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Journal articles on the topic 'Ballistic pendulum'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Binder, P.-M., and Jennifer C. Bragg. "The elastic ballistic pendulum." Physics Education 54, no. 5 (July 11, 2019): 053003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ab2d33.

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2

Zwart, John W. "A safe and inexpensive ballistic pendulum." Physics Teacher 25, no. 7 (October 1987): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2342319.

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3

Sanders, James C. "A Ballistic Pendulum with Varied Launch Speed." Physics Teacher 58, no. 9 (December 2020): 632–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0002728.

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4

Goncharov, S. F., P. P. Pashinin, V. Y. Perov, R. V. Serov, and V. P. Yanovsky. "Hollow ballistic pendulum for plasma momentum measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 59, no. 5 (May 1988): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139814.

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5

Zatorski, Zdzisław. "Experimental verification of numerical simulation of projectile impact on ballistic shields." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/meceng-2013-0033.

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Abstract In this work, the author presents experimental verification of numerical simulation of projectile impact on constructional shields. The experimental tests were performed at a unified test stand to investigate ballistic resistance of materials in field conditions. The stand was developed at the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia, and then patented. The design of this test stand was based on construction of a ballistic pendulum, fitted to measure: impact force, turn angle of the ballistic pendulum x, impact velocity and residual velocity of the projectile. All the measurement data were transmitted to a digital oscilloscope and a personal computer. The ballistic velocity of the shield of VBL(R) - defined according to Recht’s and Ipson’s method, was compared with V BL(Z) and VBL(Z1) - determined according to the author’s method. Verification of numerically simulated ballistic velocity VRO versus the before-mentioned velocity was carried out at the 10GHMBA-E620T steel shields impacted by 12.7 mm type B- 32 projectiles. The introduced method can be used for determining ballistic thickness hBL and ballistic velocity VBL for both homogeneous plates as well as multi-layered constructional shields
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6

Micluța-Câmpeanu, Sebastian, and Tiberius O. Cheche. "Oscillatory–ballistic motion regularities of a gravitational pendulum." Nonlinear Dynamics 89, no. 1 (March 4, 2017): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-017-3437-x.

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7

Sanders, James C. "The effects of projectile mass on ballistic pendulum displacement." American Journal of Physics 88, no. 5 (May 2020): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0000384.

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8

Kozyrev, A. V. "Measuring small momenta by ballistic pendulum on flexible suspension." Technical Physics Letters 37, no. 12 (December 2011): 1179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378501112025x.

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9

Donnelly, Denis, and Joshua B. Diamond. "Slow collisions in the ballistic pendulum: A computational study." American Journal of Physics 71, no. 6 (June 2003): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1538572.

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10

Keefer, Robert K. F. "So what else can you do with a ballistic pendulum." Physics Teacher 28, no. 7 (October 1990): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2343125.

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11

Nalisko, Mykola, Valerii Sobolev, Dmytro Rudakov, and Nataliia Bilan. "Assessing safety conditions in underground excavations after a methane-air mixture explosion." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301008.

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A technique for evaluation of shock wave impulse after a methane-air mixture explosion is elaborated. The numerical model developed in previous studies has been verified in the laboratory by using laser initiation of explosives and measuring the pressure impulses of explosion products on a ballistic pendulum. To evaluate the mechanical impulse the functional correlations between its magnitude, the swing angle, and the pendulum characteristics have been derived analytically. The reliability of experimental results is ensured by calibrating the sensor that measures the pendulum swing angle and estimating the impulse measurement errors caused by specifics of angle measurements by a digital voltmeter, pendulum axis friction, and the pauses between measurements. Testing the developed technique to evaluate the shock wave impact showed satisfactory consistency of experimental and theoretical results with the momentum deviation below 9%, which confirms model applicability and correct reproducibility of the shock wave propagation process.
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12

Milutinovic, J. M., N. P. Hristov, D. D. Jerković, S. Z. Marković, and A. B. Živković. "The application of the ballistic pendulum for the bullets velocity measurements." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 659 (October 31, 2019): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/659/1/012016.

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13

KIM, Eun-Kyung, and Ho-Meoyng CHOI*. "Study of Linear and Angular Momentum Conservations in the Generalized Ballistic Pendulum." New Physics: Sae Mulli 60, no. 7 (July 31, 2010): 702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/npsm.60.702.

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14

Cloete, Trevor J., and Gerald N. Nurick. "Blast characterization using a ballistic pendulum with a centrally mounted Hopkinson bar." International Journal of Protective Structures 7, no. 3 (September 2016): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419616663535.

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15

Lugini, Claudio, and Marcello Romano. "A ballistic-pendulum test stand to characterize small cold-gas thruster nozzles." Acta Astronautica 64, no. 5-6 (March 2009): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.11.001.

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16

Jurczak, Wojciech, and Lesław Kyzioł. "Modelling of the Ship Structural Ballistic Shields from the 10GHMBA Steel." Solid State Phenomena 180 (November 2011): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.180.303.

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The contemporary protective structures are now critical elements of the floating units, military, public and other objects. Their task is to weaken the effects of a terrorist action against selected areas with the use of explosives or projectiles. The knowledge of material behaviour at high strain rates is essential for designing the ballistic shields. The hull external shells of the Polish Navy ships now in service do not meet the requirements of ballistic anti-terrorist shields against small arms shooting or the rocket and shell splinters. This is a significant problem in the case of defending a ship against terrorist attack threats. Therefore, there is a tendency for building internal and external ballistic shields in the ship hull structure to protect the critical compartments and action stations. The paper presents investigations of materials subjected to high strain rates, with the 10GHMBA E-620 bainitic steel as an example. The experiments were carried out on the MTS 810.12 testing machine, rotary impact testing hammer, the Taylor test stand and on the ballistic pendulum. In the final part of the paper, some numerical simulations are presented allowing to analyse the fast-changing processes arising during loading the structure by an impact of high velocity bodies.
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17

Bystritskii, V. M., I. V. Lisitsyn, S. N. Volkov, Ya E. Krasik, and N. M. Polkovnikova. "Generation and focusing of high-power ion beams in a magnetically insulated diode with applied B field." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 3 (September 1991): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003712.

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The results of high-power ion beam (HPIB) generation and in the magnetically insulated diode (MID) installed on a 3 × 1010-W nanosecond accelerator are given. The possibility of efficient HPIB ballistic focusing with the use of the preformed plasma in the HPIB transport region was demonstrated.Several new diagnostics (spring pendulum and acoustic probe) were used to measure the plasma ablation pressure during the impact of the HPIB with the target.The highest degree of HPIB focusing attained during the experiments with spherical geometries of the diode electrodes was equal to 60. The ablation average pressures measured by the spring pendulum gave several kilobars for 8–10 kA/cm2 of HPIB density. The peak pressure measured by acoustic probes attained tens of kilobars for the same HPIB current amplitudes.
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18

Wagner, William S. "The spring gun ballistic pendulum: An alternate method for finding the initial velocity." American Journal of Physics 53, no. 11 (November 1985): 1114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14053.

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19

Jin Yunsheng, 金云声, 张兴卫 Zhang Xingwei, 谭福利 Tan Fuli, 赵剑衡 Zhao Jianheng, 孙承纬 Sun Chengwei, and 杨. 华. Yang Hua. "Testing Device Based on Interferometric Ballistic Pendulum and Its Double Precision Data Processing Method." Acta Optica Sinica 37, no. 5 (2017): 0512001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201737.0512001.

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20

Yuen, Steeve Chung Kim, Gerald Nurick, Nzudzanyo Ranwaha, and Travis Henchie. "The Response of Circular Plates to Repeated Uniform Blast Loads." Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (January 2013): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.44.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation into the response of circular Domex-700 MC steel plates to repeated uniform blast loads. The experiments are carried out on a ballistic pendulum for a 3mm thick test plate to witness up to five similar uniform blast loads. As expected, a trend of increasing permanent mid-point deflection is observed for an increase in charge mass and number of blast loads. In general, the results showed that the incremental increase in mid-point deflection decreases while the Vickers hardness of the plate increases with increasing number of blast loads.
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21

Lakatosh, B. V., D. B. Abramenko, V. V. Ivanov, V. V. Medvedev, V. M. Krivtsun, K. N. Koshelev, and A. M. Yakunin. "Propulsion of a flat tin target with pulsed CO2laser radiation: measurements using a ballistic pendulum." Laser Physics Letters 15, no. 1 (December 6, 2017): 016003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/aa94ea.

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22

Loram, Ian D., and Martin Lakie. "Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: position control by small, ballistic‐like, throw and catch movements." Journal of Physiology 540, no. 3 (May 2002): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013077.

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23

DeGoede, Kurt M., James A. Ashton-Miller, Albert B. Schultz, and Neil B. Alexander. "Biomechanical Factors Affecting the Peak Hand Reaction Force During the Bimanual Arrest of a Moving Mass." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 1 (October 2, 2001): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1427702.

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Fall-related wrist fractures are among the most common fractures at any age. In order to learn more about the biomechanical factors influencing the impact response of the upper extremities, we studied peak hand reaction force during the bimanual arrest of a 3.4 kg ballistic pendulum moving toward the subject in the sagittal plane at shoulder height. Twenty healthy young and 20 older adults, with equal gender representation, arrested the pendulum after impact at one of three initial speeds: 1.8, 2.3, or 3.0 m/sec. Subjects were asked to employ one of three initial elbow angles: 130, 150, or 170 deg. An analysis of variance showed that hand impact force decreased significantly as impact velocity decreased (50 percent/m/s) and as elbow angle decreased (0.9 percent/degree). A two segment sagittally-symmetric biomechanical model demonstrated that two additional factors affected impact forces: hand-impactor surface stiffness and damping properties, and arm segment mass. We conclude that hand impact force can be reduced by more than 40 percent by decreasing the amount of initial elbow extension and by decreasing the velocity of the hands and arms relative to the impacting surface.
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24

Jing, Lin, Zhi Hua Wang, Long Mao Zhao, and V. P. W. Shim. "Blast Resistance of Clamped Cylindrical Sandwich Shells with Metallic Foam Cores." Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (January 2013): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.461.

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The deformation/failure modes and dynamic response of fully clamped cylindrical sandwich shells with aluminum foam cores subjected to air blast loading were investigated experimentally. A four-cable ballistic pendulum system was employed to measure the impulse imparted to the blast-loaded specimen. The deformation/failure modes of specimens were classified and analyzed, the effects of face-sheet thickness, core relative density, specimen curvature and mass of charge on the structural response of metallic sandwich shells were examined. Experimental results indicate that both the deformation/failure modes and the dynamic response of the sandwich shells are sensitive to the structural configurations and blast impulse. The experimental results are useful for validating theoretical predictions, as well as in engineering applications of cellular metal sandwich structures.
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25

Johnson, W. "The origin of the ballistic pendulum: The claims of Jacques Cassini (1677–1756) and Benjamin Robins (1707–1751)." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 32, no. 4 (January 1990): 345–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(90)90099-5.

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26

Heimbs, Sebastian, Tim Wagner, Juan Tomas Viana Lozoya, Benedikt Hoenisch, and Florian Franke. "Comparison of impact behaviour of glass, carbon and Dyneema composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 951–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218764509.

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Lightweight fibre-reinforced polymer composites are currently being applied extensively in the design of transport structures to replace conventional metallic solutions, and also in structures that are exposed to the risk of foreign object impact. Therefore, an experimental study was undertaken to assess and compare the low- and high-velocity impact behaviour of S-2 glass®, HTA carbon and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (Dyneema®) composites. Three different impact test methods were applied: Charpy pendulum impact tests, drop-weight impact tests and ballistic impact tests with a gas gun. The results with the focus on penetration energy are compared in terms of correlation between the three test methods and in terms of weight-specific material performance. While the S-2 glass® fibre showed the best performance of the epoxy-based composites, the PUR-based Dyneema® HB26 panels proved the best penetration resistance in this study.
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27

Alcántara, Enrique, Arturo Forner, Elena Ferrús, Ana-Cruz García, and José Ramiro. "Influence of Age, Gender, and Obesity on the Mechanical Properties of the Heel Pad under Walking Impact Conditions." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 18, no. 4 (November 2002): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.18.4.345.

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Impact mechanics of the human heel pad were studied using a ballistic pendulum. Young and elderly men and women took part in the experiment. Twelve parameters were used to describe heel pad properties. Analysis of variance was conducted to assess the influence of age, gender, and obesity. Heel pad properties were correlated with impact force and time to peak force in order to study impact mechanics. Maximal stiffness, peak displacement, and energy absorption were established so as to sufficiently describe impact properties of the heel pad. Age, gender, and obesity introduced significant differences in heel pad properties. Peak displacement and time to peak force increased in the elderly. Women presented a shorter time to peak force together with lower peak displacement, energy absorption, and lower maximal stiffness than men. Obese elderly showed lower impact forces, longer time to peak, and greater peak displacement than non-obese and younger participants. In addition, energy absorption was greater and maximal stiffness was lower for obese than for non-obese participants.
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28

Maus, Horst-Moritz, Shai Revzen, John Guckenheimer, Christian Ludwig, Johann Reger, and Andre Seyfarth. "Constructing predictive models of human running." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 103 (February 2015): 20140899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0899.

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Running is an essential mode of human locomotion, during which ballistic aerial phases alternate with phases when a single foot contacts the ground. The spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) provides a starting point for modelling running, and generates ground reaction forces that resemble those of the centre of mass (CoM) of a human runner. Here, we show that while SLIP reproduces within-step kinematics of the CoM in three dimensions, it fails to reproduce stability and predict future motions. We construct SLIP control models using data-driven Floquet analysis, and show how these models may be used to obtain predictive models of human running with six additional states comprising the position and velocity of the swing-leg ankle. Our methods are general, and may be applied to any rhythmic physical system. We provide an approach for identifying an event-driven linear controller that approximates an observed stabilization strategy, and for producing a reduced-state model which closely recovers the observed dynamics.
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29

Combis, P., B. Cazalis, J. David, A. Froger, M. Louis-Jacquet, B. Meyer, G. Nierat, et al. "Low-fluence laser–target coupling." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 2 (June 1991): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460000344x.

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Low-fluence laser interaction with metallic target is investigated in a wide range of irradiance, from 5 × 106 to 1011 W/cm2, with 4- and 30-ns laser-pulse durations and 1.06-μm wavelength. Edge effects are avoided by means of large surfaces of irradiation (5 cm2). Specific diagnostics such as a ballistic pendulum and a piezoelectric quartz gauge are developed to measure the total momentum imparted to the target, as well as the temporal evolution of the stress at the rear side of the target. Specular reflection and sidescattering of the laser light from the target are also measured. The behavior of 2024 aluminum alloy is particularly studied. The results are interpreted in terms of liquid-vapor transition and change in laser absorption.In light of experimental data, the theoretical analysis of surface absorption is reviewed, showing the dependence on metal temperature and laser wavelength. The thermal and mechanical coupling is also calculated.Numerical simulations are performed with a 1–D Lagrangian hydrodynamic code including modifications for low-pressure regimes. The multiphase equation of state is extended to take into account negative pressures. An elastoplastic module is introduced into the code. A quite good agreement is obtained with the measurements of the stress and of the mechanical coupling coefficient.
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30

Yuen, S. Chung Kim, and DM Warncke. "The response of quadrangular plates to blast load resulting from the detonation of encased buried charges." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 433–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617721547.

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In real-life situation, especially in the numerous regions where conflicts exist, improvised explosive devices can be made of varying explosives encased in different containers detonated under varying conditions. This article reports on a series of experiments that was carried out to investigate the response of quadrangular plates to buried encased charges with a view to simulate the detonation of landmines buried in sand and compared with different loading conditions. Four loading scenarios, namely, bare and encased charges detonated in air and bare and encased charges buried under sand, were investigated. The results were evaluated and compared to the data obtained from bare charges detonated in air in terms of plate deformation and impulse imparted onto the target plate. A vertical ballistic pendulum was used to measure the impulse imparted onto the target plates by the different charges. The results showed that the presence of the steel casing in buried charge tests caused more damage to the test plate. An increase in the midpoint deflection of the test plate was observed despite a slightly reduced impulse imparted onto the plate. Larger impulse was imparted onto the target plate by buried bare charges compared to bare charges detonated in air. Midpoint deflection and impulse decreased with an increasing stand-off distance for all the different loading scenarios.
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31

Usherwood, James Richard. "Inverted pendular running: a novel gait predicted by computer optimization is found between walk and run in birds." Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (May 19, 2010): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0256.

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Idealized models of walking and running demonstrate that, energetically, walking should be favoured up to, and even somewhat over, those speeds and step lengths that can be achieved while keeping the stance leg under compression. Around these speeds, and especially with relatively long step lengths, computer optimization predicts a third, ‘hybrid’, gait: (inverted) pendular running (Srinivasan & Ruina 2006 Nature 439, 72–75 ( doi:10.1038/nature04113 )). This gait involves both walking-like vaulting mechanics and running-like ballistic paths. Trajectories of horizontal versus vertical centre of mass velocities—‘hodographs’—over the step cycle are distinctive for each gait: anticlockwise for walk; clockwise for run; figure-of-eight for the hybrid gait. Both pheasants and guineafowl demonstrate each gait at close to the predicted speed/step length combinations, although fully aerial ballistic phases are never achieved during the hybrid or ‘Grounded Inverted Pendular Running’ gait.
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32

Steele, Brett D. "Muskets and Pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the Ballistics Revolution." Technology and Culture 35, no. 2 (April 1994): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106305.

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33

Safari, K. H., J. Zamani, S. M. R. Khalili, and S. Jalili. "Experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies on the response of square plates subjected to blast loading." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 46, no. 8 (August 22, 2011): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324711416183.

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This article presents the results of experimental and analytical studies on the response of steel and aluminium square plates with different thicknesses subjected to blast loading. Based on the blast wave details and the scaling law for explosions, a method of determining the blast load is proposed in which ballistic pendulums do not need to be utilized for obtaining the blast wave impulses. The loads applied to the plates are assumed to be the quasi-exponential pressure pulses, which are the same as the explosion overpressures. The theoretical solutions are presented using a rigid, perfectly plastic idealization and are exact within the context of dynamic plasticity. The dynamic energy imparted to structures can cause material failure. The presented investigation considers such a failure for fully clamped plates subjected to a blast loading idealized as an initial velocity distributed uniformly throughout the area. The predicted deflections and general failure modes of the plates are presented and compared with experimental results. Moreover, a numerical simulation is carried out by modelling an FSI (fluid–solid interaction) problem. Results are compared with each other and a better agreement between numerical results with experimental ones is observed.
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34

Starczewski, Lech, Krzysztof Szcześniak, Michał Gmitrzuk, and Robert Nyc. "Determining the degree of pulse absorption of air blast wave by spaced material systems." Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne / High Energy Materials, December 14, 2020, 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22211/matwys/0144e.

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The paper presents the results of a study to determine the degree of attenuation of a detonation wave pulse generated by a spherical ceresin-phlegmatized hexogen charge, by spaced material systems. The systems were mounted on a ballistic pendulum and the amount of energy absorbed was determined based on the change in pendulum swing. The spaced panels with absorbing elements, simulated the flat bottom of a vehicle exposed to a single blast.
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35

Астанін, В. В., and Г. О. Олефір. "THE APPLICATION OF BALLISTIC PENDULUM FOR RESEARCHES OF SHOCK DURABILITY OF MATERIALS." Science-based technologies 2, no. 2 (November 24, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2310-5461.2.5251.

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36

Toshimitsu, Kazuhiko, Kosei Hara, Shuuto Mikajiri, and Naoki Takiguchi. "Experimental Study of Propulsion Performance by Single-Pulse Rotating Detonation with Gaseous Fuels-Oxygen Mixtures." International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines 33, no. 4 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2015-0044.

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AbstractA rotating detonation engine (RDE) is one of candidates of aerospace engines for supersonic cruse, which is better for propulsion system than a pulse detonation engine (PDE) from the view of continuous thrust and simple structure. The propulsion performance of a proto-type RDE and a PDE by single pulse explosion with methane-oxygen is investigated. Furthermore, the performance of the RDE with acetylene-oxygen gas mixtures is investigated. Its impulse is estimated through ballistic pendulum method with maximum displacement and damping ratio. The comparison of specific impulses of the mixture gases at atmospheric pressure is shown. The specific impulses of the RDE and the PDE are almost same with methane-oxygen gas. Furthermore, the fuel-base specific impulse of the RDE with acetylene-oxygen gas is about over twice as large as one of methane-oxygen, and its maximum specific impulse is 1100 seconds.
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37

Rogers, Edmond A., and Guenter W. Gross. "Simultaneous electrophysiological and morphological assessment of functional damage to neural networks in vitro after 30–300 g impacts." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (October 18, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51541-x.

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Abstract An enigma of mild traumatic brain injury are observations of substantial behavior and performance deficits in the absence of bleeding or other observable structural damage. Altered behavior and performance reflect changes in action potential (AP) patterns within neuronal networks, which could result from subtle subcellular responses that affect synaptic efficacy and AP production. The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify network activity changes after simulated concussions in vitro and therewith develop a platform for simultaneous and direct observations of morphological and electrophysiological changes in neural networks. We used spontaneously active networks grown on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to allow long-term multisite monitoring with simultaneous optical observations before and after impacts delivered by a ballistic pendulum (30 to 300 g accelerations). The monitoring of AP waveshape templates for long periods before and after impact provided an internal control for cell death or loss of cell-electrode coupling in the observed set of neurons. Network activity patterns were linked in real-time to high power phase contrast microscopy. There was no overt loss of glial or neuronal adhesion, even at high-g impacts. All recording experiments showed repeatable spike production responses: a loss of activity with recovery to near reference in 1 hr, followed by a slow activity decay to a stable, level plateau approximately 30–40% below reference. The initial recovery occurred in two steps: a rapid return of activity to an average 24% below reference, forming a level plateau lasting from 5 to 20 min, followed by a climb to within 10% of reference where a second plateau was established for 1 to 2 hrs. Cross correlation profiles revealed changes in firing hierarchy as well as in Phase 1 in spontaneous network oscillations that were reduced by as much as 20% 6–8 min post impact with only a partial recovery at 30 min. We also observed that normally stable nuclei developed irregular rotational motion after impact in 27 out of 30 networks. The evolution of network activity deficits and recovery can be linked with microscopically observable changes in the very cells that are generating the activity. The repeatable electrophysiological impact response profiles and oscillation changes can provide a quantitative basis for systematic evaluations of pharmacological intervention strategies. Future expansion to include fluorescent microscopy should allow detailed investigations of damage mechanisms on the subcellular level.
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