Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Band 5'

Nachdem im Jahr 1680 Spener durch seine Schrift „Das Allgemeine Priestertum“ den möglichen Verdacht der Heterodoxie erfolgreich abgewehrt hatte, erweitert sich sein Korrespondenzkreis. Auch solche, die bislang noch eine abwartende Einstellung gegenüber Spener und dem Frankfurter Pietismus eingenommen hatten, treten mit ihm in Briefkontakt. Prominentes Beispiel ist Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, Kanzler am Hof von Sachsen-Zeitz, der nun - von sich aus - den Kontakt zu Spener sucht; dieser riß bis zum Tod Seckendorffs nicht mehr ab. Von hohem Informationswert sind die Briefe an die radikalen Kirchenkritiker Johann Georg Gichtel und Friedrich Breckling. Darin grenzt sich Spener deutlich von der spiritualistischen und kirchenkritischen Tradition ab, in relativer Unkenntnis davon, wie sehr in diesen Jahren gerade diese Haltung in der eigenen pietistischen Gruppe in Frankfurt wächst und nur ein Jahr später (1682) durch einen bekannt gewordenen Brief Christian Fendes an die Öffentlichkeit kommt. Auf der anderen Seite bemüht sich Spener, mögliche - und teilweise in Zukunft auch wirkliche - Gegner zu befrieden, die ihn aus der Sicht der lutherischen Orthodoxie kritisch beobachten. Die Expansionsunternehmungen Ludwig XIV., die dazu führten, dass Speners Heimatstadt unter französische Herrschaft geriet, veranlassen ihn, über künftige schwere Schicksale der evangelischen Kirche im Alten Reich nachzudenken. Heilsgeschichtlich deutet er diese Ereignisse als Beginn der schwierigen Zeit, die Spener nach der biblischen Verheißung vor dem Anbruch eines besseren Zustandes der evangelischen Kirche, erwartet. Die „Hoffnung künftig besserer Zeiten“ bzw. die Bestreitung der Nähe des Jüngsten Tages wird ausführlich erläutert und begründet in fünf Briefen an einen Schwager, wohl Johann Ulrich Wild, die Spener in den Jahren zwischen 1677 und 1681 schrieb. Sie sind als Anhang den Briefen des Jahres 1681 in diesem Band eingefügt. Für die Haltung Speners für die (moderne) Naturwissenschaft seiner Zeit ist ein Brief von größter Bedeutung. Durch die Erscheinung des Halley’schen Kometen im Jahr 1680 war eine öffentliche Diskussion darüber ausgebrochen, ob Kometen als ein besonderes Schreckzeichen Gottes zu deuten seien. Spener weist diesen Gedanken zurück und erkennt darin ein lediglich ein selten auftretendes Phänomen der Schöpfung, das zum Lob Gottes anregt. Er erweist sich damit deutlich offener für neue Erkenntnisse der Naturwissenschaft als viele seiner Zeitgenossen.:Inhalt Vorwort Abkürzungen und Siglen Abgekürzt zitierte Literatur und Quellen Briefe des Jahres 1681 Nr. 1 an [einen neu gewonnenen Freund] 7.1.1681 Nr. 2 an [einen Amtsbruder] 7.1.1681 Nr. 3 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 8.1.1681 Nr. 4 an [Johannes Platz in Mülheim am Rhein] 13.1.1681 Nr. 5 an Conrad Samuel Schurzfleisch in Korbach 13.1.1681 Nr. 6 an Johann Christoph Linekogel in Lübeck 14.1.1681 Nr. 7 an [Johann Heinrich Lerche in Hasselfelde] 21.1.1681 Nr. 8 an [Johann Appel in Mannheim] [25].1.1681 Nr. 9 an [einen Unbekannten] 1.2.1681 Nr. 10 an [Johann Schmidt in Kopenhagen] 5.2.1681 Nr. 11 an [Philipp Ludwig Hanneken in Gießen] 5.2.1681 Nr. 12 an [einen Amtsbruder bei Berlin] 5.2.1681 Nr. 13 an Sigmund von Birken in Nürnberg 15.2.1681 Nr. 14 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 16.2.1681 Nr. 15 an Johann Winckler in Wertheim 23.2.1681 Nr. 16 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 26.2.1681 Nr. 17 an [Johann Melchior Stenger in Wittstock] [Ende Februar/ Anfang März 1681] Nr. 18 an Gottlieb Spizel in Augsburg 1.3.1681 Nr. 19 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 3.3.1681 Nr. 20 an [einen Anhänger Böhmes in oder bei Zwickau] 7.3.1681 Nr. 21 an [Philipp Albert Orth in Pfedelbach] 7.3.1681 Nr. 22 an [Johann Christoph Nungesser in Erbach] [Mitte März] 1681 Nr. 23 an Johann Christoph Holtzhausen [in Hamburg] 20.3.1681 Nr. 24 an [einen Amtsbruder] 21.3.1681 Nr. 25 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 28.3.1681 Nr. 26 an die lutherische Gemeinde in Köln 30.3.1681 Nr. 27 an [einen jungen Amtsbruder] März 1681 Nr. 28 an [Caspar Heunisch in Schweinfurt] 1.4.1681 Nr. 29 an [Johann Christof Scheibler in Lütgendortmund] 1.4.1681 Nr. 30 an [Caspar Rebhan in Eisenach?] 1.4.1681 Nr. 31 an [einen befreundeten Amtsbruder] in [der Mark Brandenburg?] 5.4.1681 Nr. 32 an [einen Kandidaten der Theologie] 5.4.1681 Nr. 33 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 6.4.1681 Nr. 34 an [einen Amtsbruder] 7.4.1681 Nr. 35 an Abraham Calov in Wittenberg 7.4.1681 Nr. 36 an [Johann Friedrich Heckel] [ca. 7.4.] 1681 Nr. 37 an Johann Fabricius in Altdorf 8.4.1681 Nr. 38 an [einen Witwer in Marburg] 8.4.1681 Nr. 39 an Daniel Wilhelm Moller in Altdorf 9.4.[1681] Nr. 40 an [einen Freund] 9.4.1681 Nr. 41 an [einen Unbekannten] 15.4.1681 Nr. 42 an [einen Amtsbruder] 15.4.1681 Nr. 43 an [einen Amtsbruder in leitender Funktion] 16.4.1681 Nr. 44 an [einen Hofbediensteten] 19.4.1681 Nr. 45 an [Elias Veiel in Ulm] 19.4.1681 Nr. 46 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 22.4.1681 Nr. 47 an [Johann Fischer in Riga] 26.4.1681 Nr. 48 an [Johann Gezelius d.J. in Åbo] 27.4.1681 Nr. 49 an [einen Amtsbruder] [Frühjahr 1681?] Nr. 50 an [Johann Philipp Seip in Pyrmont] 5.5.1681 Nr. 51 an [einen Unbekannten] 11.5.1681 Nr. 52 an [Matthäus Esenwein in Hirsau] 11.5.1681 Nr. 53 an [Christian II. von Pfalz-Birkenfeld in Zweibrücken] 16.5.1681 Nr. 54 an [einen Theologen] 17.5.1681 Nr. 55 an [einen Unbekannten] 17.5.1681 Nr. 56 an Johann Philipp Wittstein in Korbach 21.5.1681 Nr. 57 an [Sebastian Kirchmeier in Rothenburg o.d.T.] [Mai] 1681 Nr. 58 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 3.6.1681 Nr. 59 an [Michael Christian Ludovici in Zeitz] 6.6.1681 Nr. 60 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 8.6.1681 Nr. 61 an Graf Heinrich III. von Reuß-Lobenstein in Lobenstein 8.6.1681 Nr. 62 an [Johann Caspar Francke in Eisleben] 10.6.1681 Nr. 63 an Johann Andreas Lucius in Dresden 15.6.1681 Nr. 64 an [Samuel Benedikt Carpzov in Dresden] 15.6.1681 Nr. 65 an Friedrich Benedikt Carpzov in Leipzig 16.6.1681 Nr. 66 an [einen Amtsbruder] 18.6.1681 Nr. 67 an Jacob Henning in Greifswald 22.6.1681 Nr. 68 an [Jacob Bernhard Multz in Öttingen] [vor 23.6.] 1681 Nr. 69 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 23.6.1681 Nr. 70 an Johanna Eleonora Petersen in Eutin [23.6.1681] Nr. 71 an [einen Amtsbruder] 24.6.1681 Nr. 72 an [einen Amtsbruder auf dem Land] 25.6.1681 Nr. 73 an [Georg Grabow in Cölln a.d. Spree] 28.6.1681 Nr. 74 an [Samuel Pomarius in Lübeck] 30.6.1681 Nr. 75 an [Balthasar Köpke in Fehrbellin] [1. Jahreshälfte?] 1681 Nr. 76 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 12.7.1681 Nr. 77 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 14.7.1681 Nr. 78 an [Johann Schilter in Jena] 14.7.1681 Nr. 79 an [einen befreundeten Theologen] 19.7.1681 Nr. 80 an Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff in Zeitz 22.7.1681 Nr. 81 an [Tobias Winckler in Nürnberg] 23.7.1681 Nr. 82 an [einen Unbekannten] 26.7.1681 Nr. 83 an [Georg Grabow in Cölln a.d. Spree] [Ende Juli/ Anfang August 1681] Nr. 84 an [Sebastian Kirchmeier in Rothenburg o.d.T.] 1.8.1681 Nr. 85 an Gottlieb Spizel in Augsburg 4.8.1681 Nr. 86 an [Katharina Platz in Mülheim am Rhein] 8.8.1681 Nr. 87 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 10.8.1681 Nr. 88 an [Johann Matthäus Faber in Heilbronn?] 13.8.1681 Nr. 89 an [Christian Philipp Leutwein in Pfedelbach] [zwischen 7. und 13.8.1681] Nr. 90 an [Caspar Rebhan in Eisenach] 19.8.1681 Nr. 91 an Christian Kortholt in Kiel 19.8.1681 Nr. 92 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 21.8.1681 Nr. 93 an Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff in Zeitz 26.8.1681 Nr. [93] Bemerkungen zu dem Vorschlag eines Predigerseminars Nr. 94 an [einen Kirchenältesten] 26.8.1681 Nr. 95 an [Maria Amalia von Geispitzheim in Zeitz] 30.8.1681 Nr. 96 an [einen Unbekannten] [August/Anfang September 1681] Nr. 97 an [einen Amtsbruder] 1.9.1681 Nr. 98 an [einen Bekannten in Straßburg] 2.9.1681 Nr. 99 an [Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz] 2.9.1681 Nr. 100 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 5.9.1681 Nr. 101 an [Johann Christoph Holtzhausen] in [Hamburg] 7.9.1681 Nr. 102 an Gottlieb Spizel in Augsburg 7.9.1681 Nr. 103 an [einen neuen Anhänger] 9.9.1681 Nr. 104 an [Johann Christoph Holland in Erfurt] 9.9.1681 Nr. 105 an [einen Unbekannten] 23.9.1681 Nr. 106 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 26.9.1681 Nr. 107 an [Philipp Albert Orth in Pfedelbach] [September/Oktober] 1681 Nr. 108 an [Balthasar Friedrich Saltzmann] in Straßburg 3.10.1681 Nr. 109 an [einen Amtsbruder] 6.10.1681 Nr. 110 an [Jacob Bernhard Multz in Öttingen] [vor 10.10.] 1681 Nr. 111 an [einen Amtsbruder?] 12.10.1681 Nr. 112 an [einen Laien] 18.10.1681 Nr. 113 an [einen befreundeten Laien] 19.10.1681 Nr. 114 an [einen Amtsbruder] 20.10.1681 Nr. 115 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 22.10.1681 Nr. 116 an [Balthasar Friedrich Saltzmann in Straßburg] [Oktober] 1681 Nr. 117 an [den Vater eines Studenten] 1.11.[1681] Nr. 118 an [einen Unbekannten] 5.11.1681 Nr. 119 an [Eleonore Erdmuthe Luise von Brandenburg-Ansbach in Ansbach] 10.11.1681 Nr. 120 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 19.11.1681 Nr. 121 an [einen Unbekannten] 28.11.1681 Nr. 122 an [einen Unbekannten] [Herbst] 1681 Nr. 123 an [Friedrich Breckling in Amsterdam] [Ende November/Anfang Dezember] 1681 Nr. 124 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 1.12.1681 Nr. 125 an [Michael Christian Ludovici in Zeitz] [ca. 1.12.] 1681 Nr. 126 an die lutherische Gemeinde in Köln 8.12.1681 Nr. 127 an [Johann Tobias German in Trarbach?] [vor 15.12.] 1681 Nr. 128 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 15.12.1681 Nr. 129 an [Johann Georg Gichtel in Amsterdam] 15.12.[1681] Nr. 130 an [Balthasar Friedrich Saltzmann] in Straßburg [Mitte Dezember] 1681 Nr. 131 an Johann Schilter in Jena 21.12.1681 Nr. 132 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 22.12.1681 Nr. 133 an [Anton Reiser in Hamburg] 28.12.1681 Nr. 134 an [Michael Christian Ludovici] in [Zeitz] 30.12.1681 Nr. 135 an [Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff in Zeitz] 30.12.1681 Nr. 136 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 31.12.[1681] Nr. 137 an [einen Amtsbruder] im [Elsaß?] [November/Dezember] 1681 Nr. 138 an [Johann Caspar Francke in Eisleben] [2. Jahreshälfte] 1681 Nr. 139 an [einen Freund] [Ende?] 1681 Nr. 140 an [einen Amtsbruder] 1681 Nr. 141 an [einen Amtsbruder] 1681 Nr. 142 an [eine Unbekannte] 1681 Nr. 143 an [eine Gruppe von Amtsbrüdern] 1681 Nr. 144 an [einen Unbekannten] 1681 Nr. 145 an [David Nerreter in Öttingen] [1681] Nr. 146 an [Jacob Bernhard Multz in Öttingen] 1681 Nr. 147 an [einen Unbekannten] 1681 Nr. 148 an [ein Hoffräulein] 1681 Nr. 149 an [einen Theologiestudenten?] 1681 Nr. 150 an [einen älteren Theologen] 1681 Nr. 151 an [eine Anhängerin] 1681 Nr. 152 an [Heinrich Witsche in Plau?] 1681 Nr. 153 an [David Nerreter in Öttingen] [1681/82] Fünf Briefe aus den Jahren ca. 1677 bis 1681, in denen Spener die Nähe des Jüngsten Tages bestreitet Nr. 154 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [um 1677?] Nr. 155 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [1677] Nr. 156 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [nach 1677] Nr. 157 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [um 1680] Nr. 158 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] 1681 Verzeichnis der Fundorte Handschriften Drucke Register Personen Orte Bibelstellen Schlüssel zu den zeitgenössischen Sammlungen von Ph. J. Speners Bedenken und Briefen
Spener’s circle of correspondents expanded after he successfully warded off the possibility of being suspected of heresy by publishing his 1680 work „The Priesthood of all Believers.” Even those who had taken a “wait and see” attitude towards Spener and Frankfurt Pietism, now began corresponding with him. A prominent example is Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, chancellor at the court of Saxony-Zeitz, who now took the initiative to contact Spener. The two remained correspondents until von Seckendorff’s death in 1692. Spener’s letters to the radical church critics Johann Georg Gichtel and Friedrich Breckling are very informative. In his letters, Spener disassociates himself from the spiritualist and church-critical traditions, in apparent ignorance of just how much precisely these attitudes have been growing in his own Pietist group in Frankfurt. Just one year later, a letter by Christian Fende in 1682 revealed to the public the radical state of the Pietist group in Frankfurt. On the other hand, Spener tries to pacify potential orthodox Lutheran opponents, some of whom actually become opponents in the future. Louis XIV. policy of expansion meant that Spener’s hometown came under French rule. This forces him to reflect upon an impending time of difficulty for the Lutheran Church in German territories. He interprets these events as the beginning of the hard times, which he expects to come before the Biblical promise of better times for the true church. He explains and justifies his “hope of better times” or its denial of the nearness of the final judgement, in five letters to Johann Ulrich Wild, Spener’s brother-in-law, to whom he writes between 1677 and 1681. They are included in this volume as an appendix to the letters from 1681. One letter is especially significant for insights into Spener’s attitude towards the (modern) natural science of his day. The appearance of Haley’s Comet in 1680 had unleashed a public debate about the question of whether comets were to be interpreted as a special warning sign of God. Spener rejects the notion and regards comets as simply a rarely occurring phenomenon of creation, which inspires us to praise God. Here he proves to be markedly more open to new findings of science than many of his contemporaries.:Inhalt Vorwort Abkürzungen und Siglen Abgekürzt zitierte Literatur und Quellen Briefe des Jahres 1681 Nr. 1 an [einen neu gewonnenen Freund] 7.1.1681 Nr. 2 an [einen Amtsbruder] 7.1.1681 Nr. 3 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 8.1.1681 Nr. 4 an [Johannes Platz in Mülheim am Rhein] 13.1.1681 Nr. 5 an Conrad Samuel Schurzfleisch in Korbach 13.1.1681 Nr. 6 an Johann Christoph Linekogel in Lübeck 14.1.1681 Nr. 7 an [Johann Heinrich Lerche in Hasselfelde] 21.1.1681 Nr. 8 an [Johann Appel in Mannheim] [25].1.1681 Nr. 9 an [einen Unbekannten] 1.2.1681 Nr. 10 an [Johann Schmidt in Kopenhagen] 5.2.1681 Nr. 11 an [Philipp Ludwig Hanneken in Gießen] 5.2.1681 Nr. 12 an [einen Amtsbruder bei Berlin] 5.2.1681 Nr. 13 an Sigmund von Birken in Nürnberg 15.2.1681 Nr. 14 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 16.2.1681 Nr. 15 an Johann Winckler in Wertheim 23.2.1681 Nr. 16 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 26.2.1681 Nr. 17 an [Johann Melchior Stenger in Wittstock] [Ende Februar/ Anfang März 1681] Nr. 18 an Gottlieb Spizel in Augsburg 1.3.1681 Nr. 19 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 3.3.1681 Nr. 20 an [einen Anhänger Böhmes in oder bei Zwickau] 7.3.1681 Nr. 21 an [Philipp Albert Orth in Pfedelbach] 7.3.1681 Nr. 22 an [Johann Christoph Nungesser in Erbach] [Mitte März] 1681 Nr. 23 an Johann Christoph Holtzhausen [in Hamburg] 20.3.1681 Nr. 24 an [einen Amtsbruder] 21.3.1681 Nr. 25 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 28.3.1681 Nr. 26 an die lutherische Gemeinde in Köln 30.3.1681 Nr. 27 an [einen jungen Amtsbruder] März 1681 Nr. 28 an [Caspar Heunisch in Schweinfurt] 1.4.1681 Nr. 29 an [Johann Christof Scheibler in Lütgendortmund] 1.4.1681 Nr. 30 an [Caspar Rebhan in Eisenach?] 1.4.1681 Nr. 31 an [einen befreundeten Amtsbruder] in [der Mark Brandenburg?] 5.4.1681 Nr. 32 an [einen Kandidaten der Theologie] 5.4.1681 Nr. 33 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 6.4.1681 Nr. 34 an [einen Amtsbruder] 7.4.1681 Nr. 35 an Abraham Calov in Wittenberg 7.4.1681 Nr. 36 an [Johann Friedrich Heckel] [ca. 7.4.] 1681 Nr. 37 an Johann Fabricius in Altdorf 8.4.1681 Nr. 38 an [einen Witwer in Marburg] 8.4.1681 Nr. 39 an Daniel Wilhelm Moller in Altdorf 9.4.[1681] Nr. 40 an [einen Freund] 9.4.1681 Nr. 41 an [einen Unbekannten] 15.4.1681 Nr. 42 an [einen Amtsbruder] 15.4.1681 Nr. 43 an [einen Amtsbruder in leitender Funktion] 16.4.1681 Nr. 44 an [einen Hofbediensteten] 19.4.1681 Nr. 45 an [Elias Veiel in Ulm] 19.4.1681 Nr. 46 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 22.4.1681 Nr. 47 an [Johann Fischer in Riga] 26.4.1681 Nr. 48 an [Johann Gezelius d.J. in Åbo] 27.4.1681 Nr. 49 an [einen Amtsbruder] [Frühjahr 1681?] Nr. 50 an [Johann Philipp Seip in Pyrmont] 5.5.1681 Nr. 51 an [einen Unbekannten] 11.5.1681 Nr. 52 an [Matthäus Esenwein in Hirsau] 11.5.1681 Nr. 53 an [Christian II. von Pfalz-Birkenfeld in Zweibrücken] 16.5.1681 Nr. 54 an [einen Theologen] 17.5.1681 Nr. 55 an [einen Unbekannten] 17.5.1681 Nr. 56 an Johann Philipp Wittstein in Korbach 21.5.1681 Nr. 57 an [Sebastian Kirchmeier in Rothenburg o.d.T.] [Mai] 1681 Nr. 58 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 3.6.1681 Nr. 59 an [Michael Christian Ludovici in Zeitz] 6.6.1681 Nr. 60 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 8.6.1681 Nr. 61 an Graf Heinrich III. von Reuß-Lobenstein in Lobenstein 8.6.1681 Nr. 62 an [Johann Caspar Francke in Eisleben] 10.6.1681 Nr. 63 an Johann Andreas Lucius in Dresden 15.6.1681 Nr. 64 an [Samuel Benedikt Carpzov in Dresden] 15.6.1681 Nr. 65 an Friedrich Benedikt Carpzov in Leipzig 16.6.1681 Nr. 66 an [einen Amtsbruder] 18.6.1681 Nr. 67 an Jacob Henning in Greifswald 22.6.1681 Nr. 68 an [Jacob Bernhard Multz in Öttingen] [vor 23.6.] 1681 Nr. 69 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 23.6.1681 Nr. 70 an Johanna Eleonora Petersen in Eutin [23.6.1681] Nr. 71 an [einen Amtsbruder] 24.6.1681 Nr. 72 an [einen Amtsbruder auf dem Land] 25.6.1681 Nr. 73 an [Georg Grabow in Cölln a.d. Spree] 28.6.1681 Nr. 74 an [Samuel Pomarius in Lübeck] 30.6.1681 Nr. 75 an [Balthasar Köpke in Fehrbellin] [1. Jahreshälfte?] 1681 Nr. 76 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 12.7.1681 Nr. 77 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 14.7.1681 Nr. 78 an [Johann Schilter in Jena] 14.7.1681 Nr. 79 an [einen befreundeten Theologen] 19.7.1681 Nr. 80 an Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff in Zeitz 22.7.1681 Nr. 81 an [Tobias Winckler in Nürnberg] 23.7.1681 Nr. 82 an [einen Unbekannten] 26.7.1681 Nr. 83 an [Georg Grabow in Cölln a.d. Spree] [Ende Juli/ Anfang August 1681] Nr. 84 an [Sebastian Kirchmeier in Rothenburg o.d.T.] 1.8.1681 Nr. 85 an Gottlieb Spizel in Augsburg 4.8.1681 Nr. 86 an [Katharina Platz in Mülheim am Rhein] 8.8.1681 Nr. 87 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 10.8.1681 Nr. 88 an [Johann Matthäus Faber in Heilbronn?] 13.8.1681 Nr. 89 an [Christian Philipp Leutwein in Pfedelbach] [zwischen 7. und 13.8.1681] Nr. 90 an [Caspar Rebhan in Eisenach] 19.8.1681 Nr. 91 an Christian Kortholt in Kiel 19.8.1681 Nr. 92 an Seger von den Berghe in Köln 21.8.1681 Nr. 93 an Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff in Zeitz 26.8.1681 Nr. [93] Bemerkungen zu dem Vorschlag eines Predigerseminars Nr. 94 an [einen Kirchenältesten] 26.8.1681 Nr. 95 an [Maria Amalia von Geispitzheim in Zeitz] 30.8.1681 Nr. 96 an [einen Unbekannten] [August/Anfang September 1681] Nr. 97 an [einen Amtsbruder] 1.9.1681 Nr. 98 an [einen Bekannten in Straßburg] 2.9.1681 Nr. 99 an [Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz] 2.9.1681 Nr. 100 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 5.9.1681 Nr. 101 an [Johann Christoph Holtzhausen] in [Hamburg] 7.9.1681 Nr. 102 an Gottlieb Spizel in Augsburg 7.9.1681 Nr. 103 an [einen neuen Anhänger] 9.9.1681 Nr. 104 an [Johann Christoph Holland in Erfurt] 9.9.1681 Nr. 105 an [einen Unbekannten] 23.9.1681 Nr. 106 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 26.9.1681 Nr. 107 an [Philipp Albert Orth in Pfedelbach] [September/Oktober] 1681 Nr. 108 an [Balthasar Friedrich Saltzmann] in Straßburg 3.10.1681 Nr. 109 an [einen Amtsbruder] 6.10.1681 Nr. 110 an [Jacob Bernhard Multz in Öttingen] [vor 10.10.] 1681 Nr. 111 an [einen Amtsbruder?] 12.10.1681 Nr. 112 an [einen Laien] 18.10.1681 Nr. 113 an [einen befreundeten Laien] 19.10.1681 Nr. 114 an [einen Amtsbruder] 20.10.1681 Nr. 115 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 22.10.1681 Nr. 116 an [Balthasar Friedrich Saltzmann in Straßburg] [Oktober] 1681 Nr. 117 an [den Vater eines Studenten] 1.11.[1681] Nr. 118 an [einen Unbekannten] 5.11.1681 Nr. 119 an [Eleonore Erdmuthe Luise von Brandenburg-Ansbach in Ansbach] 10.11.1681 Nr. 120 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 19.11.1681 Nr. 121 an [einen Unbekannten] 28.11.1681 Nr. 122 an [einen Unbekannten] [Herbst] 1681 Nr. 123 an [Friedrich Breckling in Amsterdam] [Ende November/Anfang Dezember] 1681 Nr. 124 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 1.12.1681 Nr. 125 an [Michael Christian Ludovici in Zeitz] [ca. 1.12.] 1681 Nr. 126 an die lutherische Gemeinde in Köln 8.12.1681 Nr. 127 an [Johann Tobias German in Trarbach?] [vor 15.12.] 1681 Nr. 128 an Sophie Elisabeth von Sachsen-Zeitz in Zeitz 15.12.1681 Nr. 129 an [Johann Georg Gichtel in Amsterdam] 15.12.[1681] Nr. 130 an [Balthasar Friedrich Saltzmann] in Straßburg [Mitte Dezember] 1681 Nr. 131 an Johann Schilter in Jena 21.12.1681 Nr. 132 an Ahasver Fritsch in Rudolstadt 22.12.1681 Nr. 133 an [Anton Reiser in Hamburg] 28.12.1681 Nr. 134 an [Michael Christian Ludovici] in [Zeitz] 30.12.1681 Nr. 135 an [Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff in Zeitz] 30.12.1681 Nr. 136 an Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Eutin 31.12.[1681] Nr. 137 an [einen Amtsbruder] im [Elsaß?] [November/Dezember] 1681 Nr. 138 an [Johann Caspar Francke in Eisleben] [2. Jahreshälfte] 1681 Nr. 139 an [einen Freund] [Ende?] 1681 Nr. 140 an [einen Amtsbruder] 1681 Nr. 141 an [einen Amtsbruder] 1681 Nr. 142 an [eine Unbekannte] 1681 Nr. 143 an [eine Gruppe von Amtsbrüdern] 1681 Nr. 144 an [einen Unbekannten] 1681 Nr. 145 an [David Nerreter in Öttingen] [1681] Nr. 146 an [Jacob Bernhard Multz in Öttingen] 1681 Nr. 147 an [einen Unbekannten] 1681 Nr. 148 an [ein Hoffräulein] 1681 Nr. 149 an [einen Theologiestudenten?] 1681 Nr. 150 an [einen älteren Theologen] 1681 Nr. 151 an [eine Anhängerin] 1681 Nr. 152 an [Heinrich Witsche in Plau?] 1681 Nr. 153 an [David Nerreter in Öttingen] [1681/82] Fünf Briefe aus den Jahren ca. 1677 bis 1681, in denen Spener die Nähe des Jüngsten Tages bestreitet Nr. 154 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [um 1677?] Nr. 155 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [1677] Nr. 156 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [nach 1677] Nr. 157 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] [um 1680] Nr. 158 an [Johann Ulrich Wild in Esslingen] 1681 Verzeichnis der Fundorte Handschriften Drucke Register Personen Orte Bibelstellen Schlüssel zu den zeitgenössischen Sammlungen von Ph. J. Speners Bedenken und Briefen

Das Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik wird seit 2007 jährlich vom Verband für Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl) durchgeführt. Die Jubiläumsveranstaltung am 19.11.2011 in Potsdam war nicht nur die 5. Auflage der Veranstaltung, sondern auch ein Fest zum 10jährigen Bestehen des Verbandes. Das Thema lautete "Schluck für Schluck: Dysphagietherapie bei Kindern und Erwachsenen". Im vorliegenden Tagungsband finden sich die Artikel der Hauptvorträge sowie die Abstracts der Posterpräsentationen.
The 'Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik' is an annual conference organized by the Association for Patholinguistics (Verband für Patholinguistik e.V./vpl) since 2007. The anniversary event on November 19th, 2011 in Potsdam marked both the 5th edition of this conference series and the 10th birthday of the vpl. The main topic of the meeting was "Sip by sip: Dysphagia therapy in children and adults". These proceedings contain the papers from the invited talks and the abstracts of the poster presentations.

Thesis (M.S. in Combat Systems Technology)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Alfred W.Cooper, Gamani Karunasiri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92). Also available online.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada
A 5-Watt S-Band telemetry transmitter is often the biggest power drain on an airborne telemetry system's power supply. Furthermore, operation is typically limited to supply voltages of 24 Volts or higher. This is because the traditional telemetry transmitter uses a series regulator power supply and silicon bipolar amplifiers. In this paper we describe the design philosophy of a high efficiency telemetry transmitter that uses Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistors (GaAs FETs) as the power output stages. The GaAs FETs provide efficiency levels not achievable with silicon bipolar technology. In addition, the power supply uses a switching regulator which provides for constant power drain as a function of input voltage and allows operation down to an input voltage of 18 Volts. Overall, the transmitter can reduce the system's power drain by 30%.

The demand for wireless devices is increasing, new standards are constantly evolving and the operating frequencies are spreading towards higher spectrums. The stress on lowering the voltage supply, the power consumption, the cost and increasing level of integration are the driving forces behind today's RF microelectronics research.
The goal of this thesis is to show the possibility of standard CMOS technology replacing the traditional technologies in RFIC applications, specifically in the design and implementation of frequency synthesizers for 5GHz WLAN applications. The frequency synthesizer is a key building block of WLAN transceivers. To generate multiple frequencies with the resolution required by 5GHz WLAN standards, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer architecture was successfully implemented in 1.8V 0.18mum CMOS technology. To be able to cover the lower and upper 5GHz bands of both HiperLan and 802.11a standards, a wide tuning range quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), providing a 4-phase output and operating from 5GHz to 6GHz, was used in the phase lock loop (PLL) design. The 5GHz WLAN standards are targeted since they are the most promising, they have few interferers and large data throughputs.
This thesis presents one of the few frequency synthesizers having a large bandwidth of operation and a small resolution reported to-date for this type of application. Also, the digital components used in this frequency synthesizer, namely the fractional-N divider and prescaler have the lowest power consumption reported to-date.

The purpose of this project was to design and manufacture a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) working at a 5 GHz frequency band, by using High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) from Avago Technologies. To improve our design, it was necessary to build a two-stage amplifier; one stage to work in minimum noise sensitivity, and another stage to get the maximum gain achievable by the transistor. This thesis work was carried out as a part of the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) system project developed by a research group at the Radio communication and Microwave Electronics department, UMH.The project was designed and simulated using Agilent ADS (Advanced Design System) software.

Measurements of the diffuse Galactic emission are used for both the interpretation of sensitive cosmic microwave background data and the understanding of our Galaxy. I examine the diffuse Galactic emission at a central frequency of 4.76 GHz using data from the C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS). The technical work presented here fo- cuses on microphonic oscillation mitigation, receiver noise measurements and radio frequency interference detection. Northern C-BASS is a continuous comparison ra- diometer with a system temperature of 40 K, a knee frequency of 0.10 mHz in polari- sation and a noise level of 2 mK sqrt(s). A calibration scheme was devised, using astro- nomical calibrators, to convert the data to Kelvin and correct for atmospheric opacity. This scheme is stable to 1 % over several months and accurate to better than 5 %. A major systematic in the C-BASS data is ground emission. In this work the ground emission is modelled and subtracted from the data resulting. A first scientific anal- ysis of C-BASS Northern intensity data was made to investigate the contributions of free-free and synchrotron emission within the Galactic plane. The synchrotron spectral index was determined to be −2.63±0.07 between 0.408 and 4.76 GHz and −2.71±0.14 between 1.420 and 4.76 GHz and the ratio of free-free to synchrotron emission at 4.76 GHz was found to be 53± 8 % to 47± 8 %. Bringing in higher frequency data allowed for the detection of anomalous microwave emission associated with W43, W44 and W47 at a level of 4.9σ, 6.0σ and 3.4σ, respectively and demonstrated the need for C-BASS data to constrain the spectral form of AME within certain regions.

In digital communication systems, satellites give us world wide services. These satellites should effectively use the available bounded frequency spectrum and, therefore, to carry out flexible frequency-band reallocation (FFBR), on-board signal processing implementation on FFBR network is needed. In the future, to design desired dynamic communication systems, very flexible digital signal processing structures will be needed. The hardware, in the system, shall not be changed as simple changes in the software will be made. The purpose of this thesis is to implement an N-channel FFBR network, where N=20. A 20-channel FFBR network consists of different blocks, e.g., DFT, IDFT, complex multipliers, input/output commutators and polyphase components. The whole 20-channel FFBR network will be implemented in VHDL. In a 20-channel FFBR network, it is a 20-point FFT/IFFT required. This 20-point FFT/IFFT is built by a combination of radix-4 and radix-5 butterflies. The Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm is chosen to build the 20-point FFT/IFFT. The main aim is to build 20-point FFT/IFFT. There are 20 complex multipliers before the IFFT block and 20 complex multipliers after the IFFT block. In the same way, 20 complex multipliers are used before the FFT block and 20 complex multipliers are used after the FFT block. At the input/output to this FFBR network, 20 FIR filters (polyphase components) are used, respectively.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’étude des solutions innovantes de caractérisation destinées à l’amélioration de la précision du schéma équivalent petit signal à des fréquences d’ordre millimétrique. Après un état de l’art dans ce domaine et suite à plusieurs caractérisations au niveau composant, une nouvelle structure de test “nouvelle approche” est conçue, réalisée et caractérisée. Cette approche est basée sur une nouvelle méthode d’extraction du schéma équivalent petit signal à partir d’une structure adaptée. Cette méthode réalise une adaptation des impédances du transistor sous test aux impédances des équipements de mesure. Comme résultats, la transmission du signal entre la source et le composant sous test ainsi que la précision de la mesure des paramètres extraits sont améliorés. La méthode développée permet la validation des modèles compacts des composants fabriqués en technologie BiCMOS 0.25μm au niveau circuit. Les mesures réalisées ont montré une bonne amélioration de l’extraction entre un transistor sous test seul et un transistor sous test adapté. La méthode d’investigation proposée permet l’extraction des modèles à des très hautes fréquences avec une meilleure précision. Cette thèse ouvre donc des perspectives pour la caractérisation en bande millimétrique notamment caractérisation des structures adaptées en impédances et de méthodes de de-embedding dédiées à ces dernières
This thesis deals with the study of innovative solutions for small signal characterization at millimeter wave frequency. After a state of the art in this field and following to several characterizations at device level, a new test structure “new approach” is designed, fabricated, and characterized. The approach of characterizing at circuit level is based on a new method to extract the small signal equivalent circuit using matched test structures. This method proposed here makes the DUT impedances carefully match the characteristic impedances of the measurement equipment. In results, the transmission of the signal from the source to the DUT is improved while the parameters extraction accuracy is improved. The developed method enables the BiCMOS 0.25μm compact models validation in circuit level in mm-Wave band and enables accurate parameter extraction in a narrow band at higher frequencies. The verification results demonstrated that the new test structure significantly outperformed the conventional method in measurement accuracy specifically in very high frequency. Some aspects of the matched test structure could be subject of further investigation. In particularly topics such as, characterization over multiple test structure geometries and deembedding test structure losses

This work presents design and full implementation of a fast switchable and band-tunable 5 - 7.5 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA) in a 45nm CMOS SOI technology. The target application are wake-up receivers that employ aggressive duty cycling. Based on a cascode topology, the LNA utilizes a transformer for its 50 input matching as well as a balun with a capacitor bank to realize 8 digitally selectable bands. According to measurement results, the fabricated LNA exhibits a voltage gain of 18 - 21 dB while drawing a current of merely 2.2mA from a 1V supply. At all the 8 bands from 5 to 7.5 GHz, the input reflection coefficient lies below -8 dB, and the noise figure ranges from 7.8 to 6.2 dB. The LNA is able to settle in less than 9.5 ns

Der vorliegende Band 5 "Die flexible S-Bahn: Nutzbarmachung Genetischer Algorithmen für die optimale Steuerung und Planung eines flexiblen Stadtschnellbahnbetriebes" ist methodischen Grundsatzfragen aus dem Teilprojekt AP 200 gewidmet. Zwei Problemkreise werden untersucht: 1) Die vollautomatische Ermittlung flexibler Fahrpläne, durch die eine nachfrageorientierte Optimierung des Beförderungsangebotes ermöglicht wird. 2) Energiekostenminimierende Flexiblilisierung von Fahr-, Halte- und Zugfolgezeiten für ein System von Stadtschnellbahnzügen. Vollständig erschliessen lassen sich dabei die Optimierungspotenziale nur unter den Bedingungen der Vollautomatisierung. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet allerdings besondere Aufmerksamkeit möglichen Zwischenstufen auf dem Weg dahin, d.h. von der heute praktizierten konventionellen Betriebsweise über die Nutzung innovativer Fahrerassistenzsysteme bis zur Vision eines fahrer- und begleiterlosen Betriebsregimes. Geschaffen wird dazu ein neuartiges methodisches Instrumentarium, das sich auf die Nutzbarmachung Genetischer Algorithmen stützt. (Dresden, im Dezember 2004 / Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h. c. H. Strobel - Projektleiter TU Dresden)

Background: Schizophrenia is a devastating mental health illness in which our pharmacologic options do not treat the cognitive deficits that largely contribute to long-term disability. Problems with cognition likely arise from dysfunctional neural networks in which spatially distinct brain regions are unable to temporally coordinate electrical activity accurately. More specifically, the hippocampus (HC) normally achieves long-range, temporal coordination through generation of theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations by which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) can synchronize its activity. This synchronization occurs through direct HC-to-PFC monosynaptic projections, and disruptions in this pathway can replicate key features of schizophrenia. Although prior research has concentrated heavily on HC-to-PFC theta oscillatory synchronization, the neural network by which PFC exerts “top-down” influence back to HC is largely unknown for at least two reasons. For one, unlike direct HC-to-PFC projections, PFC-to-HC projections are indirect, mainly occurring through a synapse in the thalamic nucleus reunions (nRe). Secondly, the oscillatory band utilized by PFC to synchronize HC activity is largely unknown, although limited evidence suggests a 2-5 Hz oscillation as a potential candidate. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterize the circuitry by which PFC coordinates HC activity. We hypothesized PFC-to-HC synchronization occurs through a 2-5 Hz oscillation that is mediated through nRe. Methods: Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded in PFC, HC, and nRe in normal rats (n= 15) under urethane anesthesia. The nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO) was stimulated at five intensity levels to induce theta oscillations in HC. LFPs during RPO stimulation were extracted and underwent fast Fourier transform. Linear regression analysis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r) was performed to analyze the relationship between peak oscillatory frequency and power spectrum density in PFC and HC as a function of RPO stimulus intensity. Peak frequencies for theta and 2-5 Hz were identified in HC and PFC spectra, respectively, and spectral power at these frequencies were identified for each signal. Pairwise correlations were calculated between power spectrum density in PFC, HC, and nRe within the 2-5 Hz and theta bands to assess synchronization. Partial correlational analysis was performed between HC-PFC to statically remove the influence of nRe signal to characterize its role in PFC-HC synchronization. In the second set of experiments, LFPs were recorded in PFC and HC during local lidocaine in vivo inactivation of nRe (n=4 rats). Coherence between HC-PFC was calculated before and after lidocaine injections to assess influence of nRe. Results: As previously described, theta oscillations were the prominent signal in HC during RPO stimulation. In comparison, a narrow-band oscillation within the 2-5 Hz range (distinct from wide-band delta) dominated PFC signals at low RPO stimulus intensities. Oscillatory frequency increased linearly with RPO stimulus intensity for theta (r = 0.64, p<0.001) and 2-5 Hz (r =0.37, p<0.01) frequency bands. However, these two oscillations followed an opposite trend with respect to power density: theta power increased (r = 0.63, p <0.001), whereas 2-5 Hz power decreased (r = -0.60, p<0.001) with RPO stimulus intensity, suggesting a negative coupling between the two signals. PFC-HC signals were significantly correlated for both theta and 2-5 Hz oscillations in 7 out of the 15 rats (47%). For this subgroup, PFC-HC partial correlation, controlling for nRe signal, eliminated residual PFC-HC correlations for the 2-5 Hz oscillation (correlation r=0.81, partial correlation r=0.13, p<0.001), but had no significant effect on HC-PFC correlations for theta oscillation (correlation r=0.65, partial correlation r=0.61, p=0.53). PFC-HC coherence of 2-5 Hz oscillation significantly decreased after lidocaine injection (coherence pre-lidocaine 0.73, post-lidocaine 0.34, p<0.01), but had little effect on coherence for theta oscillation (coherence pre-lidocaine =0.52, post-lidocaine =0.48, p=0.19). Discussion: Our results support that HC-PFC synchronization occurs not only by previously reported HC theta rhythm, but also by a second narrow-band oscillation in the 2-5 Hz range that dominates PFC activity. Importantly, removal of nRe influence, either statistically (using partial correlation) or experimentally (by in vivo lidocaine inactivation) significantly reduces PFC-HC coupling within the 2-5 Hz band, but has minimal effect on HC-PFC theta coupling, suggesting that nRe mediates PFC-HC 2-5 Hz but not theta oscillatory synchronization. In summary, this thesis proposes a novel thalamo-cortical (nRe-PFC) network by which PFC-HC synchronization occurs through a 2-5 Hz oscillation that is mediated through nRe. In contrast, reciprocal HC-to-PFC synchronization occurs through the theta band via a direct, monosynaptic projection. This network is likely dynamic by which the strength of PFC-HC coupling between theta and 2-5 Hz oscillatory bands vary depending on RPO stimulation intensity level. In the future, continued elucidation of this neural network will likely offer a deeper understanding of the cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and thus the potential for improved treatment options.

INTRODUÇÃO: O modelo epistemológico humanista na Medicina redefine o bom médico como um profissional que detém tanto excelência técnica quanto traços humanísticos. Os currículos médicos tiveram que se adaptar e se preocupar com projetos pedagógicos que dessem conta de promover o ensino/aprendizagem desses traços humanísticos. Esses projetos têm tentado resgatar a Educação Liberal nos currículos de Medicina através da introdução das Humanidades Médicas. Essa introdução tem sido tentada ao redor do mundo nos últimos 40 anos e requer cada vez mais novos projetos pedagógicos. Essa tese propõe o uso de uma atividade instrucional específica no campo das Artes Cinemáticas (enquanto Humanidade Médica) com a finalidade de mediar junto aos alunos a consecução de objetivos humanísticos pertinentes à Educação Médica. OBJETIVOS: Pretendeu-se analisar o filme And the band played on, produzindo possibilidades interpretativas sobre ele, justificando-as e comunicando-as através de uma síntese elucidativa; identificar aspectos de relevância médica cujo ensino/aprendizagem pode ser mediado pela discussão estruturada do filme como atividade instrucional; compilar esses aspectos em termos de objetivos educacionais humanísticos e de sua alocação a uma das taxonomias de objetivos educacionais nas Humanidades Médicas e prover exemplos concretos de possibilidades de ensino/aprendizagem relacionadas a essa atividade instrucional. METODOLOGIA: A análise fílmica abordou a obra nos seus aspectos narratológicos (como personagens e convenções de ponto de vista e narração) e estilísticos específicos do cinema. Observou os vários eixos que geram significação no cinema (linguagem verbal, linguagem escrita, visualidade, ruídos e música). Foi macro-analítica (analisando a obra como um todo), mas necessitou de momentos de micro-análise (seqüências e planos específicos). Envolveu a análise descritiva e formal da obra e sua interpretação através da análise interna (aspectos inerentes como iconografia e simbolismo) e externa (sistemas referenciais externos como teorias psicológicas) de sentido. Os aspectos de relevância médica passíveis de ensino/aprendizagem através dessa atividade instrucional foram procurados e alocados nos campos das grandes taxonomias que organizam os objetivos educacionais (Taxonomia de Objetivos Educacionais, Campos de Significado e Competências). RESULTADOS: Descreveram-se possibilidades de uso do filme de duas maneiras instrucionais: assistência do filme inteiro e assistência de excertos, em ambos os casos com posterior discussão. Em relação ao filme como um todo, duas propostas interpretativas diferentes foram geradas com base no seu potencial uso no ensino/aprendizagem em Medicina. A primeira baseia-se na narrativa romanesca da crise vocacional vivenciada pelo protagonista e a segunda centra-se na análise da instância narrativa e seus dispositivos. Em relação aos excertos, pinçaram-se algumas seqüências para ilustrar alguns de seus possíveis usos instrucionais. CONCLUSÕES: O filme pode ser usado instrucionalmente com vistas à abordagem educacional de objetivos humanísticos. Esses objetivos são pertinentes a diversas áreas do conhecimento, entre as quais citam-se os Domínio Afetivo e Emocional, os Campos Ético e Sinoético, e as Competências Adaptativa, Contextual, de Identidade Profissional e Motivação para Aprendizagem Continuada. Esses objetivos abordam áreas de conteúdo relevantes, como a relação médico-paciente, a vocação médica, o contar notícias ruins, a persona médica, o arquétipo do médico ferido, a comunicação humana e a identidade profissional médica, entre outras.
INTRODUCTION: The humanist epistemological model in Medicine redefines the good physician as a professional that has technical excellence, but also wields humanistic traits. Medical curricula have had to adapt themselves and make efforts to generate pedagogical projects that could foster the teaching/learning of these traits. These projects have attempted to address a Liberal Education in medical curricula by means of the introduction of the Medical Humanities. This introduction has been attempted worldwide in the latest 40 years and is still in need of new pedagogical projects. This thesis proposes the use of a specific instructional activity in the Cinematic Arts (as Medical Humanity) so as to provide mediation to the accomplishment by students of humanistic objectives. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this thesis were to analyze the film And the band played on, producing interpretative possibilities about it, justifying them and communicating them by means of an elucidative work of synthesis; to identify aspects of medical relevance, whose teaching/learning could be mediated by the structured discussion of the film as an instructional activity; to compile these aspects in terms of humanistic educational objectives and their allocation to one of the taxonomies for educational objectives in Medical Humanities; and to provide concrete examples of teaching/learning possibilities related to this instructional activity. METHODS: Film analysis approached the movie through narratological (characters and conventions of narration and point of view) and cinema-specific stylistic aspects. The several axes that generate meaning in cinema have been considered (verbal language, written word, visuality, sounds and music). The analysis was macro-analytic (approaching the film as a whole), but contemplated micro-analysis (specific sequences). It involved the descriptive and formal analysis of the film and its interpretation in the light of internal (inherent aspects such as iconography and symbolism) and external (external referential systems such as psychological theories) analysis of meaning. The aspects of medical relevance were allocated to and searched for in the fields of the great taxonomies that organize educational objectives (Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Realms of Meaning and Competences). RESULTS: Two instructional uses of the film were described: projection of the whole film, as opposed to the projection of excerpts. In both cases, a discussion should follow. In the first case, two different interpretative proposals were generated, based on their potential use in teaching/learning in Medicine. The first is based on a romanesque narrative about the vocational crisis experienced by the protagonist, whereas the second one focuses on the narrating instance and its dispositions. In terms of the excerpts, some sequences were pinpointed to illustrate some of their possible instructional uses. CONCLUSIONS: The film may be used instructionally within the educational approach to humanistic objectives. These objectives pertain to several areas of knowledge, among which, the Affective and Emotional Domains; Ethics and Synnoetics (Realms of Meaning); and Lifelong Learning, Professional Identity, Adaptative and Contextual Competences. These objectives comprehend relevant contents, such as the physician-patient relationship, medical vocation, breaking bad news, the medical persona, human communication and medical professional identity, among others.

L’augmentation du nombre d’appareils communicants et du débit de données a pour conséquence une montée en fréquence des dispositifs micro-ondes, notamment dans le secteur du spatial. L’optimisation des modules existants n’est pas toujours suffisante. Il faut donc synthétiser de nouveaux circuits. Cependant, la plupart des méthodes de synthèse existantes, inclues dans les logiciels de CAO, ne prennent pas en compte les modèles à pertes des fondeurs. Or, plus la fréquence de fonctionnement est élevée, plus leurs prises en compte est indispensable. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode de synthèse et de conception pour les circuits faible bruit intégrés (amplificateur faible bruit et mélangeur). Elle prend en compte les modèles à pertes des composants passifs des fondeurs, les lignes de connexion, les jonctions et elle combine plusieurs fonctions comme l’amplification et le filtrage ainsi que le mélange et le filtrage. Elle a été validée en simulation et en mesure
Due to the evolution of wireless systems and data rate, it is necessary to increase microwave operating frequencies, especially in space industry. Optimization of existing circuit topologies are always not enough and therefore, we need to synthetize new circuits. Unfortunately, most of the existing synthesis methods, including in CAD softwares, are only based on lossless passive component models. With the increase of operating frequency, we need to take the effect of losses in the passive component models during synthesis. This thesis introduces a new synthesis and design method for low noise integrated circuits(low noise amplifier and mixer). Lossy passive component models from foundries, connecting wires, junctions and co-design (amplification and filtering or mixing and filtering)are included. The design procedure was validated by simulations and measurements

OBJETIVO: Investigar a correlação entre as espessuras da mácula e da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (CFNR), medidas pelas tomografias de coerência óptica de domínio Fourier (FD - OCT) e de domínio do tempo (TD - OCT) e a perda de sensibilidade no campo visual (CV) em pacientes com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico. Comparar a habilidade diagnóstica dos dois instrumentos. MÉTODOS: 36 olhos de 36 pacientes com perda de CV permanente por compressão do quiasma óptico e 36 controles normais foram submetidos ao exame de CV pela perimetria automatizada padrão (Humphrey Field Analyzer TM; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA), ao FD - OCT (3 D OCT-1000TM Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) e ao TD - OCT (StratusTM ;Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, California, USA). Foram comparados os protocolos análogos de ambos os equipamentos para avaliação da espessura macular.Foi realizado a divisão macular em quatro quadrantes e em metades, sendo calculado a média da espessura macular global, a média da espessura dos quadrantes e a média da espessura das metades maculares. A média global e setorial da medida da espessura da CFNR peripapilar também foi analisada. A perda de sensibilidade no CV foi inicialmente avaliada pelo defeito temporal médio. O CV foi ainda dividido em 6 setores de acordo com a distribuição da CFNR e em 16 pontos centrais para a realização da correlação estrutura-função entre os parâmetros medidos pelo FD - OCT e a perda de sensibilidade no CV em decibéis e 1/Lambert. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de Sperman e a análise de regressão linear. As áreas sobre a curva ROC e valores fixos de sensibilidade e especificidade foram calculados para cada parâmetro estudado. RESULTADOS: As medidas da espessura macular e da CFNR pelo FD - OCT e TD - OCT foram capazes de discriminar olhos com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico dos controles normais. A espessura global e setorial dos parâmetros maculares e da CFNR mostraram diferenças significativas (p<0,001) entre os doentes e os controles e os dois aparelhos tiveram desempenho semelhante na discriminação entre pacientes e controles. Em ambos existiram correlações significativas entre a perda de sensibilidade do CV e as medidas da espessura macular e da CFNR. As medidas de espessura nos quadrantes e nas metades nasais da macula, avaliadas pelo FD - OCT tiveram os melhores desempenhos nas correlações com os defeitos de CV, sendo o parâmetro com a melhor correlação, a medida do quadrante infero-nasal da mácula e a perda de sensibilidade do CV central do quadrante temporal superior central (r = 0.78, R2 = 61%, p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A espessura macular e a espessura da CFNR medidas pelo FD - OCT e pelo TD - OCT se correlacionaram topograficamente com a perda de sensibilidade no CV de pacientes com hemianopsia temporal por compressäo quiasmática. A correlação entre os quadrantes maculares e a perda de sensibilidade no CV, foram melhores do que aquelas entre o CV e as medidas da CFNR, principalmente nas medidas realizadas pelo FD - OCT. Este estudo demonstrou a importância clínica das medidas maculares na correlação estrutura-função e na quantificaçäo do dano neural em pacientes com compressão quiasmática, podendo ser útil na monitorização destes pacientes
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD - OCT) measured macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) and visual field sensitivity loss on standard automated perimetry in eyes with permanent temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression and compare the ability of FD - OCT and time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD - OCT) to detect axonal loss in eyes with band atrophy of the optic nerve. METHODS: One eye of each of 36 patients with permanent temporal visual field defects and 36 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Subjects underwent standard automated perimetry and macular and RNFL thickness measurements with FD - OCT (3 D OCT-1000® Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and TD - OCT (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, California, USA). Macular thickness measurements as a global average, divided in four quadrants and in two halves as well as average and sectoral RNFL thickness around the optic disc were calculated. Visual field sensitivity loss was evaluated by the temporal mean defect; as deviations from normal in six sectors of the visual field and in 16 central visual field test points. Relationship between visual field sensitivity loss in decibel and 1/Lambert units and optical coherence tomography measurements were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients and by linear regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves and sensitivities at fixed specificities were calculated for each parameter. RESULTS: Global and sectoral macular and RNFL thickness parameters showed a significant difference in eyes with band atrophy compared with controls. The strongest correlations were seen between visual field sensitivity loss and quadrantic or hemianopic nasal macular thickness measurements than with sectoral retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements. The highest correlation was observed between the inferonasal quadrant macular thickness and the visual field sensitivity loss in the superior temporal central visual field quadrant (r = 0.78, R2 = 61%, p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Both RNFL thickness and macular thickness FD - OCT and TD - OCT measurements were related topographically with visual field sensitivity loss in patients with temporal hemianopia from chiasmal compression and there is a stronger relationship in quadrantic macular compared to RNFL thickness measurements with FD - OCT. Macular thickness measurements could potentially be used to quantify neuronal loss in patients with chiasmal compression and could prove clinically useful for detection of damage and for monitoring these patients

Mathematics achievement has received much attention in recent years and results have been presented after examining results from different counties. This contribution deals with the implementation of new Mathematic promotion requirements in Namibia. The research was conducted in Shambyu circuit, Kavango region, within a selected combined public school situated fifteen kilometres from Rundu in the North-Eastern part of Kavango. Teachers and learners in Namibia have not performed well in the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) projects, especially in Mathematics. The implementation of new promotion requirements was inevitable for improving achievement levels. The main aim of this study is to document the attitudes of teachers and learners towards the introduction of the new 2010 Mathematics promotion requirements. The complexity and the nature of attitudes are illustrated and some of the characteristics related to teaching and learning of Mathematics in the academic reform are presented. The researcher developed a conceptual framework to compare and contrast the theoretical positions on the topic. Attitude is defined from diverse perspectives, and relationships of attitudes pertaining to achievement to perform in Mathematics are argued. A qualitative case study was the preferred method of choice. The participants were sampled according to a non-probability purposive sampling strategy. Five teachers, six grade 7 and six grade 9 learners participated in the study. The participants were interviewed to gain insight into how they formulated their attitudes towards the implementation of the academic reform. Focus group interviews were captured though audio recordings. Patterns, themes and categories emerged from the data analysis, suggesting that teachers and learners demonstrate positive and negative attitudes which affect their stance towards the new promotion requirements. Research findings were compared with the relevant literature to identify strengths and weaknesses as extracted from the attitudes of the participating teachers and learners which confirm that attitudes of teachers and learners interrelate and affect teaching and learning of Mathematics. Strengths and weaknesses extracted from the attitudes of the teachers relate to teaching strategies, pedagogical content knowledge and practical application of the subject. A weakness of the policy change is that the Ministry of Education does not sustain involvement. Teachers need support through workshops to increase their pedagogical content knowledge and gain more information about the implementation of the new policy. Furthermore teachers expect educational support from the Ministry of Education through the provision of textbooks and teaching aids. Collaboration between teachers is crucial, as is the significance thereof for developing pedagogical content knowledge for the implementation of the new Mathematical policy. Strengths and weaknesses extracted from attitudes as viewed by learners in grade 9 are more related to their opinions about the teachers, their motivation and academic achievements. Learners’ natural Mathematics skills should be developed to instill feelings of accomplishment. Grade 9 learners experience fear and insecurity in Mathematics because learners experience teachers as too strict, owing to the absence of pedagogical content knowledge. The grade 9 learners distinguish the importance of ICT use in Mathematics as part of a process to prepare them towards greater goals and practical application as a strength. Both advantages and disadvantages of beliefs regarding Mathematics amongst the teachers and the learners guide grade 7 learner towards achievement. Further expectations drive the grade 7 learners towards achievement in order to increase career opportunities and level of schooling. In conclusion the in-depth qualitative exploration is summarized in order to investigate the phenomenon of attitudes towards Mathematics and academic reform.
Thesis (MEd (Mathematics Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Proposition d'un modele pour le transport inelastique et application au transport assiste par phonons entre deux puits quantiques, a la capture des porteurs par le puits quantique d'un laser sch, au transport dans les pseudoalliages quaternaires et dans les superreseaux. Analyse des differents modeles de l'effet tunnel et discussion de la duree de l'effet tunnel; application aux diodes a double barriere et mise en evidence de l'equivalence des descriptions basees sur l'effet tunnel resonnant et sur l'effet tunnel sequentiel, au moins en regime continu; effets des diffusions, developpement d'un modele sequentiel a partir du formalisme d'oppenheimer. Algorithme de calcul du transport perpendiculaire dans les heterostructures (approche de la cao des structures de bande)

The problem of whether Landsat 7 data could be used to delineate areas prone to mass movement, particularly debris flows and landslides, was examined using three techniques: change detection in NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), change detection in band 5, and the tasseled cap transformation. These techniques were applied to areas that had recently experienced mass movement: Layton, Davis County and Alpine, Spanish Fork Canyon and Santaquin, Utah County. No distinctive spectral characteristics were found with any of these techniques with two possible explanations: 1. That despite improved spatial resolution in Landat 7 over its predecessors and improved digital image processing capabilities, the resolution is still too low to detect these characteristics or 2. That the aspects of a slope that make it prone to mass movement are undetectable at any resolution by remote sensing. Change detection in NDVI examined if areas that remained unchanged (defined as < 5% change) between August 14, 1999 and October 17, 1999 correlated to areas that are prone to mass movement. There was no correlation. Change detection in band 5 was examined between August 14, 1999 and October 17, 1999, October 17, 1999 and May 28, 2000, and August 14, 1999 and May 28, 2000. An interesting result is that the Shurtz Lake and Thistle landslides (Spanish Fork Canyon) showed changes of greater than 30% during August 14, 1999 - October 17, 1999 and October 17, 1999 - May 28, 2000. These changes were limited to these landslides and not seen in abundance in surrounding areas. A similar localization of 30% change was seen in the Cedar Bench landslide (Layton) for the same time periods. There were no other correlations. The tasseled cap ransformation shows areas of dominate greenness, soil brightness or wetness. None of these factors had distinctive patterns in the areas studied when compared to surrounding, mass movement-prone areas so no conclusions can be drawn about the utility of the tasseled cap transformation as it relates to areas of potential mass movement.

L'essor des communications par satellites et des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication conduisent à une demande croissante de la part des utilisateurs. Ainsi, afin de répondre à ces nouveaux besoins, des services proposant de la connectivité en vol pour les passagers des compagnies aériennes voient le jour. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire portent sur la réalisation de modèles numériques rigoureux de grands réseaux d'antennes destinés à couvrir ce champ applicatif. Après une mise en contexte et un rappel des contraintes liées aux réseaux d'antennes, des véhicules de test numériques et expérimentaux, permettant de valider les méthodologies de modélisation, sont réalisés. La modélisation d'un grand panneau rayonnant à bipolarisation circulaire et acceptant d'importants angles de dépointage est enfin abordée. Cette étude permet alors de statuer sur les performances du panneau, en fonction des consignes de pointage et des dispersions éventuelles des chaînes actives
The rapid expansion of satellite communications and information and communications technology led to an increasing demand from end-users. Hence, services offering In-Flight Connectivity for airlines passengers are emerging. This work is focused on the implementation of accurate numerical models of large antenna arrays meant for this scope. After having put things into context and recalled issues linked to antenna arrays, numerical and experimental test vehicles are made, allowing to validate the modelling methodologies. Finally, the modelling of a large, dual circular polarization and wide-angle scanning radiating panel is addressed. This study then allows to estimate the performance of the panel function of steering requirements and possible dispersions from the active channels

Les transistors à haute mobilité d’électrons (HEMTs) en Nitrure de Gallium (GaN) s’affirment aujourd’hui comme une technologie essentielle à l’amplification de puissance à haute fréquence. Les HEMTs GaN étudiées et développées reposent essentiellement sur une hétérostructure AlGaN/GaN mais une alternative à base d’une barrière composée en InAlN, réduisant les contraintes sur les mailles cristallographiques de l’ensemble, est étudiée par certains laboratoires. Ce manuscrit de thèse rapporte une étude des potentialités de la filière HEMT InAlN/GaN développée au III-V Lab, en s’intéressant tout particulièrement aux effets de pièges induits par des défauts présents au sein de la structure. Une méthode de détection de ces défauts est proposée, basée sur la mesure de paramètres [S] en basse fréquence. Un modèle de HEMT InAlN/GaN électrothermique comprenant la contribution des effets de pièges est rapporté et sert de base à la conception d’un amplificateur de puissance en technologie MMIC, fonctionnant en bande Ka, présenté au dernier chapitre
Nowadays, High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) in Gallium Nitride (GaN) take the lead in power amplification at microwave frequencies. Most of the studies and developments on those HEMTs concern AlGaN/GaN structures but alternative transistors with an InAlN barrier, which reduces the strain in the crystal lattice of the whole structure, are investigated by few laboratories. This thesis presents some advanced studies on the new InAlN/GaN HEMT developed by the III-V Lab, focusing on the trapping phenomena induced by defects inside the crystal structure. A new method for the characterization of these defects, based on low-frequency S-Parameters measurements, is proposed. Furthermore, a non-linear electro thermal model including trapping effects for an InAlN/GaN HEMT is detailed and used to design a MMIC power amplifier for Ka-band applications

Des ceramiques ont ete obtenues a partir de phases de type pyrochlore de formule pb(cd)bim**(iv)sbo::(7) (m**(iv) = ti, zr et sn) ou de phases de type band::(2)ti::(5)o::(14) par frittage naturel a l'air ou sous oxygene et en presence ou non de divers ajouts (pbo, pb::(5)ge::(3)o::(11) et sillenites). Leurs caracteristiques dielectriques ont ete determinees a basse frequence et en hyperfrequence. Les constantes dielectriques de ces materiaux sont comprises entre 25 et 80. Les pertes dielectriques sont relativement faibles et les coefficients de temperature des constantes dielectriques et des frequences de resonance peuvent etre ajustes dans la gamme de +ou- 20. 10**(6)-k**(-1) par un choix judicieux des ajouts

La eritropoyetina o EPO es una hormona glicoproteica. En los seres humanos adultos, se produce principalmente en el riñón, en respuesta a la reducción de oxígeno en los tejidos (hipoxia tisular). La EPO estimula la eritropoyesis, es decir, estimula a las células madre de la médula ósea para que aumenten la producción de eritrocitos. La molécula de EPO está formada por una cadena peptídica de 165 aminoácidos que contiene dos puentes disulfuro, un O-glicano (Ser-126), y tres N-glicanos (Asn-24, 38, 83). En conjunto, la glicosilación de esta proteína representa aproximadamente el 40% del peso total (29.4 kDa). La EPO sintetizada con tecnología recombinante (rEPO) se administra como fármaco, desde el año 1989, para el tratamiento de anemias, insuficiencia renal, cancer etc. También se ha observado la utilización de rEPO en deportistas con el fin de aumentar el suministro de oxígeno a los tejidos y así incrementar el rendimiento en deportes de resistencia. En el año 2001, se comercializó una "nueva proteína estimuladora de la eritropoyesis" llamada NESP. Esta proteína es un análogo hiperglicosilado de la EPO que posee dos N-glicanos adicionales (Asn-30, 88). El número y composición de los N-glicanos es muy importante para el metabolismo de estas glicoproteínas, ya que el contenido de carbohidratos (número de ácidos siálicos) determina su vida media. Los métodos que se utilizan actualmente para diferenciar la eritropoyetina endógena urinaria (uEPO) de sus análogos recombinantes (rEPO, NESP) están basados en las diferencias que existen entre sus perfiles isoelectroforéticos (IEF). Se cree que estas diferencias provienen de las células y/o especies en las que se expresan estas glicoproteínas. En este estudio, se llevo a cabo la caracterización estructural de diferentes preparaciones de EPO recombinante. Para ello, se utilizaron las técnicas más comunes en el campo de la glicoproteómica además de otras nuevas, desarrolladas para poder analizar los glicanos de muestras procedentes de geles 2-DE. Los perfiles de glicosilación total de cada una de estas glicoproteínas mostraron características estructurales que pueden facilitar la detección de rEPO y NESP en atletas que abusan de estas sustancias. Un ejemplo es la presencia de Neu5Gc únicamente en fármacos que han sido expresados en células CHO. La metodología desarrollada en este trabajo, podría emplearse también, para el control de calidad de estos fármacos y para el diagnóstico de ciertas patologías.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted primarily by adult kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia. It is involved in the maturation and ultimately regulation of the level of red blood cells. The EPO molecule comprises a single polypeptide chain of 165 aminoacids with two disulfide bonds, 1 O-linked (Ser-126), and 3 N-linked (Asn-24, 38, 83) glycans representing about 40% of the total mass (29.4 kDa). The recombinant analogue (rEPO), available since 1989 has found widespread use in the treatment of anaemia, renal failure, cancer etc. Besides, rEPO is illicitly used by athletes to boost the delivery of oxygen to the tissue and enhance performance in endurance sports. In 2001, a novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (NESP) was also marketed. NESP possesses two additional N-glycans (Asn-30, 88). The number and composition of the N-glycans is very important in the metabolism of this glycoprotein because the carbohydrate content (sialylation degree) determines its half-life time. Current tests to differentiate between urinary endogenous (uEPO) and its recombinant analogues (rEPO, NESP) are based on differences in their iso-electric focussing (IEF) profiles. Those differences are believed to stem from the cells/species in which they are expressed. In this study, the structural characterisation of different rEPO preparations was conducted using standard techniques in the field and developing new ones to address glycans from 2-DE sample preparations. Overall glycosylation profiling of each glycoprotein revealed structural features that may pave the way to the unambiguous detection of rEPOs and NESP abuse, such as the presence of Neu5Gc in CHO cell derived drugs only, and the developed methodology may be also employed for maintaining pharmaceutical quality control and for diagnosing pathologic conditions.

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CAPES
IFMS (Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Subsystem) é um sistema que monitora, de forma simultânea, todas as freqüências da sua banda de operação, sem a necessidade de fazer uma varredura de espectro, detectando instantaneamente os sinais desconhecidos. A velocidade e precisão na identificação de sinais irradiados é um parâmetro vital para a moderna Electronic Warfare (eletrônica com fins militares) e para sistemas inteligentes de supervisão de espetro. O IFMS é largamente usado em dispositivos eletrônicos militares e em sistemas inteligentes para a detecção de sinais desconhecidos sobre uma larga faixa de freqüência, e devido às suas características, possui alta probabilidade de interceptação de sinais em largas bandas de frequência. O componente principal do IFMS são os discriminadores. Cada um deles tem a função de fornecer, em sua saída, um sinal periódico com a freqüência, de modo que esse apresente uma alternância entre bandas rejeitadas e não rejeitadas ao longo da banda de operação. Os sinais de saída dos discriminadores dão origem a um código que associa uma palavra binária a uma sub-banda de freqüência. Nessa dissertação, para a implementação dos discriminadores, é proposto um método que utiliza filtros rejeita-bandas. Os filtros são projetados, em microfita, com uso de ressoadores de meio comprimento de onda acoplados a uma linha de transmissão principal. É feita uma análise de alguns tipos de ressoadores, e opta-se por usar o ressoador retangular de loop-aberto. É mostrado que esse ressoador, quando acoplado a uma linha de transmissão principal, pode ser modelado por um filtro rejeita-banda de Butterworth de um pólo. Além disso, é desenvolvida uma técnica para aumentar a largura da banda rejeitada. Sendo assim, consegue-se projetar os filtros, que apresentam larguras de bandas rejeitadas que variam de 125MHz a 1,0GHz. São projetados e fabricados cinco filtros rejeita-bandas para funcionarem como discriminadores de um IFMS de 5 bits, com resolução de 62,5MHz, que opere de 1,9375GHz a 3,9375GHz. Por fim, é feita uma comparação entre os resultados simulados e experimentais.
IFMS (Instantaneous Frequency Measurements Subsystem) is a system that supervises, simultaneously, its whole operation band, without scanning the spectrum, and the frequency detection of unknown signals is instantaneous. Speed and accuracy in the identification of irradiated signals is a vital parameter for modern Electronic Warfare and for intelligent spectrum supervision systems. The IFMS is widely used in military electronic devices and intelligent systems for the detection of unknown signals over a wide frequency range, and because of its characteristics, it has a high probability of intercepting signals in wide frequency bands. The IFMS main component is the discriminator. Every discriminator presents, at its output port, a frequency periodic signal. This signal must alternate between stopping and passing bands. The discriminators output signals generate a binary code, in which every word is associated to a unique frequency sub-band. In this dissertation, in order to project the discriminators, it is proposed a method using stop-bands filters. The filter projects use half-wavelength resonators coupled to a main transmission line. Some types of resonators are analyzed, and the rectangular open-loop resonator is chosen. It’s shown that this resonator, when coupled to a main transmission line, can be modeled by a Butterworth stop-band filter. In addiction, it’s developed a technique to increase the stopping bandwidth. Therefore, one can project the filters that present stopping bandwidth from 125MHz to 1,0GHz. Five stop-bands filters are projected in order to function as discriminators of a 5-bits IFMS. This IFMS operates from 1,9375GHz to 3,9375GHz, and its resolution is 62,5MHz. Finally, a comparison between experimental and simulated results is presented.

“Guerrillas y montoneras durante la independencia” es el cuarto título publicado de la Nueva Colección Documental de la Independencia del Perú. Este documento, dividido en seis volúmenes, se enfoca en la organización miliciana y cuasi guerrillera de partidas y montoneras, formadas, en su mayoría, por peruanos pertenecientes a distintas regiones del país que decidieron apoyar la conformación de una república soberana. En los documentos recopilados y ordenados en los seis volúmenes, se pueden apreciar a una población peruana confrontada y dividida con relación a la formación de la república y su modo de organización para lograr sus propósitos. No solo se explican cómo sucedieron las batallas, sino quiénes las orquestaron y las estrategias que utilizaron hasta el año 1821. Esta documentación es de suma importancia para entender el propósito de las guerrillas y montoneras como factor decisivo para la independencia del Perú. Estos volúmenes recogen documentos del bando patriota y del bando realista. Asimismo, mantienen el orden inicial planteado por la historiadora Ella Dunbar Temple y el prólogo de la primera edición de la colección. También incluye el prólogo del historiador Rodolfo Castro.

INTRODUÇÃO: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença autoimune que causa inflamação nas membranas sinoviais de articulações chamadas diartroses. As articulações da orelha média podem estar sujeitas às mesmas lesões reumáticas que as outras articulações do corpo. Perdas auditivas neurossensoriais e condutivas foram observadas na literatura, assim como o envolvimento da artrite reumatoide na orelha média, mas os resultados não estão em concordância. A imitância acústica de banda larga pode fornecer maior sensibilidade a mudanças sutis nas articulações dos ossículos. OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito da artrite reumatoide no sistema auditivo com enfoque na avaliação da orelha média. MÉTODOS: O delineamento desta pesquisa é estudo de casos comparando três diferentes grupos: dois grupos de indivíduos com artrite reumatoide e um grupo controle pareado por gênero e idade. Foram incluídos 39 participantes com idades entre 26 e 51 anos, de ambos os gêneros. O grupo estudo foi separado em dois: AR1, com 15 participantes (artrite reumatoide há dez anos ou mais); e AR2, com 9 participantes (artrite reumatoide há cinco anos ou menos). Estes grupos foram recrutados do ambulatório de reumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP e o grupo controle com 15 participantes, foi composto por voluntários, usuários do Centro de Docência e Pesquisa da FMUSP. Os procedimentos utilizados foram: Imitanciometria com sonda de 226 Hz, audiometria tonal liminar, audiometria de altas frequências e imitância acústica de banda larga, cujos dados foram extraídos como bandas de 1/3 de oitava para reflectância de energia em um documento de extensão Excel. Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se estatística descritiva, análise de variância, teste quiquadrado e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: As médias de idade para AR1, AR2 e controle foram de 41,1, 38,6 e 39,9 anos, respectivamente, e não houve diferença significante entre grupos. As medidas de imitanciometria 226 Hz (timpanometria e reflexos acústicos ipsilaterais) e reflectância de energia não demonstraram diferença significante entre os grupos. Foram encontradas diferenças na comparação entre os grupos AR1 e AR2 e grupo controle para os testes audiometria tonal liminar, e AR1 com o grupo controle para audiometria de altas frequências e reflexos acústicos contralaterais. Não foi observada diferença entre os resultados da orelha direita e da esquerda. CONCLUSÕES: Os grupos de artrite reumatoide apresentaram o mesmo padrão de resposta para as avaliações de orelha média do grupo controle, levantando a possibilidade de apresentarem um mesmo comportamento de sistema ou de que as ferramentas utilizadas para avaliação não são sensíveis para detectar as mudanças sutis. Foi possível observar mudança nos limiares audiométricos e de altas frequências dos grupos com artrite reumatoide em comparação com o grupo controle, mostrando a importância de monitorização auditiva nessa população
BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of synovial membranes of the diarthrodial joints. Middle ear joints may be subject to the same rheumatic lesions as other joints in the body. Sensorineural and conductive hearing loss have been reported, as well as middle ear involvement, but the results are not in agreement. Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) may provide better sensitivity to subtle changes in the ossicular joint. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of RA in the auditory system focusing on the middle ear assessment with WAI. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study comparing audiological behavior of 3 different groups: two groups of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and a normal control (NC) group matched 1:1 based on age and gender. Thirty-nine participants, raging age from 26-51 years old, male and female. The study groups were pooled into two groups: RA1 with 15 participants (patients who had had RA for more than ten years) and RA2 with nine participants (those who had had RA for less than five years). The study groups were recruited from rheumatology clinic of Hospital das Clinicas (FMUSP) and were compared with 15 normal control, which consisted in volunteer students or employees from Centro de Docencia e Pesquisa (FMUSP). Standard 226 Hz probe tone tympanometry, pure-tone audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry and WAI were performed in all subjects. The results from WAI were extracted as 1/3 octave bands for energy reflectance as an Excel file. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, mixed model ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to investigate the differences in all performed tests across the three groups. RESULTS: Mean ages for RA1, RA2 and NC were 41.1, 38.6 and 39.9 years old respectively and the difference between groups was not statistically significant. Comparison of standard immittance measures (such as 226 Hz probe tone tympanometry and ipsilateral acoustic reflex) and 1/3 octave band energy reflectance did not reveal significant difference between groups. This study found difference in standard audiometry thresholds comparing RA1 and RA2 to NC group, extended high-frequency audiometry and contralateral acoustic reflex comparing RA1 group to NC group. There was no significant difference between right and left ears. CONCLUSIONS: RA groups showed the same middle ear response pattern than the NC group, there was either no significant difference between the middle ears of RA patients and healthy individuals, or WAI is not appropriate for differentiating these two groups. Pure-tone audiometry and extended high-frequency audiometry showed different behaviors between the three groups. The actual incidence of hearing loss in RA remains to be defined. The results showed the importance of monitoring potential audiological manifestations in patients with RA

Ce travail de recherche est basé sur la technologie Ultra Large Bande (ULB), en particulier pour des applications bas débit (standard IEEE 802.15.4) tels que les réseaux de capteurs, les transmissions WPAN ou encore WBAN. La modélisation et la conception d’un récepteur non cohérent ULB pour les communications radio impulsionnelles ont été réalisées. Un des facteurs les plus importants dans les communications ULB est la sensibilité du récepteur, qui détermine la portée de transmission maximale. Un autre facteur aussi important est la consommation d’énergie qui influence directement la durée de vie de la source d’alimentation (batterie). Dans ce contexte, nous présentons dans le chapitre I une introduction sur la technologie ULB et ses diverses applications. Le chapitre II présente la modélisation au niveau système ainsi que d’une étude comparative des récepteurs non cohérents basés sur la détection d’énergie et la pseudo-Détection d’énergie. Dans le chapitre III sont présentés la méthode de conception et de réalisation d’un récepteur non cohérent ULB dans la bande de 3-5 GHz, ainsi que les résultats de mesure et ses performances en termes de sensibilité et de consommation d’énergie. Finalement, le chapitre IV présente une étude théorique sur les différents modes de fonctionnement du transistor MOS afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de chaque bloc du récepteur. Cela permet de proposer de nouvelles architectures pour la détection d’énergie. Enfin, à partir de ces études nous réalisons l’optimisation du récepteur en termes de sensibilité et de consommation d’énergie
This research is based on Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology, in particularly for low-Rate applications such as sensor network, WPAN and WBAN (for the standard IEEE 802.15.4). The model and design of a non coherent receiver for UWB impulse radio communications has been completed. One of the most important factors in the UWB communications is the receiver sensitivity which determines the maximum transmission range. Another important factor is the energy consumption that determines the lifetime of the power source (battery). In this context, we present in Chapter I an introduction to UWB technology and its different applications. Chapter II deals with a modeling at the system level of non-Coherent receivers as well as a comparative study based on the energy detection and pseudo energy detection. In Chapter III is presented the method of design and implementation of a non-Coherent UWB receiver in the band of 3-5 GHz, as well as measurement results and performance in terms of sensitivity and power consumption. Finally, Chapter IV presents a theoretical study on the different modes of operation of the MOS transistor to understand the operation of each block of the receiver. This allows us to show the new architectures for energy detection and perform the optimization of receiver in terms of sensitivity and power consumption

The unlicensed wireless spectrum offers exciting opportunities for developing innovative wireless applications. This has been true ever since the 2.4 GHz band and parts of the 5 GHz bands were first opened for unlicensed access worldwide. In recent years, the 5 GHz unlicensed bands have been one of the most coveted for launching new wireless services and applications due to their relatively superior propagation characteristics and the abundance of spectrum therein. However, the appetite for unlicensed spectrum seems to remain unsatiated; the demand for additional unlicensed bands has been never-ending. To meet this demand, regulators in the US and Europe have been considering unlicensed operations in the 5.9 GHz bands and in large parts of the 6 GHz bands. In the last two years alone, the Federal Communications Commission in the US has added more than 1.2 GHz of spectrum in the pool of unlicensed bands. Wi-Fi networks are likely to be the biggest beneficiaries of this spectrum. Such abundance of spectrum would allow massive improvements in the peak throughput and potentially allow a considerable reduction of latency, thereby enabling support for emerging wireless applications such as augmented and virtual reality, and mobile gaming using Wi-Fi over unlicensed bands. However, access to these bands comes with its challenges. Across the globe, a wide range of incumbent wireless technologies operate in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands. This includes weather and military radars, and vehicular communication systems in the 5 GHz bands, and fixed-service systems, satellite systems, and television pick-up stations in the 6 GHz bands. Furthermore, due to the development of several cellular-based unlicensed technologies (such as Licensed Assisted Access and New Radio Unlicensed, NR-U), the competition for channel access among unlicensed devices has also been increasing. Thus, coexistence across wireless technologies in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands has emerged as an extremely challenging and interesting research problem. In this dissertation, we first take a comprehensive look at the various coexistence scenarios that emerge in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands as a consequence of new regulatory decisions. These scenarios include coexistence between Wi-Fi and incumbent users (both in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands), coexistence of Wi-Fi and vehicular communication systems, coexistence across different vehicular communication technologies, and coexistence across different unlicensed systems. Since a vast majority of these technologies are fundamentally different from each other and serve diverse use-cases each coexistence problem is unique. Insights derived from an in-depth study of one coexistence problem do not help much when the coexisting technologies change. Thus, we study each scenario separately and in detail. In this process, we highlight the need for the design of novel coexistence mechanisms in several cases and outline potential research directions. Next, we shift our attention to coexistence between Wi-Fi and vehicular communication technologies designed to operate in the 5.9 GHz intelligent transportation systems (ITS) bands. Until the development of Cellular V2X (C-V2X), dedicated short range communications (DSRC) was the only major wireless technology that was designed for communication in high-speed and potentially dense vehicular settings. Since DSRC uses the IEEE 802.11p standard for its physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers, the manner in which DSRC and Wi-Fi devices try to gain access to the channel is fundamentally similar. Consequently, we show that spectrum sharing between these two technologies in the 5.9 GHz bands can be easily achieved by simple modifications to the Wi-Fi MAC layer. Since the design of C-V2X in 2017, however, the vehicular communication landscape has been fast evolving. Because DSRC systems were not widely deployed, automakers and regulators had an opportunity to look at the two technologies, consider their benefits and drawbacks and take a fresh look at the spectrum sharing scenario. Since Wi-Fi can now potentially share the spectrum with C-V2X at least in certain regions, we take an in-depth look at various Wi-Fi and C-V2X configurations and study whether C-V2X and Wi-Fi can harmoniously coexist with each other. We determine that because C-V2X is built atop cellular LTE, Wi-Fi and C-V2X systems are fundamentally incompatible with each other. If C-V2X and Wi-Fi devices are to share the spectrum, considerable modifications to the Wi-Fi MAC protocol would be required. Another equally interesting scenario arises in the 6 GHz bands, where 5G NR-U and Wi-Fi devices are likely to operate on a secondary shared basis. Since the 6 GHz bands were only recently considered for unlicensed access, these bands are free from Wi-Fi and NR-U devices. As a result, the greenfield 6 GHz bands provide a unique and rare opportunity to freshly evaluate the coexistence between Wi-Fi and cellular-based unlicensed wireless technologies. We study this coexistence problem by developing a stochastic geometry-based analytical model. We see that by disabling the listen before talk based legacy contention mechanism---which has been used by Wi-Fi devices ever since their conception---the performance of both Wi-Fi and NR-U systems can improve. This has important implications in the 6 GHz bands, where such legacy transmissions can indeed be disabled because Wi-Fi devices, for the first time since the design of IEEE 802.11a, can operate in the 6 GHz bands without any backward compatibility issues. In the course of studying the aforementioned coexistence problems, we identified several gaps in the literature on the performance analysis of C-V2X and IEEE 802.11ax---the upcoming Wi-Fi standard. We address three such gaps in this dissertation. First, we study the performance of C-V2X sidelink mode 4, which is the communication mode in C-V2X that allows direct vehicular communications (i.e., without assistance from the cellular infrastructure). Using our in-house standards-compliant network simulator-3 (ns-3) simulator, we perform simulations to evaluate the performance of C-V2X sidelink mode 4 in highway environments. In doing so, we identify that packet re-transmissions, which is a feature introduced in C-V2X to provide frequency and time diversity, thereby improving the system performance, can have the opposite effect if the vehicular density increases. In fact, packet re-transmissions are beneficial for C-V2X system performance only at low vehicular densities. Thus, if vehicles are statically configured to always use/disable re-transmissions, the maximum potential of this feature is not realized. Therefore, we propose a simple and effective, distributed re-transmission control mechanism named Channel Congestion Based Re-transmission Control (C2RC), which leverages the locally available channel sensing results to allow vehicles to autonomously decide when to switch on re-transmissions and when to switch them off. Second, we present a detailed analysis of the performance of Multi User Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (MU OFDMA)---a feature newly introduced in IEEE 802.11ax---in a wide range of deployment scenarios. We consider the performance of 802.11ax networks when the network comprises of only 802.11ax as well as a combination of 802.11ax and legacy stations. The latter is a practical scenario, especially during the initial phases of 802.11ax deployments. Simulation results, obtained from our ns-3 based simulator, give encouraging signs for 802.11ax performance in many real-world scenarios. That being said, there are some scenarios where naive usage of MU OFDMA by an 802.11ax-capable Wi-Fi AP can be detrimental to the overall system performance. Our results indicate that careful consideration of network dynamics is critical in exploiting the best performance, especially in a heterogeneous Wi-Fi network. Finally, we perform a comprehensive simulation study to characterize the performance of Multi Link Aggregation (MLA) in IEEE 802.11be. MLA is a novel feature that is likely to be introduced in next-generation Wi-Fi (i.e., Wi-Fi 7) devices and is aimed at reducing the worst-case latency experienced by Wi-Fi devices in dense traffic environments. We study the impact of different traffic densities on the 90 percentile latency of Wi-Fi packets and identify that the addition of a single link is sufficient to substantially bring down the 90 percentile latency in many practical scenarios. Furthermore, we show that while the addition of subsequent links is beneficial, the largest latency gain in most scenarios is experienced when the second link (i.e., one additional) link is added. Finally, we show that even in extremely dense traffic conditions, if a sufficient number of links are available at the MLA-capable transmitter and receiver, MLA can help Wi-Fi devices to meet the latency requirements of most real-time applications.
Doctor of Philosophy
Wireless networks have become ubiquitous in our lives today. Whether it is cellular connectivity on our mobile phones or access to Wi-Fi hotspots on laptops, tablets, and smartphones, never before has wireless communication been as integral to our lives as it is today. In many wireless communication systems, wireless devices operate by sending signals to and receiving signals from a central entity that connects to the wired Internet infrastructure. In the case of cellular networks, this entity is the cell tower deployed by the operators (such as ATandT, Verizon, etc. in the US), while the Wi-Fi router deployed in homes and offices plays this role in Wi-Fi networks. There is also another class of wireless systems, where wireless devices communicate with each other without requiring to communicate with any central entity. An example of such a distributed communication system---which is fast gaining popularity---is vehicular communication networks. End-user devices (e.g. cellphone, laptop, tablet, or a vehicle) can communicate with each other or the central entity only if they are both tuned to the same frequency channel. This channel can lie anywhere within the radio frequency spectrum, but some frequency channels (the collection of channels is referred to as frequency bands) are more favorable—--in terms of how far the signal sent over these channels can reach—--than others. Another dimension to these frequency bands is the licensing mechanism. Not all frequency bands are free to use. In fact, most frequency bands in the US and other parts of the world are licensed by the regional regulatory agencies. The most well-known example of this licensing framework is the cellular network. Cellular operators spend large amounts of money (to the tune of billions of dollars) to gain the privileges of exclusively operating in a given frequency band. No other operator or wireless device is then allowed to operate in this band. Without any external interfering wireless device, cellular operators can guarantee a certain quality of service that is provided to its customers. Thus, the benefits of using licensed frequency bands are obvious but these bands and their associated benefits come at a high price. An alternative to licensed frequency bands are the unlicensed ones. As the name suggests, unlicensed frequency bands are those where any two or more wireless devices can communicate with each other (subject to certain rules) without having to pay any licensing fees. Unsurprisingly, because there is no limit to who or how many devices can communicate over these bands, wireless devices in these bands frequently experience external interference, which manifests to the end-user in terms of interruption of service. The best example of a wireless technology that uses unlicensed bands is Wi-Fi. One of the greatest advantages of Wi-Fi networks is that anyone can purchase a Wi-Fi router and deploy it within their homes or offices—--flexibility not afforded by licensed bands. However, this very flexibility and ease-of-use can sometimes contribute negatively to Wi-Fi performance. Arguably, we have all faced scenarios where the performance of Wi-Fi is poor. This is most likely to happen in scenarios where there are hundreds (or even thousands) of neighboring Wi-Fi devices, such as at stadiums, railway stations, concerts, etc. Based on our discussions above, it is clear as to why Wi-Fi performance suffers in such scenarios. Thus, although unlicensed bands are lucrative in terms of low-cost, and ease of use, there is no guarantee on how good a voice/video call or a video streaming session conducted over Wi-Fi will be. The above problem is well-known and well-researched. Regulators, researchers, and service providers actively seek solutions to offer better performance over unlicensed bands. An obvious solution is to make more unlicensed bands available; if all neighboring Wi-Fi users communicate with their respective routers on different channels, everyone could communicate interference-free. The problem, however, is that frequency bands are limited. Even more limited are those bands that support wireless communications over larger distances. Another solution is to improve the wireless technology—if a Wi-Fi device can more efficiently utilize the channel, its performance is likely to improve. This fact has driven the constant evolution of all wireless technologies. However, there are fundamental limits to how much a frequency channel can be exploited. Therefore, in recent years, stakeholders have turned to spectrum sharing. Even though a wireless network may possess an exclusive license to operate on a given frequency band, its users do not use the band everywhere and at all times. Then why not allow unlicensed wireless devices to operate in this band at such places and times? This is precisely the premise of spectrum sharing. In this dissertation, we look at the problem of coexistence between wireless technologies in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands. These two bands are extremely lucrative in terms of their relatively favorable propagation characteristics (i.e., their communication range) and the abundance of spectrum therein. Consequently, these bands have garnered considerable attention in recent years with the objective of opening these bands up for unlicensed services. However, the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands are home to several licensed systems, and the performance of these systems cannot be compromised if unlicensed operations are allowed. Significant activity has taken place since 2013 concerning new technologies being developed, new spectrum sharing scenarios being proposed, and new rules being adopted in these two bands. We begin the dissertation by taking a comprehensive look at these issues, describing the various coexistence scenarios, surveying the existing literature, describing the major challenges, and providing directions for potential research. Next, we look at three coexistence problems in detail: (i) coexistence of dedicated short range communications (DSRC) and Wi-Fi, (ii) coexistence of cellular V2X (C-V2X) and Wi-Fi, and (iii) coexistence of 5G New Radio Unlicensed (5G NR-U) and Wi-Fi. The former two scenarios involve the coexistence of Wi-Fi with a vehicular communication technology (DSRC or C-V2X). These scenarios arose due to considerations in the US and Europe to allow Wi-Fi operations (on an unlicensed secondary basis) in the spectrum that was originally reserved for vehicular communications. Our work shows that because DSRC and Wi-Fi are built on top of fundamentally similar protocols, they are, to an extent, compatible with each other, and coexistence between these two technologies can be achieved by relatively simple modifications to the Wi-Fi protocol. However, C-V2X, owing to its inheritance from the cellular LTE, is not compatible with Wi-Fi. Consequently, significant research is required if the two technologies are to share the spectrum. On the other hand, in the coexistence of 5G NR-U and Wi-Fi, we focus on the operations of these two technologies in the 6 GHz bands. NR-U is a technology that is built atop the 5G cellular system, but is designed to operate in the unlicensed bands (in contrast to traditional cellular systems which only operate in licensed bands). Although these two technologies can coexist in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands, we restrict our attention in this dissertation to the 6 GHz bands. This is because the 6 GHz bands are unique in that the entire range of the 6 GHz bands were opened up for unlicensed access all at once recently, and no Wi-Fi or NR-U devices currently operate in these bands. As a result, we can learn from the mistakes made in the 5 GHz bands, where a vast majority of today's Wi-Fi networks operate. Our work shows that, indeed, we can take decisive steps---such as disabling certain Wi-Fi functions---in the 6 GHz bands, which can facilitate better coexistence in the 6 GHz bands. Finally, in the course of identifying and tackling the various coexistence scenarios in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands, we identify some open issues in the performance of new wireless technologies designed to operate in these bands. Specifically, we highlight the need to better understand and characterize the performance of Multi User Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (MU OFDMA), a feature common in cellular networks but newly introduced to Wi-Fi, in the upcoming Wi-Fi 6 generation of devices. We propose and evaluate an analytical model for the same. We also characterize the performance of Multi Link Aggregation---which a novel feature likely to be introduced in future Wi-Fi 7 devices---that is aimed at reducing the worst-case delay experienced by Wi-Fi devices in dense traffic conditions. Additionally, we identify an issue in the performance of the distributed operational mode of C-V2X. We show that packet re-transmissions, which is a feature aimed at improving the performance of C-V2X, can have a counter-productive effect and degrade the C-V2X performance in certain environments. We address this issue by proposing a simple, yet effective, re-transmission control mechanism.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os resultados da triagem auditiva neonatal podem ser afetados por condições transientes no meato acústico externo e na orelha média. A reflectância de banda larga (RBL) surge como um instrumento de diagnóstico que fornece medidas objetivas do estado da orelha média e pode explicar variações na forma de como a orelha média recebe, absorve e transmite a energia sonora. Dessa forma, a RBL apresenta um grande potencial para a detecção de alterações de orelha média em recém-nascidos. OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação entre as medidas de reflectância da energia de banda larga com as medidas das emissões otoacústicas e as imitanciométricas em recém-nascidos. MÉTODO: Estudo de casos. Para este estudo foram avaliados 77 recém-nascidos (40 do sexo masculino e 37 do feminino) de idades entre 27 e 78h sem riscos para perda auditiva segundo o JCHI (2007), e com emissões otoacústicas presentes por estímulo transiente (EOAT). Foram submetidos ao teste das mediadas de EOAT, da reflectância da energia com os estímulos chirp e tom puro numa faixa de 0.2 a 6 kHz, e da timpanometria e reflexo acústico ipsilateral com as frequências da sonda de 226 e 1000 Hz. Os estímulos ativadores de 1000 e 2000 Hz e ruído de banda larga foram usados no reflexo acústico. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontaram que os recém-nascidos com EAOT presentes revelaram uma configuração de curva da reflectância com característica peculiar da idade, ou seja, baixa reflectância na frequência de 6000 Hz. O timpanograma de curva do tipo A foi obtido em 90,2% das orelhas com a sonda de 1000 Hz, e com a sonda de 226 Hz a maioria (89%) das orelhas apresentaram curva do tipo pico duplo. A configuração da curva 3B/3G foi apresentada em 69,8% das orelhas na sonda de 226 Hz, e as configurações 1B/1G (43%) e 1B/1G S (27%) juntas foram obtidas em 70% das orelhas. Na sonda de 1000 Hz os recém-nascidos avaliados apresentaram 100% de presença dos reflexos acústicos ipsilaterais para estímulos ativadores de 2000 Hz e ruído branco. Não houve diferença significativa entre os resultados do sexo masculino e do feminino. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou que a inter-relação entre o nível de amplitude das EOAT, a configuração timpanométrica B/G e a reflectância apresentou diferenças no comportamento por orelha. Algumas frequências e configurações B/G indicaram uma tendência da diminuição de EOAT com o aumento da reflectância. Dada a equivalência entre os estímulos chirp e tom puro, qualquer um pode ser usado para avaliação da orelha média em recém-nascidos
INTRODUCTION: Newborn hearing screening test outcomes can be influenced by transient conditions in the ear canal and middle ear. Wideband reflectance (WBR) emerges as a diagnostic tool that provides objective measures of the status of the middle ear and can explain variations in how the middle ear receives, absorbs and transmits sound energy. Thus, the WRL has a great potential for the detection of middle ear disorders in newborns. OBJECTIVE: To verify the correlation between wideband reflectance power measurement with otoacoustic emissions and immittance measurement in newborns. METHOD: Case studies. This study evaluated 77 newborns (40 males and 37 females) aged from 27 to 78 hours without risk of hearing loss according to JCHI (2007), and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions present (TEOAE). The newborns underwent the test of TEOAE measurement, the power reflectance using both tone and chirp stimuli from 0.2 to 6 kHz, and 226 and 1000 Hz admittance probe-tone tympanometry and ipsilateral acoustic reflex. The stimuli triggers 1000 and 2000 Hz and broadband noise were used in the acoustic reflex. RESULTS: Results showed that newborns with EAOT present revealed a configuration of the reflectance curve, peculiar feature of the age, i.e., low reflectance in the frequency of 6000 Hz. Single-peaked tympanogram was obtained in 90.2% of ears using a 1000 Hz probe tone, and double-peaked tympanogram was found in 89% of the ears using a 226 Hz probe tone. The 3B/3G tympanograms were found in 69.8% of the ears at 226 Hz probe tone, and the tympanograms 1B/1G (43%) and 1B/1G S (27%) together were obtained in 70% of the ears. In the 1000 Hz probe tone newborns evaluated showed 100% presence of ipsilateral acoustic reflexes to activating stimuli of 2000 Hz and white noise. No significant differences were obtained across gender considering the results of all test evaluated in newborns. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the inter-relationship between the level of TEOAE amplitude, tympanometric configuration B/G and reflectance showed differences according in the ear. Some frequencies and configurations B/G indicated a trend of TEOAE decreasing of TEOAE with reflectance increasing. Given the equivalence between the tone and chirp stimuli, any of them can be used to evaluate the middle ear in newborns

Ce manuscrit présente la conception d'un sondeur de canal de propagation en intérieur de bâtiment en contexte Ultra Large Bande ULB. Le sondeur est basé sur une architecture parallèle en réception composée de circuits cinq ports et d'un réseau d'antennes imprimées LTSA (Linear Tapered Slot Antenna). Le sondeur a été réalisé et testé dans la bande de fréquence ULB (6 to 8. 5 GHz) alloué par l’ETSI. Les mesures réalisées ont permis d'étudier les directions d'arrivée (DOA) ainsi que le temps d'arrivée des ondes correspondantes aux multi trajets à l’intérieur d’un bâtiment. L'association de la technique cinq-port et de la méthode d’estimation MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) permet d'avoir un sondeur à faible coût de réalisation et à haute précision d’estimation. Plusieurs scénarios de propagation sont traités dans le manuscrit que se soit en condition de visibilité (LOS) ou de non visibilité (NLOS)
This PhD thesis presents the design of a channel sounder for the propagation of UWB signals in indoor environment. The sounder is based on a parallel architecture in reception composed of five ports circuit and an array of printed antennas LTSA (Linear Tapered Slot Antenna). The sounder has been realized and tested in the UWB frequency band (6 to 8. 5 GHz) allocated by ETSI. The measurements were used to examine the directions of arrival (DOA) and time of arrival of waves corresponding to multipath inside of a building. The combination of the five-port technique and the method of estimation MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) allows a sounder low production cost and high accuracy of estimation. Several propagation scenarios are discussed in the PhD thesis that will be provided in Line Of Sight (LOS) or No Line Of Sight (NLOS)

Cette thèse présente l’utilisation innovante du signal Unequally Spaced Multi-Tones (USMT) dans la mesure de linéarité des transmetteurs de télécommunications (5G). Ce signal offre une nouvelle perspective permettant la caractérisation des formes d’ondes réelles en utilisant un signal avec un nombre de tons très réduit, se comportant comme une extension de la caractérisation 2-tons. Ce signal est simple à mettre en oeuvre, à mesurer et à analyser. Il nécessite des moyens peu onéreux, (générateur de signaux arbitraires, analyseur de spectre). Il peut s’utiliser à différent niveau de l’industrie : de la fabrication (wafer) jusqu’à la ligne de production, en passant par les transistors packagés. Cette thèse a démontré la faisabilité d’un banc automatique de mesures multi-tons, utilisant ce signal USMT, pour la caractérisation load-pull (passif et actif ) de transmetteurs de télécommunications. La maîtrise de cette technique de mesure des non-linéarités représente un avantage concurrentiel à tous les niveaux de la conception du front-end radio fréquence et un gain financier indéniable
This manuscript describes an innovative use of the Unequally Spaced Multi-Tones test signal to achieve linearity characterization of telecommunication transmitter (5G). This signal offers new perspectives of characterization using real waveform involving a reduce number of tone test signal, which in turn behaves as an extension of the 2- tone characterization. This innovative test signal is easy to generate, to measure and to analyze. It required not particular expensive hardware to be generated (arbitrary waveform generator, spectrum analyzer). It is particularly interesting for production line testing, from on-wafer measurements up to radiofrequency front-end, passing through packaged transistor. This thesis demonstrated the feasability of automation of multitone measurement, using this particular USMT signal, for load-pull measurement (passive and active) of telecommunications transmitters. Managing this measurement technics represents a competitive advantage at all levels of the radio frequency front-end design and an undeniable financial gain

Cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation d’un concept d’accéléromètre thermique à convection, pour la mesure d’accélération supérieure à 10 000 g. Les travaux que j’ai développé m’ont permis de réaliser à partir d’un concept innovant, un accéléromètre permettant de mesurer des accélérations de plus de 10 000 g avec une bande passante supérieure à 5 kHz.Cet accéléromètre est en totale rupture technologique avec les dispositifs actuellement commercialisé, car il utilise une masse d’air chauffé comme élément sensible, et non pas une masse sismique solide. Cette caractéristique le rend bien plus robuste et apte à endurer des conditions environnementales sévères.Le déroulement de mon travail a consisté à étudier le modèle comportemental des phénomènes thermiques qui assurent le fonctionnement du dispositif, afin d’en déduire les différents paramètres permettant de l’adapter à la mesure de fortes accélérations. En parallèle, une étude mécanique a été entreprise afin de prévoir une éventuelle défaillance ou influence de ces niveaux d’accélération sur le bon fonctionnement du capteur. Puis l’accéléromètre a été testé en conditions réelles afin de valider ses performances, ainsi que le concept d’un accéléromètre thermique à haute étendue de mesure
This PhD thesis deals with the adaptation of a thermal convective accelerometer concept, for the acceleration measurement greater than 10 000 g. The work that I developed allowed me to realize from an innovative concept, an accelerometer able to measure accelerations values upper than 10 000 g with a bandwidth greater than 5 kHz.This accelerometer is totally different from the current marketed devices because it uses a heated air mass as a sensitive element, and not a solid seismic mass. This feature makes it much more robust and able to withstand severe environmental conditions.The course of my work consisted in studying the behavioral model of the thermal phenomena that ensure the functioning of the device, in order to deduce the different parameters allowing to adapt it to the measurement of strong accelerations. In parallel, a mechanical study was undertaken to predict a possible failure or influence of these acceleration levels on the proper functioning of the sensor. Then the accelerometer was tested under real conditions to validate its performance, as well as the concept of a thermal accelerometer with a large measurement range

Introdução: O diagnóstico da esclerose múltipla (EM) embora seja clínico, se completa com os resultados de imagem de ressonância magnética, somados ainda com a análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), que se constituem em ferramentas indispensáveis. A presença das bandas oligoclonais (BOC) no LCR faz parte do estudo da EM, assim como auxilio no diagnóstico. Existem grandes variações quanto à frequência de BOC em pacientes com EM nas diferentes populações, desde 90% em países nórdicos europeus, até 30 a 60% no Japão, China, Índia e Líbano. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de estabelecer o valor da análise do LCR para o diagnóstico da EM em nossa população, com ênfase na pesquisa de BOC. O estudo também objetiva correlacionar os resultados destas análises com as características clínicas e demográficas da amostra selecionada. Casuística e Métodos: Foram estudados 145 pacientes selecionados do Centro de Referência de Doenças Desmielinizantes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Universidade de São Paulo, no período de agosto de 2005 a janeiro de 2008. Foram registrados para o estudo os dados demográficos, clínicos e da evolução da doença. O diagnóstico da EM foi estabelecido segundo o painel internacional de McDonald, revisado em 2005. A técnica utilizada para a pesquisa de BOC foi a focalização isoelétrica, seguida do immunoblotting, simultaneamente no LCR e no soro sanguíneo. Os resultados desta análise não foram utilizados para estabelecer o diagnóstico, ou para incluir pacientes na casuística da pesquisa. O grupo controle foi selecionado entre aqueles que se submeteram à anestesia raquidiana para cirurgias de pequeno porte. Resultados: Apresentaram BOC: 54,4% dos 90 pacientes com EM; 31,2% dos 16 pacientes com síndrome clínica isolada; 17,9% dos 39 pacientes com doenças neurológicas inflamatórias. No grupo controle, os 19 pacientes não apresentaram BOC. A sensibilidade das BOC foi calculada em 54,4%. A especificidade foi de 100% quando comparado ao grupo controle. Quando comparado com o grupo de pacientes com doenças neurológicas inflamatórias, a especificidade foi de 82,1%. Nos pacientes que se autodeclaram de cor parda ou preta, a frequência de BOC foi maior, com significância na borda do nível de significância de 5% (p=0,0518). Quanto aos aspectos clínicos evolutivos foi constatada maior presença de BOC nas formas progressivas recorrentes (100%); seguida da forma primariamente progressiva (87,5%); secundariamente progressiva (54,5%) e forma remitente recorrente (44,3%). A homogeneidade das BOC segundo as formas clínicas foi significante (p=0,0103), ao nível de significância de 5%. Conclusões: Este trabalho demonstra que a frequência de BOC em pacientes com EM foi de 54,4%, sendo menor que em outras séries mundiais. Estes resultados também não confirmam aqueles obtidos em estudos brasileiros prévios. A etnia e as formas de evolução clínica da doença influenciaram com significância na frequência de aparecimento das BOC. A baixa frequência das BOC no LCR de pacientes com EM pode ser decorrente de fatores associados à baixa e média prevalência da doença nesta região.
Introduction: The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) although clinical, is rounded out with the results of magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to an analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which form a set of indispensible tools. The presence of oligoclonal bands (OCB) in the CSF is used in the study and for the diagnosis of MS. The frequency of OCB in MS patients varies widely in different populations, ranging from 90% in Nordic countries, to 30 to 60% in Japan, China, India and Lebanon. The objective of the present study is to establish a reference value for the analysis of CSF for the diagnosis of MS in our population, with an emphasis on the study of OCB. A further objective of the study is to correlate the results of these analyses with the clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample selected. Methods: The sample was composed of 145 patients selected from the Demyelinating Diseases Reference Center of the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo, from August 2005 to January 2008. Records containing demographic, clinical and disease progression were used for the study. The diagnosis of MS was established according to 2005 Revisions of the McDonald Criteria. To detect OCB, isoelectric focusing was employed, followed by immunoblotting, simultaneously in both the CSF and blood serum. The results of this analysis were not used to establish the diagnosis or to include patients in the study sample. The control group was selected from those who were submitted to spinal tap for anesthesia in minor surgery. Results: OCB were found in 54.4% of the 90 patients with MS, 31.2% of the 16 patients with isolated clinical syndrome, and 17.9% of the 39 patients with inflammatory neurological diseases. In the control group, 19 patients did not present OCB. The sensitivity of OCB was calculated to be 54.4%. The specificity was 100% when compared to the control group. When compared with the group of patients with inflammatory neurological diseases, the specificity was 82.1%. For the patients who classified themselves as colored or black, the frequency of OCB was higher, with borderline significance using a significance level of 5% (p=0.0518). With regard to clinical evolution of MS, the highest presence of OCB was found in the relapsing progressive types (100%); followed by the primary progressive type (87.5%); secondary progressive type (54.5%); and relapsing remitting type (44.3%). The homogeneity of the OCB in relation to the clinical types was significant (p=0.0103), at a significance level of 5%. Conclusions: This study shows that the frequency of OCB in patients with MS was 54.4%, lower than the findings of other worldwide series. Moreover, these results do not confirm those obtained in other Brazilian studies. Race and clinical progression of the disease influenced, in a statistically significant manner, the frequency of the presence of OCB. The low frequency of OCB in the CSF of patients with MS may be the result of factors associated with the low and medium prevalence of this disease in this region.

Resumo: Bacillus thuringiensis é uma bactéria gram-positiva e possui habilidade de produzir proteínas denominadas Cry ou delta-endotoxinas, durante a fase de esporulação. Estas proteínas são utilizadas no controle biológico de várias ordens de insetos. No entanto, pouco se conhece a respeito das vias metabólicas envolvidas na produção dessas proteínas, por exemplo, na natureza, é possível encontrar isolados que produzem grande quantidade de proteínas Cry, como também é possível encontrar outros isolados que produzem poucas quantidades. Considerando que essa diferença é devida a uma regulação gênica diferenciada entre isolados, a identificação dessa regulação pode levar a um incremento na produção de proteínas. Neste trabalho, foram analisados 10 clones mutantes comparados com o isolado selvagem (Bt1) quanto à mortalidade de lagartas neonatas de Spodoptera frugiperda considerando também a quantidade de proteínas Cry produzidas por estes mutantes. Os resultados demonstram que dois clones identificados como B9 e E2, demonstraram um bom controle dessas lagartas, mesmo aquelas que permaneceram vivas, ocorreu um atraso em seu desenvolvimento. Quanto à produção de proteínas, os clones apresentaram perfil protéico entre ~45 kDa e ~120 kDa, perfil característico encontrado entre estirpes ativas contra Lepidópteros. No entanto, os clones que apresentaram bons níveis de mortalidade (B9 e E2) mostraram somente a banda de ~65 kDa similar ao isolado selvagem, que pode ser a responsável pela sua ação inseticida. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a possibilidade de efetuar melhoramento genético em B. thuringiensis por meio de mutagênese mediada por transposon e abre caminho para o estudo das vias metabólicas envolvidas na produção de proteínas Cry.
Abstract: Bacillus is a gram-positive bacterium and produces internal crystal inclusions named crystal (Cry) proteins or d - endotoxins during the sporulation phase. These proteins as used to control several agriculture insect pests. However little is known concerning the metabolic pathways involved in the production of these proteins. For example, in nature, it is possible to find isolates that produce large quantities of the Cry proteins as well as it is possible to find ones that produce limited quantities. Since such difference might be related to gene regulation the identification of regulation factors found in these isolated should lead to an increment on the crystal protein production found in isolated naturally exhibiting lower production. In this work, ten mutant clones were analyzed compared to the wild type (Bt1) with respect to Spodoptera frugiperda neonatal larvae mortality considering also the amount of crystal protein produced by these mutants. The results have demonstrated that two mutant clones named B9 and E2 have produced strong control of these larvae; while at the same time eliciting a delay on the development of the ones that eventually did not dye at first. As for the Cry protein content, the cloned presented a protein profile ranging from ~45 kDa to ~120 kDa which is typical of Cry proteins acting on lepidopterans. The clones that have shown good mortality levels (B9 and E2) have exhibited only a protein band with ~65 kDa, similar to the one produced by the wild type strain, which might be related to its control activity. Finally, the results obtained seem to lead to the possibility of improving genetically B. thuringiensis using mutagenesis induced by transposon and at the same time might pave the way to the shed light on the study of metabolic pathways involved in the Cry proteins production.
Orientador: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos
Coorientador: Marcelo Luiz de Laia
Banca: Janete Apparecida Desidério Sena
Banca: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva
Mestre