Journal articles: 'Ballarat (Vic.)'

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Gollasch, Stephan, and Matej David. "Sampling Methodologies and Approaches for Ballast Water Management Compliance Monitoring." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 5 (January 26, 2012): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i5.158.

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The human-mediated transfer of harmful organisms via shipping, especially via ballast water transport, has raised considerable attention especially in the last decade due to the negative associated impacts. Ballast water sampling is important to assess the compliance with ballast water management requirements (i.e. compliance monitoring). The complexity of ballast water sampling is a result of organism diversity and behaviour which may require different sampling strategies, as well as ship design implications including availability of ballast water sampling points. This paper discusses the ballast water sampling methodologies with emphasis on compliance monitoring by the Port State Control officers according to the International Convention on the Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004. KEY WORDS: maritime transport, compliance control, port state control, ballast water sampling, ballast water management

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Chen, Ying, Guanxue Wang, Guohua Xu, Wei Zhang, and Wenjin Wang. "Hovering control of submarine based on L1 adaptive theory via ballast tanks." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 172988141772419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881417724191.

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This article proposed a novel method for submarine hovering control implement by ballast tanks based on L1 adaptive theory. The ballast tanks are able to provide submerge/emerge force by let in/out ballast tank water, and therefore adjust submarine position and altitude when low-speed maneuver largely limits rudder effect. After formulate and analysis models of ballast tanks as well as submarine dynamic, control scheme is determined as cascaded controller system. L1 adaptive theory is adopted for outer loop control, to deal with the nonlinearity and uncertainties of model, as well as environmental disturbance in hovering condition for the first time. Robustness of control system is tested through simulations based on Simscape. Large impact force is exerted on submarine to simulate missile launching and test restoring ability of ballast tanks control. Simulation results demonstrated that the submarine is able to maneuver and response precisely, despite of sudden impact.

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Gray, Derek K., and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Diapausing zooplankton eggs remain viable despite exposure to open-ocean ballast water exchange: evidence from in situ exposure experiments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 2010): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-192.

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To reduce the transfer of nonindigenous species, regulations require transoceanic ships to exchange ballast with ocean water before discharging into the Great Lakes. Although ballast water exchange (BWE) is effective for live freshwater animals, laboratory experiments provide mixed results with regards to its impact on diapausing zooplankton eggs. We conducted an in situ test of the effectiveness of BWE for treating diapausing eggs in ballast sediments. Incubation chambers containing ballast sediment were placed in ballast tanks of cargo vessels transiting from North America to Europe. Each vessel had paired ballast tanks, one of which remained filled with Great Lakes water (control), while the second was exchanged with mid-ocean water. Laboratory viability tests were then conducted to compare viability of eggs recovered from sediments placed in both treatments, as well as identical sediments that remained at the laboratory in cold storage. No significant differences in egg viability were detected between treatments, but more species hatched from sediment that remained in cold storage. Results indicate that physical conditions in ballast tanks may affect egg viability, but saltwater exposure does not eliminate the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs. Strategies that minimize sediment accumulation in ballast tanks can reduce the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs.

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Drake, John M., and David M. Lodge. "Rate of species introductions in the Great Lakes via ships' ballast water and sediments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-029.

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We report results from a study of species in ballast tanks of ships entering the Great Lakes between 2000 and 2002. We collected 1349 individuals from at least 93 unique taxonomic groups, of which approximately half were identified to species. We estimated that the zooplankton assemblage in ballast water destined for the Great Lakes comprised from 200 to 1000 unique taxa consisting of both freshwater and marine species. Between 14 and 39 of these taxa have not yet been recorded from the Great Lakes. Further, 13.9% of individual specimens identified to the species level were from species not previously collected from the Great Lakes. We collected seven nonindigenous freshwater species not currently found in the Great Lakes: Brachionus plicatilis, Cyclocypria kinkaidia, Maraenobiotus insignipes, Microcyclops rubellus, Microcyclops varicans, Neomysis awatchensis, and Paracyclops chiltoni. We found no evidence that ship age, seasonal timing, or age of ballast water affected the abundance of individuals or species in the ballast tanks. To our knowledge, these are the first extrapolations of data from ballast water collections to estimate the rate of species introduction to any ecosystem.

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Chen, Yung-Sheng, Chao-Kai Kang, and Ta-Kang Liu. "Ballast Water Management Strategy to Reduce the Impact of Introductions by Utilizing an Empirical Risk Model." Water 14, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060981.

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The introduction of non-indigenous aquatic species (NIASs) was identified as one of the major threats to aquatic ecosystems. Shipping is one of the potential invasive pathways for the introduction of marine NIASs, mainly via ballast water, sediments, and ship fouling. In addition, The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOPs) via ships’ ballast water and sediment. Some of these species can be very harmful and cause loss of biodiversity, adverse environmental consequences, and economic and social impacts. In this study, an empirical model based on the environmental similarity and the vessel characteristics was used to assess the risk associated with the ballast water, for the incoming vessels to the port of Kaohsiung and port of Riga. The priority for port state control (PSC) inspection was established and recommended for better ballast water management.

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Jolkifli, Hjh Zuliza Hj, and Ranimah H. A. Wahab. "Ballast Water Control and Management in Brunei Darussalam." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.466.

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The ongoing transfer of non-indigenous organisms through shipping, especially via ballast water transport, is placing marine and coastal resources under increased threat. The transport of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is a critical issue which may cause irreversible consequences to receiving environments and economies needing particular attention. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance for implementation of ballast water management measures in Brunei Darussalam. This paper recognised IAS intrusion via ballast water has high probability to have direct effects on the economic value of fisheries sector, thus the need for an effective ballast water management strategy. Management of ballast water is a complex issue and horizontal policy is the appropriate approach for building this management framework in addition to valid baseline and efficient monitoring. Further studies such as development risk assessment model and assessment of different management measures are critical for an effective prevention, eradication and control strategy.

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Polyanichko, Nikita. "Physical and mathematical models of ballast bed tamping via rotary device." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2016-2-5-16.

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Objective: To develop a mathematical model and program for defining rational technological parameters and operation mode of a rotary device for tamping the ballast bed in the tie space area. Establish the veracity of calculations performed using the mathematical model and program developed via mathematical and physical experiments. Methods: Experimental and theoretical research conducted. Results: Established veracity of the mathematical model and program for calculating the technological parameters and operation mode of the device for tamping the ballastbed in the tie space area. Practical importance: The program developed provides the ability to select rational technological parameters and operation mode for the device. It is recommended that it be used when creating tools for ballast bed solidification in the ballast box area.

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Wonham, Marjorie J., Sarah A. Bailey, Hugh J. MacIsaac, and Mark A. Lewis. "Modelling the invasion risk of diapausing organisms transported in ballast sediments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 2386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-146.

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Biological invasions via ship ballast are a major driver of biodiversity change in aquatic systems. In the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, unique shipping operations pose a particular invasion risk. The majority (>90%) of incoming vessels are not fully loaded with ballast water but carry ballast sediments and residual water. Ballast sediments contain viable diapause organisms that could hatch and be released during routine ballast operations. To assess invasion risk and control of this pathway, we constructed and parameterized a dynamic hatching model for three representative groups of freshwater organisms that undergo diapause: rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. Numerical model simulations show that ballast sediment is a plausible invasion pathway for all three groups. The model also illustrates that postuptake ballast treatment to remove or kill potential invaders should be applied as late as possible prior to deballasting to minimize the number of live organisms released. Simulations show that the ability of taxa to reproduce parthenogenetically inside a ballast tank greatly influences quantitative predictions of both risk and control.

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Jing, Liang, Bing Chen, Baiyu Zhang, and Hongxuan Peng. "A review of ballast water management practices and challenges in harsh and arctic environments." Environmental Reviews 20, no. 2 (June 2012): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a2012-002.

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Ballast water is carried by cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers to acquire the optimum operating depth of the propeller and to maintain maneuverability and stability. Recently, ballast water has been recognized as wastewater that is responsible for ocean pollution due to the worldwide transfer of non-indigenous species, pathogenic bacteria, and other pollutants via ballast water discharge. This poses serious environmental, ecological, and economic threats to both coastal communities and the marine environment. To address these negative impacts and concerns, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has codified and adopted a series of guidelines to minimize pollution and adverse effects caused by ballast water. A number of treatment technologies have been developed and applied in field practices to remove solids, particulates, organic pollutants, and organisms from ballast water, showing certain advantages and limitations. Many other management practices, such as ballast water exchange (BWE), shipping routes optimization, treatment process modeling, and risk assessment are in high demand to aid onboard treatment systems. However, knowledge and technical gaps still exist regarding the implementation of ballast water management practices especially in the context of arctic and harsh environments under changing climatic conditions. Records indicate that most coastal regions in the north have been invaded by unwanted species via ballast water discharge in the past decades. The North Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans have much colder climates and more extreme weather conditions than low latitudes. The discharge of untreated or less treated ballast water could cause much more severe damage to the local environment and hence pose higher risks to ecosystems and even human health, particularly in the context of climate change. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this study proposed a risk-based fuzzy–stochastic–interval programming decision support system to help eliminate environmental, ecological, as well as health threats from the discharge of ballast water, particularly in the north where weather, space, timing, maintenance, and cost are major concerns.

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10

Do, Jinung. "Frost Heaving and Induced Pressure of Unsaturated Interfacial Zone between Gravel Ballast and Subgrade." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062811.

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Most existing railroads are composed of gravel ballast. One of the major issues with gravel ballast is frost damage in cold regions. Gravelly soils are known to be not prone to frost action due to their low water retention capacity and high hydraulic conductivity. However, reports indicated continued frost damages resulting from the mixed zone between gravel ballast and subgrade. This study evaluated the frost heaving and induced pressure of gravel ballast–subgrade soil mixtures via 1D soil column testing in a cold chamber. Gravel ballast and subgrade soil were collected from the railroad in situ. Various mixing ratios and degrees of saturation were used as factors affecting the frost experiments. The mixtures were placed in the cold chamber, and vertical displacements and pressures were measured. Overall evaluations showed that gravelly soils are not a geomaterial prone to frost damage; however, the frost potential of gravel ballast increases as the degree of saturation and the mixing portion of the subgrade soil increase. Therefore, the interfacial zone between gravel ballast and subgrade soil, especially where possible mixing with low drainage exists, needs cautions of potential frost damage.

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11

Galil, Bella S., and Norbert Hülsmann. "Protist transport via ballast water — biological classification of ballast tanks by food web interactions." European Journal of Protistology 33, no. 3 (August 1997): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0932-4739(97)80002-8.

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12

Zatoń-Sieczka, Kinga, and Przemysław Czerniejewski. "An Assessment of Progress in the Implementation of the BWM Convention on Ships as an Important Element in Protecting Aquatic Ecosystems." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 23 (2021): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2021.005.

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The purpose of this study was to assess progress in the implementation of rules for the control and handling of ballast water and sediments, regulated by the International Convention on the Control and Handling of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). The survey was conducted in 2018-2019 among seafarers responsible for handling ballast tanks. Analysis of the survey data revealed that despite the introduction of water treatments, ballast water continues to be a vector for the transfer of non-native organisms. This is due to the low effectiveness of the methods used, and the fact that 8% of the respondents answered that no BWT systems were used on the ships they manage. Despite this, some seafarers (4.7%) indicated that increasing environmental awareness and adherence to BWM principles should result in improved protection of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the global problem concerning the transport of non-native organisms via ballast water has still not been solved effectively. In the near future, improved BWT systems should be introduced, which after proper training of the crew will act as a barrier to the transfer of non-native organisms in ballast water.

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13

Shang, Lixia, Xinyu Zhai, Wen Tian, Yuyang Liu, Yangchun Han, Yunyan Deng, Zhangxi Hu, and Ying Zhong Tang. "Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus Resting Cysts Detected in the Ballast Tank Sediment of Ships Arriving in the Ports of China and North America and the Implications in the Species’ Geographic Distribution and Possible Invasion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010299.

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Over the past several decades, much attention has been focused on the dispersal of aquatic nonindigenous species via ballast tanks of shipping vessels worldwide. The recently reclassified dinoflagellate Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus (previously identified as Cochlodinium sp., Cochlodinium geminatum, or Polykrikos geminatus) was not reported in China until 2006. However, algal blooming events caused by this organism have been reported almost every year since then in the Pearl River Estuary and its adjacent areas in China. Whether P. profundisulcus is an indigenous or an invasive species has thus become an ecological question of great scientific and practical significance. In this study, we collected the sediments from ballast tanks of ships arriving in the ports of China and North America and characterized dinoflagellate resting cysts via a combined approach. We germinated two dark brownish cysts from the tank of an international ship (Vessel A) arriving at the Jiangyin Port (China) into vegetative cells and identified them as P. profundisulcus by light and scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses for partial LSU rDNA sequences. We also identified P. profundisulcus cyst from the ballast tank sediment of a ship (Vessel B) arriving in the port of North America via single-cyst PCR and cloning sequencing, which indicated that this species could be transported as resting cyst via ship. Since phylogenetic analyses based on partial LSU rDNA sequences could not differentiate all sequences among our cysts from those deposited in the NCBI database into sub-groups, all populations from China, Australia, Japan, and the original sources from which the cysts in the two vessels arrived in China and North America were carried over appeared to share a very recent common ancestor, and the species may have experienced a worldwide expansion recently. These results indicate that P. profundisulcus cysts may have been extensively transferred to many regions of the world via ships’ ballast tank sediments. While our work provides an exemplary case for both the feasibility and complexity (in tracking the source) of the bio-invasion risk via the transport of live resting cysts by ship’s ballast tanks, it also points out an orientation for future investigation.

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Bradshaw, Alan, and Stephen Brown. "Up Rising: Rehabilitating J.G. Ballard’s High-Rise with R.D. Laing and Lauren Berlant." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36, no. 2 (January 4, 2018): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775817748329.

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High-Rise by J.G. Ballard intriguingly contains a pivotal character named Dr. Robert Laing, surely an allusion to the then influential psychiatric writer, Dr. R.D. Laing. Re-reading Ballard's classic text through the prism of Laing’s theories, with further explication of the role of flat affect via Lauren Berlant, this article presents a new interpretation of a classic text that argues that Ballard ingeniously misdirected his readers into making identifications with precisely the wrong characters and the wrong actions. Re-focusing a subject gaze in accordance with these theoretical analyses, allows for an entirely alternative understanding of the text in which Ballard was more than a pessimistic prophet of inexorable urban breakdown, he foretold societal rehabilitation as well. High-Rise is read as a classic of psychogeography, an established genre which is argued to be of great relevance to the study of society and space. This article therefore engages in a reading of a psychogeographical text via theory implicitly alluded to by the text itself.

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Yu, Zelong, D. P. Connolly, P. K. Woodward, O. Laghrouche, and E. Tutumluer. "Railway ballast anisotropy testing via true triaxial apparatus." Transportation Geotechnics 23 (June 2020): 100355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100355.

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Bruijs, M. C. M., B. Kelleher, G. van der Velde, and A. Bij de Vaate. "Oxygen consumption, temperature and salinity tolerance of the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus: indicators of further dispersal via ballast water transport." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 152, no. 4 (January 10, 2001): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/152/2001/633.

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Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M., and Christopher J. Bolch. "Transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships' ballast water." Marine Pollution Bulletin 22, no. 1 (January 1991): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(91)90441-t.

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Waite, Thomas D. "Rationale for Ballast Water Treatment Standards to Minimize Translocation of Unwanted Species." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914070.

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The transfer of unwanted species via ships' ballast water has become recognized as a major problem worldwide. Thousands of species of plants and animals are transported around the world daily, and colonization leading to infestations of many species has been well documented. Individual countries as well as international regulatory agencies are currently attempting to manage this transport of unwanted species. Currently, ships are required to have ballast water management plans in place, and the only accepted management option is open-ocean ballast water exchange. Due to the limitations of this option, ship-board treatment techniques need to be developed, but, treatment goals and standards currently do not exist. This paper proposes a rational for establishing ballast water treatment standards, so that ship-board technologies can be developed. Specifically, this paper demonstrates that by carefully evaluating past invasions, a group of organisms can be identified which pose a documentable risk of invasion. This group can then be classified by several common parameters, e.g., size, which allows for establishment of treatment options. It is then shown that the most rational standards are those mandating complete removal of high risk organisms, rather that a percentage removal of all organisms.

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Chan, Farrah T., Elizabeta Briski, Sarah A. Bailey, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Richness–abundance relationships for zooplankton in ballast water: temperate versus Arctic comparisons." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 7 (February 28, 2014): 1876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu020.

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Abstract Species richness and abundance are two commonly measured parameters used to characterize invasion risk associated with transport vectors, especially those capable of transferring large species assemblages. Understanding the relationship between these two variables can further improve our ability to predict future invasions by identifying conditions where high-risk (i.e. species-rich or high abundance or both) and low-risk (i.e. species-poor and low abundance) introduction events are expected. While ballast water is one of the best characterized transport vectors of aquatic non-indigenous species, very few studies have assessed its magnitude at high latitudes. We assessed the arrival potential of zooplankton via ballast water in the Canadian Arctic by examining species richness, total abundance, and the relationship between the two parameters for zooplankton in ships from Europe destined for the Arctic, in comparison with the same parameters for ships bound for Atlantic Canada and the Great Lakes. In addition, we examined whether species richness and/or total abundance were influenced by temperature change and/or ballast water age for each shipping route. We found that species richness and total abundance for Arctic and Great Lakes ships were significantly lower than those for Atlantic ships. Differences in species richness and total abundance for ships utilizing different shipping routes were mostly related to ballast water age. A significant species richness–total abundance relationship for Arctic and Great Lakes ships suggests that these parameters decreased proportionately as ballast water aged. In contrast, the absence of such a relationship for Atlantic ships suggests that decreases in total abundance were accompanied by little to no reduction in species richness. Collectively, our results indicate that the arrival potential of zooplankton in ballast water of Arctic ships may be lower than or similar to that of Atlantic and Great Lakes ships, respectively.

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Annamalai, Sivasankar, Cybelle Concepcion Futalan, and Yeonghee Ahn. "Electrochemical Disinfection of Simulated Ballast Water Using RuO2-TiO2/Ti Electrode." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031835.

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The present work investigated the treatment of ballast water via electrochemical disinfection using a RuO2-TiO2/Ti electrode. Batch tests were conducted with simulated ballast water containing Escherichia coli as an indicator organism. The effect of varying NaCl concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%; w/v) and current densities (0.3, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mA/cm2) on the inactivation of E. coli was examined. Results showed higher disinfection efficiency of E. coli was obtained at higher NaCl concentration and current density. Complete inactivation of E. coli was attained within 2 and 1 min at 0.3 and 1 mA/cm2, respectively, under 3% NaCl concentration. Meanwhile, complete disinfection at 1 and 2% NaCl concentrations was observed in 6 and 2 min, respectively, using a current density of 0.3 mA/cm2. The 100% inactivation of E. coli was achieved with an energy consumption in the range of 2.8 to 2.9 Wh/m3 under the NaCl concentrations at 1 mA/cm2 and 1 min of electrolysis time. The complete disinfection attained within 1 min meets the D-2 standard (<250 CFU E. coli/100 mL) of ballast water under the International Maritime Organization. The values of energy consumption of the present work are lower than previous reports on the inactivation of E. coli from simulated ballast water.

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Hallegraeff, GM. "Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water:bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies." Marine Ecology Progress Series 168 (1998): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps168297.

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Bi, Anyuan, and Zhengping Feng. "Composite hovering control of underwater vehicles via variable ballast systems." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-019-00670-z.

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Drake, Lisa A., Martina A. Doblin, and Fred C. Dobbs. "Potential microbial bioinvasions via ships’ ballast water, sediment, and biofilm." Marine Pollution Bulletin 55, no. 7-9 (January 2007): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.007.

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Hatami, Rezvan, Graeme Inglis, Stephen E. Lane, Abraham Growcott, Daniel Kluza, Catherine Lubarsky, Charlotte Jones-Todd, Kimberley Seaward, and Andrew P. Robinson. "Modelling the likelihood of entry of marine non-indigenous species from internationally arriving vessels to maritime ports: a case study using New Zealand data." NeoBiota 72 (April 18, 2022): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.72.77266.

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The establishment of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) in new locations can degrade environmental, socio-cultural, and economic values. Vessels arriving from international waters are the main pathway for the entry of marine NIS, via exposure due to ballast water discharge (hereafter, ballast discharge) and biofouling. We developed a systematic statistical likelihood-based methodology to investigate port-level marine NIS propagule pressure from ballast discharge and biofouling exposure using a combination of techniques, namely k-Nearest-Neighbour and random forest algorithms. Vessel characteristics and travel patterns were assessed as candidate predictors. For the ballast discharge analysis, the predictors used for model building were vessel type, dead weight tonnage, and the port of first arrival; the predictors used for the biofouling analysis were days since last antifouling paint, mean vessel speed, dead weight tonnage, and hull niche area. Propagule pressure for both pathways was calculated at a voyage, port and annual level, which were used to establish the relative entry score for each port. The model was applied to a case study for New Zealand. Biosecurity New Zealand has commissioned targeted marine surveillance at selected ports since 2002 to enable early detection of newly arrived marine NIS (Marine High-Risk Site Surveillance, MHRSS). The reported methodology was used to compare contemporary entry likelihoods between New Zealand ports. The results suggested that Tauranga now receives the highest volume of discharged ballast water and has the second most biofouling exposure compared to all other New Zealand ports. Auckland was predicted to receive the highest biofouling mass and was ranked tenth for ballast discharge exposure. Lyttelton, Napier, and New Plymouth also had a high relative ranking for these two pathways. The outputs from this study will inform the refinement of the MHRSS programme, facilitating continued early detection and cost-effective management to support New Zealand’s wider marine biosecurity system. More generally, this paper develops an approach for using statistical models to estimate relative likelihoods of entry of marine NIS.

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Eltohamy, Wael S., Ahmad Alzeny, and Yasmine A. M. Azab. "Zooplankton of a stressed area in the Damietta coast of the Mediterranean Sea." Acta Adriatica 58, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32582/aa.58.2.5.

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The spatial pattern of zooplankton communities at Damietta coast, southeastern Mediterranean was studied to assess the impact of human activities on the abundance and community structure. Twenty-five stations from five different stressed sites were sampled in June-July 2014. Thirty-four zooplankton taxa were recorded, in addition to the larvae of copepods and meroplankton. Copepoda was the most abundant group among which, Oithona nana, Euterpina acutifrons, and Parvocalanus cirrostratus were the most frequent. The calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus trihamatus is a new record for the Mediterranean Sea that may have been introduced via ballast water. Multivariate/Univariate analyses demonstrated that 1) the environmental variables and zooplankton communities represented significant differences among five sites; 2) the spatial variations of community structure were undoubtedly due to land-based effluents; and 3) among all environmental variables, salinity and phytoplankton biomass had the major determining effects on the spatial patterns of zooplankton categories. The results indicates that not only the discharged water makes the Damietta coast at risk, but also the ballast water is not less dangerous. Hence, we emphasize the need for activation of the ballast water management to reduce the risk of future species invasions.

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Bradley, Colin, Josh Havin, and Faiz Musafere. "Dynamic mechanical analysis of rubber based products in under ballast mat rail applications." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 264, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc-2022-768.

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Rubber has long been a material used for vibration isolation in railroad applications due to the attractive material performance and environmental stability. In addition to the inherent sustainability benefits relative to alternatives, rubber in particular offers the opportunity for further material engineering by controlling particle size distribution, density, binder properties etc. at the manufacturing stage and has found widespread use globally in under ballast mat applications from tramway to heavy-haul/mainline track types. In this paper we explore in detail the basic vibration isolation properties of a variety of rubber based ballast mats via dynamic mechanical analysis and connect fundamental properties such as dynamic modulus, natural frequency, degree of damping to the relevant design criteria defined in widely accepted industry standards DIN 45673-5 and the more recent EN 17282.

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Chen, Jing, Rui Gao, and Yangzepeng Liu. "Numerical Study of Particle Morphology Effect on the Angle of Repose for Coarse Assemblies Using DEM." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (September 18, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8095267.

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The morphologies of coarse particles are usually irregular and play a dominant role in the mechanical behaviors of the particle assemblies. This paper quantitatively studies the effect of particle shape on the angle of repose, which is an important macroscopic parameter for ballast materials, via laboratory tests and numerical simulations by means of the discrete element method (DEM). Forty ballast particle templates and four simply created clump templates are reconstructed using an image-based method and quantified with two shape factors, sphericity and convexity. A series of simulations are conducted with the coefficient of sliding friction between particles changing from 0.2 to 0.6 at an interval of 0.1 to study its influence on various shapes of particles, and an appropriate value of sliding friction coefficient is chosen for the comparison of particle shape effect. The results show that increasing sphericity and convexity can significantly decrease the angle of repose, and the real ballast model gives a more realistic angle of repose behaviors as that of laboratory tests compared to simply created models. By analyzing the characteristics of particle motions and contacts from a microscopic perspective, the mechanism of particle shape attributed to the formation of granular aggregation is also discussed and revealed in this research.

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Martins Ferreira Morais, Lenin, Pedro Francisco Donoso-Garcia, Seleme Isaac Seleme Júnior, Porfírio Cabalero Cortizo, and Marcos Antônio Severo Mendes. "Eletronic Ballast For Hps Lamps With High Power Factor Using Voltage Waveforms Synthesized Via Pwm." Eletrônica de Potência 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2008.1.015023.

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Lu, Zheng, Fuqiao Guo, Kun Zhang, Di Guan, and Yue Shi. "Removal of Escherichia coli from ballast water via high-gradient magnetic separation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 705, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/705/1/012030.

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Kimera, David, and Fillemon Nduvu Nangolo. "Predictive maintenance for ballast pumps on ship repair yards via machine learning." Transportation Engineering 2 (December 2020): 100020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2020.100020.

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Kwan, George H. H. "Corrosion Protection for Ballast Tanks of Arctic Offshore Structures." Marine Technology and SNAME News 27, no. 02 (March 1, 1990): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1990.27.2.101.

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Protecting the ballast tanks of Arctic offshore structures from salt-water corrosion is a time-consuming and costly process involving usually the application of such anti-corrosives as coal tar epoxy. This paper points out the drawbacks of relying on these coatings alone, among them the prohibitive cost and difficulty of dry-docking huge Arctic offshore structures for repainting when the original coating deteriorates or fails. A solution to the problem—cathodic protection via the attachment of aluminum anodes to tank surfaces coated with only a light primer—is described along with the results of a full-scale application on a submersible barge in the U.S. Beaufort Sea.

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Tang, Yan. "Applying the Precautionary Principle in the Risk Management of Invasive Species via Ballast Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2167.

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In marine and coastal environments, commercial shipping ballast water is considered to be the most relevant transfer vector of invasions world wide. There are many uncertainties in the management of invasive species. Consideration of the uncertainties is crucial for the determination of the most appropriate management strategies to address this highly variable problem. The traditional risk management has many limitations by administrative complexness and important uncertainties. In order to make risk management more effective, this paper discuss that how to apply the precautionary principle in the risk management of invasive species.

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Gucma, Lucjan, Wiesław Juszkiewicz, and Kinga Łazuga. "Optimal Planning of Pollution Emergency Response with Application of Navigational Risk Management." Annual of Navigation 19, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10367-012-0006-8.

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Abstract According to the HELCOM AIS, there are about 2,000 ships in the Baltic marine area at any given moment. The main environmental effects of shipping and other activities at sea include air pollution, illegal deliberate and accidental discharges of oil, hazardous substances and other wastes, and the unintentional introduction of invasive alien organisms via ships’ ballast water or hulls. Original oil pollution model and optimal allocation of response resources was proposed in the paper.

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Piękoś, Karol. "Problems of contemporary dependent territories via the example of Alderney." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 29 (April 8, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.29.2.

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The issue of non-sovereign areas is becoming increasingly crucial due to the dynamics of the following processes. Brexit will undoubtedly affect not only Great Britain but also dependent territories that are related to this country. An example of such a territory is Alderney, which is currently facing many problems. It is difficult today to indicate what effects the British decision will cause for this small territory, but it is no secret that this dependent territory has to initiate many reforms. The original system of exercising power in connection with an unclear status in the international arena is nowadays ballast. Alderney may in the future become a model for other non-sovereign areas that want to keep their separateness in today’s world.

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Marangoni, C., R. N. Pienaar, and S. D. Sym. "Possible introduction of alien phytoplankton via shipping ballast water: A South African perspective." South African Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (September 2001): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)31165-0.

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36

Panagiotakopulu, Eva. "Fish for grain? Archaeoentomological research and emerging patterns of exchange." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.258.

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A novel pathway for understanding exchange is via what might be termed historical autecology, in particular, trying to assess introductions and invasive insect species in the environments under investigation. Invertebrates can provide very detailed information on this front, as they inevitably accompany any trading or raiding activities, in ships, either in ballast, dunnage or goods, and overland in packing or commodity. Grain was widely shipped to the north from southern Baltic and North Sea ports, and archaeoentomological research in northern Norway and Iceland has demonstrated that exotic pests for these parts of the world, which rely on the warmth of the storerooms for their survival, arrived as part of the exchange process of fish or skins for grain; a range of other species were transported in dunnage and ballast. This paper discusses insect results and mechanisms for insect pest introductions from a range of sites relevant to the Hanseatic trade, including North Atlantic ones, to show the potential of this research and to provide a framework for future research.

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Sing, Lim Chin, and Koh Siang Tan. "Challenges in Managing Marine Bio-invasions via Shipping in Singapore." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.482.

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The economic, social and environmental impacts arising from the transfer and establishment of non indigenous marine species (NIMS) mediated through ship hull biofouling and ballast water discharges in the coastal marine environment require a regional approach to manage bio-invasions. As the coordinating body for maritime shipping affairs and protection of the marine environment, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been working with member states to adopt and ratify global conventions aimed at preventing invasive species transfer through shipping. As a major shipping hub and port-of-call in Southeast Asia, Singapore faces multiple challenges in managing marine bio-invasions including managing the transit of high risk vessels to environmentally sensitive areas beyond national borders. In this article, global frameworks for managing bio-invasions and its challenges for marine invasive pest management are discussed.

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KURT SAHIN, G., and M. E. CINAR. "Presence of Marphysa disjuncta (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) in the Mediterranean Sea." Mediterranean Marine Science 10, no. 2 (December 2, 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.116.

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An individual belonging to the eunicid polychaete species Marphysa disjuncta Hartman, 1961 was collected on muddy substratum at 100 m deep in Fethiye Bay (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean). This species is new to the Mediterranean fauna. It closely resembles to Marphysa bellii, a native species, but it lacks compound falcigers and has unidentate subacicular hooks. This species was only reported from the eastern and western Pacific Ocean and could have been introduced to the Mediterranean Sea via ballast waters of vessels.

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Zakeri, J. A., M. Esmaeili, and M. Fathali. "Evaluation of humped slab track performance in desert railways." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 225, no. 6 (June 15, 2011): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409711403677.

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The movement of sand dunes in desert railways has various harmful effects on conventional ballasted tracks. Ballast layer solidification and line closure due to the retention of sands are major problems in such areas. In this study, a new superstructure called ‘humped slab track’ is introduced which can obviate the main problems for desert railway tracks to a significant extent. This system applies the main advantage of the ballastless track which is theballast layer's elimination for avoiding the filling of ballast voids via sand dunes. Moreover, the rail seats in this superstructure were elevated above the slab level by means of reinforced concrete protuberances called humps. Hence, the transmission of sand dunes occurred through the transverse channels between the humps and beneath the rails. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed system, several multi-phase fluid simulations (involving solid sand particles and air) were accomplished using the computational fluid dynamic method. The results obtained for the maximum sand flow conditions show that the ballasted track needs to be closed after a very short time whereas the humped slab track is capable of enduring considerable sand flow conditions without any need for line closure.

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Drake, Lisa A., Anne E. Meyer, Robert L. Forsberg, Robert E. Baier, Martina A. Doblin, Stefan Heinemann, William P. Johnson, Michael Koch, Parke A. Rublee, and Fred C. Dobbs. "Potential Invasion of Microorganisms and Pathogens via ‘Interior Hull Fouling’: Biofilms Inside Ballast Water Tanks." Biological Invasions 7, no. 6 (November 2005): 969–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-3001-8.

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Reusser, Deborah A., Henry Lee II, Melanie Frazier, Gregory M. Ruiz, Paul W. Fofonoff, Mark S. Minton, and A. Whitman Miller. "Per capita invasion probabilities: an empirical model to predict rates of invasion via ballast water." Ecological Applications 23, no. 2 (March 2013): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-1637.1.

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Serena, Fabrizio, Cecilia Mancusi, Letizia Marsili, Alessandro Voliani, and Alessandra Neri. "On the presence of Synagrops japonicus (Acropomatiformes: Synagropidae) in the Mediterranean Sea." Acta Adriatica 63, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32582/aa.63.1.9.

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A specimen of Synagrops japonicus was collected in the north-western Mediterranean during an exploratory cruise using bottom trawl nets, aimed at the evaluation of possible consequences of lost at sea drums containing toxic materials. The discovery of this specimen follows the first record that occurred in the same area 28 years previously, fished by a bottom trawler in the waters of Portofino (Genoa, Italy) in 1987. The morphometric and meristic details of the new specimen are provided. The presence of this individual in the north-western portion of the Mediterranean is likely related toan accidental transport of larvae via ballast water by ships coming from outside the Mediterranean basin.

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43

Kazama, Ryota, Taichi Watanabe, Shungo Zen, and Nozomi Takeuchi. "Effect of ozone and humidity addition on hydrogen peroxide generation characteristics of plasmas in oxygen bubbles." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 6 (December 2022): 063008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001861.

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The effects of addition of ozone (O3) and humidity on oxygen (O2) bubbles during hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation by AC plasmas in the bubbles were investigated. The best H2O2 generation characteristics, with a generation rate and an efficiency of 161 mg/h and 1.74 g/kWh, respectively, were achieved when humidified O3 was used with ballast capacitors of 100 pF at 3 kHz. Zero-dimensional simulations of gas-phase reactions with different water vapor concentrations were performed to investigate the H2O2 generation reactions. It was confirmed that the use of humidified O3 contributed to hydrogen peroxide formation by enhancing OH radical generation via reactions involving O, H, and HO2 radicals.

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44

Stewart, James E. "Introductions as Factors in Diseases of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, S1 (December 19, 1991): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-309.

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Fish and invertebrates are subject to a wide range of disease agents. Many of their diseases are probably local in origin although a lengthy list of infections were probably imported via the vast array of exotic species which have been transferred to virtually all areas of the world. Since ail living organisms carry a full suite of microorganisms and larger parasites the likelihood of there being pathogens for local species among them is good. Introductions can occur in at least one of three separate ways: (1) intentional introductions for specific purposes, (2) accidental transport of biological agents via massive transfers of ballast waters or (3) through the ornamental or aquatic pet trade. Control measures and information services devised by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission and the Office International des Epizooties are described.

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Barbosa, João M. de Oliveira, Andrei B. Fărăgău, Karel N. van Dalen, and Michael J. M. M. Steenbergen. "Modelling ballast via a non-linear lattice to assess its compaction behaviour at railway transition zones." Journal of Sound and Vibration 530 (July 2022): 116942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2022.116942.

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46

Reid, Janet W., and Patrick L. Hudson. "Comment on “Rate of species introductions in the Great Lakes via ships’ ballast water and sediments”." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-018.

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The four species of freshwater copepod crustaceans found in ballast water or sediments in ships and characterized as “nonindigenous” to the Laurentian Great Lakes region by Drake and Lodge (Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64: 530–538 (2007)) are all widespread, North American natives. Drake and Lodge’s use of these native species to estimate the size of the “source pool” of the richness of potential invasive species resulted in an overestimation of its size. We list the fresh- and brackish-water species of copepods found in or on ships in the Great Lakes and discuss taxonomic and other questions pertaining to some of them. We suggest that Skistodiaptomus pallidus, Cyclops strenuus, Salmincola lotae, Nitokra incerta, and Onychocamptus mohammed be removed from the current list of nonindigenous copepod and branchiuran species established in the Great Lakes system, leaving seven species: Eurytemora affinis, Megacyclops viridis, Neoergasilus japonicus, Heteropsyllus nunni, Nitokra hibernica, Schizopera borutzkyi, and Argulus japonicus.

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Bux, Jaiyana, Neepa Paul, Timothy N. Hunter, Jeffrey Peakall, Jonathan M. Dodds, and Simon Biggs. "In situcharacterization of mixing and sedimentation dynamics in an impinging jet ballast tank via acoustic backscatter." AIChE Journal 63, no. 7 (March 2, 2017): 2618–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15683.

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Sivkov, Vadim, and Ekaterina Bubnova. "Distribution of suspended particulate matter at the equatorial transect in the Atlantic Ocean." Ocean Science 17, no. 5 (October 21, 2021): 1421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1421-2021.

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Abstract. A suspended particulate matter distribution against a hydrographical background was studied at the oceanographic transect across the equatorial Atlantic in the year 2000. An area of abnormally high suspended matter volume concentrations was found above the Sierra Leone Rise in the entire water column (eastern part of the transect). The suggested explanation for the anomaly is based on the ballast hypothesis whereby solid particles are incorporated as ballast into suspended biogenic aggregates, leading to increased velocities of sinking. This occurs within the Northwest African upwelling area, where the plankton exposed to the Saharan dust abundance form a significant number of aggregates, which are later transported equatorward via the Canary Current. An intermediate nepheloid layer associated with the Deep Western Boundary Current was recorded from the South American Slope at depths of 3200–3700 to 4300 m above the Para Abyssal Plain. Antarctic Bottom Water enriched in suspended matter was found mostly in the troughs at 40–41∘ W. It was detached from the bottom, coinciding with the core of the flow due to the bottom rise “dam” located up-stream. The grain size of particles along the entire transect has a polymodal distribution with 2–4 and 8–13 µm modes. The registered rise in percentage in some parts of the transect of the 7–21 µm sized particles suggests the presence of the well-known coarse mode (20–60 µm) formed by aggregation of transparent exopolymer particles (mucus).

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Faria, João, Afonso C. L. Prestes, Ignacio Moreu, Gustavo M. Martins, Ana I. Neto, and Eva Cacabelos. "Arrival and proliferation of the invasive seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae in NE Atlantic islands." Botanica Marina 65, no. 1 (November 4, 2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2021-0060.

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Abstract The present study reports the recent occurrence and expansion of Rugulopteryx okamurae in the Azores archipelago (NE Atlantic). Morphological and molecular characters confirmed the species identification. Quick surveys around the island of São Miguel showed that it has successfully colonized the island and is quickly expanding. In some locations, R. okamurae is currently the dominant organism smothering all other benthic biota and posing a serious threat to the benthic ecosystems across the region. The species first record dates from 2019 near the main harbour of the island, suggesting that its introduction was driven by human-assisted transport, via boat ballast waters or adhered to ship hulls and likely originating from the Mediterranean populations that have been proliferating in recent years across the Strait of Gibraltar.

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Majka, Christopher G., Joyce Cook, and Susan Westby. "Introduced Carabidae (Coleoptera) from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island: new records and ecological perspectives." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 5 (October 2006): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n06-009.

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AbstractSeven species of introduced Carabidae are newly reported in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Trechus quadristriatus (Schrank), Amara ovata (Fabricius), and Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid) are newly recorded in Atlantic Canada as a whole. Possible modes of introduction of these species to the region are discussed. Several may have been introduced in association with dry ballast shipments. Some may have arrived via natural dispersion from neighbouring areas; others appear to have been present and undetected for a considerable time. The possible impact of such introductions is also discussed. Synanthropic environments have higher proportions of introduced species than relatively undisturbed, native habitats. Some adventive species do become widespread in native environments; however, negative impacts on native species may not be readily apparent.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ballarat (Vic.)'

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