Academic literature on the topic 'Banana cropping'

The present study aimed to selectpotential strainof Volvariella volvacea suitable for outdoor cultivation in different cropping systems like Banana, Maize, Coconut, Coconut+Banana where such suitable microclimate prevails. Among the different strains of V.volvaceatested, the strain Vv-19-06 obtained from Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan,performed considerably superior with higher bioefficiency of 17.44 and sturdy sporophores at egg stage and storage life of 1.1 days under refrigerated condition.Moreover, the morphogenesis of button stage to matured mushrooms were extended up to 1.8 days and the opened mushroom were retained on the bed for another 1.6 days, which is an added advantage.Cultivation of paddy straw mushroom as intercrop in Banana, Maize, Banana+coconut and Coconut cropping systems proved successful with spawn running completion ranging from 8 to 10.3 days, pinhead formation ranging from 9.3 to 11.6 days and harvestable button/egg stage appeared ranging from 11 to 12.6 days. The bioefficiency was comparatively better in all the cropping systems, which ranged from 19.4 to 20.6 %, with a total cropping cycle of 20.5 to 22 days.The indoor cropping system, which requires additional cost for infrastructure, also recorded bioefficiecy of 21.3 in a cropping cycle of 17 days. In all the cropping systems tested, the B:C ratio worked out to be 1:2.3 to 1:2.5 as in indoor cropping system proving that paddy straw mushroomcould be promoted for the outdoor systemin Maize, Banana, Banana +coconut , Coconut cropping systems as intercrop as it fetches additional income to rice-growing farmers.

Small-holder banana fields are often intercropped with various annual crops to optimize land-use in East and Central Africa, a practice severely constrained by light availability under the banana canopy. Light availability is not a major constraint in newly established banana fields, giving a window of opportunity to target light-demanding annual crops before shifting to more shade-tolerant crops. This study investigated the performance of climbing and bush beans and the vegetable amaranth in banana fields with varying shade levels across three sites in the South Kivu province, DR Congo. These crops were selected for their highly nutritious and good market value and the added benefit of nitrogen fixation for the legumes. We show that both grain legumes and vegetable amaranth can achieve reasonable yields during a first annual cropping season in newly established banana fields, irrespective of the plant density. Declines in yield occurred during a second cropping season in more densely spaced banana fields (2 × 2 m and 2 × 3 m). A greater decline occurred in amaranth and its cultivation should be limited to the first annual cropping season or to less dense banana fields. The legumes could be extended to a second cropping season with reasonable yield. Significant variability in amaranth and legumes performance was observed across sites, with rapid yield declines occurring under more fertile soil conditions due to fast banana growth/canopy formation and under more vigorous cultivars. The choice of banana spacing will need to be tailored to the banana cultivar, soil conditions and the farmers’ objectives.

Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to changing climatic conditions. While a head facing the risk of food and nutrition insecurity. It is a land of variety both in terms of resources and people. The study focused on the district Thatta and its coastal district of Sindh province, to determine the complex problem-related climate change and effects; the district has received due to various climatic factors. Banana is known to be the most important fruit crop of Pakistan. It is cultivated over 34,800 hectares with the production of 154,800 tons. It is primarily grown in Sindh province because the soil and climatic conditions favour cultivating fruits and vegetables, further, this province shares 87 percent in the cultivation of the banana crop. The study aims to carry out the impact of climate change effect on banana cropping patterns. The present study aimed to observe the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, review the present status of banana production in Sindh province, explore the status of cropping pattern in the study area, and examine climate change effect on banana cropping pattern, by using primary as well as secondary data. In Sindh province, Banana is cultivated in three main districts among them, Thatta shares 17.6 percent in the area and 17.1 percent production in the overall province. Furthermore, farmer’s perception regarding climate change, the majority proportion of farmers agreed temperature has raised and cropping pattern practices also effected and changed, while water-related issues are rising day by day in the study area.

The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to evaluate the stability patterns of 36 Musa genotypes in four cropping environments for bunch weight, pulp weight, and dry matter content. Alleycropping generally induced higher means for all traits than did sole cropping. The triploid plantains produced smaller bunch weights and were less stable than dessert and cooking bananas. In this ploidy group, bunch weight was highest for the cooking bananas `Cardaba' and `Fougamou', but only `Fougamou' was stable across environments. Among the hybrids, only `FHIA23' (dessert banana) expressed high and stable bunch weights, while other high-yielding hybrids displayed specific adaptation to alleycropping. Pulp weight was lower but more stable in plantains than in other triploid genotypes. Among the hybrids, pulp weight was high and stable for one cooking banana (`FHIA3'), one dessert banana (`FHIA1'), and three plantains (`PITA1', `PITA2', and `PITA7'). Dry matter content was highest in plantains and lowest in dessert bananas at both triploid and tetraploid levels, and was also more stable than the other traits. Thus, the adaptation patterns of genotypes across environments varied according to the trait studied. When rank changes were not observed across traits for a given genotype, differences were still noted in the relative magnitude of the IPCA1 score. Hence, both farm gate traits and postharvest processing traits should be considered in selecting for broad or specific adaptation. Determination of the genetic relationships between processing traits and farm gate traits could allow Musa breeders to construct selection indices that would facilitate multiple trait selection and enhance breeding efficiency, with respect to cultivar stability and adaptation across environments.

Banana is a fruit commodity that is consumed by many people. Banana dwarf disease is an important disease, because its presence has spread in banana plants in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the characteristics and intensity of BBTV attacks on banana plants with different planting patterns, sanitation and weed control. This research was conducted in 5 districts in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, namely Samboja, Muara Jawa, Loa Janan, Muara Badak, Loa Kulu. The method used is a survey method that is conducting direct observations in the field using modified score assessments based on morphology of diseased plants (Brooks, 1999). The data obtained were processed to determine the intensity of disease per plot with the formula of disease severity (Agrios, 1997). Disease intensity data were compared based on different banana cropping conditions, sanitation and weed control.Based on the survey results it can be concluded that, in banana tree land with a monoculture pattern, in sanitation and with weed control, the intensity of BBTV disease is higher compared to mixed cropping patterns, without sanitation and without weed control. The character of attack is generally in the assessment score 3 with the characteristics: (1) the edge of the leaf is quite severe yellowing, (2) the existence of leaf narrowing or twisting (3) the occurrence of distortion, dwarf and necrosis (4) found more than four infected banana stems in a clump.

SummaryBeans and bananas were grown in sole crop and intercrop systems for three seasons in 1989 and 1990 to determine the effects of cropping system on diseases, insects and land-use efficiency and the roles of certain bean plant physiological traits on bean yield in the two systems.Bean yield in the intercrop system was 52% of bean sole crop yield. Shading reduced yield, but stem starch levels, chlorophyll content and the chlorophyll a:b ratio were not related to seed yield in either system. Leaf area index was linearly related to yield in the intercrop system, suggesting that a higher plant density may result in higher yields. Nutrient concentration levels in the foliar tissues indicated that low potassium and high manganese availability constrained intercrop bean yield. Leaf manganese levels were higher in beans grown under bananas, reaching levels normally considered toxic for beans. Competition for other nutrients did not appear to affect bean yield. Apparently, interspecies competition for soil moisture did not much reduce bean yields as moisture levels did not differ with cropping system. Disease and insect pest levels were similar for the two bean production systems.Banana yields were associated with potassium levels in the soil. Bananas appeared to be more competitive than beans in the intercrop system. The land equivalent ratio of the banana and bean intercropping system over the three seasons was 1.60.

The study was carried out to determine the economic assessment of lemon-based agroforestry systems established in the Madhupur Sal forest during the period from May 2017 to September 2018. The study selected five lemon-based agroforestry systems viz. Lemon-Mango-Pineapple-Papaya-Ginger, Lemon-Pineapple-Papaya-Banana-Aroid, Lemon-Pineapple-Papaya-Ginger, Lemon-Mango-Turmeric-Red amaranth and Lemon-Litchi-Papaya-Banana along with three replications having 0.13 ha area for each sample plot. The control plots (without lemon plant) for each of the five lemon-based agroforestry systems were also selected. In order to calculate the economic profitability of respective agroforestry systems as well as sole cropping performance, data related to incurred cost, total yield and income from lemon and crop components were collected through practical observation, key informant interview and focus group discussion. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and land equivalent ratio (LER) for each of the selected agroforestry systems were also determined. From the study, it has been found that all of the lemon-based agroforestry systems were profitable than their sole cropping in respect of income, BCR, and LER. The net profit (460032 Tk/ha) indicated that the Lemon-Litchi-Papaya-Banana based agroforestry systems were financially more profitable followed by Lemon-Pineapple-Papaya-Banana-Aroid, Lemon-Mango-Pineapple-Papaya-Ginger, Lemon-Pineapple-Papaya-Ginger, Lemon-Mango-Turmeric-Red amaranth based agroforestry systems. But the BCR and LER (3.515 and 1.73) revealed that Lemon-Pineapple-Papaya-Banana-Aroid based agroforestry system was more productive followed by Lemon-Litchi-Papaya-Banana, Lemon-Mango-Pineapple-Papaya-Ginger, Lemon-Pineapple-Papaya-Ginger, Lemon-Mango-Turmeric-Red amaranth based agroforestry systems. Prior to considering the obtained results from the study, it can be concluded that lemon-based agroforestry systems are more profitable than the cultivation of sole cropping.
 Progressive Agriculture 31 (1): 45-55, 2020

Effect of multi cropping (Potato-Jute-Sweetgourd-T.Aman, Sweet gourd-Brinjal-Jute, Cauliflower-Radish-Lentil-Basil, Jute-Lentil-Mustard-Wheat and Sweetgourd-Turnip, designated as P-J-S-T, S-B-J, C-R-L-B, J-L-M-W and S-T, respectively) and mono cropping systems (orchard of Lychee, Teak, Turmeric and Banana) on microbial and enzymatic activity of Ganges floodplain soil was investigated. Organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil respiration, total nitrogen and urease activity (UA) of the soils were examined. Upon examination it was observed that soils under mono cropping pattern (Lychee, Teak, and Banana) showed significantly (p?0.05) higher MBC, MBN and UA than those under multi cropping pattern. Highest values of MBC and UA found in teak plant were 95.44 milligram/kilogram (mgkg-1) and 6.51µg N released g-1day-1 respectively while for multi cropping pattern the respective values were 37.52 mgkg-1 and 2.23 µg N released g-1day-1 found in S-T and J-L-M-W cropping pattern. The highest MBN (12.70 mgkg-1) was obtained in soil where lychee was practiced. Multi cropping soil showed significantly (p?0.05) higher respiration rate than mono cropping soil and the highest rate was found 508.75 mg CO2 g-1day-1 in J-M-L-W cropping pattern. Turmeric showed the lowest respiration rate (120.75 mg CO2 g-1day-1) among the cropping pattern studied. Both MBC and UA showed positively significant relation with soil organic carbon, and total N at 0.01 % level. High microbial and enzymatic activity of mono cropping soil represent combined effect of vegetation and low tillage practices in soil.

An intercrop-based experiment was conducted for two consecutive years during September 2012 to October 2014 at farmer’s field of MLT site, Shibganj, Bogra to find out the performance of banana intercropped with potato and vegetables. There were three intercrop-based treatments i.e. Banana + Potato, Banana + Radish + Potato and Banana + Cauliflower + Potato were tested along with Sole Banana. The results revealed that all the intercrops produced higher banana equivalent yield over the sole banana in both the years. However, among the intercrop combinations, Banana + Cauliflower + Potato provided the highest equivalent yield (104.04 tha-1 in 2012-13 and 122.50 tha-1 in 2013-14) followed by Banana + Radish + potato. Sole banana produced the lowest equivalent yield in both the cropping seasons. Higher gross margin was also obtained from the intercrop combinations. Among the intercrops, Banana + cauliflower + Potato provided higher gross margin (Tk.656898 ha-1) but due to higher cost, this treatment failed to show higher BCR than Banana + Radish + Potato.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(4): 749-755, December 2017

ABSTRACT Soil moisture is essential for agricultural production. Knowledge on its spatial-temporal variability is indispensable to support agriculture, and it is strongly influenced by cultural practices, soil cover conditions and irrigation methods. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the temporal stability and spatial distribution of soil moisture as a function of the use of banana leaves as soil cover in a plot under conventional sprinkler irrigation and cultivated with banana in the Brazilian semiarid region. The study area was divided in two sectors, with and without covering using banana leaves. Soil moisture was monitored before and after irrigation, at 16 times, using FALKER HidroFarm sensors installed on a transect with 11 units spaced by 8 m, in each sector. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, temporal stability and Spearman correlation test. The morphology of the banana leaves and the irrigation system used contributed to lower soil moisture in the covered sector at all monitoring times. Variations in the physical-hydraulic properties of the soil promoted variations in soil moisture with the position of the sensors in the ground. The temporal stability technique allowed the identification of points that represent the mean behavior of soil moisture throughout the area. The use of banana leaf residues caused less soil wetting using sprinkler irrigation, indicating the need to pre-grind the material or use localized irrigation systems, practices that are not very accessible to small farmers.

East African highland bananas (Musa spp., AAA-EA genome group) are a major staple and income-generating fruit crop in the highlands of eastern and central Africa, grown across the countries of the Great Lakes region (i.e. Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and North-West Tanzania). Despite its importance, farmers and researchers are reporting that yields are declining, most notably in areas with low soil fertility. Although numerous studies have been conducted on yield constraints of bananas in the East African highland region, there is virtually no understanding of the impact of plant density management on the yields of these low-input banana systems. The productivity and profitability of various plant densities was studied in contrasting agro-ecological sites of Rwanda (Ruhengeri, Rusizi, Karongi, Butare, Ruhango, Kibungo and Bugesera), that differed distinctly in terms of altitude (1400-1960 m a.s.l), temperature (17-20°C), annual rainfall (950-1400 mm yr-1) and soil types (Nitisols, Ferralsols, Acrisols and Andosols). Under those cropping systems, the plant density is one management factor that resource poor farmers have some control over. An on-farm survey was conducted in all sites to determine the influence of climatic and edaphic factors on variations in on-farm plant density practices and bunch mass. In addition, three researcher-managed banana density experiments were conducted in contrasting agroecological sites (Kibungo low rainfall with medium soil fertility, Rubona high rainfall with low soil fertility and Ruhengeri high rainfall with high soil fertility) to (i) investigate the influence of plant density on the vegetative growth and yield parameters of AAA-EA bananas for typical highland agro-ecological zones, (ii) to assess the effect of plant density on nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and (iii) to assess the magnitude and variability of nutrient depletion in the smallholder banana systems that are characterized by low external input use. Three different local EA highland banana varieties (i.e. “Ingaju”-cooking type, “Injagi”- cooking type, “Intuntu”-beer type) were each planted at five different plant densities (plants ha-1) of 1428, 2500, 3333, 4444 and 5000. Agronomic data (growth and yield traits) were collected over two cropping cycles (plant and ratoon crops). Soil, plant and climate data were also collected. Approaches such as compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND), boundary line functions and yield gap analysis were used to quantify the contribution of each identified yield limiting factor to yield gap. A first order magnitude of nutrient depletion was determined using partial nutrient balance calculations. Plant density positively correlated with water supply (i.e. difference between rainfall and evapotranspirative demand of bananas), with highest plant densities (>1500 mats ha-1) found in high rainfall areas (>1200 mm yr-1) with water surplus (218-508 mm yr-1) and lowest plant densities (1000-1400 mats ha-1) found in lower rainfall areas (1000-1200 mm yr-1) with water deficit (from -223 to -119 mm yr-1). Bunch masses were significantly higher at the lowest plant densities (18.1-20.8 kg fresh mass plant-1) when compared to the highest plant densities (14.7-15.5 kg). Lower soil and banana leaf nutrient contents were observed on weathered soils (Acrisols) and were associated with smaller bunch mass in comparison to fertile soils (Andosols, Nitisols). Farmers tended to reduce mat densities (i) if they wanted to intercrop, and (ii) to increase bunch mass to adapt to market preferences for large bunches. The plant densities generally recommended by extension bodies (3 × 3 or 2 × 3 m; i.e. 1111 and 1666 mats ha-1, respectively) are seldom practiced by farmers, nor do they seem to be very appropriate from an agronomic or economic perspective. Per hectare bunch and above ground biomass yields increased with increasing plant density, but maximum yield strongly depended on agro-ecological site. Bunch yields of beer bananas continued to increase with density, but maximum yields for the cooking cultivars were observed at 4444 plants ha-1 at Kibungo and Rubona, whereas yields continued to increase linearly beyond this level at Ruhengeri. Relationships between bunch yield, the total above ground dry matter yields and soil chemical properties suggest that nutrient deficiencies were larger at Kibungo (i.e. notably K) and Rubona (i.e. K, P, Ca, Mg) when compared with Ruhengeri. With increasing densities, leaf area index (LAI) continues to increase up to a value of 4 with 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the crop canopy. This suggests that further density and LAI increases would probably have little additional positive effect on total per hectare production. Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) indices showed that K, Mg and P were the most deficient elements in areas with low inherent soil fertility (Kibungo and Rubona) compared with relatively fertile areas (Ruhengeri). The boundary line functions and yield gap analysis also confirmed that K was the most limiting factor, contributing to an expected yield gap of 55.3% at Kibungo, while P and Mg contributed to a 35% yield gap at Rubona. An increase in plant density resulted in an increase in average yield gap from 45.6 % to 70.2% at Kibungo, whilst average yield gap decreased significantly from 47.5% to 30.2% at Rubona, and 76.6 to 53.7% at Ruhengeri. Nutrient uptake increased with plant density. Partial N and K balances (kg ha-1 yr-1) were estimated to be strongly negative at Rubona and Ruhengeri, while Ca and Mg were positive at Kibungo and Ruhengeri, but negative at Rubona. The results of this study indicate that, generally, soil fertility is a more limiting factor than water, but both CND norms and boundary line analysis showed that expected yield gaps seem to be high for plant density due to low inherent soil fertility. Partial nutrient balances provide a first order magnitude of nutrient depletion. Nutrient mining is significant, particularly for K. The current extraction rates will not allow farmers to sustain their yields, and options should be developed to improve the productivity of EAH banana cropping systems. The limited availability of manure and inorganic fertilizers is a real threat to the food and income security role that banana production plays in smallholder systems. In summary, the results from this study suggest the optimal density for bananas depends on water availability, soil fertility and cultivar. The agronomic optimal plant density is lower (< 4444 plants ha-1) in low rainfall (< 1000 mm yr-1) and less fertile areas, but seems to be higher (> 5000 plants ha-1) in areas with high fertility, which receive high rainfall (> 1300 mm yr-1). Improved plant density management can serve as an important entry point for resource poor farmers to maximize yield potential of EAH bananas in the various production zones. Blanket density recommendations do not make sense. While farmers can significantly improve their banana production, increased densities will put significant additional stress on limited nutrient resources, and region-specific integrated soil fertility recommendations should be developed and adopted to ensure sustained improvements of banana production and smallholder livelihoods.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Plant Production and Soil Science<br>unrestricted

Cette thèse étudie les dynamiques territoriales induites par le développement de la culture irriguée de la banane dessert, dans le sud du Sénégal, dans un contexte de systèmes de production profondément pluviaux et de marginalisation des grandes dynamiques de développement nationales. En tant que culture intensive et marchande, cette innovation agricole pose la question de son adoption, mais surtout de sa rentabilité économique face à l'enclavement et de ses interactions avec les dynamiques locales de développement. Pour répondre à cette question, la thèse s'est appuyée sur des enquêtes qualitatives auprès de divers acteurs de la filière banane (producteurs, commerçants, encadreurs, intermédiaires, etc.) et d'une lecture attentive des mutations en cours au sud du Sénégal. La thèse s'organise ainsi autour de trois parties. La première montre que c'est dans le caractère marginal des régions sud du Sénégal que réside les facteurs naturels et socio­économiques d'émergence de la culture irriguée de la banane. La seconde partie analyse le processus de son intégration dans les stratégies productives des paysans en insistant sur l'organisation de la production et les dynamiques de sa commercialisation. La troisième partie interroge les effets socio-économiques et géographiques de la dynamique de développement de l'innovation bananière dans le sud du Sénégal, en la replaçant au centre des recompositions socio-économiques et environnementales en cours aux niveaux local et régional. Cette thèse est ainsi une contribution à l'étude des «opérations de développement» en milieu rural africain et des possibilités de développement des régions marginalisées en Afrique de l'ouest<br>This thesis examines dessert banana cropping development induced territorial dynamics in the southern Senegal region, characterized by highly rained-dependent production systems and by a marginalization of the major national development dynamics. As an intensive and market-oriented crop, this agricultural innovation raises the question of its adoption in rain-fed systems, and above all its economic profitability in an isolation context and its interactions with local development dynamics. To answer this question, this thesis was based on data obtained from qualitative surveys of various banana sector stakeholders (producers, traders, supervisors, intermediaries, etc.) and a careful analysis of the ongoing changes in southern Senegal. The thesis is thus articulated on three axes. The first axis shows that the natural and socioeconomic factors that led to the event of irrigated banana cropping stems from the marginal nature of the southern regions of Senegal. The second part analyzes its integration process into farmers' the productive strategies while emphasizing on produces' organizations, banana production practices and marketing dynamics. Finally, an analysis of the socio-economic and geographical effects of banana cropping innovation dynamic development in southern Senegal, substituting banana innovation at the center of the ongoing socio-economic and environmental reorganizations bath at the local and regional levels. This thesis is thus a contribution to the study of "development operations" in rural Africa and the development opportunities of marginalized areas in West Africa

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第11236号<br>農博第1451号<br>新制||農||901(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H17||N3981(農学部図書室)<br>22845<br>UT51-2004-U441<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻<br>(主査)教授 辻井 博, 教授 加賀爪 優, 教授 吉田 昌之<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

La banane plantain (Musa paradisiaca) est l’aliment de base de millions de personnes dans le monde et sa culture génère des revenus permanents pour un grand nombre d’agriculteurs, dans des plantations de taille petite ou moyenne. Comme dans d’autres régions tropicales, la culture du plantain en Guadeloupe et en Haïti est soumise à de fortes contraintes parasitaires aussi bien telluriques (i.e. du sol : nématodes phytoparasites et charançon du bananier) qu’aériennes (Cercosporiose noire notamment). Les moyens de lutte conventionnels reposent sur l’usage de produits de synthèse dont les effets néfastes sur l’environnement (sols, eaux, animaux) comme sur la santé humaine ne sont plus supportables. Il est donc urgent de réfléchir à des solutions agro-écologiques permettant de rétablir les équilibres biologiques, de maintenir une bonne qualité des sols et une production optimale dans les systèmes de culture plantains. C’est le but de ce travail de thèse qui couple la réalisation d’un diagnostic agro-écologique dans des parcelles paysannes, et le test d’alternatives agro-écologiques en milieu semi-contrôlé. Pour ce faire, une typologie des systèmes de culture plantains a été réalisée à l’issue d’une enquête agro-environnementale dans les deux zones d’étude. Elle a permis de sélectionner 23 parcelles en Guadeloupe et 12 en Haïti dans lesquelles un diagnostic agro-écologique a été conduit. Sur la base de ce diagnostic et de la recherche d’alternatives agro-écologiques à l’usage des produits chimiques, une expérimentation au champ a été mise en place en Guadeloupe en station de recherche, permettant le test de trois pratiques culturales innovantes pour le plantain (seules et combinées), à savoir : i) l’introduction d’une plante de service Paspalum notatum pour la gestion des adventices et la réduction de l’utilisation d’herbicides ; ii) l’apport de vermicompost pour le contrôle des nématodes phytoparasites inféodés au bananier plantain et la fertilisation de celui-ci ; iii) l’utilisation de plants sains PIF (Plants Issus de Fragments de tiges) indemnes de nématodes et de larves de charançon du bananier. La typologie des systèmes de culture plantains révèle que : i) en Guadeloupe les précédents : jachère, ananas et banane plantain sont prédominants avec un niveau d’intensification faible (apports d’intrants chimiques faibles et peu fréquents) ou élevé (apports d’intrants chimiques élevés et plus fréquents) ; ii) en Haïti, les précédents : jachère, banane plantain et manioc prédominent avec un niveau d’intensification faible ou nul (apport d’intrants inexistant). Les résultats du diagnostic agro-écologique montrent que, i) lorsque le niveau d’intensification est faible, les bananeraies plantains pérennes et le précédent-ananas permettent de maintenir une bonne qualité du sol et une bonne régulation des parasites telluriques ; ii) lorsque le niveau d’intensification est fort, les populations d’ingénieurs du sol diminuent drastiquement, alors que le cortège parasitaire tellurique augmente sans que cela n’affecte l’obtention de bons niveaux de rendement instantannés (parcelles précédées d’ananas ou d’une jachère principalement) ; iii) en absence totale de fertilisation, il résulte une diminution de l’activité biologique du sol mais aussi du rendement du plantain, exacerbé par le choix des précédents-culturaux (manioc ou banane plantain) en lien avec les contraintes pédoclimatiques et la maladie des raies noires (Cercosporiose noire) causée par Mycosphaerella fijiensis, notamment au sein des parcelles Haïtiennes ; iv) la succession plantain/plantain est la plus pénalisante vis-à-vis de la culture du plantain, car quelque soit le niveau d’intensification, le rendement reste relativement faible, en lien avec une dégradation de l’état sanitaire, comparativement aux autres précédents<br>Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is the staple food of millions of people worldwide and its cropping generates ongoing revenues for many farmers who are planting small or medium size areas. As in other tropical regions, plantain cultivation in Guadeloupe and Haiti is under heavy parasitic constraints terrestrial (plant-parasitic nematodes and banana weevil) as well as aerial (black Sigatoka in particular). Conventional means of control based on the use of synthetic products which adverse effects on the environment (soil, water, animals ...) as on human health are not bearable any more. It is thus urgent to think about agroecological solutions allowing to restore the biological balances, to maintain good soil quality and optimal plantain cropping systems.This is the ultimate goal of this thesis which couples the realization of an agroecological diagnosis in peasants’ plots, and the test of agroecological alternatives in semi-controlled conditions. To do this, a typology of plantain cropping systems was carried out from an agrienvironmental survey in the two study areas. It allowed to select 23 plots in Guadeloupe and 12 in Haiti in which an agroecological diagnosis was implemented. Based on this diagnosis and the research of agroecological alternatives to the use of chemicals, a field experiment was set up in Guadeloupe, in an experimental station allowing the test of three innovative practices for plantain cultivation (alone and combined), namely : i) the introduction of a cover-crop Paspalum notatum for weed control while reducing the use of herbicides ; ii) the input of worms’ compost to control plant-parasitic nematodes specific to plantain and to fertilize it ; iii) the use of healthy “PIF” plants (plants issued from stem fragments) free from telluric pests (nematodes and weevil’s larvaes).The typology of plantains cropping systems shows: i) in Guadeloupe the previous crops are: fallow pineapple and plantain predominate with a low level of intensification (low and infrequent chemical inputs) or high (high and frequent chemical inputs); ii) in Haiti, the previous crops are: fallow, plantain and cassava predominate with a low level or no intensification at all (no inputs). The results of the agroecological analysis show that : i) when the level of intensification is low, perennial plantain and pineapple as previous crops help maintaining a good soil quality and a good regulation of the telluric pests ; ii) when the level of intensification is strong, the soil engineers drastically reduce, while the density of telluric parasites increases without affecting good levels of instantaneous yields (plots where the previous crop is pineapple or mostly fallow) ; iii) when the fertilization is totally missing, it decreases the biological activity of the soil furthermore the plantain yields, exacerbated by the choice of the previous crop (cassava or plantain), in connection with soils and climate constraints and the black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, especially in the Haitian plots ; iv) the crop succession plantain/plantain is the most critical regarding the plantain’s cropping, because whatever the level of intensification, the yields remain relatively low in connection with a degradation of the health state, compared to other previous crops.The driving of an experiment in a research station shows that on the scale of one year, the three tested innovative practices allow maintaining a good soils quality. Healthy plants "PIF" have a better health state (absence of plant parasitic nematodes in the roots) which helps a significant increase of the yields. Cover-crop P. notatum helps the weeds and the soil pests control and favors the improvement of soil biological activity and plantain yields. Worms’ compost contributes to the maintenance of a better soils quality while allowing the regulation of the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes of the plantains

Aux Antilles, dans les plantations de bananes en monoculture mécanisée, l'un des principaux problèmes à résoudre est le contrôle des populations de nématodes phytoparasites. Dans cette thèse, les effets d'apports de différentes matières organiques (MO), brutes ou compostées, sur la régulation biologique des nématodes ont été étudiés, cet effet suppresseur ayant déjà été montré sur d'autres cultures. L'analyse de la littérature sur le sujet montre que les effets d'un apport de MO sur les populations de nématodes phytoparasites et sur leurs dégâts sont complexes et varient fortement en fonction de la nature biochimique du produit et de l'espèce de nématode. Ainsi, les matières organiques qui libèrent beaucoup d'azote minéral en se décomposant favorisent la croissance des racines, ce qui peut augmenter la ressource alimentaire des nématodes phytoparasites et/ou la tolérance des plantes à leurs attaques. La décomposition des matières apportées peut libérer des composés nématotoxiques. Enfin, l'apport de carbone peut entrainer une diversification des communautés de nématodes, une complexification des réseaux trophiques et, par la suite, favoriser la régulation biologique des nématodes phytoparasites par les espèces appartenant aux niveaux trophiques supérieurs et par la microflore. Nous avons, par une étude fine de la structure des communautés de nématodes et le suivi de la croissance des jeunes plants de bananier, cherché à évaluer l'induction de la régulation biologique des nématodes parasites du bananier dans une sole bananière par un apport de MO, au moyen de deux expérimentations en pots conduites pendant 13 semaines. Les MO testées étaient quatre MO brutes et quatre MO compostées. L'expérience sur les MO brutes a montré que trois des quatre MO (bagasse, écumes de sucrerie et déchets verts) ont entrainé une diminution des populations de nématodes parasites dans les racines du bananier, l'intensité de cette régulation dépendant de l'espèce. En revanche, le quatrième type de MO, des boues de station d'épuration, n'a pas permis de diminuer la pression parasitaire. Les différences de croissance des systèmes racinaires n'ont pas été un facteur explicatif des régulations observées et les meilleures conditions de croissance observées n'ont pas réduit les impacts des nématodes phytoparasites sur les racines. Seules les écumes de sucrerie ont entrainé un impact positif global sur la plante, en diminuant la pression parasitaire tout en augmentant sa croissance. La bagasse et les déchets verts, principalement composés de lignines et de cellulose, ont entrainé une modification significative de la structure des communautés de nématodes, avec un fort accroissement des populations de nématodes fongivores et, avec la bagasse, de nématodes carnivores. L'expérience en pot sur les MO compostées a montré que les trois composts commerciaux produits par SITA VERDE (Biogwa, Ecogwa B, Ecogwa D) et l'amendement organique commercial Vegethumus (de Phallipou-Frayssinet) avaient engendré une diminution du parasitisme et que ce contrôle dépendait de l'espèce de nématodes phytoparasites. Dans cet essai, le contrôle des nématodes parasites du bananier est apparu lié à la biomasse racinaire totale des bananiers. L'apport des composts Ecogwa D et Vegethumus a augmenté la taille des populations de nématodes microbivores, mais seul Vegethumus a accru la voie de décomposition fongique. [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèse.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>企業管理學系碩士在職專班<br>106<br>Agriculture is the driving force of Taiwan's economic development. However, due to the development of heavy industry, the agricultural economy has been neglected. Especially in rural areas, there is currently a shortage of labor force, The speed of the young generation into agriculture are far less than the aging of farmers. At present, the general agricultural production in Taiwan is still taking the wholesale price of crop market as the basic consideration of agricultural production. However, the supply and demand issues in the market are still the main factor of the prices. This is often the result that farmers cannot expect. In the case of blindly growing single crop, finally it may be no income. In order to solve the current practical problems, and improve the general shortage of manpower. With effective scientific method, through mathematical programming tools and using linear programming, into the actual data, in order to expect to plant management problems, get the best solution. This study focuses on how to put existing cultivated area, implement effective plant management and distribution, properly and fully utilize limited human resources to find the best product mix and the maximal profit.