Academic literature on the topic 'Baluran National Park'

Baluran National Park has an ecosystem service that’s used directly by the people of buffer village. The amount of benefits from these ecosystem services has not received attention in management activities in Baluran National Park. The last 5 years data on the number of tourist visits reached 176,888 tourists, namely 172,039 domestic tourists and 4,849 foreign tourists. However, villagers only play a role in providing tourist motorcycle taxi services. So that people have access to the use of ecosystem services. The purpose of this research is to identify of stakeholders of utilization ecosystem services management in Baluran National Park. The method of research uses quantitative and qualitative approaches, purposive sampling, and interviews using questionnaires. The Analyze is qualitative descriptions and analysis of policy contents. The result of this study is describe of stakeholders of utilization ecosystem service management in Baluran National Park accommodates various interests of stakeholders who can be involved in the management of the use of Baluran National Park ecosystem services. Keywords: Management, Utilization Ecosystem Services, Baluran National Park

Every ecosystem has a different level of susceptibility to environmental disturbances it receives, both from natural factors or anthropogenic disturbance. National Park (NP) Baluran is one national park that has a representation of a complete ecosystem that includes upland forest ecosystems, lowland forests, coastal forests, mangroves, savanna and evergreen forest. The objective of this study is to get a formula calculation of vulnerability analysis of constant and dynamic factors. Baluran NP vulnerability assessment to climate change done by looking at the dynamic and fixed factors. Vulnerability remains a vulnerability factor to the condition of the original (control), whereas vulnerability is the vulnerability of the dynamic change factors which affected the condition from the outside. Constant Vulnerability (CV) in Baluran NP dominated resistant conditions (61%), meaning that the geomorphology and other fixed factors (slope and slope direction/aspect, then the condition in Baluran NP sufficiently resilient to climate change. Dynamic Vulnerability (DV) is the vulnerability of an area or areas that change because of pressure from external factors. DV is influenced by climatic factors (WI = Wetness Index), soil (SBI = Soil Brightness Index), and vegetation (GI = Greenness Index). DV in Baluran NP from 1999 to 2010 shifted from the original category of being (84.76%) and shifted to the susceptible (59.88%). The role of remote sensing for the analysis of raster digital system, while the geographic information system to display the results of cartographic maps.

Coastal resources Baluran National Park (TNB) has been used for coastal marine and ecotourism activities. The increasing number of tourists has led to an increase in tourism activity and related activities. This condition will affect coastal habitat and air quality. This research is intended to embrace the effective management of the ecological, economic, social and institutional dimensions of coastal ecotourism in Baluran National Park. Data analysis using multidimensional scaling method (MDS). The results showed that the effectiveness index of ecotourism management in Baluran National Park is currently in the category quite effective (65.69%). Partially, the ecological dimension (84.15%) is in the effective category, while the social dimension (63.10%), economic dimension (56.46%) and institutional dimension (59.06%) are quite effective. The analysis results show that coastal ecotourism management strategy that implements integrated policy between conservation programs of coastal ecotourism resources, optimization of coastal ecotourism activities based on mangrove, coral reef and culture, increasing comfort among tourists with local communities and increasing provision of coastal ecotourism support infrastructure in the Baluran National Park. Keywords Ecotourism Strategy, Baluran National Park, multidimensional scaling

Relationship can be seen from the similarity of the cow and bull. One method to find out about the phylogenetic relationship between species is by using cranial morphometry (craniometrics). The purpose of this research was to identify morphological cranium Bali cattle , banteng baluran , and banteng merubetiri based on the parameters measured .This research was conducted in August and ending in October 2013 , held at the National Park Baluran and Merubetiri National Park. The design of this research is descriptive quantitative research , using data analysis kalster ( cluster analysis). Parameters of this research using 15 indicators that have been established in accordance with the research Hayashi , 1982. Materials used in this study are adult male cranium Bali cattle obtained from abattoir ( Slaughterhouse ) Denpasar in January to July 2013 a total of six specimens . Cranium of an adult male bull that used a total of six specimens . Five specimens were collected from the National Park consisting Baluran ( two cranium that is banteng baluran 4 and 5 in 1992 ) and the ( three cranium is banteng baluran1, banteng baluran 2 , and banteng baluran 3 in the 2012-2013 ) . Cranium specimen obtained from the sixth bull collection Merubetiri National Park . Measuring instruments used in this study is the large calipers with a precision level of 0.01 cm . The results of this study showed that the cranium cluster of Bali cattle with coefficient range of 0.016 to 0.042 in contrast to the first cluster is bull cranium specimen glaze 1 bull , bull glaze 2 , 3 baluran bull , and the bull merubetiri 1 , with a coefficient value of 0.047 to 0.161 range . Bali cattle cranium differ significantly with cluster cranium second bull is a bull glaze glaze glaze bull 4 and 5 with the coefficient of 0.162 to 0.251 range. Merubetiri bull glaze and form two clusters , the first cluster bull bull glaze consisting of 1 , 2 bull glaze , glaze bull bull merubetiri 3 and 1 , while the second consists of a cluster bull bull bull glaze glaze 4 and 5 . Turns bull glaze specimens collected in 1992 in contrast to the bull glaze specimens collected in 2012 and 2013. Bull glaze specimens collected in 2012 and 2013, closer to the bull merubetiri specimens . And the bull specimens closer distance coefficient with Bali cattle. The conclusion of this study is the overall specimen Bali cattle entered in a cluster , different from the first cluster and cluster bull bull both . The first cluster by cluster bull bull both are in different clusters. Keywords: cluster analysis , relationship , craniometric , bali cattle and banteng.

Baluran National Park is a oldes national park and unique in terms of existing ecosystems. One area that is considered to be of broad condition is Bama Resort. Baluran National Park has various forest formations including mangrove formations, coastal forests, savana forests, seasonal forests, rainforests, and plain forests. This study aims to examine the composition and structure of each forest formation in Baluran National Park in East Java. The number of plant species found in mangrove forest formations were 6 species, 40 species of coastal forest, 37 species of savana forest, 44 species of rain forest, 28 species of lowland forest, and 50 species of seasonal forest formations. The highest density values were in savana forest formation at the seedlings and understorey level of 132445 ind / ha while the density at the tree level was found in the mangrove forest formation of 346 ind / ha. The diversity index of seedlings and understorey species is medium (2 <H '<3) while for other growth rates it is classified as medium and low (0 <H' <3). The value of community similarity between overall forest formations is categorized as low (values below 50%.). Overall header stratification in each formation is in strata c. Key words: Forest Formation, Species Composition, Structure, Baluran National Park

Taman Nasional Baluran memiliki kondisi geomorfologi dan iklim yang khas sehingga dapat membentuk sabana. Masalah yang terjadi di Taman Nasional Baluran adalah adanya perubahan penutup lahan seiring berjalannya waktu. Kondisi tersebut diikuti dengan perubahan struktur ekologi bentanglahan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola penutup lahan berdasarkan aspek geomorfologi dan dinamika perubahannya di Taman Nasional Baluran. Teknik sistem informasi geografis dan penginderaan jauh digunakan untuk menginterpretasi kondisi geomorfologi dan penutup lahan. Analisis ini juga menggunakan software FRAGSTAT untuk mengkuantifikasi landscape metrics. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap penutup lahan memiliki pola sesuai dengan kondisi geomorfologi. Temuan lain menunjukkan bahwa penutup lahan semak dan belukar, sabana, serta hutan lahan rendah mengalami perubahan luas secara signifikan selama tahun 1997-2019. Fragmentasi yang terjadi pada penutup lahan di Taman Nasional Baluran, terutama sabana yang mengalami penurunan luas, turut mengancam kelestarian habitat flora dan fauna asli. Baluran National Park has unique geomorphology and climate conditions, so savannas possibly formed. The problem that happened in Baluran National Park is the land cover changes over time. The condition then followed by the change of landscape ecology structures. Therefore, this study aims to analyze land cover patterns based on geomorphological aspects and the change dynamics in Baluran National Park. Geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques were used to interpret the geomorphological and land cover condition. This analysis also used FRAGSTAT software to quantify landscape metrics. The result showed that each land cover has a pattern in accordance with geomorphological characteristics. Other findings showed that the land cover of shrubs, savannas, and lowland forests underwent significant changes during 1997-2019. The fragmentation that has occurred on Baluran National Park’s land cover, especially savannas that have decreased in area, also threatens the preservation of native flora and fauna habitats.

Pangastuti WM, Arief H, Sunarminto T. 2016. Mangrove ecotourism development at Bilik and Sijile Beach, Labuhan Merak. Baluran National Park, East Java. Bonorowo Wetlands 6: 92-102. Mangrove ecosystem in Bilik and Sejile Beach Baluran National Park, East Java were potential to be mangrove ecotourism. The aim of this research was to give alternative strategies of mangrove ecotourism development in Labuhan Merak Resort, Baluran National Park based on demand and supply aspects of ecotourism. Data were collected by interview, questionnaires, observation and literature study with ecosystem mangrove resources and local people of Sumberwaru village as the object of research. Development of mangrove ecotourism in Bilik and Sejile Beach can be do by make the detail of ecotourism concept synchronize with the tourist interest and also with the local people participation, improve the facilities and infrastructure, improve the quality and quantity of the human resources, improve the cleanliness and safety of Bilik and Sejile Beach, optimize the promotion and make interpretation for the tourist.

Research was conducted on the analysis of mangrove vegetation on the coast of Bama, the Baluran National Park Situbondo Regency, in February 2021. The purpose of this study was to identify mangrove vegetation on Bama beach. Mangrove sampling is done purposive sampling by making plots on transect lines intermittently. Sizes 20 x 20 m2 for trees, 10 x 10 m2 for poles, 5 x 5 m2 for stake and 2 x 2 m2 for seedlings. Each plot identified the type and measured the diameter of the trunk and the number of individual mangroves. Important value index (IVI) is obtained by calculating species density, relative density, type frequency, relative frequency, type dominance, and relative dominance. The results showed that on the coast of Bama Baluran National Park, there are four types of mangroves, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Ecoecaria agallocha, and Terminalia catappa, where Rhizophora stylosa is a species that dominates.

Farm workers are a group that is vulnerable to poverty and depends on weather or climatic factors. However, this profession dominates one of the villages around the Baluran National Park of Indonesia, i.e., Wonorejo, Banyuputih Subdistrict, Situbondo District, East Java. The Baluran National Park is a natural resource conservation area with a savanna ecosystem that was established in March 1980 through the Deklarasi Lima Taman Nasional (Declaration of Five National Parks) of Indonesia. It has an area of 25,000 hectares located in Banyuputih Subdistrict, Situbondo District, East Java and includes t h ree villages, i.e., Wonorejo, Sumberwaru, and Sumberanyar. This study aimed to describe the sustainable livelihood conditions of farm worker households in Wonorejo. This study is a quantitative research through household surveys and is supported by in-depth interviews with expert informants. The results of this study confirmed that farm workers in Wonorejo had good access to five livelihood assets, i.e., natural, physical, human, social, and financial assets. They had also been able to survive without destroying the natural resources in Baluran National Park.

Tropical savannas in South East Asia are important yet understudied ecosystems. In fact, the description of savanna is limited in the Indonesian Archipelago, a region which, based on climate alone, would be expected to have mostly forest. In this thesis, I compared and contrasted the vegetation characteristics of four savannas in the wetter part of the Indonesian archipelago (Java – Bali – Lombok) to understand how fire and grazing influence their dynamics, and searched for evidence of savanna origins, maintenance, invasion by exotic/woody species and possible ecosystem transitions. Vegetation surveys, remote sensing techniques and statistical models were used to spatially and temporally analyse the savanna community composition and the environmental variables and disturbances that influence their structure. there are distinct elevation gradients (along with related climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation), as well as fire regime gradients, linked to tropical savanna community composition across Java, Bali and Lombok Islands. These compositions are characterized by different sets of species, and where invasive alien species are becoming significant components of the ecosystems. Lack of prescribed fire and a range of invasive species threaten to convert savanna at Bali Barat and Alas Purwo into secondary forests or shrubland, whereas the presence of forest pioneer/edge species within the savanna at Rinjani suggests successional change from grassland to forest may occur in the absence of future fires (although the role of soil, topography and microclimate in maintaining grass dominance needs also to be further explored). Compared to the others studied, the savanna in Baluran National Park has characteristics of being relatively old and persistent rather than one being created and maintained via recent human conversion of forests. Overall in Indonesia, there is much less savanna compared to forests, hence it is expected that a greater percentage of savanna is burned. Using remote sensing analysis, I confirmed that approximately 2% of savanna/open vegetation had burned over a 14 year period, whereas only 0.8% of forest has burned across Indonesia. The extent and frequency of burning is mostly associated with annual Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Most burning occurred in years when the SOI sustained negative SOI values, which generally means drier conditions across South East Asia. I also developed species distribution models for the main invasive alien species of the savanna ecosystems studied, Acacia nilotica, to establish its invasion potential, both locally in Baluran National Park and regionally in other parts of Indonesia. Acacia nilotica was different from the other invasive species studied, in that it is promoted by herbivory, and possibly also by fire. It appears that spatially, A. nilotica is rapidly advancing into the savanna of Baluran National Parks where it was observed that over fourteen years the savanna size has decreased (-1,361 ha), whilst the A. nilotica stand has increased in area (+ 1,886 ha). It was demonstrated that fire and grazing play an important role in this invasion. Results also show that global climate change is likely to increase the potential distribution of A. nilotica in Indonesia and the area at risk of invasion. By year 2045, A. nilotica has potential to spread across much of the eastern parts of Indonesia. As fire and grazing are common to savannas of eastern Indonesia, they are likely to facilitate its invasion into these areas. In summary, I have shown that savanna plant community in Indonesia is formed and maintained by interactions between climatic factors, fire regime and grazing. Invasive species were also present in the studied savannas such as Chromolaena odorata, and Lantana camara. These invasive species together with forest pioneer/edge specialist species (Ficus septica, Laportea stimulans, Melastoma polyanthum, Nauclea orientalis, Rubus rosifolius), may also be increasing in absence of fire and also may be leading to change of state from savanna to dense woody vegetation. Absence of fire seems to be changing structure and floristic of savanna vegetation which has implications for savanna species including rare fauna such as Jalak Bali/Bali Starling (Leucopsar rotschildi) and Javan Banteng/Wild Java cattle (Bos javanicus subsp. javanicus). Results from this thesis showed that Bali Starling range in Bali Island has shrunk to remaining small patches of fire-induced open shrub and savanna woodland found below an elevation of 150–175 m in the north-east part of peninsular Prapat Agung of Bali Barat National Park. The description of the savanna dynamics presented here provides further evidence of the complexity of the savanna ecosystem and its susceptibility to change as a result of changing fire regimes and invasion by invasive species. A greater understanding of the possible ecosystem processes driving the dynamics of the savannas will assist in the formulation of successful savanna management strategies at local and regional scales.

The dhole (Cuon alpinus) is one of the least studied endangered top predators inhabiting the Asian jungle. Today, dholes population are estimated fewer than 2500 mature individuals remain in the wild and the declining population trend is expected to continue. These facts lead the IUCN to classify this species as an endangered species. In order to protect this species, the Indonesian government declared the dhole as a protected species through Act No. 5 in 1990 with respect to the law on the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems as well as in the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7 in 1999 with respect to the law on the conservation of flora and fauna. Nevertheless, the efforts to conserve this species are not as intensive as other large predator such as tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard which are listed as high priority mammals to conserve in the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. P.57/Menhut-II/2008 with respect to the strategic direction of the national species conservation 2008-2018. Not only conservation action is absent in the field, but basic data on the population status of this species are hard to find in many protected areas including the national parks of Sumatra and Java. These limitations are critical constraints for the conservation and management of dholes in Indonesia and if no significant immediate action is taken soon, this species will face extinction in a number of its natural range. In order to support the conservation and management of this species we established a first systematic research concerning dhole’s ecology in Baluran National Park (BNP), East Java, Indonesia. The research attempted to answer four basic questions concerning dhole’s ecology including the actual status of dhole’s population and prey, dhole’s respond against the gradients of environment conditions anthropogenic disturbance, activity and movement pattern during the denning season, and the feeding habit of this species. The dynamics of dhole populations and its prey populations are fundamental for the successful management and conservation of the dhole. Therefore, estimates of the dhole’s abundance as well as its prey are critical information for management. Distance sampling based on a 287.5 km line transect was applied to estimate the density of dholes and their prey. In addition, a camera trap survey was conducted to detect the presence of this cryptic species and its prey. The dhole population was recorded for two consecutive dry seasons in 2013 and 2014 respectively. We were able to identify at least 4 packs that were frequently sighted at different locations: Bama, Balanan, Merak and Watu Numpuk. However, only two packs were found breeding in 2013 / 2014. In total, 15 prey species were identified during the field survey, consisting of small mammals (6 species), medium-large mammals (5 species), birds (2 species), and primates (2 species). The occurrence of at least four dhole packs with evidence of two of the packs reproducing successfully and the availability of prey in various sizes and from a range of taxa are evidence that BNP provides essential habitat for the dhole and plays a major role in the conservation of dholes on Java in Indonesia. An understanding of the response of the species under various environmental conditions in its natural habitat is critical for its conservation and management. The negative influence of anthropogenic activities on dhole distribution has also been reported in India at the landscape level as well as at the reserve scale. Nevertheless, the evidence of the dhole’s response to anthropogenic activities and the extent of environmental factors beyond site-specific studies are needed to support the management and conservation of dholes at the local scale, which might be associated with different habitat types and environmental conditions. In this research, the impacts of human activities as well as environmental factors on the presence of dholes were studied on 755 plots, which were distributed systematically across the park and their relationships were analysed using a binomial generalized linear model. We found that the presence of dholes was negatively associated with anthropogenic activities and positively associated with the presence of prey. This suggests that reducing anthropogenic activities and ensuring the availability of natural prey are crucial factors for maintaining the long term survival of this species in their natural habitat. It is also important to have a good understanding of their ecology during the denning season (including information about denning ecology and home ranges) if one is to support the management and conservation of this species. Knowledge about den ecology is crucial for understanding the denning strategies of targeted species in given environments, ultimately leading to reproductive success, while knowledge about home ranges on the other hand is also crucial to understand how much space is required, which kind of habitat is necessary, and the effects of various factors (e.g. food resources and breeding requirements) on spacing behaviour and movements during the denning season. Camera traps and radio telemetry surveys were employed to observe dhole activity patterns and movement over the denning period. The dholes showed crepuscular and diurnal activity patterns with most activities intensifying at dawn and dusk, and becoming less intense in the middle of the day. The dhole’s home range comprised of hunting grounds, water resources, and a den in the centre. The home range size was estimated at 744.86 ha (using the 95% Minimum Convex Polygon/MCP method), at 1418.28 ha (using the 80% Kernel Utilization Distribution/KUD analysis), and at 479.59 ha (using 90% Local Convex Hull/LoCoH), whereas the core area was estimated to be 636.36 ha (50% KUD) and 67.37 ha (50% LoCoH), and the size of the most greatly used area at 231.57 ha (25% KUD) comprising of the den sites and the hunting grounds. The dhole’s den ecology strategy was to use other animal’s burrows on steep slopes with dense vegetation cover and located on the opposite side of the hill to where human activity occurred. Den switching occurred every 2 weeks. These results indicate that dholes selected a den site that fulfilled their needs for food, water, cover, and predator evasion. As carnivore, the dhole’s life history strategy depend upon various factors like food, spacing pattern, habitat selection, distribution, social structure and movement pattern. Among those factors, food is the most essential resources for carnivore, because the evolutionary fitness of any predator depends on the quality and quantity of its diet. Therefore, information concerning food habits is important consideration in formulating management strategies, both in species and ecosystem levels. In this research, we studied the dhole’s feeding habit using scat analysis. In total, 54 scats were collected across the park during the dry season 2013 and analyzed to identify the food habits of this species. At least 20 prey species were identified during the scat analysis. Ungulates are the most important prey which was estimated to contribute more than 95 % of the biomass consumed by dholes in BNP. This result implies that as the major preys, ungulates have essential role to the dholes foraging ecology and survival in BNP. Efforts to ensure ungulates availability and to secure habitat will be the key for the dhole’s conservation in Java. Understanding the biology and ecology of managed species is the key to achieve the management success. However, most of wildlife management decision were made based more on the emotion and political agenda than on scientific data. As the result, the impact of management process become far from the expectation and in some occasion raise the new problem. We found that lethal control is an approach which mostly used along the history of dhole’s management and resulting the dramatic dhole’s population decline and explosion of wild ungulates population. Although the dhole’s received protected status from the most countries of its natural ranges, the conservation actions focused in this species have never been reported. The lack of baseline data for dhole’s conservation is still the common phenomenon in the most of dhole’s range. In Java, from 6 national parks which are identified as dhole’s habitat, only 1 national park which have baseline data on dhole’s ecology. This fact has hampered the conservation this species and has placed the future of this species survival into uncertainty. Gathering scientific data related to the dhole’s conservation by multidisciplinary team become the first priority which must be conducted. These will benefit to the management in resolving the problem arises during the management process. The reliable information can also be used improve public understanding to the biology and ecology of dholes and to shape public attitude to be more tolerance to existing of this species.

碩士
國立中央大學
遙測科技碩士學位學程
98
The knowledge of ecological requirements and distributions of endangered species is a primary prerequisite to identify potential habitat for the species. But the potential habitat sites are usually difficult to access thus hard to investigate by traditional ground survey. With the capability of remotely sensed observations for wide area, satellite imagery combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) seems to be the best means for mapping and monitoring biodiversity at present. The main aim of this study is to develop habitat suitability index (HSI) of banteng at Baluran National Park (BNP) based on biologic and topographic variable that were derived from remote sensing imagery data. The biologic variables consist of three sub variables; land cover map, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map and Soil Moisture Index (SMI) map, which are derived from Landsat ETM+ 7. The topographic variables consist of elevation and slope map of the study area which are derived from ASTER GDEM. Analysis of banteng habitat suitability was conducted spatially using scoring, weighting and overlaying methods. Each layer of habitat variable/sub-variable was grouped into five classes and scored based on the habitat selection of banteng, with the highest score represent the area with very high suitability and lowest score represent unsuitable area for banteng. The calculation of weight value is done using the extension tool of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in ArcGIS 9.2 software. The Saaty’s pair-wise comparisons were applied for each habitat variable/sub-variable compared with the others to calculate the weight value of each habitat variable/sub- variable. The layer of biologic variable was produced with combination of weight value of 0.32 for land cover type, 0.12 for NDVI map and 0.56 for SMI map. The topographic variable was produced using elevation and slope map with 0.5 of weight value for each layer respectively. The final result of this study is HSI of banteng, which is calculated using weight value of 0.75 for biology variable and 0.25 for topographic variable. These biologic and topographic variables were superimposed to get a layer of banteng habitat suitability index. The result shows that only 18.5% of BNP area which is very high suitable for banteng and 23.8% of BNP area is high suitable. 19.1% and 20. 1% of BNP areas were classified as unsuitable and low suitable area for banteng habitat. Based on the HSI map of banteng at BNP, most suitable area for banteng are located at southeast and southwest part of BNP, especially at Bitakol, Bama and Perengan Resorts and most of unsuitable area for banteng is located on north part of BNP.