 8.43μm. After the graphite is rapidly ball milled and loaded nano-CuO particles. The lamellar and pore structure of graphite are well maintained, And nano-CuO particles are loaded on the top of the hole and the hole wall.
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Hwang, Sung Ik, Kwang Soo Yoo, Seon Hye Kim, Chang Sam Kim, and Shin Woo Kim. "Synthesis and Sintering of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 for the Separator of SOFC." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1069.
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The ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method and proper heat treatments were applied in order to synthesize La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 (LSC) which is one of promising materials for separator in soild oxide fuel cell in this study. LSC powders that were sprayed at 800oC, heat-treated at 900oC for 5 hrs, ball-milled and finally heat-treated again at 1200oC for 20 hrs showed the average diameter of 0.3 *m and narrow size distribution to find particles above 0.5 *m hardly. In addition, the synthesizing temperature of LSC powders in ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method was 100 lower than conventional ball milling and drying method. Therefore the proper combination of heat treatment and milling process after spray pyrolysis was found to be very critical in synthesizing fine and uniform LSC powders. Finally, the sintering properties of these LSC powders were analyzed and compared with those of conventional ones.
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Herdhiansyah, Dhian, and Asriani Asriani. "KAJIAN PROSES PENGOLAHAN COKELAT BATANGAN (CHOCOLATE BAR) DI PT XYZ DI KOTA KENDARI - SULAWESI TENGGARA." Agritech: Jurnal Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto 24, no. 1 (2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/agritech.v24i1.9736.
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This study aims to determine the processing process of chocolate bars in PT XYZ Kendari City - Southeast Sulawesi. The data was collected using observation, interviews, and documentation and then analyzed using qualitative and descriptive approaches. The results showed that the chocolate processing process at PT XYZ Kendari City begins with the post-harvest stage then the next stage is the processing of cocoa paste and chocolate bars and then the cocoa processing process, namely filtering cocoa beans, peeling the cocoa shells using the NSS (Nib Shell Separator), grinding nib into a coarse paste using a stone mill, grinding coarse paste into a fine paste using a ball mill 30, then mixing the chocolate dough in a mixer, mashed chocolate dough using a mini ball mill, molding chocolate using a tempering machine, freezing chocolate into the freezer, and chocolate bar packaging.
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Ichsan, Tahayati, Salomo Salomo, Erwin Erwin, and Usman Malik. "PREPARASI PARTIKEL MAGNETIK DARI PASIR BESI PANTAI BATANG KAPAS SUMATERA BARAT MENGGUNAKAN METODE BALL MILLING." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 15, no. 2 (2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.15.2.120-125.
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Preparation of micro magnetic particle and its magnetic propertis from iron sand beach of Batang Kapas west Sumatera using Ball Milling method has been done. Prior to the Ball Milling process, the samples were processed by iron sand separator (ISS) in order to separate between magnetic particles and non magnetic one. Next, the concentrates from ISS were crushed by Ball Milling method as a function of time namely 20, 40, and 60 hours. For separation between magnetic particles and non magnetic one, then NdFeB magnet was utilized. The results showed that the magnetic degree of the sample is about 0,5%. Measurements of magnetic induction solenoids were carried out using a Magnetic Probe Pasco PS -2162 as a function of current (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) A and a functions of distance (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) mm. Then the total magnetic induction of the solenoid (solenoid with sample core and concentrate) was measured as a function of an electric current for a fixed distance of 1 mm. The calculation results showed that magnetic susceptibility and mass susceptibility increase with Ball Milling time from (3376,400-7765,130). This value is within the interval of 46-80000 which is the interval of Ilmenite mineral (FeTiO3; Antiferromagnetik). The increase in magnetic susceptibility and mass susceptibility of samples processed by Ball Milling is thought to be due to the increasing number of magnetic particles in the sample.
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Deshpande, Rahul, Ravi Shakya, and Sanjay Mittal. "The role of the seam in the swing of a cricket ball." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 851 (July 19, 2018): 50–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.474.
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The role of the seam in the ‘swing’ of a cricket ball is investigated via unsteady force and surface-pressure measurements and oil-flow visualization in a low-turbulence wind tunnel. Various seam angles of the ball and flow speeds are considered. Static tests are carried out on a new ‘SG Test’ cricket ball as well as its idealized models: a smooth sphere with one and five trips. To study the effect of surface roughness of the ball as the game progresses, force measurements are also carried out on a cricket ball that is manually roughened, on one-half and completely, to model a ball that has been in play for approximately 40 overs (240 deliveries/balls). The Reynolds number ($Re$) is based on the free-stream speed and diameter of the respective model. A new cricket ball experiences three flow states with increase in $Re$: no swing (NS), conventional swing (CS) and reverse swing (RS). At relatively low $Re$, in the NS regime, the seam does not have any significant effect on the flow. The separation of the laminar boundary layer, with no subsequent reattachment, is almost axisymmetric with respect to the free-stream flow. Therefore, the ball does not experience any significant lateral force. Beyond a certain $Re$, the boundary layer on the seam side of the ball undergoes transition. The boundary layer on the non-seam side, however, continues to undergo a laminar separation with no reattachment, thereby creating a lateral force in the direction of the seam, leading to CS. The onset of the CS regime is marked by intermittent formation of a laminar separation bubble (LSB) on the surface of the ball in the region between the laminar separation of the boundary layer and its reattachment at a downstream location. Owing to the varying azimuthal location of the seam, with respect to the front stagnation point on the ball, the transition via LSB formation is localized to a specific region over the seam side. In other regions, the boundary layer either transitions directly without the formation of an LSB, or separates on encountering the seam with no further reattachment. The spatial extent of the region where the flow directly transitions to a turbulent state increases with increase in $Re$, while that of the LSB decreases. Interestingly, the flow dynamics is such that the magnitude of the swing force coefficient stays relatively constant with increase in $Re$. With further increase in $Re$, the boundary layer on the non-seam side undergoes a transition via formation of an LSB. This, along with an upstream shift of the separation point on the seam side, leads to a switch in the direction of the lateral force. It now acts away from the seam, and leads to RS. The transition from CS to RS occurs over a very narrow range of $Re$ wherein the flow intermittently switches between the two flow states. It is observed that the transition of the boundary layer on the seam side leads to an upstream shift of the separation point on the non-seam side at the onset of CS. A complementary effect is observed at the onset of RS. Experiments on a ball that is manually roughened bring out the relative effect of the seam and roughness on the transition of the boundary layer. Compared to a new ball, the magnitude of the maximum swing force coefficient for a rough ball is smaller during the CS regime, and larger during the RS regime. Unlike other models, the ball with roughened non-seam side and smooth seam side, for certain seam orientations, exhibits RS at relatively lower speeds and CS at higher speeds. The forces measured on the cricket ball are utilized to estimate the trajectory of the ball bowled at various initial speeds and seam angles. The lateral movement of the ball depends very significantly on the seam angle, surface roughness and speed of the ball at its delivery. The maximum lateral deviation of a new ball during RS is found to be less than half of that observed in CS. On the other hand, the lateral movement of a roughened ball during RS may significantly exceed its movement during CS. The range of the speed of the ball, for various seam orientations and surface roughnesses, are estimated wherein it undergoes CS, RS or one followed by the other. Optimal conditions are estimated for the desired lateral movement of the ball.
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DOMÍNGUEZ, EDWIN, and CAROLINA GODOY. "Taxonomic review of the genus Osbornellus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Central America." Zootaxa 2702, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2702.1.1.
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A taxonomic review of the genus Osbornellus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Costa Rica revealed the presence of 48 species, of which 37 are described as new and six are new records for the country. A key for the identification of Osbornellus species of Costa Rica is provided. Osbornellus lacunis DeLong and Martinson is synonymized with Osbornellus blantoni Linnavuori and Osbornellus separatus DeLong is synonymized with Osbornellus pallidus.
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Dib, Khawla, Youcef ZENNIR, and Hichem Bounezour. "Risk assessment of Atmospheric Column Overhead Product Drum." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 9, no. 4 (2024): 248–54. https://doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v9i4.247.
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The risk analysis plays an important role in the risk management process. Its objective is to identify significant adverse consequences, then assess their severity in order to decide on measures to control the risk. Our study involves conducting a risk analysis related to an un-stabilized naphtha separator ball from the Topping unit located at the Skikda refinery. We applied the HAZOP approach to identify accident scenarios that could be generated by this hazardous equipment. The modeling of the consequences of the chosen phenomenon, which is the BLEVE, was carried out using the PHAST software.
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Normahira, M., A. Z. Ahmad Firdaus, and G. N. Molijol. "An Investigation on Rigidity of Ball-Socket Hip Joint Replacement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 1059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.1059.
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A 3-dimensional hip joint implant model was constructed which separates into three individual parts namely femoral stem with neck, femoral head and acetabular cup. Each part were assigned with the specific materials and a total of 3000 N loads was applied to mimic the body weight of an adult in static position or in double leg standing position. The results of the stress distribution were obtained from the finite element analysis for the difference diameter for each component of ball-socket and neck as well as the difference materials. The results showed that an optimum diameter of femoral ball-socket with 36 mm and titanium alloy have design rigidity which provided better performance and longer life span based on 13.922 Mpa equivalent stress .
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Yulia, Wita, and Erwin Erwin. "ANALISIS SIFAT MAGNETIK DAN STRUKTUR PARTIKEL PASIR BESI PANTAI ARTA PARIAMAN SUMATERA BARAT MENGGUNAKAN BALL MILLING." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 16, no. 2 (2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.16.2.107-112.
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Analisys of magnetic properties and structure of particles of iron sand of Arta, Pariaman beach West Sumatra. Has been conducted the iron sand samples were dried, then the iron sand separation process was carried out using Iron Sand Separator (ISS). Next, the sample was milled for 30, 60 and 90 hours. The separation between magnetic particles and non magnetic particles was done using Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnet. Magnetic induction measurements were carried out using Pasco PS-2162 Magnetic Probe which measured the total magnetic induction of solenoid (solenoid with core sample and milled sample(consentrate II)) as a function of electric current of 1-8 A for a fixed distance of 1 mm. Identification of the content of elements contained in iron sand before and after processing with Ball Milling for 90 hours was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The phase of magnetic particles processed by Ball Milling was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The calculation results show that the magnetic susceptibility of the sample increases with increasing Ball Milling time, from (69426,19 × 10-5 – 80332,13 × 10-5). These values are in the interval 220 - 380.000 × 10-5of the Ilmenite mineral. The magnetite phase appears more than the maghemite phase and the hematite phase after Ball Milling for 90 hours. The particle size of magnetik particle decreases as milling time increase, this trend is confirmed by the result of XRD.
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Maksimov, L. M., A. K. Strunov, P. I. Muratov, and A. P. Vasilyev. "Optimization of the inclination angle of working area of a potato harvester separator." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 80, no. 5 (2013): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65871.
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Kalton, N. J. "Banach Envelopes of Non-Locally Convex Spaces." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 38, no. 1 (1986): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1986-004-2.
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Let X be a quasi-Banach space whose dual X* separates the points of X. Then X* is a Banach space under the normFrom X we can construct the Banach envelope Xc of X by defining for x ∊ X, the normThen Xc is the completion of (X, ‖ ‖c). Alternatively ‖ ‖c is the Minkowski functional of the convex hull of the unit ball. Xc has the property that any bounded linear operator L:X → Z into a Banach space extends with preservation of norm to an operator .
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Hwang, So-Ree, and Min-Soo Park. "Property Analysis of Photo-Polymerization-Type 3D-Printed Structures Based on Multi-Composite Materials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188545.
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Additive manufacturing, commonly called 3D printing, has been studied extensively because it can be used to fabricate complex structures; however, polymer-based 3D printing has limitations in terms of implementing certain functionalities, so it is limited in the production of conceptual prototypes. As such, polymer-based composites and multi-material 3D printing are being studied as alternatives. In this study, a DLP 3D printer capable of printing multiple composite materials was fabricated using a movable separator and structures with various properties were fabricated by selectively printing two composite materials. After the specimen was fabricated based on the ASTM, the basic mechanical properties of the structure were compared through a 3-point bending test and a ball rebound test. Through this, it was shown that structures with various mechanical properties can be fabricated using the proposed movable-separator-based DLP process. In addition, it was shown that this process can be used to fabricate anisotropic structures, whose properties vary depending on the direction of the force applied to the structure. By fabricating multi-joint grippers with varying levels of flexibility, it was shown that the proposed process can be applied in the fabrication of soft robots as well.
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Kurniawan, Rahman, Salomo Salomo, Erwin Erwin, and Defrianto Defrianto. "PENGARUH DOPING MANGAN TERHADAP KOMPOSISI DAN SIFAT KRISTALINITAS PARTIKEL OKSIDA BESI PASIR ALAM SUNGAI ROKAN DIPREPARASI DENGAN METODE BALL MILLING." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 19, no. 2 (2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.19.2.113-118.
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The composition, crystallinity and magnetic susceptibility of nanoparticles in natural sand of the Rokan River, Riau Province have been investigated. After the iron sand separator (ISS) process, the natural sand samples were separated using NdFeB magnets to separate iron oxide particles and other non-ferrous oxides. For 70 hours, the NdFeB product was prepared using the ball milling method to produce BM products. The BM products were ball milled for 30 hours with a manganese doping concentration of 0 wt.%; 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.% produced DM 0, DM 5 and DM 10 products. Magnetic susceptibility values increased based on the values of B0 and BT measured using Pasco Magnetic Probe PS-2162. The results of XRD analysis of DM products contain a hematite phase (α-Fe2O3) which has a hexagonal structure. The crystal size increased along with the increasing concentration of Manganese from 25.494 nm; 25,542 nm to 25.669 nm. The results of XRF analysis of DM products on Fe elements decreased in percentage with increasing Manganese concentration from 18.083%; 15.407% to 12.947%. Other chemical elements such as Si, Al, K, P, Ti, Ca, Ti, Cr, Zn, V and Pb also decreased.
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Fatahi, Rasoul, Rasoul Khosravi, Hossein Siavoshi, Samaneh Yazdani, Esmaiel Hadavandi, and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani. "Ventilation Prediction for an Industrial Cement Raw Ball Mill by BNN—A “Conscious Lab” Approach." Materials 14, no. 12 (2021): 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123220.
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In cement mills, ventilation is a critical key for maintaining temperature and material transportation. However, relationships between operational variables and ventilation factors for an industrial cement ball mill were not addressed until today. This investigation is going to fill this gap based on a newly developed concept named “conscious laboratory (CL)”. For constructing the CL, a boosted neural network (BNN), as a recently developed comprehensive artificial intelligence model, was applied through over 35 different variables, with more than 2000 records monitored for an industrial cement ball mill. BNN could assess multivariable nonlinear relationships among this vast dataset, and indicated mill outlet pressure and the ampere of the separator fan had the highest rank for the ventilation prediction. BNN could accurately model ventilation factors based on the operational variables with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.6. BNN showed a lower error than other traditional machine learning models (RMSE: random forest 0.71, support vector regression: 0.76). Since improving the milling efficiency has an essential role in machine development and energy utilization, these results can open a new window to the optimal designing of comminution units for the material technologies.
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Orobinsky, V. I., I. V. Baskakov, A. V. Chernyshov, V. A. Gulevsky, and A. M. Gievsky. "Two-aspiration air-sieve grain cleaning machines of new generation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954, no. 1 (2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012056.
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Abstract The paper provides a review of fractional technologies developed by the authors, allowing to divide the grain heap coming from combines into 3 fractions: seed, fodder and unused waste. They are based on the use of two-aspiration air-sieve grain cleaning machines. The authors have developed a line of grain cleaners OZF-50/25/10 and OZF-80/40/20. Their productivity in terms of preliminary cleaning is 50 and 80 t/h, primary cleaning productivity is 25 and 40 t/h and secondary cleaning productivity is 10 and 20 t/h, respectively. The machines use an improved two-aspiration system with the ability to independently adjust the speed of air flows in the channels (patent No. 2298441), a new design of a sieve mill with a two-tier arrangement of sieves and setting in each tier sequentially two (at OZF-50/25/10) and three (on OZF-80/40/20) sieves. The mills implement a new sieve arrangement scheme (RF patent No. 43798), as well as original devices for a ball sieve cleaner and a pneumatic separation channel for the second aspiration. These devices make it possible to obtain the required quality of sieve cleaning and to isolate biologically defective grain in the pneumatic separation channel of the second aspiration. The separator for secondary cleaning of seeds SVS-30 is designed for the preparation of seeds of grain, spike, leguminous, industrial and oil crops when implementing fractional technology during post-harvest processing. Like all machines for secondary cleaning of seeds, the pneumatic system of the separator has two pneumatic separation channels for pre-screening and post-screen cleaning. A distinctive feature of the pneumatic system of the SV-30 separator is the consistent use of the same air flow in both aspirations. Fractional technology for processing grain heaps, implemented on an air-sieve separator, will increase the cleaning performance by 1.5…1.8 times with a minimum amount of mechanical stress on the seeds.
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Gavrilin, Alexey N., Viktor S. Dmitriev, Dmitry V. Ermakov, and Daria A. Derusova. "Reduction of a fan vibration activity in a life support system of oil and gas stations." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 334, no. 11 (2023): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2023/11/4293.
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Relevance. Electromechanical fans are widely used in life support systems of oil and gas stations, operate in conditions of vibration, high rotational speeds and loads. Design, technological and operational reasons influence vibration activity of an electromechanical device. The greatest "contribution" to the existing vibrations, according to the frequency spectrum, is made by the imperfection of the design elements of the ball bearing. They are: separator movement, variable stiffness under the action of radial load, interaction of micro-dimensions of working surfaces, facet and waviness of working surfaces of rings and balls. In addition, the resulting vibrations negatively affect both the reliability and durability of the fan. Since it is technically impossible to completely eliminate the vibration activity of an electromechanical device, it is advisable to reduce it with the help of a technical solution by introducing a damping element into a kinematic circuit of the vibration source. In this regard, the development of a damping device is an integral technical task that helps to reduce the vibration activity of technical life support systems of oil and gas stations, as well as to improve the quality of environmental conditions of human life. To reduce vibration activity, a damper design is proposed that takes into account various types of energy dissipation. However, given the dense spectrum of vibration frequencies from ball bearings, a viscous friction element is introduced into the damper design. To determine the effectiveness of reducing vibration activity, a model of the damper in question was made based on the developed 3D model. For tests in determining the effectiveness of applying a viscous friction element, two variants of the damper design were used. In the first version of the damper design, there was no viscous friction element, and in the second version there was one. According to the test results of the damper layouts, it can be seen that the developed technical solution to reduce the vibration activity of the electromechanical device has practical confirmation. The studies underlying the developed design of the damper with a viscous friction element allows for reduction in the vibration amplitude. Object. Electromechanical device in operating mode. Aim. To describe the vibration activity in the operating mode of an electromechanical device in the entire spectrum of disturbing effects acting along the axes, taking into account the imperfect geometry of ball bearing parts; to develop a damper for reducing the vibration activity level in the electromechanical device. Methods. Vibration diagnostics, computational mathematics, measuring instruments, software "Vibration recorder-F", "Vibration Recorder-M2", "Logger"-recorder and "Bearing". Results. The paper demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technical solution to reduce the vibration amplitude in the operating frequency range of the electromechanical device rotor up to 4 times compared with the corresponding maximum amplitude value without its use.
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Bui, Thi Ai Ngoc, and Yu-Sheng Su. "A yarn-ball-shaped graphene microsphere-coated separator design for enhanced electrochemical performance in Li-S batteries." Journal of Power Sources 627 (January 2025): 235828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235828.
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Kida, Katsuyuki, Takashi Honda, Yoshihiko Seto, Edson Costa Santos, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Single-Ball Rolling Contact Fatigue of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo Stainless Steels Quenched by Induction Heating Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1372.
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Rolling contact fatigue tests of 20mm-diameter 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel bars was carried out using a newly developed single-ball system. The bars were quenched by induction heating method and after that tempered. Sectional observations of the subsurface cracks were made after the surface layer separations. Based on the observations, stress analysis was performed in order to investigate the relation between flaking failures and subsurface crack growth. From these calculations it was found that the shear stress propagated subsurface cracks and finally caused the flaking failures. Furthermore, eight specimens were fatigue tested and Weibull statics distribution of RCF life were calculated using Johnson's statistical method. It was found that the basic life (L10) of the bars under 5.3GPa Hertzian stress was 8.33×106 cycles.