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Gulu, Nontobeko Benhilda. "Functional and rheological properties of Bambara groundnut starch-catechin complex obtained by chemical grafting." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2806.
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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.The aim of this study was to produce Bambara groundnut (BGN) starch-catechin complex using chemical initiators (ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and cyclodextrin (alpha and beta) with the view to obtain a functional ingredient for the food industry. BGN starch was successfully extracted from BGN flour through dry milling method, yielding 32% of BGN starch. Native BGN starch was chemically modified using ascorbic acid (1% w/w) and hydrogen peroxide (165% w/w) as redox, biocompatible initiator for grafting catechin to the BGN starch. In addition, cyclodextrin (alpha and beta) were also used as initiators for modifying BGN starch through complexation methods. Complexation methods used included the microwave, co-evaporation and kneading. The characterization of native and modified BGN starches was carried out by performing scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Functional, thermal and rheological properties of native and modified BGN starches were evaluated. The pasting properties of BGN starches were determined using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). According to the SEM profile, native BGN starch had round, oval and elliptical shapes typical for legume starches. Native BGN starch displayed a typical type-C crystallinity which is common among legumes with strong peaks at 2θ of 15o, 17o and 23o. BGN starches modified through complexation methods had sharper peaks indicating an increase in starch crystallinity; however, following chemical modification there was loss in starch crystallinity which was evidenced by the amorphous region in the chemically modified BGN starches. Structure of native and modified BGN starches was confirmed by FTIR. The FTIR spectra of native BGN starch showed variable peaks at 3285.34 cm-1, 2931.69 cm-1, 1634.36 cm-1, 1336.77 cm-1 which are attributed to OH stretching, C-H stretching, water bending vibrations and C-O stretching, respectively. Furthermore, the FTIR results confirmed that native BGN starch is made up of glucose molecules just like all other starches. All modified BGN starches displayed a new absorption peak at 1020 cm-1 wavelength, thus indicating that starch modification was successful. On the other hand, all BGN starch-catechin complexes displayed a new absorption peak in the range of 1520 -1560 cm-1, attributed to the C-C stretching within the aromatic ring of the catechin. The successful grafting of catechin to BGN starch was also confirmed by the fluorescence spectroscopy results, where all the BGN starch-catechin complexes had an emission peak at 320 nm while native BGN starch had an emission peak at 270 nm. Antioxidant capacity of BGN starch was determined through DPPH and ORAC antioxidant assays. Within the DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity ranged from 2.26 to 38.31 μmol TE/g. The antioxidant activity of modified BGN starch-catechin complexes was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the ones modified without catechin. On the other hand, within the ORAC assay, the antioxidant activity ranged from 0.07 to 126.71 μmol TE/g. As opposed to the results obtained in DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity of chemically modified BGN starch-catechin complexes was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than that of complexed BGN starch-catechin complexes. Chemical modification significantly increased the swelling capacity of native BGN starch while complexation methods significantly reduced it.
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Keita, Hawa A. "Habitat et pratique de l'espace Bambara (Mali)." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376016248.
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Dumestre, Gérard. "Le Bambara du Mali : essais de description linguistique." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030157.
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Cette these est une suite d'essais linguistiques portant sur la bambara, langue principalement parlee au mali, mais qui est aussi le vehicule de communication quotidien de plusieurs millions de personnes en afrique de l' ouest. Ces essais concernent non un parler de terroir particulier, mais le bambara standard. Ils ont trait a la tonologie, la morphologie, la syntaxe ainsi qu'a certains points particuliers du lexique. Ils sont base sur un corpus tres important, tant ecrit qu'oral, recueilli dans la region de bamako - segou principalement. Les trois premiers chapitres concernent les tons: elucidation des schemes et des regles, inventaire et discussion des schemes mineurs, assignations tonales previsibles. Le chapitre expose l'organisation de l'enonce, et montre comment s'etablissent les classes et les fonctions. Les chapitres 5 a 9 sont consacres a l'analyse des constructions nominales, et a la facon dont elles se combinent. Le chapitre 10 traite de la morphologie des verbes: derives, redoubles et composes. Le chapitre 11 contient nos propositions sur l'enonce complexe, baseos sur la triple partition dependance independance interdependance, et sur les notions de relateur et d'implicateur. Le chapitre 12 traite des constructions en ka: propositions consecutives et complements verbaux. Les chapitres 13 et 14 concernent particules et adverbes. Les trois derniers chapitres concernent les marges de la langue: le domaine de l'expressivite, en particulier, fait l'objet de discussions approfondies (sur la notion d'ideophone)This dissertation is a series of linguistic essays on bambara, a language mainly spoken in mali, but which also is the principal language for millions of people in west africa. These essays deal with standard bambara, and not with a special dialect. They concern tonology, morphology, syntax, and some lexical points. They are based on a very important corpus, oral and written, which comes from the region of bamako and segou for the main part. The three first chapters are about tones: the elucidation of schemes and rules, the discussion of minor schemes, and the schemes that are partially or totally imposed. Chapter 4 is about the organization of the sentence, lexical classes and functions. The chapters 5 to 9 are concerned with the analysis of nominal constructions, and the way they may combine with each other. Chater 10 deals with verbal morphology. Chapter 11 is about our conception of complex sentences; we propose a new typology based on the notions of dependence, independence and interdependence. Chapter 12 is about the ka constructions, either consecutive clauses or verbal complements. Chapter 13 and 14 are about particules and adverbs. The last three chapters deal with the "margins" of the language, especially with ideophonics adverbs and slang
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Dumestre, Gérard. "Le bambara du Mali : essais de description linguistique /." [Vitry-sur-Seine] (1 rue Arthur-Rimbaud,94400) : Association Linguistique africaine, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35715742j.
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Masiuk, N. "Contribution à l'étude des procédés de mise en relief en bambara, parler de Bamako /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35415759r.
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Massawe, Festo J. "Phenotypic and genetic diversity in Bambara groundnut landraces." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342048.
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Dumestre, Gérard. "Le Bambara du Mali essais de description linguistique /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604718b.
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Camara, Malamine. "L'autisme infantile dans le monde Bambara au Mali." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083071.
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Cette thèse est axée sur l'exploration de l'autisme infantile dans le monde Bambara, au Mali. Il s'agit surtout d'une interprétation de l'autisme chez les Bambara, étant donné que dans leur monde l'autisme est conçu comme un avatar. Mais cette interprétation est parsemée d'entités invisibles et surnaturelles, qui interfèrent fortement dans la maladie mentale en particulier. En effet, l'objectif de la recherche est d'éclaircir et d'expliquer le fait que certains enfants appelés "Den mayélémalen" (enfants métamorphosés) dans la culture traditionnelle Bambara, présentent des similitudes cliniques avec des enfants diagnostiqués autistes en Occident. Il ne s'agit pas de faire une étude comparative, mais de prôner la complémentarité des différentes approches, notamment, biologiques et traditionnelles, afin de mieux comprendre et mieux circonscrire l'autisme infantileThis thesis focuses on exploring infantile autism in the Bambara world in Mali. It consists primarily in interpreting autism for the Bambara because in the Bambara World, autism is perceived as a transformation. But this interpretation is full of invisible and surpernatural entities that interfere strongly in mental illness in particular. In fact, this research aims at clarifying and giving some information why "den mayélmalen" children (Transformed children) who are so called in the Bambara traditional culture those children show clinical similarities to the children for whom a diagnosis of autism is established in west countries. We don't want to make a comparative study but advocated the complementarities between various approaches, notably biological and traditional approches so as to better understand infantile autism and to better define it
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Martel, Josée Lydia. "Lecture mythocritique de Da Monzon de Ségou, épopée bambara"." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26240.pdf.
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Van, Den Avenne Cécile. "Langues, discours, identités : Maliens de langue bambara à Marseille." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX10075.
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Notre recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une sociolinguistique qualitative. Elle porte sur 18 locuteurs (dix familles rencontrees), migrants d'origine malienne, vivant en france depuis vingt a trente ans, et pratiquant en france deux langues : le bambara et le francais. Pour certains de ces locuteurs, le bambara (langue vehiculaire au mali) n'est pas langue premiere, c'est la langue cependant qu'ils pratiquent en france avec leurs compatriotes, et qu'ils ont transmis a leurs enfants. Notre objet a ete de comprendre l'experience langagiere en migration de ces migrants et de determiner notamment tous les facteurs qui peuvent influer sur les "choix" (le terme pose probleme) faits en matiere de transmission des langues. Pour ce faire, l'un de nos objectifs a ete une mise au point methodologique et theorique, a la fois linguistique et sociologique. Elle fait l'objet de notre premiere partie. Une connaissance prealable du parcours migratoires et de la biographie linguistique des migrants rencontres est necessaire a la comprehension, ainsi qu'une mise en perspective avec d'autres migrations originaires d'afrique sub-saharienne. Cette presentation descriptive fait l'objet de notre deuxieme partie. Il nous a ete alors possible d'analyser les discours recueillis aupres de migrants, rendant compte de leur experience migratoire et de leur experience langagiere en migration. C'est l'objet de notre troisieme partie. L'analyse des entretiens nous a fait utiliser les outils mis au point par l'analyse de discours d'une part, et la praxematique d'autre part, et utiliser des elements de la theorie de renonciation, de la pragmatique. . . Dans la mesure ou nous considerons ces entretiens comme de veritables interactions. Ce qui pourrait sembler de l'eclectisme methodologique est en fait conditionne par le type d'approche choisi : une approche socio-linguistique (sociologique et linguistique).
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Harris, Taahir. "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) from Mpumalanga province of South Africa: phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of seeds and product extracts." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2789.
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Thesis MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) an indigenous legume cultivated in Sub-Saharan Africa has been proclaimed to have medicinal properties from communities and in rural areas. However, there is not enough scientific information to validate these claims. Therefore, this study aimed to identify possible medicinal properties of Bambara groundnut (BGN), by analysing the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of BGN seed and product extracts from Mpumalanga province within South Africa. The BGN extracts (70% methanol, 70% ethanol, milli-Q water) from seeds and products (milk and yoghurt) were screened for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, riboflavin and thiamine using analytical laboratory methods for basic screening, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) for quantification. The antimicrobial activity involved direct bioautography and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606T, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 33591 and Candida albicans ATCC 24433. For the seed extracts, flavonoids and phenols were highly concentrated in the red and brown hulls of BGN compared to whole and dehulled BGN. Organic solvents in comparison to water yielded the highest concentration of flavonoids, whilst water yielded the highest concentration for phenols. Flavonoid compounds that were detected at the highest concentrations were rutin (24.458 ± 0.234 mg.g-1, brown hull extracted with 70% methanol), quercetin (0.070 ± 0.043 mg.g-1, red hull extracted with 70% methanol), kaempferol (0.391 ± 0.161 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with 70% ethanol) and myricetin (1.800 ± 0.771 mg.g-1; red hull extracted with 70% methanol). For phenol compounds, gallic acid (0.009 ± 0.004 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with milli-Q water), catechin (0.026 ± 0.041 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with milli-Q water), methyl gallate (0.008 ± 0.013 mg.g-1; brown whole extracted with milli-Q water), chlorogenic acid (0.115 ± 0.199 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with milli-Q water) and ellagic acid (0.105 ± 0.082 mg.g-1; red hull extracted with milli-Q water) were detected. Vitamins B1 and B2 (riboflavin and thiamine) were mostly present in milli-Q water extracts. Black-eye hull had the highest concentration of thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) consisting of 0.072 mg.g-1 (extracted with milli-Q water) and 0.002 mg.g-1 (extracted with 70% ethanol and 70% methanol). Red and brown hull extracts from organic solvents (70% ethanol and 70% methanol) showed the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas the whole, dehulled and hulls (black-eye and brown-eye) extracts had no antimicrobial activity. As for BGN products extracts, flavonoid compounds that were detected at the highest concentrations were rutin (5.694 mg.g-1, whole BGN milk, milli-Q water), quercetin (0.703 mg.g-1, whole BGN yoghurt, milli-Q water) and myricetin (0.987 mg.g-1, whole BGN yoghurt, 70% ethanol).
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Sidibé, Fodé Moussa Balla. ""la confrerie des chasseurs bamanan : litterature et societe a travers des chants et recits de chasse"." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040125.
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Nous consacrons ce travail a la presentation bilingue - langues bamanan et francaise - de six (6) recits epiques et six (6) chants des chasseurs traditionnels bamanan du mali. Mais puisqu'une oeuvre litteraire est le reflet de la societe qui l'a produite, nous faisons une breve presentation du peuple bamanan sur les plans historique, economique et socio-culturel. En outre, nous nous attachons a mettre en exergue la richesse litteraire et la fonction socio-culturelle de la litteratu re specifique des confreries de chasse. Nous mettons egalement l'accent sur la vie religieuse, les croyances et les conceptions des chasseurs traditionnels bamanan a travers leurs chants et recitsOur following work is devoted to the bilingual presentation - in bamanan and french languages - of six (6) epic tales and six (6) hymns from the traditional bamanan hunters of mali. A literary work being the reflection of its society, a brief presentation of the bamanan people is done on historical, economical and socio-cultural levels. Moreover we endeavour to bring out the literary richness and the socio-cultural fonctions of the hunters brotherhood's specific literature; underlining the religious life, beliefs and conceptions of the traditional bamanan hunter
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Maphosa, Yvonne. "Characterisation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna Subterranean (L.) Verdc.) Non-starch polysaccharides from wet milling method as prebiotics." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2342.
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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.The aim of this study was to characterise the physicochemical, rheological, prebiotic and emulsion stabilising properties of four varieties (black-eye, brown-eye, brown and red) of Bambara groundnut (BGN) extracted using the modified wet milling method. A relatively high yield of BGN dietary fibres was obtained with soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) ranging from 15.4 to 17.1% and insoluble dietary fibres (IDFs) ranging from 12.0 to 15.6%. Black-eye and brown-eye dietary fibres showed superiority in terms of swelling capacities, water holding capacities, oil binding capacities, antioxidant properties as well as thermal stabilities than red and brown dietary fibres. In addition, black-eye and brown-eye dietary fibres were characterised by higher lightness (L*), redness (+a*), yellowness (+b*), chroma (C*) and hue. All four SDFs showed acceptable colour differences with ΔE < 8 ranging from 0.81 to 3.08. The hydrolysable polyphenolic (HPP) content of SDFs ranged from 6.89 to 20.86 mg/g GAE and that of IDFs ranged from 10.96 to 14.43 mg/g GAE. All four SDFs differed significantly (p < 0.05) in their HPP content. BGN IDFs were very low in tannins (< 2.2 mg/g).
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Shamudzarira, Zondai. "Water use and dry matter production in sorghum and bambara groundnut." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361997.
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Gabriel, Ebunoluwa Grace. "Investigation of the emusifying properties of bambara groundnut flour and starch." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/861.
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Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering
In the Faculty of Engineering
At the
CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
2013A number of foods, pharmaceutical and industrial products are formulated as emulsions. The immiscibility of oil and water makes emulsions thermodynamically unstable, thus requiring emulsifiers. Natural and synthetic substances have been used as emulsifiers with preference for the former for safety, cost and availability purposes. Bambara groundnut (BGN) is an important source of nutrient in many African communities. Similar to soybean, flaxseed, and other leguminous products, the important blend of high protein and carbohydrate composition of BGN makes it a potential candidate as an emulsifier where, it can serve additional nutritional role in such emulsions. No literature evidence exists to support any earlier study on the potential emulsifying property of BGN. It is therefore of interest to investigate the potential of BGN flour (BGNF) and starch (BGNS) in stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions. The current study aimed to investigate the emulsifying properties of Bambara groundnut flour and starch. A batch of BGN was milled to produce the BGNF. BGNS was extracted from the BGNF. Emulsions were prepared using a wide range of flour-oil-water and starch-oil-water composition as generated through computational modelling. Emulsions were physically observed for stability, and then subjected to various stability studies using the Turbiscan® (which gives kinetic information on the process leading to phase separation; and allows for the detection of two kinds of destabilisation phenomena (particle migration): creaming and sedimentation) and optical microscope (which helps to detect particle size variation or aggregation in order to measure coalescence and/or flocculation). The most stable emulsions (one BGNF-stabilized and the other BGNS-stabilzed) were determined and subjected to same stability studies in the presence of varying physicochemical and physic-mechanical environmental conditions: effects of homogenization speed (9,000 – 21,000 rpm), pH (2 - 10), the presence of salt (2 – 10% w/v NaCl) and vinegar (2 – 10% v/v). Results were expressed in terms of relative stability (using creaming/sedimentation rate) and absolute oil droplet growth (coalescence and flocculation). The emulsifier-oil compositions (emulsifier and water make 100 mL gelatinized mixture before the addition of oil) that gave the most stable emulsions were 9 g BGNF-39 g oil and 5 g BGNS-30 g oil. The two emulsions had only 15% and 30% growth in oil droplet diameter respectively by day 5, compared to over 3000% in the unstable ones. The emulsions were generally observed physically to be stable till day 5 with minimal creaming. Emulsions prepared with BGNS were physically observed to have increasing viscosity with time. There was microbial growth on the emulsions after 3 days. This might have been encouraged because of the rich nutritional composition of BGN. The stability of the emulsions increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the speed of homogenization (up to 15, 000 rpm beyond which the difference in stability was not significant). Compared to control (pH 7), emulsion stability decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with decreasing (up to 16% instability by Day-5 at pH 2) and increasing pH (10% instability at pH 10) with corresponding increase in droplet size. Emulsion stability increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing NaCl concentration (35% instability at 2% NaCl compared to 18% instability at 10% NaCl). Stability however decreased sharply with increasing concentration of vinegar (55% instability at 10% vinegar compared to 19% instability at 2% vinegar). The BGNF-stabilized emulsions were more stable (ordinarily and in the presence of the additives) than the BGNS-stabilized ones. Instability values in the BGNS emulsions, in most cases, double those for BGNF. Emulsions were successfully stabilized with BGNF and BGNS. The emulsions were optimal when prepared at a homogenization speed of 15,000 rpm and at neutral pH. The higher the concentration of salt, the more stable the emulsions. Increasing concentration of vinegar however, destabilized the emulsions.
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Rabiu, Saidat Olajumoke. "Cloning and Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides from Vigna subterranea (Bambara Groundnut)." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2856.
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Thesis (Master of Applied Sciences in Chemistry)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are short peptides of about 45 - 54 amino acids that exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities. Plant defensin is a type of AMP in plants which belong to a family of cationic peptides with a characteristic 3D folding pattern held in place by four disulfide bridges. AMPs especially defensins have been identified to have a huge biotechnological potential and are being patented for many applications. The aim of this work was to clone an antimicrobial peptide from Vigna subterranea and characterise it with bioinformatics analysis. 4 sets of primers were synthesized according to the sequences of conserved regions in AMPs i.e. defensins from legumes like Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata, Cicer arietinum and Cajanus cajan, amongst others, which have defensins with only a few sequence differences. The primers were designated VsDef P1 to P4. Using Vigna subterranea total genomic DNA as a template, fragments of expected sizes were successfully amplified and cloned into the pDRIVE vector and used to transform Escherichia coli JM109 cells in each case. Representative clones were sequenced and analysed using BLAST from National Center for Biotechnology Information. However, only the VIG clone was shown to be a bona fide defensin (over 90% identity, E-value of 1ex102, 99% query coverage of the nucleotide sequence, compared to Vigna unguiculata defensin). Based on this high sequence identity, a new pair of primers VsDef P5 was designed based on the Vigna unguiculata defensin sequence to specifically amplify the complete Vigna subterranea defensin gene, hereafter called VsDef1. Attempts to clone VsDef1 were however unsuccessful, and evidence of clone deletion and insert re-arrangement of insert DNA was observed. Direct sequencing of the PCR product demonstrated that it was indeed the complete VsDef1 pre-protein, composed of 433 nucleotides. In silico translation and analysis showed that VsDef1 has an intron at position 105 − 259 of the nucleotide sequences and encodes for a 78 amino acid peptide. Phylogenetic analysis revealed to be similar to the sequence of the defensins for Vigna unguiculata (96%), Vigna radiata (95%), Vigna angularis (95%) and Phaseolus vulgaris (93%) on the NCBI database. The three - dimensional structure of the peptide was modelled with SWISS-MODEL expasy and the structure was found to include one α- and three β domains, similar to those of other defensins. The failure to identify VsDef1 clone in a V. subterranea library and the failure to recover its cDNA clone are consistent with the hypothesised toxicity of VsDef1 to Escherichia coli. It is suggested that a different host, such as yeast, should be used in the future. The VsDef1 mRNA levels in germinating V. subterranea seeds was however successfully investigated using real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR. VsDef1 mRNA is present in both the testa and embryo of dry seed and will persist through the early stages of seedling growth. This demonstrates the importance of VsDef1 in fighting off infection during germination in order to ensure successful germination. It is therefore essential to characterise more antimicrobial peptides from V. subterranea. The diversity of AMPs and their patterns of expressed genes will enable understanding of complex regulatory networks, which will likely enable identifying of genes involved in diseases and new biological processes.
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Cissé, Ibrahima Abdoul Hayou. "Développement phonético-phonologique en fulfulde et bambara d'enfants monolingues et bilingues : étude du babillage et des premiers mots." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENL029.
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Cette étude montre que le développement phonético-phonologique en fulfulde et bambara est à la fois comparable au développement langagier dans d'autres langues du monde et influencé par les caractéristiques phonétiques et phonologiques de ces deux langues notamment au niveau de la phonotaxe. Ainsi, tandis que les résultats obtenus dans les données du babillage montrent que pour les vocants, il n'existe aucun indice de spécialisation précoce, pour les closants, des aspects universels coexistent avec des indices de spécialisation précoce. Toujours au stade du babillage, l'analyse des cooccurrences entre lieu d'articulation des closants et lieu des vocants dans les protosyllabes confirme la surreprésentation du pure frame labial+central dans les productions des enfants tandis que quelques cas de coronal+antérieur ont été relevés chez certains enfants qui participent à cette étude. Au stade des premiers mots, l'acquisition du contrôle de la vibration des cordes vocales, du velum et de la quantité est toujours en cours jusqu'à l'âge de 3 ans chez les enfants exposés au fulfulde et au bambara. Par ailleurs, l'étude du développement de la phonologie en fulfulde et bambara montre que des aspects universels (liés notamment à des contraintes biomécaniques et aérodynamiques) et des indices de spécialisation coexistent, même au stade des premiers mots. L'étude supporte l'existence d'une continuité entre babillage et premiers mots chez l'enfant et décrit le multilinguisme dans la ville de Douentza (Mali) où grandissent les enfants multilingues qui participent à cette étudeThis dissertation shows that Fulfulde and Bambara language development is both comparable to language development in other world languages and is influenced by the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the languages of the environment, including phonotax. In fact, while findings on babbling data indicate that for vowel-like sounds there is no evidence of early specialization, for consonant-like sounds, universal aspects coexist with evidence of early specialization. Still at the babbling stage, analysis of consonant-vowel co-occurrence patterns in protosyllables shows an overrepresentation of labial + central combinations and cases of coronal + anterior in monolingual as well as in multilingual children's productions. At the first words stage, the acquisition of control of vocal cords' vibration, the velum and quantity is still ongoing until the age of 3 in children exposed to Fulfulde and Bambara. Moreover, the study of phonological development in Fulfulde and Bambara shows that universal aspects (related especially to biomechanical and aerodynamic constraints) and specialization's indices coexist, even at the first words stage. The study supports the existence of continuity between babbling and first words in children and describes multilingualism in the city of Douentza (Mali), where multilingual children participating in this study are growing up
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Cornelissen, Rutgerus Leonardus Evert Jan. "Modelling variation in the physiology of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. )." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1005.
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The aim of this PhD project was to construct a model based on physiological and socio-economic factors related to the growth, development and yield of bambara groundnut landraces in relation to their environment.
The model (BamGro) is an adaptation of the PALM (Matthews, 2005) model for a leguminous crop. It is a sink-orientated model, i.e. the number of available sinks (pods) determines the final production. The model is a stand-alone computer program written in Delphi 6 (Borland®). It uses climate data, landrace specific parameters and physiological relationships and runs on a daily time-step to determine the biomass production and yield of a landrace in a specific environment. The parameters of the model have been determined with experiments in the field (Swaziland) and glasshouses (TCRU, University of Nottingham).
Large differences between glasshouse data and field data in leaf appearance rate and consequently leaf area development were found. In this study the leaf appearance rate was typically three times higher in the field, than in the glasshouse for the same landrace. When the relation between leaf area per plant and leaf number per plant is observed, there is no difference between the UK and Swaziland. The differences between the field and the glasshouse are therefore likely to be the result of an effect of environment on the leaf initiation. These differences meant that the model had to be developed with two different parameter sets, one for the landraces used in the field and one for the landraces used in the glasshouse.
BamGro is capable of describing differences between landraces, and the influence of both drought and photoperiod are simulated using a simplified approach, and these aspects can be improved when sufficient high quality data becomes available.
BamGro has been validated against three independent sets of data. BamGro achieves an excellent fit between observed and predicted data for leaf area index and pod yield, but underestimates the total above ground biomass by 50% in the TCRU glasshouses (2003 season). For the Swaziland ‘Malkerns’ field site (2002-2003 season) BamGro predicts the total above ground biomass excellently. BamGro achieves a good fit between observed and predicted pod yield data, but underestimates the leaf area index. For the Swaziland ‘Luve’ field site (2002-2003 season) the predictions are poor, with the model underestimating the total above ground biomass, leaf area index and pod yield for most landraces. BamGro is most sensitive to its crop parameters. BamGro seems not to be sensitive to changes in seasonal rainfall or initial soil moisture content.
The unavailability of data on soil water relations and incomplete agronomic data sets meant that the water routines of the model could not be validated against field data from Namibia and Botswana. Three potential uses for BamGro have been presented.
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Ahmad, Nariman Salih. "Genetic analysis of plant morphology in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13150/.
Full textAbstract:
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an important underutilised legume crop, grown mainly by female subsistence farmers in Africa under traditional low input agricultural systems. Bambara groundnut is known as being of high nutritional value, as an atmospheric nitrogen fixer and to possess high levels of drought, pest and disease tolerance. Bambara groundnut is a predominantly self-pollinated crop and is grown as locally adapted landraces. These are expected to exist as non-identical inbred lines and are generally low yielding. Strategies involving genetic analysis of this species could provide important data for breeding programmes that could enhance food security in Africa. A set of 124 SSR primers designed from different library sources were tested to screen a ‘narrow’ genetic cross (F3) and a ‘wide’ genetic cross (F2) . The former is a cross between domesticated landraces (DipC and Tiga necaru) while the latter is a cross between a domesticated landrace and a wild ancestor (DipC and VSSP11). Residual heterozygosity in the F3 ‘narrow’ cross was confirmed to be around 25% based on 33 polymorphic SSR primers, consistent with an F3 population. A ‘narrow’ cross linkage map was constructed for the first time in bambara groundnut using 269 polymorphic markers (236 DArT and 33 SSR). The map consisted of 238 markers in 21 linkage groups of two or more linked markers, totalling 608.1cM and covering a predicted 54% of the bambara groundnut genome, although the high marker-marker linkage (at 89%) suggests a more comprehensive coverage. QTL analysis was carried out for 73 bulked lines of an F3 population and plants were evaluated for traits in a controlled glasshouse suite and a field trial in Indonesia. Data from single plant analysis of the F2 generation of this cross grown in a controlled environment glasshouse was also used. Most of the QTLs detected were clustered on linkage groups 1, 4 and 12. Major QTLs for internode length and biomass dry weight were detected on LG4 and LG1, respectively, for the FutureCrop glasshouse and field datasets. The highest LOD score of 9.7 was detected for peduncle length and was located within the confidence interval for a QTL for internode length locus. Marker locus bgPabg-596774 was detected to be associated with QTL for six traits; node no./plant, pod no/plant, pod weight, seed no./plant, seed yield and biomass dry weight, on LG1 within one LOD score of confidential interval, potentially suggesting pleiotropic effects of a more limited number (or even one) gene(s). One hundred and fifty-nine additional markers (136 DArT and 23 SSR) were used to improve the existing partial ‘wide’ map (141 AFLP, 1 SSR) constructed in an F2 population of 98 plants. A total of 194 markers were assigned to 20 linkage groups spanning a total of 901 cM. The linkage map derived from the ‘wide’ cross (DipC x VSSP11) had an expected genome coverage of 79.6%. An attempt to combine both maps through 32 common markers allowed a common QTL for days to emergence to be detected in both populations in close association with the common DArT markers 601384 and 601748. The main segregating traits were found to be plant spread, internode length, growth habit, peduncle length, pod weight, seed yield and biomass dry weight. Detecting the same QTL positions for a number of traits, suggested that common underlying genes might be responsible. The QTL-DNA marker associations developed in this study could be used practically for MAS in a future breeding program of this crop.
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Mwale, Simon S. "Resource use efficiency of bambara groundnut landraces in response to soil water." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415492.
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Basu, Shravani M. "Genetic mapping and trait analysis in bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415496.
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Dombrowsky, Klaudia. "Phénomènes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali) /." Köln : R. Köppe, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40150321g.
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Karunaratne, Asha Sajeewani. "Modelling the response of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) for abiotic stress." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10840/.
Full textAbstract:
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) is an indigenous legume that is still cultivated in subsistence agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa, despite the lack of any major research effort until recently. The crop is cultivated from local landraces as there are no true varieties of the species bred for specific traits. The variable and hostile climates in the region mean that annual yields of most rainfed crops including bambara groundnut are far below their agronomic or genetic potential. The lack of quantitative information on the eco-physiological responses of the crop to various abiotic factors has resulted in poor decision making on crop management practices especially in relation to sowing date and the selection of appropriate landraces for different locations. Modelling of bambara groundnut was initiated previously but there is still insufficient understanding of how growth and developmental processes can be simulated under abiotic stress and different photoperiods. The aim of this study was to develop a crop simulation model for bambara groundnut to predict growth, development and yield under drought, heat and cold stress and different daylengths. The present model (BAMGRO) is an adaptation of the established CROPGRO and previous bambara groundnut models; BAMnut and BAMFOOD project model. It uses climate data, landrace specific parameters and soil characteristics and runs on a daily time-step to determine the canopy development, biomass production and yield of a landrace in a specific environment. The parameters of the model have been determined with glasshouses data (TCRU, University of Nottingham) and published information. BAMGRO is capable of describing differences between landraces, and the influence of drought, temperature and photoperiod using a simplified approach. The present modelling approaches with BAMGRO model provide useful predictive information on canopy development, biomass production and yield formation of bambara groundnut landraces under contrasting environments. Two contrasting landraces; Uniswa Red (Swaziland) and S19-3 (Namibia) were used in the present study to evaluate the growth and yield performances under drought, heat and cold stress. BAMGRO has been primarily validated against independent data sets of two years glasshouse for two contrasting landraces; Uniswa Red and S19-3 grown under two temperatures (23 ± 5 0C, 33 ± 5 0C) with drought. Further, it was validated for field data in Botswana with two sowing dates (January 18, February 1) during the 2007 season and for Swaziland for three landraces; Uniswa Red, DipC, OM1. The model achieves a good fit between observed and predicted data for LAI (Nash and Sutcliffe (N-S), 0.78-0.98; Mean Absolute Error, ± 0.14-0.57) for tested four landraces. Pod yield simulation was correlated well with measured values especially for Uniswa Red and S19-3 (N-S 0.73-0.87; Mean Absolute Error ± 16 g m-2) while it was poor for DipC and OM1 (N-S, 0.46-0.50; Mean Absolute Error, ± 15.6-17.7 g m-2). Further, the comparison of simulated and measured data of TDM reported lower correlation compared to LAI and yield. (N-S, 0.59-0.79; Mean Absolute Error ± 48-100 g m-2) indicating overall underestimation. The performance of the BAMGRO-soil water module was tested by validating the available soil moisture and results indicating that it over estimated for upper layers while deeper layers showed lower prediction. The possible reasons for the discrepancies in measured and simulated data are differences in quality and quantity of solar radiation in UK summer and Semi-arid Africa, intra-landrace variability and poor calibration of soil water module. Four potential applications of BAMGRO and three future developments are presented in this thesis.
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Diedericks, Claudine Florett. "Functional properties of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) non-starch polysaccharides in model and food systems." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/833.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Food Technology
in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
at the Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyThe aim of this study was to evaluate bambara groundnut [BGN] non-starch polysaccharides [NSP] subject to the incorporation into model and food systems with a view to establish their functional and physicochemical properties. BGN insoluble dietary fibre [BGNIF] and soluble dietary fibre [BGNSF] were successfully extracted from four varieties (black-eye: BLE, red: RED, brown: BRN and brown-eye: BRE). Physicochemical properties evaluated revealed the high bulk density of all BGNIF and BGNSF varieties, which could contribute to cost-effective packaging. The microstructures of BGNIFs were irregular in shape with different sizes. The colour parameters (lightness, redness, yellowness, chroma and hue angle) differed significantly [p ≤ 0.05] across all BGNIF and BGNSF varieties; and indicated a yellowish-red colour for BGNIFs and a light yellow colour for BGNSFs. Negligible amounts of condensed tannins [CT] were found in BGNIFs (0.014 – 0.160 mg.g-1). Higher amounts polyphenols [PP] were present in BGNSFs (45.42 – 55.90 mg.g-1 gallic acid equivalents [GAE]) compared to the amount PP in BGNIFs (6.14 – 15.56 mg.g-1 GAE). Major sugars identified were arabinose/galactose, xylose and mannose in BGNIFs, and xylose and mannose in BGNSFs. The functional properties evaluated revealed high swelling capacity of BGNIFs (6.37 – 7.72 ml.g-1) and no significant [p > 0.05] difference in water retention capacity. Fat absorption capacity ranged from 1.38 – 1.52 g oil.g-1 dry weight for BGNIFs and 4.04 – 4.55 g oil.g-1 dry weight for BGNSFs. Variability in BGNIF (91.2%) and BGNSF (79.4%) physicochemical and functional properties could both be explained by two principal components (BGNIF component 1: PP, redness, yield; and component 2: xylose, yellowness and chroma; BGNSF component 1: yellowness, chroma, mannose content; and component 2: redness, fat absorption and fructose content). Following an IV optimal mixture design, an optimum white bread formulation was obtained using 59.5% water, 4.3% yeast and 8.5% BGNIF. Bread enriched with the four BGNIF varieties (BLE, RED, BRN and BRE) were tested for several physicochemical properties. Significant [p ≤ 0.05] differences existed between the control and BGNIF enriched loaves for crumb grain characteristics (including pore area distribution, feret angle, circularity, roundness and aspect ratio). Specific loaf volume of BGNIF enriched loaves ranged from 3.33 – 3.85 ml.g-1 and were significantly [p ≤ 0.05] lower compared to the control bread (4.16 ml.g-1). Favourable texture characteristics obtained with the BGNIF enriched breads were lower hardness, chewiness and gumminess compared to the control loaf. Crust and crumb colour parameters (lightness, redness, yellowness, chroma and hue angle) were significantly [p ≤ 0.05] different across all loaves. BRE BGNIF bread (3.43 ± 0.20) had the significantly [p ≤ 0.05] lowest crumb colour difference compared to the control bread; whilst BRN (1.72 ± 0.42) and BRE (2.44 ± 0.78) loaves had the lowest significant [p ≤ 0.05] crust colour difference compared to the control. Favourable chemical properties were the high total dietary fibre [TDF] (7.14 – 8.33%) content of all BGNIF enriched loaves compared to the control loaf (4.96%). Significant [p ≤ 0.05] differences were also observed for some loaves for moisture content, condensed tannins and polyphenol content. Variability in bread physicochemical properties was differentiated by three components (component 1: bread textural properties; component 2: specific loaf volume and bread lightness; component 3: crumb colour parameters) which accounted for a cumulative variation of 92.8%. All bread loaves were also sensorially acceptable as rated moderately like to like very much (>3 rating on a 5-point hedonic scale) by consumers for all parameters (appearance, crust and crumb colour, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability) evaluated. Furthermore, brown BGNSF was tested for stabilising effects in an orange beverage emulsion. BGNSF and orange oil were varied at two levels each based on a 22 augmented factorial design and the effects determined on the equilibrium backscattering [BS] flux as emulsion stability indicator. The BS profiles which resulted from the Turbiscan stability analysis revealed flocculation at low rates as the major destabilisation mechanism. The optimal formulation producing a stable emulsion was identified as low oil (6%) and high BGNSF (30%) concentrations. The objective of this study was therefore achieved and showed that positive physicochemical and functional properties are associated with BGNIF and BGNSF from black-eye, red, brown and brown-eye varieties. Furthermore, the incorporation of BGN fibres in white bread and a beverage emulsion was shown to contribute positive technological properties in these systems.
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Dabai, Fatima D. "Nutritional and technological properties of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in infant and adult food." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317276.
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Dodd, Josie. "A multi-scale mathematical model for simulating and optimising the growth of Bambara groundnut." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/78970/.
Full textAbstract:
A principal objective in agriculture is to maximise food production; this is particularly relevant with the added demands of an ever increasing population, coupled with the unpredictability that climate change brings. Further improvements in productivity can only be achieved with an increased understanding of plant and crop processes. In this respect, mathematical modelling of plants and crops plays an important role. In this thesis we present a two-scale mathematical model of crop yield, that accounts for plant growth and canopy interactions. A system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) has been developed for each individual plant, where equations are coupled via a term that describes plant competition. Both analytical and numerical methods have been considered to describe this competition. This model has been formulated for an underutilised African legume called bambara groundnut, a drought tolerant crop, which is currently being investigated to be used more widely as a food source in light of climate change and food security. Like many plant species, bambara groundnut exhibits physiological diversity which may affect the overall growth dynamics and crop yield. Such plant diversity is not regularly accounted for in crop scale models. Our model not only allows us to account for plant diversity, but we can investigate the effect of individual plant traits (e.g. plant canopy size and growth rates, planting distance) on the crop scale yield. The mathematical model has been formulated and validated using experimental data collected from the Tropical Crops Research Unit (TCRU) and Future Crops greenhouses at the University of Nottingham. We find that the mathematical model developed in this thesis is able to predict the growth of a population of bambara groundnut well and we go on to optimise the arrangement of individual plants for a series of scenarios. The primary aim of this is to maximise crop yield. Whilst formulated specifically for bambara groundnut, our model may also be extended to other crop species. In this thesis we demonstrate that the model is also able to simulate the growth of oil palm. We then apply the mathematical model to maximise crop yield in an intercropping environment; the planting of two or more species together in the same field area. We again investigate a series of scenarios that require optimisation and find that the optimisation techniques are able to provide plausible recommendations. This work has been undertaken in a multidisciplinary environment involving interactions with Plant Scientists at the University of Nottingham (Nottingham and Malaysia) and the Crops for the Future Research Centre, Malaysia.
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Ogundele, Opeoluwa Mayowa. "Nutritional and functional properties of soaked and micronized Bambara groundnut seeds and their flours." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77104.
Full textAbstract:
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L.) is considered a good source of protein in some parts of sub Saharan African countries. Long cooking time of about three hours contributed to its limited consumption and utilisation. Micronisation is an infrared heating process. It can reduce the cooking time of pre-moisture conditioned legume small seeds size such as cowpea and lentil, but mostly tempering of seeds has been used as the pre-conditioning techniques. The resulting flour from the pre-conditioned micronised cowpea can reduce pasting viscosity and has potentials in food systems as an instant product. This study aimed at (1) determining the effects of micronisation of pre-soaked whole and dehulled bambara groundnut seeds on their cooking characteristics, (2) determining the effects of micronisation and dehulling treatment of pre-soaked bambara groundnut on physicochemical, microstructure and functional properties of the resulting flours and (3) determining the effects of micronisation of pre-soaked whole and dehulled bambara groundnut seeds on the viscosity, nutritional and health benefits of the cooked samples in order to produce a quick cooked bambara groundnut with functional, nutritional and health benefits.
Micronisation (130 ºC) at a different time (0, 5, 10 and 15 min) was used to optimise the process for pre-soaked (53% moisture) bambara groundnuts. Micronisation (130 ºC) reduced cooking time of pre-soaked (53% moisture) bambara groundnut (whole and dehulled) following cooking. Micronisation reduced the 162 min cooking of raw bambara groundnut to 109, 83, 75 and 62 min when micronized for 0, 5, 10 and 15 min. Micronisation (53% moisture, 130 ºC) caused molecular changes such as solubilisation of pectin which was responsible for the disruption of the middle lamella and separation of parenchyma cell observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It also caused disruption in the structure of starch granule, protein matrix in the cotyledon. These changes in seeds structure and molecular properties of starch, protein and pectin, facilitate water hydration rate and cell separation during cooking, leading to the shorter cooking time of the bambara groundnuts.
Micronisation of pre-soaked (53% moisture) bambara groundnuts caused molecular changes such as partial starch gelatinisation and reduced protein solubility in the resulting flours. The changes in the starch and proteins modified the resulting flours functional properties such asincrease swelling of the resulting flours, while reducing the water solubility. The pasting viscosities of resulting flours of pre-soaked bambara groundnut reduced following micronisation due to the denatured protein matrix preventing embedded starch hydration, dispersibility and molecular entanglement during pasting.This was evident by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) that showed the aggregates of denatured protein matrix surrounding embedded pre-gelatinised starch granules increase with micronisation in the resulting flours and cooked soft porridge of bambara groundnut.
Micronisation has an effect on the apparent viscosity, nutritional, bioactive compound such as phenolics and hence the antioxidant properties of cooked soft porridge of bambara groundnut. All cooked soft porridge of bambara groundnut exhibited a shear thinning behavior and micronised bambara groundnut had lower viscosity increased in the starch and protein digestibility of cooked soft porridge of bambara groundnut. It also increased the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of cooked soft porridge of whole bambara groundnut, but these were reduced in cooked soft porridge of dehulled bambara groundnut due to seed coat absence.
Thus, micronisation of pre-soaked bambara groundnut (whole and dehulled) would contribute towards increased utilisation of bambara groundnut as well as improving house hold nutrition and health promoting properties.Micronisation of bambara groundnut has potential to produce a quick paste with low viscosity which depend on the pre-soaking and micronisation time of the bambara groundnut. Flours from micronised bambara groundnut can therefore be used as instant flour ingredient in food products.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa
Food Science
PhD (Food Science)
Unrestricted
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Ayeleso, Taiwo Betty. "Protoplast isolation and plant regeneration in Bambara groundnut : a platform for transient gene expression." Thesis, Cape Peninisula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2003.
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Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University Of Technology, 2016.Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), a dicotyledonous plant is a legume which has a potential to contribute to food security and nutrition. Protoplasts are naked plant cells lacking cell walls. Viable protoplasts are potentially totipotent. Therefore, when given the correct stimuli, each protoplast is capable, theoretically, of regenerating a new wall and undergoing repeated mitotic division to produce daughter cells from which fertile plants may be regenerated through the tissue culture process. Protoplast systems are valuable and versatile cell based systems that are useful in observing cellular processes and activities. In this study, the isolation of protoplast from the leaves of Bambara groundnut plant was extensively optimised. The factors affecting protoplast isolation considered in this study were ages of plant material, mannitol concentration, combinations and concentrations of enzymes and duration of incubation. Effects of ages of Bambara groundnut plant (4, 6, 8, 10 weeks), molarities of mannitol (0.4 M, 0.5 M. 0.6 M and 0.7 M), concentration and combination of enzymes (1%, 2% and 4% cellulase, 0.5% and 1% macerozyme and, 0.5% and 1% pectinase) at different incubation duration (4, 18, 24, 42 hours) were investigated. Overall, it can be deduced from this study that the optimal protoplast yield (4.6 ± 0.14×105ml-1/gFW) and viability (86.5 ± 2.12%) were achieved by digesting the leaves of four week old Bambara groundnut plant with 2% cellulase and 0.5 % macerozyme with 0.5M mannitol for 18 hours. Freshly isolated protoplasts were then cultured at different densities of 1 × 104 - 2 ×106 protoplasts/ml using MS in three different culture (Liquid, agar and agarose bead) methods. First cell division was observed only in liquid medium. With several attempts, no division was achieved in the agar and agarose bead methods, division also did not progress in the liquid medium and hence, plant regeneration from Bambara groundnut protoplasts could not be achieved in this study. Consequently, a further study is underway to compare the proteomic profiles of freshly isolated protoplasts and cultured protoplasts in order to gain insights into the expression of proteins that could perhaps be contributing to the difficulty in regenerating Bambara groundnut plant through protoplast technology. The present study is novel because it is the first study to optimise the various factors that could affect protoplast isolation from the leaves of Bambara groundnut and thus developed an efficient protocol for protoplasts isolation from leaves of Bambara groundnut for cell manipulation studies.
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Hardy, Zolelwa. "Functional and nutritional characteristics of Bambara groundnut milk powder as an ingredient in yoghurt." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2340.
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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.The aim of this study was to evaluate Bambara groundnut (BGN) milk subjected to spray drying with a view to establish functional, nutritional and physical properties as an ingredient in BGN yoghurt production. BGN milk powder (BGNMP) was successfully produced employing the spray drying technology. Maltodextrin was used as the drying carrier to elevate total solids of BGNM prior to spray drying. There were three levels of maltodextrin (5, 10 and 15%) employed and 10% was ideal. The optimum spray drying parameters were estimated to be the following; inlet temperature (150oC), outlet temperature (74oC), air pressure (3 bars), flow rate (10% or 16mL/min), and air flow (42.9 m3/h). The functional properties evaluated revealed high water solubility capabilities, making BGNMP readily soluble in water, which is one of the most crucial aspects of milk powders. The water solubility index of BGNMP at all maltodextrin levels ranged from 85.15 to 90.25%. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference amongst BGNMP (5, 10, and 15%) in colour parameters (lightness, yellowness, redness, chroma and hue angle). BGNMP indicated to have a red and yellow colour, but yellow was more dominant. The particle size and particle size distribution of BGNMP ranged from 86.13 to 162.35 μm and 84.04 to 157.0 μm, respectively and did not differ significantly (p > 0.05).
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Adetunji, Adewole Tomiwa. "Potato and Bambara groundnut ammonium transporter (AMT1) structure and variation in expression level in potato leaf tissue in response to nitrogen form and availability." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2005.
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Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014.Plants require nitrogen (N) to support desired production levels. Nitrogen fertilization strategy is a major consideration in field management with regard to achieving both economic and environmental objectives. For instance, in potato, insufficient N supply reduces tuber size and overall yield while excessive N supply can reduce tuber quality and increase environmental risk through nitrate (NO3-) leaching and nitrous oxide emission. Selection of an adequate N fertilizer application rate for crops is difficult, due to marked variations in soil N supply and crop N demand in both the field and over time. This research was conducted to characterise the ammonium transporter gene (AMT1) of Bambara groundnut and potato using molecular biology and bioinformatics methods. Nucleotide database sequences were used to design AMT1-specific primers which were used to amplify and sequence the core-region of the gene from Bambara groundnut and potato. Bioinformatics techniques were used to predict the structure and infer properties of the proteins. Nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicate that BgAMT1 and PoAMT1 are indeed from the AMT1 family, due to the clade and high similarity they respectively shared with other plant AMT1 genes. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that BgAMT1 is 92%, 89% and 87% similar to PvAMT1.1, GlycineAMT1 and LjAMT1.1 respectively, while PoAMT1 is 92%, 83% and 76% similar to LeAMT1.1, LjAMT1.1 and LeAMT1.2 respectively. BgAMT1 and PoAMT1 fragments were shown to correspond to the 5th - 10th transmembrane spanning-domains. Mutation of Bg W1A-L and S28A (for BgAMT1) and Po S70A (for PoAMT1) is predicted to enhance ammonium (NH4+) transport activity. Residues Bg D23 (for BgAMT1) and Po D16 (for PoAMT1) must be preserved otherwise NH4+ transport activity is inhibited. In all, BgAMT1 and PoAMT1 play a role in N uptake from the root while BgAMT1 may contribute more in different steps of rhizobia interaction. In an investigation of the correlation between AMT1 gene expression levels and leaf chlorophyll content index (CCI) with plant N status, potato plants were grown in a hydroponic greenhouse with 0.75 or 7.5 mM NO3- and 0.75 or 7.5 mM NH4+ as forms of N supply in a completely randomized design. Leaf CCI as measured by chlorophyll content meter, showed that an increase in N supply results in increased leaf CCI in response to both forms of N. Total RNA was isolated from leaf sampled at 28 days after treatment and expression level of the AMT1 gene was determined by reverse transcription-qPCR using a second set of primers designed for qPCR. The results showed that expression levels of AMT1 increased from 8.731 ± 2.606 when NO3- supply was high to 24.655 ± 2.93 when NO3- supply was low. However, there was no significant response in AMT1 expression levels to changes in NH4+. This result suggested that AMT1 transports NO3- less efficiently than NH4+, and thus more transport channels are required in the cell membrane when NO3- levels are low. Such variation in AMT1 expression levels are not necessary for NH4+ transport since the transport mechanism for NH4+ is efficient even at low NH4+ levels.
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Arborio, Sophie. "Variation des savoirs et des pratiques : à propos de l'épilepsie au Mali." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0225.
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Au Mali, dans une région rurale, le programme épidémiologique épilepsie-onchocercose (P. E. O. M) a mis en évidence un taux de prévalence de 13,35 p. Mille pour l'épilepsie, soit quatre fois plus qu'en Europe. Par ailleurs, une approche globale de ce phénomène pathologique réunit en une image de la "différence par la maladie" des latitudes et des époques disparates. Seule l'analyse locale des savoirs et des pratiques a permis de distinguer une certaine variabilité dans une image si fortement cristallisée autour de l'exclusion liée à l'épilepsie. En Europe, tout d'abord, ont été approfondies les différentes significations sociales que cette maladie a suscitées à travers les époques. Au Mali ensuite, dans un contexte contemporain, en milieu rural Bambara, l'existence des personnes épileptiques a fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée des processus d'interprétations. Les savoirs populaires relatifs au "kirikirimasien"(épilepsie) sont recomposés à travers la mise en intrigue d'éléments variés autour du récit singulier d'une histoire de malade. Ainsi, à la variabilité des savoirs sur le "kirikirimasien" est opposée une compréhension ordinaire de l'évènement pathologique. De même, les personnes épileptiques restent dans leur milieu de vie et les modalités des pratiques d'exclusion sont directement dépendantes de l'organisation socio-culturelle inhérente à ce contexte quotidien. Avant d'être thérapeutiques, les critères de son évaluation soeminnement sociaux; avant d'être spécialisés, ils sont tout simplement généraux. Les réactions sociales qui la caractérisent relèvent essentiellement d'un processus de négociation entre les forces discriminatives et intégratives. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en exergue le rôle de l'anthropologie médicale dans un programme de prise en charge thérapeutique en milieu rural. A l'importance d'une médicamentation appropriée est associée une compréhension des dynamiques sociales qui déterminent la place de la personne épileptique.
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Tioulenta, Témoré. "Les emprunts lexicaux du peul au bambara et au français : aspects sociolinguistiques et problématiques d'intégration." Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0316.
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L'introduction de termes d'origines bambara et francaise en peul repose sur la puissance et le prestige des communautes qui pratiquent les langues bambara et francaise. Ces elements connaissent une integration totale dans le systeme phonologique du peul. Au niveau morphologique, les noms empruntes observent des ecarts par rapport aux schemas structurels et classifications des noms peulsThe introduction of terms originating from bambara and french into fulfulde depends on the power and prestige of the communities speaking bambara and french. The integration of these terms into the phonological system of the fulfulde is absolute. At the morphological level, of the loanwords, the nouns shows a discrepancy frm the structure and classification of fulfulde nouns
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Alshareef, Ibraheem. "The effect of temperature and drought stress on Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) landraces." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11809/.
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Five experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of drought and high temperature stress on the growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc). Three glasshouse experiments were conducted at the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK, and two field experiments were conducted at the Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana. In the glasshouse experiments, two landraces were grown, S19-3 (from hot, dry environment/ Namibia) and Uniswa Red (from cool, wet environment/ Swaziland) under two different temperatures, 33±5 oC and 23±5 oC. In the first experiment (2006), soil moisture was non-limiting. In the second experiment (2007) drought was imposed at pod filling stage (77 DAS). In the third experiment (2008), the same two landraces were grown under the same temperatures, but the drought was imposed at flowering (30 DAS). In the first field experiment, two landraces were grown under three sowing dates and two water regimes; rain fed and drought. The two landraces were Dip C (from hot, dry environment/ Botswana) and Uniswa Red. Drought was imposed approximately at pod filling (63 DAS). In the second field experiment, the same landraces were grown under the same sowing dates and water regimes with drought imposed at 30 DAS. Canopy development and growth were affected by temperature and water stress. In the glasshouse experiments, Uniswa Red always gave the highest leaf number at the high temperature and S19-3 had the lowest at the low temperature. Leaf number decreased with drought, it reached over 100 in the full irrigation treatment, and less than 100 in late season drought treatment and a maximum of 60 in the early season drought treatment. Crops grown under high temperature always had higher leaf area index and total dry matter. The highest yield (306 gm-2) was produced by S19-3 at 33°C in 2007 and the lowest (31.1 g m-2) by Uniswa Red at 33°C in 2008. Comparison of regressions showed no significant difference in water use efficiency (WUE) between treatments in 2007. However, there were significant differences in 2008 when S19-3 (1.80 g kg-1) had a greater WUE than Uniswa-Red (1.09 g kg-1) at the high temperature, but both landraces had similar WUE at the low temperature (S19-3 2.28 g kg-1, Uniswa Red 2.23 g kg-1). This indicates that, despite being from a hot, dry environment, S19-3 performs well at the low temperature, and this is supported by data from 2007 when S19-3 maintained the highest soil moisture content and the lowest evapotranspiration at the low temperature. For the field experiments, where the temperature decreased with delay in sowing, there was a reduction in development, growth and yield. The effect of sowing date on leaf number was significant in both field experiments. In the first field experiment, the four treatments mean of leaf number of leaves declined from 62 per plant in the first sowing date (D1) to 52 leaves per plant in the third sowing date (D3) and 46 leaves per plant in the fifth sowing date (D5) and it was 64, 52, and 37 for D1, D3, and D5 respectively in the second field experiment. WUE decreased with delay in sowing from average of 1.9 g kg-1 in D1 to average of 0.45 g kg-1 in D5. The landraces varied in their response to temperature and drought stress with respect to growth, development and resource capture and conversion. The landraces used different mechanisms to resist drought and temperature stress, that include high leaf water content, reduction in leaf area to reduce transpiration surface and avoidance through faster growth rate.
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Fru, Fidelis N. [Verfasser]. "Evaluation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) as a component in poultry feed / Fidelis N Fru." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1179025741/34.
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CRETAL, PHILIPPE. "Etude comparative de la mortalite infantile en zone subsaharienne entre deux ethnies : peul et bambara." Lille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL2M209.
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Cormont, Catherine. "Essai sur la féminité bambara (Mali) des conduites traditionnelles aux pratiques modernes face à l'infécondité /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618932m.
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Evangeline, Unigwe Amara. "Assessing the morphological variation and characterising the proteins of bambara groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L. Verdc)." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/381.
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M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of TechnologyBambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) is an underutilized crop in the African continent. It is a drought tolerant crop and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Bambara groundnut is primarily grown for the protein content of its seeds and is mainly produced by small scale farmers at the subsistence level. However, despite its importance as a subsistence crop in many African countries, only local landraces of bambara groundnut are still cultivated. Mass selection of a few local varieties for the main agronomic characteristics has been carried out. All the bambara groundnut germplasm in South Africa has not been morphologically characterized. Although the protein of bambara groundnut is of good quality and is rich in lysine, there is no information on the characterisation of these proteins. The presence of antinutritional factors in the crop has also received little attention. This study focused on three major objectives including: (I) to assess the extent of morphological variations among thirty selected landraces of bambara groundnut, (II) to characterize the major seed proteins in these accessions using one dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (III) to determine the presence of any anti-nutritional factors in the seeds of the selected bambara groundnut landraces. 30 accessions of bambara groundnut were evaluated for their variability in agronomic and morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted at ARC-VOPI in Roodeplaat research farm during the 2014/2015 summer cropping season. The field trial was arranged as a complete randomized block design with 3 replications. 18 quantitative traits were recorded to estimate the level of genetic variability among accessions. 4 different methods were employed to extract seed proteins from 30 bambara groundnut accessions in order to ascertain the best method for protein extraction. These methods included: 10%-80% isopropanol, 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in acetone solution, sonication and 2x Lammeli buffer extraction methods. The quick start Qubit® fluorometer protein kit was used to determine the protein concentration in each sample. The samples were then subjected to one dimensional gel electrophoresis. For antinutritional analysis, 5 factors (condensed tannins, free and phytic acid phosphate, polyphenol and trypsin contents) were used to determine the amount of antinutrient in 30 bambara seeds that were ground to a fine powdery flour. 3 replicates of all the samples were ground for each assay evaluated. The flour was then immediately extracted and used for the different assays. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences only in 10 of the 18 phenotypic traits that were evaluated. The UPGMA cluster analysis based on the quantitative traits produced vii four distinct groups of genotypes and a singleton. Genotypes SB11-1A, SB19-1A, SB12-3B and Bambara-12 were found to possess good vegetative characters and are recommended for use as suitable parents when breeding cultivars for fodder production. Desirable yield and yield-related traits were identified in B7-1, SB4-4C, SB19-1A, Bambara-12 and SB16-5A and are recommended as suitable parental lines for bambara groundnut grain production improvement. The quantitative characters therefore provided a useful measure of genetic variability among bambara genotypes and will enable the identification of potential parental materials for future breeding programmes in South Africa. Out of the 4 different seed protein extraction methods exploited for this study, the 2x Laemmli buffer extraction method produced the best result with clear protein bands. A unique feature from all extraction methods was the presence of a common protein band at ̴ 75 kDa. All extraction methods except 10 % TCA-Acetone resolved common banding patterns in all the bambara groundnut samples. This data suggests that there is very little or no intraspecific genetic diversity among the seed proteins of bambara groundnut accessions studied. There was wide variation in the content of the five antinutritional compounds among the thirty bambara groundnut accessions. The mean values for condensed tannin content ranged between 0.20 - 6.20 mg/g. Free phosphate recorded an overall mean of 1.71 mg/g while a range of 1.35 - 4.93 mg/g was observed by phytic acid phosphate (PAP). The polyphenol content had an overall mean of 0.39 mg/g and trypsin inhibitor (TIA) was quite variable among the bambara groundnut accessions ranging from 5.30 - 73.40 TIA/mg. Generally, higher levels of antinutrients were observed in this study compared to the other studies. The results obtained in this study led to a conclusion that although variations exits among the accessions studied, further research is required to verify the extent of morphological variations, the efficiency of protein extractions methods evaluated and the effects of these antinutrients in human and animal feeds.
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Adda-Branco, Odile. "Le kotéba a-t-il de l'avenir en Afrique de l'Ouest ?" Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030026.
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Le koteba qui est ne au mali dans l'ethnie bambara, est un theatre populaire. Il est du genre comique et moralisant. Il se sert de la satire pour corriger les travers de la societe bambara. Des lors, il est appele theatre d'intervention sociale. Le koteba traditionnel est un theatre base sur l'oralite. Sa technique de jeu est l'improvisation. Les themes de ses sketches sont issus des evenements de la vie quotidienne des bambara. Mais ce theatre gardera-t-il encore longtemps ses caracteristiques? le koteba possede une communaute traditionnelle villageoise appelee le ton. Il est fonde sur le travail collectif, l'entraide et la solidarite. C'est un groupe bien structure et hierarchise dont les pouvoirs sont detenus par les vieux. Il est un instrument de transmission de la tradition. Mais des conflits de generations observes en son sein mettent son avenir en peril. Le koteba est un theatre total parce qu'il utilise le chant, la musique, la danse et le jeu theatral dans ses representations. Ces richesses interessent des metteurs en scene de diverses nationalites qui fusionnent les techniques du koteba avec celles du theatre occidental pour en faire un theatre contemporain appele koteba moderne. Son succes est tel qu'il risque de faire perdre au koteba traditionnel sa notorieteKoteba which was born in mali in bambara ethnic group is a popular theatre. It is a comic and moralizing genre. To correct the failing of bambara society, it uses satire. Thus it has been called social theatre. Traditional koteba is an oralbased theatre. Improvisation is its technical play. The themes of its sketches stemmed from events of daily bambara life. But will this theatre be able to keep for a long time its characteristics? koteba has a traditional villager community named ton. Collective work, mutual aid and solidarity are its background. It is a well-organized group into a hierarchy whose powers are held by the village elders. Koteba is an instrument to pass on the tradition. But the generation gap within imperils its future. Koteba is a total theatre because it uses song, music, dance and theatrical play in its performance. Its luchness interests directors of many nationalities. They combine the technics of koteba with those of western theatre to turn out modren koteba, a contemporary one. The latter is so successful that traditional koteba might lose its notoriety
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Ezekannagha, Ezinwanne. "Assessing the climatic suitability of Bambara groundnut as an underutilised crop to future climate projections in Sikasso and Ségou, Mali." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32612.
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This study evaluates how future climatic projections will affect the suitability of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean(L) Verdc.), a type of underutilised crop in Sikasso and Ségou, southern Mali. This study was performed using a simulation approach, which considered the potential changes in suitability due to projected changes in two climate variables; temperature and precipitation. Monthly outputs of the two climate variables from 10 CORDEX bias-corrected regional projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 were applied. The suitability index range of bambara groundnut was projected, using the Ecocrop suitability model, considering three time periods: historical (1975-2005), near-term (2011-2040), and end of century (2070-2099). The results of this study showed that the model captured a long planting window for the crop in the regions across the time periods. With the projected increase in future climatic conditions, the suitability index range of bambara groundnut is projected to increase across the months suitable for planting the crop. Furthermore, Sikasso is projected to maintain a high suitability index in the near-term, and by the end of century, Ségou is expected to experience a potential increase in suitability index range and suitable areas, especially by the end of century. The results indicate that the CORDEX projections and suitability modelling technique applied in the study captured well the suitability of bambara groundnut in the regions which can help the farmers in making planting decisions. These results suggest an opportunity for optimal utilisation of the crop in the regions, as with a long planting window and expansion in suitable areas, farmers in the regions can plant multiple times and have more suitable areas to cultivate. This study contributes to improving the decision-making surrounding the promotion of underutilised crops as part of the strategy for climate-resilient agriculture and food security in Sikasso and Ségou.
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Walicka, Zeh Renata Anna. "Building practice and cultural space amongst the Bambara, Senufo and Bozo of Mali : an ethnoarchaeological study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618843.
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This thesis is an ethnoarchaeological study of architecture based on data recorded in a sample of two Bamana, two Senufo and two Bozo villages studied in the Sahel and Savanna zones of Mali. The documentation, includmg a survey of built forms and an examination of their functional qualities, provides the foundation for a comparative analysis of the effects of social, economic and religious factors in the spatial development of settlements, as well as residential units (such as households and compounds). Such analysis, carried out with an appreciation of relevant environmental and historical contexts, has uncovered some patterns of architectural design and spatial organisation that are shared by each group, and others which show differences specific to each group's building practice. Consistent within the village sample, for instance, is the existence of residential groupings as determined by lineage organisation, comprising a variation of house forms and structures with specific functional properties. The occurrence, however, of rectangular, square or circular houses and function-specific structures (such as entry houses, shrines, granaries, ovens, and compound wails), show patterns that may be deemed characteristic of each of the three groups. The significance of knowing these patterns is that they are indicative of processes which shape architecture and provide a means for defining different dimensions of social, economic and religious systems. As such, they have implications for improving our understanding of the correlation between social and spatial organisation. More importantly, for the archaeologist, the results have an application in resolving questions about the interpretation of ancient mud-brick structural remains in West Africa. This is not by offering a set-answer model, but by providing an understanding of the basic architectural and spatial grammar of Malian villages. Thus, by using careful analogy, the data has relevance to explaining, in general, the type and manner in which architectural elements combine to form habitations, and, more specifically, how the different residential units provide material expression of the occupant social groups.
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Khan, Faraz. "Transcriptomics studies under water-deficit stress : towards genetic improvement of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41152/.
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With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance to address food security challenges. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is an underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall ( < 700 mm) and no chemical inputs. The present study aimed to investigate and evaluate transcriptomic changes in two bambara groundnut genotypes; DipC and TN (Tiga Nicuru), derived from landraces, in response to drought stress using microarray XSpecies and next generation RNA sequencing approaches by utilising data, resources and approaches derived from major crops and model plants. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). Using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species this study also highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated for use in the research of minor crops for a better understanding of the genetics governing drought traits. To investigate the drought tolerance of bambara groundnut, microarray XSpecies and next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was completed on leaf tissue from DipC and TN under drought and control (irrigation) conditions at different developmental stages (vegetative, reproductive and pod development). This is the first drought experiment reported in bambara groundnut employing the RNA-seq approach. Both investigation of mild (microarray XSpecies) and relatively severe (RNA-seq) drought stress for the DipC and TN genotypes, adapted to similar environmental conditions, provided initial evidence that the two genotypes used different sets of genes to achieve drought response traits (including; ABA synthesis, hormone signaling, osmotic adjustment, accumulation of antioxidants, lignin synthesis, down-regulation of photosynthesis related genes, carbohydrate metabolism, cell-wall modification and transporters). Hence, both genotypes may have adapted in different ways to enable them to grow in the semi-arid conditions, suggesting that there may be more than a single way to achieve resilience in the face of drought stress. The key enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, such as carbohydrate metabolism, redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites/energy, and cell wall component biogenesis were affected by drought stress in both genotypes. XSpecies microarray experiment identified several differentially expressed genes (DEG) in each genotype and the four potential drought candidate genes (PAL1, Beta-fructofuranosidase, COMT, UBC-2) identified were validated utilising quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, both drought experiments (mild and severe) also showed that the two genotypes expressed a number of genes of what are classically considered to be ‘drought-response’ genes even under the control condition. These results suggest that high expression of drought-response genes even under control conditions in both genotypes may lead to greater root growth and other avoidance traits which prime the plant for future dry periods, hence preparing for drought conditions. Morphological differences and the rapid reduction in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration observed in both genotypes under drought stress provides a platform to link these physiological data with gene expression data. The observed physiological responses (i.e reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis) under drought stress were backed up by high expression of genes related to stomatal closure via ABA signaling and down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated genes. A selection of genes chosen from microarray XSpecies and RNA-seq experiments were further used to identify their approximate chromosomal location in bambara groundnut using a cross-species approach. A total of 4 genes (HOX, AUX_IAA, acid phosphatase and dehydrin) were found to be near or within the confidence intervals of the QTLs underlying two drought traits (stomatal density/leaf area and CID). The initial results suggest that some of the locations of genes identified in XSpecies microarray and RNA-seq experiments could underlie QTL involved in controlling drought traits in bambara groundnut. These data provide the basis for drought trait improvement in bambara groundnut, which will facilitate functional genomics studies. Analysis of this dataset have suggested that both genotypes are primed to respond to drought stress and have adapted in different ways to achieve drought tolerance. This will help in understanding the mechanisms underlying the ability of crops to produce viable yields under drought conditions. Future work should verify whether the identified genes are associated with the trait of interest.
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Dhanaraj, Bhavya. "Effect of short duration high temperature stress on bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) plant reproduction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49191/.
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Agricultural production is at the mercy of uncertainties driven by climate change, as a result of this most of the major and minor crops are under threat of crop failure due to the severity of its effects on ‘crop fertility’. Plant reproduction is regarded as highly sensitive to such climatic changes, especially under high temperatures stress. Therefore, a key strategy to adapt to ever-increasing global temperature is by improvement and promotion of underutilised crops, one such future crop and the main focus of our research is bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L] Verdc.). The present research was aimed at investigating the effect of temperature stress on plant reproduction, however, there is very limited data on how bambara groundnut genotypes differ in their response to temperature stress with respect to plant reproduction. Therefore, the focus of this research was a systematic study to establish firstly a guide to the reproductive development and, to quantify the impact of high temperature stress on floral development, pollination to fertilization and pod set in bambara groundnut. The main methodology applied to establish the first guide to bambara groundnut flower development and pollen formation was through advanced microscopy techniques (fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy [SCM]). Later, the effect of short duration high temperature stress surrounding flowering time (pre- and post-anthesis) in seven bambara groundnut genotypes (IITA-686, S19-3, AHM-753, Uniswa red, Getso, and DipC), was investigated by applying three days of high temperature stress (36/33°C, day/night) at 100% flowering, before the temperature was returned to control conditions (28/22°C) and maintained until pod harvest. Phenotypic characteristics such as flower morphology, pollen viability and pod set, between control and heat stressed groups, were some of the traits observed to assess the effect among the seven genotypes. RNA sequencing experiment was designed and executed to obtain differential gene expression data under high temperature stress, however breakdown of a freezer prevented the successful completion of the experiment. Firstly, a scale of bambara groundnut flower development was established based on flower size as a unit of measurement, from stage 8 to stage 13, which corresponds to floral organ differentiation and flower opening, respectively. Pollen architecture and development (micro-sporogenesis and micro-gametogenesis) was documented using fluorescence microscopy and SCM. And this study is the first one to link flower phenology to the stages of pollen development through morphological data. Secondly, the effect of short duration high temperature stress was evaluated, it showed that the effect on in vitro pollen germination was significant (p < 0.05) and was seen within 24 h of the application of the heat stress (HT-1) in all genotypes, and correspondingly pod set was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced during heat stress. The genotypes IITA-686, AHM-753 and S19-3 recovered, pollen viability relatively faster and produced pods when the plants were returned to control conditions after heat- stress, in contrast to Uniswa red and Getso, where pod set was severely affected. We could conclude that like most of the legumes bambara groundnut pollen is sensitive to high temperature stress, with temperatures 36/33°C producing significant effects on pollen viability, and also display acclimation capability, when returned to control conditions. We advocate that selection for breeding should start at male gamete level, through in vitro pollen germination to determine tolerant and sensitive genotypes, and the prospects of bambara groundnut pollen thermo-tolerance should be evaluated. Many research experts are considering bambara groundnut as a future crop based on its agro-ecological, cultural, genetic and nutritional importance. This research is one step in contributing to the knowledge of this future crop. This study serves as a guide for future researchers interested in flower development and variation in the process observed within and between bambara groundnut genotypes. Assessing pollen thermo-tolerance can give a direct indication of crop success/ seed yield under heat stress and the methodology is not limited to only temperature stress, that is it could also be adapted in photoperiod, drought and water stress. Investigation of other forms of stress tolerance could ultimately contribute to the development of future crop which could cope with future climatic anomalies.
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Cormont, Catherine. "Essai sur le féminité Bambara (Mali) : des conduites traditionnelles aux pratiques modernes face à la infécondité." Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR2021.
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Muofhe, Mmboneni Leonard. "Effects of boron nutrition and cotyledon manipulation on symbiotic performance of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L)." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25763.
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Le, Fustec Claude. "Crise et regeneration : la quête d'unite dans la fiction de Toni Cade Bambara et Toni Morrison." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU20002.
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Arraches a leur terre d'origine et rejetes par ceux qui causerent cet exil, les afro-americains existent dans le neant de l'exclusion. Vivre, pour eux, va donc signifier tenter de forger une identite qui resolve l'antithese culturelle qu'ils incarnent. Cet effort caracterise le mouvement litteraire afro-americain, essentiellement mene par des femmes, qui s'est developpe depuis les annees soixante-dix. Toni cade bambara et toni morrison sont deux personnalites majeures de ce mouvement. Utilisant des techniques narratives tres differentes, les deux auteurs s'efforcent de depasser le manicheisme materialiste propre a la societe dominante, et qui, impose a la communaute noire, provoqua une tres profonde crise identitaire. Resumee par le concept de double conscience forge par du bois, cette crise est entendue au sens etymologique du terme, comme une distinction, une separation, exprimant la rupture d'un ordre originel caracterise par l'unite. Le but de ce travail est donc d'etudier dans quelle mesure une structure de crise et de regeneration, entendue comme le passage d'un dualisme destructeur a une unite qui donne vie, peut etre degagee des oeuvres de fiction ecrites par toni cade bambara et toni morrison. L'analyse s'attache a demontrer que le militantisme de bambara et sonTorn from their motherland and rejected by those who caused their exile, afro-americans live in a place where they have no recognised identity. Hence, for them, existing will mean bridging the gap between their african and american identities. Since the 1970s, this is precisely what afro-american women writers have been aiming at doing. Toni cade bambara and toni morrison, particularly, have tried to go beyond the imperialist-derived secularism of western culture that fragments reality and caused afro-americans, in du bois' terms, to experience "double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others". The crisis undergone by the afro-american psyche is thus studied in the etymological sense of the word, i. E. "separation", as reflected by bambara's and morrison's fiction. As a matter of fact, both writers have tried to substitute a regenerating sense of unity for the destructive dualism imposed by the ruling part of the american society. In their progression from a state of existential and stylistic crisis to a unified whole, their fictional writings demonstrate an equal urge to go beyond words in an attempt to grasp the essence of life, far beyond the limited and fragmenting vision conveyed by any ideology
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Nolte, Kara. "Extruded sorghum and Bambara groundnuts : influence of in-barrel moisture conditions on functional and nutritional characteristics." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60848.
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies remain burdens among children in Africa due to monotonous cereal-based diets. Compositing with local pulses such as bambara groundnuts can be a solution. Rapidly urbanising communities in Africa, however, demand convenience-type products. To address these needs, the nutritional, physical and functional properties of extrudates of decorticated sorghum and whole grain bambara groundnut flours extruded separately and as a 50:50 composite using a twin screw extrusion cooker was investigated. The effect of two in-barrel moisture conditions, low (24%) and high (40%), were studied. Compositing sorghum with bambara groundnuts increased crude fibre (190%), protein (54%) fat (36%) and mineral (118%) contents. Zinc, calcium and magnesium contents increased by 32, 52, and 11%, respectively with bambara groundnut inclusion. In vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) increased substantially with bambara groundnut inclusion because bambara groundnuts' soluble globulin-type proteins are more digestible than sorghum kafirins. Extrusion cooking caused an increase in IVPD and decrease in NSI. Hot, moist conditions in extrusion cooking probably caused the denaturation of proteins which exposed hydrophobic sites of the protein molecule and exposed more sites for proteolytic attack. Extrusion cooking at high moisture yielded a slightly higher IVPD in composite extrudates and higher NSI in bambara groundnut extrudates, as shear and heat generation would be less severe, compared to low moisture. Phytate content was reduced (12-35%) in the composite and bambara groundnut extrudates after extrusion cooking at both extrusion moistures. Inositol hexaphosphate was possibly hydrolysed to penta- and tetraphosphates. Improved Caco-2 cell zinc uptake (80-84%) was achieved through both extrusion moistures in sorghum extrudates only, probably due to lower phytate x calcium/zinc ratios in sorghum when compared to the composite and bambara groundnut flours. Bambara groundnut inclusion reduced Caco-2 cell zinc uptake due to an increase in phytate content. High extrusion moisture and bambara groundnut inclusion decreased extrudate expansion in sorghum and the composite, probably due to lower viscosity in the extruder barrel and dilution of starch, respectively. High moisture conditions yielded higher overall water absorption index (WAI), lower overall water solubility index (WSI) and higher peak, trough and final paste viscosities, probably due to less starch degradation. Bambara groundnut inclusion caused increased WSI, probably due to its soluble proteins. It also caused lower peak, trough and final paste viscosities, possibly due to starch dilution.
A 50 g (db) serving of sorghum-bambara groundnut composite extrudate can contribute 81% of the daily protein requirement for children aged 2-5 years. Improved IVPD, WAI and paste viscosities for composite extruded at low moisture suggests its application as a nutrient-dense instant porridge. Extrusion cooking of the composite at low moisture also maintains high expansion which can produce a nutritious expanded snack. Sorghum-bambara groundnut composite extruded at low moisture can produce convenience-type products with improved mineral content and excellent protein content and digestibility to address PEM.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Food Science
MSc
Unrestricted
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Hinkson, Warren. "Morrison, Bambara, Silko : fractured and reconstructed mythic patterns in Song of Solomon, The salt eaters, and Ceremony." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27566/27566.pdf.
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Pinault-Paradis, Evelyne. "De la forme à l'histoire. Les masques heaumes horizontaux à l'ouest des Volta : étude comparative, plastique et sémantique." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010563.
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Les masques heaumes horizontaux représentent une catégorie typologique particulière. De caractère dominant zoomorphe, ils sont construits comme une image composite et conçus comme un moyen visuel pour une fin conceptuelle. L'impression d'unité recouvrant néanmoins une grande variété formelle ainsi que la concentration de leur distribution sur deux larges secteurs géographiques dégagées de l'observation de ces masques composites ont généré cette recherche. Son enjeu consiste à comprendre ce " pluralisme cohérent " et à rechercher s'il résulte d'une histoire partagée. L'aire géographique étudiée s'étend des rives du Haut-Niger au Mali jusqu'au Centre-Ouest du Ghana et englobe la Côte d'Ivoire. Elle comprend trots groupes culturels et linguistiques : les mandé, les gur et les akan. L'approche est comparative, les masques sont étudiés au niveau plastique, symbolique, iconographique et sémantique, situés dans leur environnement socio-culturel, religieux et politique, à l'échelle ethnique et inter-etl1f1ique. Elle soulève la question du mécanisme complexe de la mobilité artistique et du processus d'emprunt. Un réseau d'emprunts et d'influences réciproques est dégagé. Désenclavées de leur cadre ethnique, les données monographiques sont réinterprétées. Une figure masquée et son rituel sont isolés sur une échelle trans-ethnique. Un axe de diffusion (Nord-Sud) et un acteur important (le forgeron-sculpteur mandé) sont dégagés, des motivations sociales, économiques et politiques envisagées. Des relations sont établies avec l'aire d'influence culturelle de l'empire du Mali et les itinéraires commerciaux des rives du Niger aux régions forestières (Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire).
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Arnal-Soumaré, Claude-Stéphanka. "Culture traditionnelle africaine et marquage du corps féminin : l'excision chez les Bamanan du Bélédougou (Mali)." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20024.
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Cette etude sociologique et ethnologique de l'excision feminine a ete effectuee au mali, dans le milieu traditionnel bamanan ou la totalite des femmes subissent l'exerese du clitoris, accompagnee ou non de l'ablation des petites levres (excision de type ii). Quelles qu'en soit les implications au plan physiologique, sexuel et psychologique, cette operation constitue un rite oblige. Son analyse en termes de rite permet de rendre compte le plus largement possible, a la fois de l'excision feminine et de la circoncision masculine. Ces pratiques sont en outre des marquages du corps et orientent sa sexualite. Elles constituent des processus d'incorporation par la douleur des normes et des comportements determines par les rapports sociaux de sexe. L'etude des structures economiques et sociales de la societe traditionnelle bamanan met en evidence la domination que subissent les femmes. L'analyse des temoignages et des chants d'excision montre le role que jouent parallelement - sans etre equivalents - le rite feminin d'excision et le rite masculin de circoncision dans la structuration et la reproduction de la societe. Ils se presentent a la fois comme l'aboutissement et la condition de la socialisation definitive des enfants prepares a des roles differents selon leur sexe. Cependant, la societe bamanan evolue. Ses rites se modifient dans le temps (naissance, puberte, mariage) et dans l'espace (campagne, ville). L'influence de l'occident, l'extension de l'islam, les transformations economiques privent peu a peu l'excision feminine et la circoncision masculine de la signification qu'ils avaient dans la societe traditionnelle bamanan. Des lors, que faire de ces rites? la reponse appartient a ces societes, dans leur rapport a la moderniteThis sociological and ethnological analysis of ritual female excision practices was carried out in a traditional bamanan society in mali, where every young girl is subjected to removal of the entire clitoris with or without the excision of the labial minora (excision type ii). The thesis adopts an analysis of this practice in terms of ritual and demonstrates the need to place female excision/genital mutilation in the context of the wider values of the bamanan society. Thus, the pain and suffering endured during the excision ritual can be seen to play a major role in imposing the norms, values and behaviour that are required of women in the context of the dominant gender relations in this society. An analysis of the economic and social structures of the bamanan society serves to illustrate the subordinate position of women generally and leads to an analysis - based on observation and the songs sung during the excision ritual - of the parallel, but not equivalent, role played by male circumcision and female excision in the structuring of social relations and in the reproduction of traditional values, notably in terms of gender relations. However, the bamanan society is undergoing considerable change - the spread of western values, the gradual increase in the influence of moslim beliefs and transformations in the system of economic production. This changing context has a considerable influence on the female rituals, both in terms of their timing (birth, puberty, marriage) and of their adoption (comparison of urban and rural areas); its serves to transform the significance that such rituals had in the traditional bamanan society. This thesis aims to show that the future of female excision is closely tied up with the response that the bamanan society constructs in the face of "modernity"
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Noah, Stanley Godfrey. "Evaluation of characters associated with low temperature tolerance, resource capture and conversion of contrasting landraces of Bambara groundnut." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546532.
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