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Stafecka, Anna. "Baltic and Finnic linguistic relations reflected in geolinguistic studies of the Baltic languages." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 11, 2014): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.2.06.
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The article provides insight into the reflection of Baltic and Finnic language contacts in geolinguistic studies of the Baltic languages. These contacts have a rather long history, and are particularly intense between the Latvian language and Finnic languages (especially Livonian and Estonian). In Lithuanian, Finnic borrowings have mostly appeared through Latvian, and fall into the dialectal Lithuanian vocabulary. The analysed material makes it possible to distinguish several areas of Finnic influences in Latvian sub-dialects. They are as follows: 1) the territory of the Livonian dialect which originated from Latvian-Livonian contact; 2) the sub-dialects along the Estonian border; 3) the sub-dialects around Gulbene and Alūksne; 4) the territory of the krieviņi (descendants of people who spoke Votic) in the Zemgale region; and 5) the sub-dialects in the Latgale region around Ludza. Geolinguistic research on language contacts may be helpful in solving certain problems of ethnic history.Kokkuvõte. Anna Stafecka: Balti ja läänemeresoome keelesuhete kajastus balti keelte geolingvistilistes uurimustes. Artikkel esitab ülevaate balti ja läänemeresoome keelesuhete kajastamisest balti keelte geolingvistilistes uurimustes. Neil kontaktidel on küllaltki pikk ajalugu ja need on eriti tugevad läti ja läänemeresoome keelte (eriti liivi ja eesti keele) vahel. Leedu keelde on läänemeresoome laenud saadud peamiselt läti keele vahendusel ja need kuuluvad leedu murdesõnavarasse. Analüüsitud materjal võimaldab eristada Läti murrakutes mitut läänemeresoome mõjupiirkonda: 1) läti-liivi kontaktide mõjul kujunenud liivipärase murde ala; 2) Eesti piiri äärsed murrakud; 3) Gulbene ja Alūksne ümbruse murrakud; 4) kreevinite (vadja keele kõnelejate järglaste) ala Zemgales ja 5) Ludza ümbruse murrakud Latgales. Keelekontaktide geolingvistiline uurimine võib kaasa aidata etnilise ajaloo küsimuste lahendamisele.Märksõnad: dialektoloogia, geolingvistika, balti-läänemeresoome keelekontaktid, murdeatlased
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Zwick, Daniel. "A fifteenth-century shipwreck with Scandinavian features from Bremen. Interpreting the Beluga ship in the context of late medieval clinker construction in northwestern Europe." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.273.
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While most of this volume’s contributions trace Hanseatic influences throughout the North Atlantic, this paper examines a possible counter-influence in the shape of a medieval shipwreck discovered in Bremen in 2007, the construction of which is reminiscent of the Scandinavian shipbuilding tradition. With its radially cleft planks, inlaid wool caulking and clinkerfastenings, the wreck displays a number of features that point typologically to a vernacular Scandinavian origin. However, the planks fall into two groups outside of Scandinavia: high quality wainscot planks cut in the Baltic region in the course of the fourteenth century, and a group of locally cut timber — arguably for repairs — dating from the second quarter of the fifteenth century. This period coincides with a peak of Baltic timber export, especially wainscot for shipbuilders. Hence, the wreck is discussed within the wider context of clinker-built wrecks from this period in general and wrecks built of Baltic oak in particular.
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Anghel, Florin. "Polish Influences on the Baltic Demarches of Romanian Diplomacy. 1920-1930." Lithuanian Historical Studies 4, no. 1 (November 30, 1999): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00401005.
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Clemens Jr., Walter C. "Keys to Human Development: The Baltic Miracle." NETSOL: New Trends in Social and Liberal Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24819/netsol2020.05.
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The three Baltic republics—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania—are the only units of the former Soviet Union to deal effectively with the complex challenges of transitioning to free market democracy with advancing levels of human development. These countries have developed high levels of societal fitness—defined in complexity science as the ability to cope with multifaceted challenges and opportunities. What are the sources of these achievements? Many factors intertwined to produce what some call the “Baltic miracle.” One key element has been the three revolutions stemming from the Protestant mandate to read and discuss the Bible: mass literacy, free thought and repression, and respect for individual dignity. Protestant influences were strongest in what is now Estonia and Latvia, but they reached Lithuania as well. Religiosity in now low in the Baltic republics, as in the Sweden that once nurtured both Christianity and literacy in its Baltic provinces. But the sparks it ignited in centuries past have shaped the rationalist and humanistic ethos of the region. Religion, of course, is just one of the European influences that conditioned economic and other cultural development in the region. But the dates when the Bible reached all of Europe in the vernacular are strong predictors of human development today. Balts also gained from not being occupied by the Golden Horde. On the other hand, they had to overcome several centuries of Russian and then Soviet domination. Fifty years of Communist rule dimmed but did not extinguish the positive qualities that reemerged with great vitality in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Baltic transformations were not "managed" from above or from outside—not from Brussels, not from Washington. They were encouraged and supported by Sweden and other European powers, but each transformation emerged from the bottom-up rather than from the top-down or from outside-in. Balts acted synergistically to contribute to the self-organization that is crucial to meeting complex challenges.
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TOMKIEWICZ, JONNA, KLAUS M. LEHMANN, and MICHAEL A. ST JOHN. "Oceanographic influences on the distribution of Baltic cod, Gadus morhua , during spawning in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea." Fisheries Oceanography 7, no. 1 (April 1998): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1998.00051.x.
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Fisch, Kathrin, Berit Brockmeyer, Wolfgang Gerwinski, Detlef E. Schulz-Bull, and Norbert Theobald. "Seasonal variability, long-term distribution (2001–2014), and risk assessment of polar organic micropollutants in the Baltic Sea." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 29 (March 23, 2021): 39296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13254-5.
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AbstractFrom 2001 to 2014, 13 surveys were conducted in the Baltic Sea, to determine its pollution of 50 micropollutants. The investigations focused mostly on the German western Baltic Sea; in 2008, one survey covered the entire Baltic Sea. Various groups of herbicides (such as triazines, phenoxyacetic acid, phenylurea), perfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products were analyzed during these surveys. The highest concentrations (median 1 to 4 ng/L) were observed for atrazine, simazine, chloridazone, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzotriazole, primidone, and carbamazepine. Most micropollutants exhibited a relatively homogenous spatial distribution, though some herbicides show elevated concentrations in certain regions (e.g., Odra estuary), indicating a riverine input. The data set was analyzed, both for seasonal influences and long-time trends. Some herbicides exhibited higher concentrations during summertime. Both upward- and downward-directed time trends could be identified for some herbicides and perfluorinated compounds. For most of the detected compounds, a low-risk quotient was calculated. Only the occurrence of carbendazim could potentially pose a higher risk to the Baltic Sea.
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Krężel, Adam, and Marcin Paszkuta. "Automatic Detection of Cloud Cover over the Baltic Sea." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 1117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05017.1.
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Abstract A simple detection method was proposed to increase the efficiency of automatic classification of a satellite image cell (clear/cloudy). A method is described on the basis of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, with a focus on highly active and highly reflecting targets (i.e., the Baltic Sea). Radiation input conditions and the dynamic threshold were used to reduce geometric influences of any daily scene supplied by the NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 platforms. They were carried out from statistic and histogram sequences of albedo and temperature maps. The presented approach is intended to primarily serve the activation of a nonsupervised system for oceanographic analyses (mainly SST), based on an accurate cloud mask.
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Dabuleviciene, Toma, Diana Vaiciute, and Igor E. Kozlov. "Chlorophyll-a Variability during Upwelling Events in the South-Eastern Baltic Sea and in the Curonian Lagoon from Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (November 8, 2020): 3661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213661.
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Based on the analysis of multispectral satellite data, this work demonstrates the influence of coastal upwelling on the variability of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the south-eastern Baltic (SEB) Sea and in the Curonian Lagoon. The analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Aqua/Terra satellites, together with Chl-a maps from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) onboard Envisat, shows a significant decrease of up to 40–50% in Chl-a concentration in the upwelling zone. This results from the offshore Ekman transport of more productive surface waters, which are replaced by cold and less-productive waters from deeper layers. Due to an active interaction between the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon which are connected through the Klaipeda Strait, coastal upwelling in the SEB also influences the hydrobiological conditions of the adjacent lagoon. During upwelling inflows, SST drops by approximately 2–8 °C, while Chl-a concentration becomes 2–4 times lower than in pre-upwelling conditions. The joint analysis of remotely sensed Chl-a and SST data reveals that the upwelling-driven reduction in Chl-a concentration leads to the temporary improvement of water quality in terms of Chl-a in the coastal zone and in the hyper-eutrophic Curonian Lagoon. This study demonstrates the benefits of multi-spectral satellite data for upscaling coastal processes and monitoring the environmental status of the Baltic Sea and its largest estuarine lagoon.
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Dixon, Megan L. "The Southern Square in the Baltic Pearl: Chinese ambition and “European” architecture in St. Petersburg, Russia." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 4 (July 2013): 552–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.768218.
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The Baltic Pearl is a 205-hectare development project underway southwest of St. Petersburg, Russia, originally financed and designed by a consortium of firms from Shanghai, China. This paper analyzes the discourse surrounding the development of one section of the Baltic Pearl, the commercial multiplex Southern Square, particularly the use of the term “European” as used to signal the project's intended cultural orientation and to exert control over the interaction between Russian planners and Chinese developers. In the negotiation over the form of the multiplex, control over architectural style emerges as leverage for preservation of cultural norms and local autonomy. In further analysis, the situation emerges as an example of Sassen's [(2008)Territory, Authority, Rights. From Medieval to Global Assemblages.Princeton: Princeton University Press] shifting assemblages, that is, a reassembling of global influences in a space invoked as national as well as local.
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Wilczynski, Przemyslaw Michal, Andrzej Domonik, and Pawel Lukaszewski. "Anisotropy of Strength and Elastic Properties of Lower Paleozoic Shales from the Baltic Basin, Poland." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14112995.
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The paper presents the results of laboratory studies on the strength–strain properties of shales representing four siltstone-claystone lithostratigraphic units occurring in the Baltic Basin. Laboratory studies in a triaxial stress state were conducted as single failure tests on cylindrical samples oriented parallel and perpendicular to lamination within the rocks. Mutually perpendicular samples were cut out from the same drill core sections in order to determine mechanical anisotropy. Samples oriented parallel to lamination were characterised by values of the static Young’s modulus twice as high as from samples oriented perpendicular to lamination. Similar variability was observed in the case of maximum differential stress values and Poisson’s ratio. Samples parallel to lamination registered notably lower axial strains, which influenced increased values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The rocks studied are characterised by VTI type (vertical transverse isotropy) internal anisotropy of the rock matrix, which significantly influences the anisotropy of their geomechanical properties.
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Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, L., J. Piskozub, J. Jakacki, M. Janecki, and A. Nowicki. "Influence of climate parameters on long-term variations of the distribution of phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentration in the Baltic Sea simulated by a 3-D model." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 18, 2011): 533–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-533-2011.
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Abstract. Influence of long term trends in the climate parameters (average temperature, wind speed and solar irradiance) on phytoplankton and nutrient in the Baltic Sea was studied with an integrated three-dimensional coupled sea-ice ecological model. Simple ecosystem has been added to the sea-ice model and it has been used to estimate variability of the phytoplankton and nutrient during long term changes of the main atmospheric forces. Several numerical experiments were conducted to test the sensitivity of the model to changes of the main physical parameters such as temperature, wind speed, solar and thermal radiation (in different configurations). Influences of variability of these parameters on phytoplankton and nutrient (total inorganic nitrogen) is presented and discussion on relevance to expected future climate change is provided.
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Herman, A., J. Jedrasik, and M. Kowalewski. "Numerical modelling of thermodynamics and dynamics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea." Ocean Science 7, no. 2 (April 18, 2011): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-257-2011.
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Abstract. In this paper, a numerical dynamic-thermo-dynamic sea-ice model for the Baltic Sea is used to analyze the variability of ice conditions in three winter seasons. The modelling results are validated with station (water temperature) and satellite data (ice concentration) as well as by qualitative comparisons with the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute ice charts. Analysis of the results addresses two major questions. One concerns effects of meteorological forcing on the spatio-temporal distribution of ice concentration in the Baltic. Patterns of correlations between air temperature, wind speed, and ice-covered area are demonstrated to be different in larger, more open sub-basins (e.g., the Bothnian Sea) than in the smaller ones (e.g., the Bothnian Bay). Whereas the correlations with the air temperature are positive in both cases, the influence of wind is pronounced only in large basins, leading to increase/decrease of areas with small/large ice concentrations, respectively. The other question concerns the role of ice dynamics in the evolution of the ice cover. By means of simulations with the dynamic model turned on and off, the ice dynamics is shown to play a crucial role in interactions between the ice and the upper layers of the water column, especially during periods with highly varying wind speeds and directions. In particular, due to the fragmentation of the ice cover and the modified surface fluxes, the ice dynamics influences the rate of change of the total ice volume, in some cases by as much as 1 km3 per day. As opposed to most other numerical studies on the sea-ice in the Baltic Sea, this work concentrates on the short-term variability of the ice cover and its response to the synoptic-scale forcing.
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Herman, A., J. Jedrasik, and M. Kowalewski. "Numerical modelling of thermodynamics and dynamics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 113–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-113-2011.
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Abstract. In this paper, a numerical dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model for the Baltic Sea is used to analyze the variability of ice conditions in three winter seasons. The modelling results are validated with station (water temperature) and satellite data (ice concentration) as well as by qualitative comparisons with the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute ice charts. Analysis of the results addresses two major questions. One concerns effects of meteorological forcing on the spatio-temporal distribution of ice concentration in the Baltic. Patterns of correlations between air temperature, wind speed, and ice-covered area are demonstrated to be different in larger, more open sub-basins (e.g., the Bothnian Sea) than in the smaller ones (e.g., the Bothnian Bay). Whereas the correlations with the air temperature are positive in both cases, the influence of wind is pronounced only in large basins, leading to increase/decrease of areas with small/large ice concentrations, respectively. The other question concerns the role of ice dynamics in the evolution of the ice cover. By means of simulations with the dynamic model turned on and off, the ice dynamics is shown to play a crucial role in interactions between the ice and the upper layers of the water column, especially during periods with highly varying wind speeds and directions. In particular, due to the fragmentation of the ice cover and the modified surface fluxes, the ice dynamics influences the rate of change of the total ice volume, in some cases by as much as 1 km3 per day. As opposed to most other numerical studies on the sea-ice in the Baltic Sea, this work concentrates on the short-term variability of the ice cover and its response to the synoptic-scale forcing.
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Trippel, EA, G. Kraus, and FW Köster. "Maternal and paternal influences on early life history traits and processes of Baltic cod Gadus morhua." Marine Ecology Progress Series 303 (November 21, 2005): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps303259.
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Hinrichsen, H. H., U. Böttcher, F. W. Köster, A. Lehmann, and M. A. St.John. "Modelling the influences of atmospheric forcing conditions on Baltic cod early life stages: distribution and drift." Journal of Sea Research 49, no. 3 (May 2003): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-1101(03)00006-6.
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Eiler, Alexander, Mona Johansson, and Stefan Bertilsson. "Environmental Influences on Vibrio Populations in Northern Temperate and Boreal Coastal Waters (Baltic and Skagerrak Seas)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00917-06.
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ABSTRACT Even if many Vibrio spp. are endemic to coastal waters, their distribution in northern temperate and boreal waters is poorly studied. To identify environmental factors regulating Vibrio populations in a salinity gradient along the Swedish coastline, we combined Vibrio-specific quantitative competitive PCR with denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis-based genotyping. The total Vibrio abundance ranged from 4 � 103 to 9.6 � 104 cells liter−1, with the highest abundances in the more saline waters of the Skagerrak Sea. Several Vibrio populations were present throughout the salinity gradient, with abundances of single populations ranging from 5 � 102 to 7 � 104 cells liter−1. Clear differences were observed along the salinity gradient, where three populations dominated the more saline waters of the Skagerrak Sea and two populations containing mainly representatives of V. anguillarum and V. aestuarianus genotypes were abundant in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. Our results suggest that this apparent niche separation within the genus Vibrio may also be influenced by alternate factors such as nutrient levels and high abundances of dinoflagellates. A V. cholerae/V. mimicus population was detected in more than 50% of the samples, with abundances exceeding 103 cells liter−1, even in the cold (annual average water temperature of around 5�C) and low-salinity (2 to 4‰) samples from the Bothnian Bay (latitude, 65�N). The unsuspected and widespread occurrence of this population in temperate and boreal coastal waters suggests that potential Vibrio pathogens may also be endemic to cold and brackish waters and hence may represent a previously overlooked health hazard.
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Schiewer, U., R. Heerkloss, K. Gocke, G. Jost, H. P. Spittler, and R. Schumann. "Experimental bottom-up influences on microbial food webs in eutrophic shallow waters of the Baltic Sea." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 25, no. 2 (December 1993): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1992.11900305.
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Гечайте, Индре, Indre Gecaite, Александр Погорельцев, Aleksandr Pogoreltsev, Александр Угрюмов, and Aleksandr Ugryumov. "Arctic Oscillation impact on thermal regime in the Eastern part of the Baltic region." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19881.
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The paper presents statistical estimations of Arctic Oscillation (AO) impact on air temperature regime in the eastern part of the Baltic region. The region is characterized by high inter-annual and inter-seasonal variability. It is important to note that in the region of global warming extremely low winter temperatures can be observed on the European territory of Russia. AO is one of the large-scale global patterns of atmospheric circulation closely associated with weather variability in northern Europe. AО anomalies occur in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and only then are transferred to tropospheric lower layers. The anomalies can persist over a long period of time (up to two months); so they can serve as precursors in long-range weather forecasts. In turn, changes in stratospheric polar vortex and sudden stratospheric warmings can be related to geomagnetic activity. Perhaps geomagnetic activity influences the meridional temperature gradient and then changes the structure of the stratospheric zonal wind. These changes have an effect on the tropospheric circulation. The stratosphere–troposphere coupling takes place during winter months. Therefore, the paper deals with extremely cold winter anomalies in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region. At the same time, we examine atmospheric circulation peculiarities associated with AO phase change. We analyze data for 1951–2014.
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Jakobsson, Martin, Matt O'Regan, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Christian Stranne, Elizabeth Weidner, Jim Hansson, Richard Gyllencreutz, et al. "Potential links between Baltic Sea submarine terraces and groundwater seeping." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020.
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Abstract. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) influences ocean chemistry, circulation, and the spreading of nutrients and pollutants; it also shapes sea floor morphology. In the Baltic Sea, SGD was linked to the development of terraces and semicircular depressions mapped in an area of the southern Stockholm archipelago, Sweden, in the 1990s. We mapped additional parts of the Stockholm archipelago, areas in Blekinge, southern Sweden, and southern Finland using high-resolution multibeam sonars and sub-bottom profilers to investigate if the sea floor morphological features discovered in the 1990s are widespread and to further address the hypothesis linking their formation to SGD. Sediment coring and sea floor photography conducted with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and divers add additional information to the geophysical mapping results. We find that terraces, with general bathymetric expressions of about 1 m and lateral extents of sometimes >100 m, are widespread in the surveyed areas of the Baltic Sea and are consistently formed in glacial clay. Semicircular depressions, however, are only found in a limited part of a surveyed area east of the island of Askö, southern Stockholm archipelago. While submarine terraces can be produced by several processes, we interpret our results to be in support of the basic hypothesis of terrace formation initially proposed in the 1990s; i.e. groundwater flows through siltier, more permeable layers in glacial clay to discharge at the sea floor, leading to the formation of a sharp terrace when the clay layers above seepage zones are undermined enough to collapse. By linking the terraces to a specific geologic setting, our study further refines the formation hypothesis and thereby forms the foundation for a future assessment of SGD in the Baltic Sea that may use marine geological mapping as a starting point. We propose that SGD through the submarine sea floor terraces is plausible and could be intermittent and linked to periods of higher groundwater levels, implying that to quantify the contribution of freshwater to the Baltic Sea through this potential mechanism, more complex hydrogeological studies are required.
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Drohojowska, Jowita, Evgeny E. Perkovsky, and Jacek Szwedo. "New genus and species of Aleyrodidae from Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodomorpha)." Polish Journal of Entomology 84, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjen-2015-0022.
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Abstract A new genus Rovnodicus gen. n., with new species Rovnodicus wojciechowskii sp. n. is described from Eocene Rovno amber, Ukraine. It is placed in the subfamily Aleurodicinae. It is the first whitefly from this fossil source. Its morphological features and taxonomic position with respect to other Aleurodicinae from the Eocene are briefly discussed. The article outlines the influences of this finding on discussions of the origin, age and taxonomic similarities between Baltic amber from Ukraine and that from the Gulf of Gdańsk and Bitterfeld as well as on palaeoecological reconstructions of the fossil site. The name ‘Aleurochiton eozaenicus Weigelt 1940’, mentioned as the fossil puparium of a whitefly from the Middle Eocene Geiseltal Fossillagerstätte appears to be nomen nudum.
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Kuss, Joachim, Siegfried Krüger, Johann Ruickoldt, and Klaus-Peter Wlost. "High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 6 (March 29, 2018): 4361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4361-2018.
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Abstract. Marginal seas are directly subjected to anthropogenic and natural influences from land in addition to receiving inputs from the atmosphere and open ocean. Together these lead to pronounced gradients and strong dynamic changes. However, in the case of mercury emissions from these seas, estimates often fail to adequately account for the spatial and temporal variability of the elemental mercury concentration in surface water (Hg0wat). In this study, a method to measure Hg0wat at high resolution was devised and subsequently validated. The better-resolved Hg0wat dataset, consisting of about one measurement per nautical mile, yielded insight into the sea's small-scale variability and thus improved the quantification of the sea's Hg0 emission. This is important because global marine Hg0 emissions constitute a major source of atmospheric mercury. Research campaigns in the Baltic Sea were carried out between 2011 and 2015 during which Hg0 both in surface water and in ambient air were measured. For the former, two types of equilibrators were used. A membrane equilibrator enabled continuous equilibration and a bottle equilibrator assured that equilibrium was reached for validation. The measurements were combined with data obtained in the Baltic Sea in 2006 from a bottle equilibrator only. The Hg0 sea–air flux was newly calculated with the combined dataset based on current knowledge of the Hg0 Schmidt number, Henry's law constant, and a widely used gas exchange transfer velocity parameterization. By using a newly developed pump–CTD with increased pumping capability in the Hg0 equilibrator measurements, Hg0wat could also be characterized in deeper water layers. A process study carried out near the Swedish island Øland in August 2015 showed that the upwelling of Hg0-depleted water contributed to Hg0 emissions of the Baltic Sea. However, a delay of a few days after contact between the upwelled water and light was apparently necessary before the biotic and abiotic transformations of ionic to volatile Hg0 produced a distinct sea–air Hg0 concentration gradient. This study clearly showed spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in the Hg0 sea–air flux of the Baltic Sea. The average annual Hg0 emission was 0.90 ± 0.18 Mg for the Baltic proper and extrapolated to 1.73 ± 0.32 Mg for the entire Baltic Sea, which is about half the amount entrained by atmospheric deposition. A comparison of our results with the Hg0 sea–air fluxes determined in the Mediterranean Sea and in marginal seas in East Asia were to some extent similar but they partly differed in terms of the deviations in the amount and seasonality of the flux.
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Pranskevičiūtė-Amoson, Rasa. "The Concepts and Ideas of ‘Spirituality’ Within Worldviews of Alternative Religiosities in the Post-Communist Region: Vissarionites and Anastasians." Journal of Religion in Europe 13, no. 3-4 (June 2, 2021): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-20211515.
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Abstract The article presents research on contemporary religiosities related to individuality and subcultural features, influenced by the processes of social change and religious diversification in the post-communist region. Its aim is to discuss individual and communal thinking (orientated to esotericism, magic, and ecology) typical for representatives of two nature-based spirituality movements—Vissarionites and Anastasians, which is expressed through concepts of New Age spirituality of Oriental origin. The concepts of energy, non-violence, vegetarianism, karma, and reincarnation are used in both movements and appear as an example of how such concepts arrived through Western cultural influences, transformed, and took root in the post-communist cultural context of New Age spirituality. The findings are based on data obtained from fieldwork in 2004–2015, including participant observation and interviews with respondents in the Baltic states and Russia.
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Kirilenko, Viktor P., and Georgiy V. Alexeyev. "Political technologies and international conflicts in the information space of the Baltic Sea region." Baltic Region 10, no. 4 (2018): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-2.
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The information space of the Baltic region has gradually developed since the free exchange of cross-border messages was made possible by media technology and international law. The international conflict between Russia and some countries of the European Union has become a factor hampering its sustainable development. Moreover, the conflict has adversely affected the functioning of many civil society institutions in the Baltic Sea region. This study focuses on the publications in the scientific media associated with the political technologies that may provoke conflict but must contribute to good-neighbourly relations in the region. We carry out a comprehensive political analysis and a specific examination of the Western scientific media to develop a package of measures that Russia can take to counter the conflictprovoking influences in the region. The current condition of the regional information space and information operations aimed at inciting Russophobia and forcing Russia out of the European political process is indicative of the politicisation of social sciences and the humanities and of the mythologisation of the policies of the regional social structures. The conflict must be urgently resolved, since the political technologies, which cause instability in the information space, damage the reputations of all the states involved. To reconcile the differences that underlie the information conflict in the Baltic region it is necessary to take into account common interests. There is a pressing need to join efforts in solving the challenging social problems that cannot be overcome without either international cooperation among the countries or effective social partnership.
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Gröger, Joachim P., Hans-Harald Hinrichsen, and Patrick Polte. "Broad-Scale Climate Influences on Spring-Spawning Herring (Clupea harengus, L.) Recruitment in the Western Baltic Sea." PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): e87525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087525.
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Гечайте, Индре, Indre Gecaite, Александр Погорельцев, Aleksandr Pogoreltsev, Александр Угрюмов, and Aleksandr Ugryumov. "Arctic Oscillation impact on thermal regime of the Baltic region Eastern part." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 2, no. 1 (March 17, 2016): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13478.
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Statistical estimations of Arctic Oscillation (AO) impact on air temperature regime in the Eastern part of Baltic region are presented. The region is characterized by high inter-annual and inter-seasonal variabilities. It is important to note that in the region of global warming extremely low winter temperatures can be observed on the European territory of Russia. AO is one of large-scale global structures of atmospheric circulation closely associated with weather variability in Northern Europe. AО anomalies occur in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and only then transferred to tropospheric lower layers. The anomalies can be preserved during long period up to two months, so they can be predictors in long-range weather forecast. In turn, changes in stratospheric polar vortex and sudden stratospheric warmings can be related to the geomagnetic activity. Perhaps, the geomagnetic activity influences the meridional temperature gradient and then changes in the structure of the stratospheric zonal wind. In turn, the changes have an impact on the tropospheric circulation. The stratosphere–troposphere connection occurs during winter months. Therefore, the paper presents the analysis of extremely cold winter anomalies in the Eastern part of Baltic Sea region. At the same time, we considered atmospheric circulation peculiarities related to AO phase change. The analyzable time interval covers 1951–2014.
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Stolle, Christian, Matthias Labrenz, Christian Meeske, and Klaus Jürgens. "Bacterioneuston Community Structure in the Southern Baltic Sea and Its Dependence on Meteorological Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 11 (April 8, 2011): 3726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00042-11.
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ABSTRACTThe bacterial community in the sea surface microlayer (SML) (bacterioneuston) is exposed to unique physicochemical properties and stronger meteorological influences than the bacterial community in the underlying water (ULW) (bacterioplankton). Despite extensive research, however, the structuring factors of the bacterioneuston remain enigmatic. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of meteorological conditions on bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton community structures and to identify distinct, abundant, active bacterioneuston members. Nineteen bacterial assemblages from the SML and ULW of the southern Baltic Sea, sampled from 2006 to 2008, were compared. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) fingerprints were analyzed to distinguish total (based on the 16S rRNA gene) and active (based on 16S rRNA) as well as nonattached and particle-attached bacterial assemblages. The nonattached communities of the SML and ULW were very similar overall (similarity: 47 to 99%; mean: 88%). As an exception, during low wind speeds and high radiation levels, the active bacterioneuston community increasingly differed from the active bacterioplankton community. In contrast, the particle-attached assemblages in the two compartments were generally less similar (similarity: 8 to 98%; mean: 62%), with a strong variability in the active communities that was solely related to wind speed. Both nonattached and particle-attached active members of the bacterioneuston, which were found exclusively in the SML, were related to environmental clones belonging to theCyanobacteria,Bacteroidetes, andAlpha-,Beta-, andGammaproteobacteriaoriginally found in diverse habitats, but especially in water columns. These results suggest that bacterioneuston communities are strongly influenced by the ULW but that specific meteorological conditions favor the development of distinctive populations in the air-water interface.
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Harding, Karin C., Tero Härkönen, Björn Helander, and Olle Karlsson. "Status of Baltic grey seals: Population assessment and extinction risk." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2720.
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The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) population in the Baltic Sea is recovering after a century of bounty hunting and 3 decades of low fertility rates caused by environmental pollution. A conservative estimate of the population size in 2003 was 19,400 animals, and available data suggest an annual rate of increase of 7.5% since 1990. The growing population has led to increased interactions with the fishery, and demands are being raised for the re-introduction of the hunt. We provide a demographic analysis and a risk assessment of the population, and make recommendations on how to decrease the risk of over exploitation. Although hunting increases the risk of quasi-extinction, the risk can be significantly reduced by the choice of a cautious hunting regime. The least hazardous regimes allow no hunting below a ‘security level’ in population size. Obviously, to implement such a hunting regime detailed knowledge of the population size and growth rate is required. It is not possible to estimate “true” risks for quasi-extinction, but we used an approach where the relative difference for different scenarios can be compared. With a security level at 5,000 females, the population quasi-extinction risk increases 50 fold at an annual hunt of 500 females compared with a scenario with no hunting. The risk of quasi-extinction is very sensitive to declines in the mean growth rate and to increased variance in growth rate. The variance in the population estimates over the last 14 years imply that it would take 9 years to detect a declinefrom 1.075 to 1.027 in the rate of population increase. We also show how the age composition of killed animals influences the impact of the hunt. The overall recommendation is that hunting should be kept to a minimum, carefully documented and accompanied by close population monitoring.
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Gumiński, Witold. "The oldest pottery of the Para-Neolithic Zedmar culture at the site Szczepanki, Masuria, NE-Poland." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 1, 2020): 126–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.8.
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The article presents the earliest ceramics of the site Szczepanki, north-eastern Poland, belonging to the Para-Neolithic Zedmar culture, which existed in the south-east Baltic region. The presented pottery come from the Late Atlantic layers, dated 5600–5100 conv BP. The pottery is discussed regarding the technology, morphological details, vessel forms and ornamentation. Each of the elements shows multidirectional influences or similarities with the Western and the Eastern Para-Neolithic, as well as the Danubian cultures and the TRB. However, a specific characteristic of the early Zedmar pottery relies on mixing features of various origins or traditions, creating a new and peculiar technology and style.
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Wilczynski, Przemyslaw Michal, Andrzej Domonik, and Pawel Lukaszewski. "Brittle Creep and Viscoelastic Creep in Lower Palaeozoic Shales from the Baltic Basin, Poland." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154633.
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The paper analyses the mechanical properties of shales from the Baltic Basin, focusing on creep strain in conditions of variable stress and elevated temperature (85 °C). Rock samples were collected from drill cores from various depths between 3600–4000 m. A series of creep tests was performed using a triaxial apparatus in simulated pressure and temperature conditions in the reservoir. The creep tests were conducted at variable levels of differential stress in variable time intervals. The laboratory experiments were performed in order to study brittle and viscoelastic creep proceeding in time in shales rich in organic matter and clay minerals. Creep compliance of shale formations rich in organic matter influences the success of hydraulic fracturing procedures, as well as migration of natural gas during exploitation. Laboratory characteristics of geomechanical properties (compressive strength, strain and elastic moduli) is crucial for planning natural gas exploitation from unconventional resources. The results indicate that the level of constant differential stress and creep time significantly influence the mechanical properties of shales. The paper presents the differences between brittle and viscoelastic strain registered during creep tests at variable stress conditions and time intervals. In viscoelastic creep tests, creep strain is over two times larger in the second stage of creep in comparison to the magnitude of strain registered in the first stage. In brittle creep tests, axial strain in the first creep stage is two times larger than in viscoelastic creep tests in the second stage. Based on the experiments, elastic parameters, i.e., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, have been determined for each of the analysed samples. In brittle creep tests, Young’s modulus is smaller than in viscoelastic creep tests. In viscoelastic creep tests Young’s modulus increases in successive stages. Whereas Poisson’s ratio is larger for samples from brittle creep tests than for samples from viscoelastic creep tests and does not change with subsequent creep stages in viscoelastic creep tests.
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Ryabchuk, Daria, Alexander Sergeev, Evgeny Burnashev, Viktor Khorikov, Igor Neevin, Olga Kovaleva, Leonid Budanov, Vladimir Zhamoida, and Aleksandr Danchenkov. "Coastal processes in the Russian Baltic (eastern Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad area)." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 54, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): qjegh2020–036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-036.
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The results of both onshore and offshore monitoring of the coastal zone in the Russian Baltic reveal the high intensity and recent acceleration of coastal dynamics caused by an increasing frequency of extreme hydrodynamic events and anthropogenic impacts on the diverse geology. Stable coasts dominate in the eastern Gulf of Finland, but the local rate of shoreline recession is up to 2.0 m a−1, reaching 5 m in one extreme storm event. The coastal zone of the Kaliningrad area is diverse. The western coast of the Sambia Peninsula is controlled by anthropogenic influences linked to the exploitation of geological resources. The beaches advance when the supply of artificial sediments from opencast amber mines increases, whereas the shoreline retreat reaches 10–20 m a−1 when the input is interrupted. Active landslides and beach degradation dominate along the northern coast of the Sambia Peninsula. Large areas of pre-Quaternary deposits, outcrops and boulders in the nearshore provide evidence of sediment deficiency offshore. The coastal geological hazards are dependent on climate. A comprehensive understanding of the main trends in climate change is important for predicting and mitigating future damage to the coastal infrastructure and for selecting adaptation strategies.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mapping the Geology and Topography of the European Seas (EMODnet) collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/EMODnet
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Gaitniece, Elina. "ONLINE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEMS’ USAGE BY COMPANIES IN BALTIC COUNTRIES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 22, 2017): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.913.
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Global retailers are using sophisticated online recommendation systems (ORS) which enhance customers' loyalty towards the specific site. Online markets in Baltic countries are growing fast, but Baltic e-commerce sites are not using a wide enough range of eWOM tools. The aim of this paper is – to evaluate how eWOM through ORS is perceived and used by digital marketing specialists and e-commerce players in the Baltics. Research methods used were: literature analysis on ORS’s influence on consumer purchase decisions, and an expert survey and monitoring study. The research results revealed major barriers for advanced ORS usage in the Baltics, as they discovered a gap between experts' opinion and the current reality in the Baltics. The article provides recommendations to online retailers in the Baltics on improvements that are needed
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Jakunskiene, Egle. "Assessment of the Impact of Social Responsibility on Poverty." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 9395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169395.
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Being one of the open social innovations of business entities, social responsibility is taking an important role in our society. It not only contributes to the improvement of the financial indicators of business entities, but also has a significant impact on the economic development of countries and the creation of well-being of the society members. The business contribution to environmental and social initiatives influences various economic processes and, at the same time, affects the level of poverty in countries. The purpose of this thesis is to review the concept of social responsibility and its content after the analysis of the scientific literature, and to assess the impact of social responsibility on poverty indicators after an empirical study. The assessment was performed by using the methods of analysis of the scientific literature, mathematical–statistical analysis, comparative analysis, correlation analysis, as well as by studying the presented statistical data at the level of the three Baltic States — Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The conducted research manifested a significant impact of the business units operating in the production sector on the employed people who are at the brink of poverty, by categorizing them by sex, age, and education. The research revealed the negative impact of the business social responsibility that is directed towards the environment field on the poverty rates of older age (65+) residents, due to the installation of new equipment and technologies. Additionally, business investments mostly affect people with secondary, and lower than secondary, education. The influence of the actual pollution amount in the production sector, to ensure the financial stability of the society, was observed. The research results are significant not only to the Baltic region, but to other economies that are seeking to reduce the poverty level in the country, by integrating the business social responsibility as well.
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Kamal, Imam Mustafa, Hyerim Bae, Sim Sunghyun, and Heesung Yun. "DERN: Deep Ensemble Learning Model for Short- and Long-Term Prediction of Baltic Dry Index." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041504.
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The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) is a commonly utilized indicator of global shipping and trade activity. It influences stakeholders’ and ship-owners’ decisions respecting investments, chartering, operational plans, and export and import activities. Accurate prediction of the BDI is very challenging due to its volatility, non-stationarity, and complexity. To help stakeholders and ship-owners make sound short- and long-term maritime business decisions and avoid market risk, we performed short- and long-term predictions of BDI using an ensemble deep-learning approach. In this study, we propose to apply recurrent neural network models for BDI prediction. The state-of-the-art of sequential deep-learning models such as RNN, LSTM, and GRU are employed to predict one- and multi-step-ahead BDI values. In order to increase the accuracy, we assemble the models. In experiments, we compared our results with those of traditional methods such as ARIMA and MLP. The results showed that our proposed method outperforms ARIMA, MLP, RNN, LSTM, and GRU in both short- and long-term prediction of BDI.
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Plaan, Joonas. "Altered ontologies of the seascape: local knowledge, environmental change and conservation in Kihnu, Estonia." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22757.
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This article explores the roots and paths of changing discourses about the natural environment and marine resources in the seascape of Kihnu, Estonia. The ontology of the seascape is never static, being subjected to constant transformation, as local experiences and understandings collide with external influences, regulations and constraints. By focusing on the indeterminacies of agency, and human encounters and environmental events, I show how Soviet pasts and perceptions, shifting scientific paradigms and practices, the dynamics of local-global articulations, and unforeseen transformation in the marine environment have progressively contributed to new understandings of the seascape, seals and other marine resources. These changing perceptions fundamentally challenge previously-held notions that humans and nature belong together. A traditional seal hunt had endured in the Baltic Sea for centuries, but the decline of the seal population in the 1970s was widely understood as anthropogenic, related to overfishing, large scale seal hunts and pollution. While most Baltic Sea coastal waters have remained closed to any type of seal hunting for more than 40 years, many fishers and marine scientists agree that grey seal population has recovered and some Baltic Sea countries have lifted the ban on hunting grey seal. While the seal hunt and meat used to have great cultural importance, there was also commercial value in seal skin and fat for many coastal communities. Several representatives of fishery-dependent coastal communities in Estonia now publicly express a view that seals now compete with fishers. Consequently the seal has lost its cultural importance and is considered as an intruder to Kihnu cultural space. I argue that making sense of the concerns and uncertainties that presently surround the question of knowing about and managing marine ecosystems, requires paying close attention to the ways in which access to the seascape and its resources have been enforced and altered over time.Key Words: Estonia; small-scale fisheries; seascape approach; ontology; local knowledge
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Krajnakova, Emilia, Valentinas Navickas, and Rima Kontautiene. "Effect of macroeconomic business environment on the development of corporate social responsibility in Baltic Countries and Slovakia." Oeconomia Copernicana 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2018.024.
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Research background: Fluctuations in economic activity forced companies to change the traditional methods of organization and management and to search for new tools, knowledge, resources and competences in order to strengthen their positions. This has particularly intensified debates on corporate social responsibility (CSR) not only between business people, but also between pieces of research, industry leaders and government representatives. The ongoing global ecologic crisis quickened discussions about how the alternation of macroeconomic business environment influences the development of CSR.
Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to investigate how the changes in macroeconomic business environment influence the development of socially responsible activities in Baltic Countries and Slovakia.
Methods: A statistical analysis of secondary data was used in order to reanalyse the data for the purpose of gaining new insights. The objectives of statistical analysis in this paper were twofold: firstly, to identify the challenges in macroeconomic business environment; secondly, to explore the development of socially responsible activities in different countries. The research period covered the years 2006–2016. The choice of this period is determined by data availability.
Findings & Value added: The authors found that economic conditions may diversely affect the development of different dimensions of CSR. Even in unfavourable macroeconomic conditions companies continue to be involved in socially responsible actions because of long-run CSR benefits. The analysis is useful at an international level because it justified the development of socially responsible businesses in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia, and has provided an opportunity to assess the tendencies of CSR development during the different period of economic cycle.
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Iho, Antti, Heini Ahtiainen, Janne Artell, Outi Heikinheimo, Pirkko Kauppila, Anna-Kaisa Kosenius, Marita Laukkanen, et al. "The Role of Fisheries in Optimal Eutrophication Management." Water Economics and Policy 03, no. 02 (April 2017): 1650031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500314.
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We analyze dynamically optimal eutrophication management using two controls, targeted fishing and reduction of external nutrient loads. Fishing removes nutrients from the water ecosystem, and the size of the fish stock also influences eutrophication through food web effects and other mechanisms. We show that fisheries have a role to play in cost-efficient water quality management in combination with external load reductions. Our numerical application considers phosphorus driven eutrophication, agricultural phosphorus abatement and fisheries targeted on cyprinids on a coastal bay in the Baltic Sea. The socially and privately optimal intensity of fishing efforts, phosphorus abatement and the resulting water quality are influenced by damages, revenues and costs. Furthermore, we show that the link between cyprinid fish stock and water quality, and the form of the fishing industry — sole owner or open access — have joint dynamics that lead to very different outcomes. A weak link between cyprinid stock and water quality is associated with socially optimal stock close to its maximum sustainable yield. This maximizes phosphorus removal. With a strong link, socially optimal stock and phosphorus removal are low. Coincidentally, open-access fishing sometimes yields socially desirable outcome automatically — a market failure in industry structure may counteract eutrophication.
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Bentley, Samuel J., and Charles A. Nittrouer. "Physical and Biological Influences on the Formation of Sedimentary Fabric in an Oxygen-Restricted Depositional Environment: Eckernforde Bay, Southwestern Baltic Sea." PALAIOS 14, no. 6 (December 1999): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3515315.
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VIRTASALO, JOONAS J., THOMAS LEIPE, MATTHIAS MOROS, and AARNO T. KOTILAINEN. "Physicochemical and biological influences on sedimentary-fabric formation in a salinity and oxygen-restricted semi-enclosed sea: Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea." Sedimentology 58, no. 2 (January 25, 2011): 352–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01166.x.
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Orani, Anna Maria, Emilia Vassileva, Sabine Schmidt, Sylvain Berail, and Julien P. G. Barre. "Temporal variation of trace elements, rare earth elements and Pb isotope ratios in sediment core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea." Environmental Chemistry 17, no. 8 (2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en20078.
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Environmental contextTrace elements in coastal environments represent an environmental concern and their monitoring in sediment cores provides insight into their historical sources. A well-dated core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea, provided trace element data, including lead, cadmium, rare earth elements, mercury and methyl mercury. Lead and mercury isotope ratios were useful for the apportionment of pollution sources, indicating that coal burning was a major contributor. AbstractWe present a comprehensive study on the variation of trace elements (TEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) in a well-dated sediment core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea. Mass fractions of 34 elements (major and trace) together with other relevant parameters, such as organic carbon and grain size, were determined in a 20-cm core that covers the last century. Enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indices were determined to assess the possible influence of anthropogenic inputs on element distribution. The obtained results show that the highest enrichment of TEs occurred in the period 1917–1970 especially for the priority elements as Hg, Cd and Pb. Determination of methylmercury (MeHg) was also performed, as it showed the highest content in surface samples. The MeHg percentages ranged from 0.02 to 1.2% of the total Hg. REEs, which are nowadays considered as new emerging contaminants, did not reveal high enrichment attributable to anthropogenic influences, but provided useful baseline information for future monitoring of the area. The study of the Pb isotopic composition proved to be a valuable tool in determining the Pb pollution source, and revealed Pb in the layers that showed the highest enrichment came mainly from coal burning. Mercury isotopic signatures in the sediment core were used as a tool to identify the sources of Hg pollution. An isotope mixing model based on mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent fractionations (MIF) identified coal burning as the most probable dominant source for Hg anthropogenic contamination in the area.
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Martin, Marcela V., Christina Gebühr, Daniel O. Mártire, and Karen H. Wiltshire. "Characterization of a humic acid extracted from marine sediment and its influence on the growth of marine diatoms." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414000368.
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Due to the input of humic substances from freshwater run-off into the marine habitat, the influences of such substances on marine organisms should not be neglected. We here investigate the effect of a humic acid (HA) extract from the North Sea, characterized by spectroscopic techniques and carboxylic and phenolic group content, on the growth of different algae. Two benthic pennate diatoms isolated from the Baltic Sea, Navicula ramosissima (C. Agardh) Cleve, 1895 and Entomoneis paludosa (W. Smith) Reimer, 1975, as well as two tychopelagic centric diatoms isolated from the North Sea, Melosira nummuloides C. Agardh, 1824 and Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1873, were employed. The concentrations of pigments (fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, chlorophyll-a and β-carotene) and nutrients were also measured. Adding low concentrations of naturally humic substances (5.5 mg of C l−1) to the algae cultures resulted in enhanced growth rates compared to the control experiments, possibly due to the increase in the bioavailability of trace metals or other nutrients.
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Cramp, Lucy J. E., Jennifer Jones, Alison Sheridan, Jessica Smyth, Helen Whelton, Jacqui Mulville, Niall Sharples, and Richard P. Evershed. "Immediate replacement of fishing with dairying by the earliest farmers of the northeast Atlantic archipelagos." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20132372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2372.
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The appearance of farming, from its inception in the Near East around 12 000 years ago, finally reached the northwestern extremes of Europe by the fourth millennium BC or shortly thereafter. Various models have been invoked to explain the Neolithization of northern Europe; however, resolving these different scenarios has proved problematic due to poor faunal preservation and the lack of specificity achievable for commonly applied proxies. Here, we present new multi-proxy evidence, which qualitatively and quantitatively maps subsistence change in the northeast Atlantic archipelagos from the Late Mesolithic into the Neolithic and beyond. A model involving significant retention of hunter–gatherer–fisher influences was tested against one of the dominant adoptions of farming using a novel suite of lipid biomarkers, including dihydroxy fatty acids, ω-( o -alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids and stable carbon isotope signatures of individual fatty acids preserved in cooking vessels. These new findings, together with archaeozoological and human skeletal collagen bulk stable carbon isotope proxies, unequivocally confirm rejection of marine resources by early farmers coinciding with the adoption of intensive dairy farming. This pattern of Neolithization contrasts markedly to that occurring contemporaneously in the Baltic, suggesting that geographically distinct ecological and cultural influences dictated the evolution of subsistence practices at this critical phase of European prehistory.
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Fisher, J. A. D., M. Casini, K. T. Frank, C. Möllmann, W. C. Leggett, and G. Daskalov. "The importance of within-system spatial variation in drivers of marine ecosystem regime shifts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1659 (January 5, 2015): 20130271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0271.
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Comparative analyses of the dynamics of exploited marine ecosystems have led to differing hypotheses regarding the primary causes of observed regime shifts, while many ecosystems have apparently not undergone regime shifts. These varied responses may be partly explained by the decade-old recognition that within-system spatial heterogeneity in key climate and anthropogenic drivers may be important, as recent theoretical examinations have concluded that spatial heterogeneity in environmental characteristics may diminish the tendency for regime shifts. Here, we synthesize recent, empirical within-system spatio-temporal analyses of some temperate and subarctic large marine ecosystems in which regime shifts have (and have not) occurred. Examples from the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Bengula Current, North Sea, Barents Sea and Eastern Scotian Shelf reveal the largely neglected importance of considering spatial variability in key biotic and abiotic influences and species movements in the context of evaluating and predicting regime shifts. We highlight both the importance of understanding the scale-dependent spatial dynamics of climate influences and key predator–prey interactions to unravel the dynamics of regime shifts, and the utility of spatial downscaling of proposed mechanisms (as evident in the North Sea and Barents Sea) as a means of evaluating hypotheses originally derived from among-system comparisons.
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Kitzler Åhfeldt, Laila. "Provenancing Rune Carvers on Bornholm through 3D-Scanning and Multivariate Statistics of the Carving Technique." European Journal of Archaeology 23, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.37.
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In 2017, eight runestones on Bornholm were scanned in 3D and the microtopography of the grooves was analysed by multivariate statistical methods. One of the stones was previously not known to runological research. The aim of this paper is to compare the carving technique of the Bornholm runestones with runestones from Swedish regions to shed light on old issues concerning Bornholm's links with other regions in and around the Baltic Sea. The rune carvers are important agents in this, as the runestones are often related to issues including landholding, Christianization, possible Swedish influences, and the inclusion of Bornholm into the Danish realm. In addition, rune carvers as native writers were intimately connected to the introduction of literacy. The results of this study indicate that the rune carvers did not cooperate much with carvers from the islands of Öland and Gotland, whereas Södermanland, among the Swedish mainland provinces, was their first choice.
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Shirshova, E., T. Kovalenko, E. Markelova, and L. Grudko. "Age Features of the Attitude of Students of Special Medical Groups to a Healthy Lifestyle." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/39.
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Strengthening the health of students is a complex scientific and pedagogical problem that includes a wide range of issues from physiological influences in classrooms to the social and psychological aspects of student behavior. Therefore, the study of students’ attitudes towards their health and their behavior, which can affect their health, is necessary for planning physical education in higher educational institutions. Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University regularly conducts sociological surveys of students, including students with impaired health. They are the ones who are more susceptible to the influence of possible negative factors than others. Since lifestyle — including physical activity — is the leading factor in ensuring performance, attitudes towards it become the driving force behind the formation of motivation. As a result of studying age-related changes in the attitude of students of special medical groups, we received data on insignificant differences in most indicators. This requires increased attention to the system of relevant measures. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that students with impaired health have a clear idea of a healthy lifestyle, but the lifestyle itself for most of the respondents does not correspond to this idea. Consequently, one of the ways to improve the health of students is the formation of motivation for the implementation of knowledge.
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Wu, Lichuan, Mingming Shao, and Erik Sahlée. "Impact of Air–Wave–Sea Coupling on the Simulation of Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potentials." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040327.
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Offshore wind and wave energy potentials are commonly simulated by atmosphere and wave stand-alone models, in which the Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean (AWO) dynamical coupling processes are neglected. Based on four experiments (simulated by UU-CM, Uppsala University-Coupled model) with four different coupling configurations between atmosphere, waves, and ocean, we found that the simulations of the wind power density (WPD) and wave potential energy (WPE) are sensitive to the AWO interaction processes over the North and Baltic Seas; in particular, to the atmosphere–ocean coupling processes. Adding all coupling processes can change more than 25% of the WPE but only less than 5% of the WPD in four chosen coastal areas. The impact of the AWO coupling processes on the WPE and WPD changes significantly with the distance off the shoreline, and the influences vary with regions. From the simulations used in this study, we conclude that the AWO coupling processes should be considered in the simulation of WPE and WPD.
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Lusk, Stanislav, Bohumír Lojkásek, Lubomír Hanel, Věra Lusková, and Petr Hartvich. "The current threat level of fish in river network of individual sea-drainage areas in the Czech Republic." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 64, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2015-0032.
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AbstractThe assessment of changes in the population spread of individual ichthyofauna species (lampreys and fishes) as well as the identification of unfavourable impacts is the necessary prerequisite for the correct selection of corrective measures. The river network in the Czech Republic belongs to the three sea-drainage areas (North Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea). The species composition of the original ichthyofauna and the extent of the threat to some species differs in the individual sea-drainage areas. The original ichthyofauna in the Czech Republic consists of 4 lamprey species and 55 fish species. Out of this, only one lamprey species and 31 fish species originate in all three sea-drainage areas. There are 37 fish species considered as the original ones in the North Sea drainage area, there of 4 species are EX, 1 species EW, and 11 species (29.7%) are threatened. In the Baltic Sea drainage area, there are 4 species EX, 1 species EW, and 8 species (22.8%) threatened out of the total 35 assessed species. Out of 49 species in the Black Sea drainage area, there are 4 species EX and 23 species (46.9 %) threatened.The most important reasons considered as the causes of the disappearance or reduction in the presence of some fishes are the water pollution, adjustments to water flow beds, the limitation of floods in alluvial areas, the permanent river basin fragmentation, and the spread of invasive species. Out of these factors, the only positive change has been noticed in the pronounced decrease in water flow pollution after 1990. Angling is also considered as the set of targeted bio manipulation which purposefully and often one-sidedly influences fish populations for the benefit of species being interesting for the angling sport.
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Астрэйка [Astrėĭka], Вера [Vera]. "Беларускія паўночна-заходнія занальныя моўныя адрозненні як вынік рэгіянальных этна-культурных кантактаў і сувязяў." Acta Baltico-Slavica 37 (June 30, 2015): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2013.021.
Full textAbstract:
Features of north-west belorussian dialects as a result of regional ethno-cultural contacts and relationsFor a long time, north-west Belorussian dialects (and their predecessors) have been the area of different Slavic-Baltic contacts and relations. Interactions between Slavs and Balts took place here always on adstratum and substratum levels. These processes have led to the formation of the north-west dialect zone (= regiolect) of Belorussian. The corresponding linguistic phenomena form a basis of the north-west dialectal complex and can be discovered on every level of the language. As a rule, there are not many significant structural changes. However, some of them reflect certain tendencies and possibilities of the linguistic development in the region. These can achieve the status of structural innovations in the language.Belorussian-Polish language interaction is the second important moment in the formation of the north-west dialectal zone of Belorussian. The influence of Polish (both the dialectal and the standard varieties) on the Belorussian dialects can predominantly be discerned in the vocabulary and word-building mechanisms.The Baltic and especially Polish influences are also important for keeping some early linguistic phenomena alive and reinforcing their status as regional features of Belorussian dialects.Frequently, both factors have a joint effect. On the whole, the tendency to form a common repository of linguistic features is present in north-west Belorussian and neighbouring Baltic and Slavic dialects at any time. Therefore, we may say that the language is gradually forming a new independent variety with specific structure and a complex of distinctive features. Белорусские северо-западные зональные языковые отличия как результат региональных этнокультурных контактов и связейСеверо-запад Беларуси издавна известен как регион разного рода славяно-балтских (resp. балто-славянских) контактов и связей. Взаимодействие между славянами и балтами всегда протекало тут как на субстратном, так и на адстратном уровнях. Эти процессы привели к образованию северо-западной диалектной зоны (= региолекта) беларуского языка. Соответствующие особенности составляют основу северо-западного зонального языкового комплекса и так или иначе выявляются на всех ярусах системы данных говоров. Как правило, это явления неконституционного характера. Однако некоторые из них отражают определенные тенденции и потенции регионального языкового развития и в благоприятных исторических условиях могут приобрести статус языковой закономерности. Для определения специфики отмеченного зонального единения белорусских говоров другим важным моментом является взаимодействие с польским языком (как в диалектной, так и в литературной его разновидностях). Польское языковое влияние прежде всего выявляется в области словаря и в сфере деривации. Поскольку и в первом, и, особенно, во втором случаях речь идет о взаимодействии генетически (близко)родственных систем, важным для данной региональной общности говоров следует считать и факт существования языковой поддержки. Оба названных языковых фактора часто выступают совместно. В целом для белорусских северо-западных и соседних с ними балтских и инославянских говоров всегда актуальным было стремление к созданию общего фонда языковых средств. И это, несомненно, можно квалифицировать как движение в сторону формирования самостоятельного идиома со своей специфической структурой и особым набором языковых отличий.
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Tkach, Evgenia Sergeevna. "Distribution of the Corded Ware Cultures traditions in the Upper Western Dvina region in the III millennium BC." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763213.
Full textAbstract:
The following paper presents analysis of the Corded Ware cultures materials in the North-West Russia. The investigation involved materials from 4 archaeological settlements and finds (stone battle-axes) from the Pskov region. The main attention is focused on three principal categories of the Corded Ware cultures artifacts: pottery with cord ornamentation, triangular arrowheads, and stone-battle axes. The paper gives a complex description of ceramic: technology of making pottery, morphology and ornamentation. Stone battle-axes were considered in the context of all Corded Ware cultures materials in the presented region for the first time. Comparison of these materials with other artifacts of the Corded Ware cultures, as well as using methods of relative and absolute chronology, made it possible to trace new directions of the cultural contacts at the beginning of the III millennium BC. The result of these migrations and/or cultural influences from the territory of south-western Europe is the spread of cord impressions on ceramic vessels, emergence of new shapes of pottery and new types of stone battle-axes. The further development is associated with the influence of the Baltic Coast culture. It was the key to the formation of the North-Belarusian culture, which existed in the presented region from the second half of the III millennium BC and is included to the circle of the Corded Ware cultures.
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Bastardie, François, J. Rasmus Nielsen, Margit Eero, Federico Fuga, and Anna Rindorf. "Effects of changes in stock productivity and mixing on sustainable fishing and economic viability." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 2 (June 25, 2016): 535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw083.
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Within the new FMSY European paradigm, this paper shows how a combination of changes in fish stock mixing, non-stationarity in productivity, and constraints on unit stock concepts undermine the effective management of fisheries, especially when management reference points are not adjusted accordingly. Recent changes in stock structures, conditions and stock mixing between eastern and western Baltic cod can jeopardize the reliability of stock assessments and of the fishery economy. We modelled how different management, individual vessel decision-making, and stock growth and mixing scenarios have induced alternative individual vessel spatial effort allocation and economic performance by affecting fishing costs and by changing the relative stock abundance and size distribution. Stock mixing heavily influences profit and stock abundance for stocks that have experienced increased fishing mortality (F) levels. Western cod F has increased from a higher total allowed catches (TAC) advised in the medium-term due to the westward migration of eastern cod while eastern cod F has increased from reduced growth in the east. Greater pressures on western cod and decreased eastern cod growth and conditions greatly reduce the overall cod spawning stock biomass, thus changing the landing size composition and associated fishery profits. As a cumulative effect, fishing efforts are redirected towards western areas depending on management (quotas). However, total profits are less affected when traditional fishing opportunities and switching possibilities for other species and areas are maintained. Our evaluation indicates that current management mechanisms cannot correct for potential detrimental effects on cod fisheries when effort re-allocation changes landing origins. By investigating different economic starting conditions we further show that Baltic cod mis-management could have resulted in unintended unequal (skewed) impacts and serious consequences for certain fleets and fishing communities compared with others. Our management strategy evaluation is instrumental in capturing non-linear effects of different recommendations on sustainability and economic viability, and we show that fixed F-values management is likely not an attainable or sufficient goal in ensuring the sustainability and viability of fisheries and stocks given changing biological conditions.
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Jalkanen, J. P., L. Johansson, J. Kukkonen, A. Brink, J. Kalli, and T. Stipa. "Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2012): 2641–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2641-2012.
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Abstract. A method is presented for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic, based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution (typically a few tens of metres). The model also takes into account the detailed technical data of each individual vessel. The previously developed model was applicable for evaluating the emissions of NOx, SOx and CO2. This paper addresses a substantial extension of the modelling system, to allow also for the mass-based emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). The presented Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model (STEAM2) allows for the influences of accurate travel routes and ship speed, engine load, fuel sulphur content, multiengine setups, abatement methods and waves. We address in particular the modeling of the influence on the emissions of both engine load and the sulphur content of the fuel. The presented methodology can be used to evaluate the total PM emissions, and those of organic carbon, elemental carbon, ash and hydrated sulphate. We have evaluated the performance of the extended model against available experimental data on engine power, fuel consumption and the composition-resolved emissions of PM. We have also compared the annually averaged emission values with those of the corresponding EMEP inventory, As example results, the geographical distributions of the emissions of PM and CO are presented for the marine regions of the Baltic Sea surrounding the Danish Straits.