Journal articles on the topic 'Bandai Golf'

ABSTRACTCharacteristic of Nematodes Community at PGS Golf Course Bandar Lampung. Golf course is a unique ecosystem where plant parasitic nematodes inhabit and become important pest because they reduce the quality of the grass. The pest problems on golf course can be indicated by its characteristics of nematode community. Survey on nematodes community at PGS Golf Course Bandar Lampung was conducted from March to December 2004. The objective was to study the characteristics of nematode community in the part of golf courses hole (green, collar, apron, and fairway). Soil samples were taken from five holes each of it consists of green, collar, apron, and fairway, respectiveley. Nematodes extraction was done in Laboratory of Arthropod Pest, Department of Plant Protection University of Lampung. The result showed that at least 50 nematodes genera of 28 families inhabit PGS. The number of plant parasitic nematode genera was higher than the free-living one. The characteristic of nematodes community on green and collar was different than on faiway. Nematode abundance and diversity on green and collar were higher than on fairway. Based on abundance of nematode feeding group, maturity index of free-living nematodes (MI) and that of plant parasitic nematodes (PPI), green and collar part seemed to be more favorable to plant parasitic nematodes than free-living nematodes. The contrary happened for fairway. Four most dominant genera of plant parasitic nematodes on PGS golf course were Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Criconemella, and Xiphinema.

Apesar da grande produção de quartzo em Minas Gerais, pouco é conhecido sobre a influência do ambiente geológico na geração das variedades coloridas através de tratamento. Sabe-se que a irradiação gama, seguida ou não de aquecimento, conduz à formação de cores, tais como acontece com a ametista, prasiolita, green gold, beer, cognac, whisky e champagne. Amostras de ambientes hidrotermal e pegmatítico foram submetidas a ensaios por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e irradiação gama seguida ou não de tratamento térmico. Os espectros obtidos por FTIR mostram bandas correlacionadas a elementos dopantes, os quais indicam o potencial da amostra pelo aparecimento de cor e permitem determinar as doses que serão aplicadas na irradiação gama e as temperaturas que serão utilizadas no tratamento térmico. Os resultados dos ensaios mostraram que quartzo de ambiente hidrotermal com valores anômalos de ferro, com banda FTIR a 3.585cm-1, fator fa > 3,3 e área entre 400 e 600u.a*cm-1, poderá desenvolver a cor violeta; quartzo com anomalias de lítio na estrutura do cristal derivado de núcleo de pegmatitos altamente diferenciados ricos em minerais de lítio apresentando banda FTIR a 3.485cm-1, fator fLi > 2,0 e irradiado com doses de 65 a 400kGy pode desenvolver cores amarelo-esverdeadas a acastanhadas. É possível concluir que ametista e prasiolita são produzidas de quartzo de ambiente hidrotermal, enquanto variedades gemológicas raras, tais como green gold, beer, cognac, whisky e champagne são produzidas de quartzo de pegmatitos altamente diferenciados, que contêm minerais de lítio.

Jumlah pergerakan pesawat pada suatu Bandar udara yang mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya akan mempengaruhi pelayanan baik kepada perusahaan penerbangan maupun kepada penumpang. Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin Makassar memiliki Runway 03-21 dengan exit taxiway Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf dan Hotel. Taxiway ini berfungsi agar pesawat cepat meninggalkan run way Ke lima model exit taxiway tersebut Echo, Foxtrot dan Hotel tegak lurus dengan runway sehingga membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dibandingkan Echo dan Golf model rapid exit taxiway. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menghitung rata-rata taxi holding time di taxiway hotel. Metode penelitian mengambil sampel jumlah pesawat yang mengalami taxing holding time. Disarankan Percepatan pembangunan atau rekonstruksi taxiway exit Taxiway Echo dengan model rapid exit taxiway.

Jumlah pergerakan pesawat pada suatu Bandar udara yang mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya akan mempengaruhi pelayanan baik kepada perusahaan penerbangan maupun kepada penumpang. Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin Makassar memiliki Runway 03-21 dengan exit taxiway Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf dan Hotel. Taxiway ini berfungsi agar pesawat cepat meninggalkan run way Ke lima model exit taxiway tersebut Echo, Foxtrot dan Hotel tegak lurus dengan runway sehingga membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dibandingkan Echo dan Golf model rapid exit taxiway. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menghitung rata-rata taxi holding time di taxiway hotel. Metode penelitian mengambil sampel jumlah pesawat yang mengalami taxing holding time. Disarankan Percepatan pembangunan atau rekonstruksi taxiway exit Taxiway Echo dengan model rapid exit taxiway.

Medical team GOLF departed Melbourne on Australia Day bound for Banda Aceh. This was an AusAID initiative coordinated by Emergency Management Australia (EMA). The group of 24 was the seventh Australian government team sent to tsunami devastated areas. The team consisted of surgeons, anaesthetists, nursing staff, paramedics, environmental and public health experts and a laboratory team, comprising Dr Geoff Hogg (pathologist), Kay Withnall and myself. Our brief was to provide public health and medical support to communities affected by the tsunami, to coordinate with other agencies and to support local health authorities.

The two Archaean greenstone belts (Bandas and Bogoin) in the Central African Republic (Equatorial Africa) are 250 and 150 km long. The metavolcanic rocks in the belts are predominantly komatiitic and tholeiitic basalts. Komatiites include both Al-depleted and Al-undepleted types. The komatiites and light-REE-depleted tholeiites were probably derived from a similar upper mantle source. However, the tholeiitic basalts enriched in light REE from the upper volcanic strata of the Bandas belt were generated from a different source. The dolerites from Proterozoic dyke swarms and sills differ from the basalts mainly in their abundances and ratios of several incompatible elements such as K, Rb, Th, and light REE. They were derived from a distinct, incompatible-element-enriched upper mantle source.The average background gold levels in the Bandas belt and dolerite dyke swarms are comparable to those in equivalent rocks from North America. The exception is the Bogoin greenstone belt, which has anomalously high gold abundances.

Soekarno-Hatta Airport is one of the Indonesian International airport located in the city of Tangerang with the top 20 busiest from 2010 to 2017 in the world, the area of facilities supporting the activities of Soekarno Hatta Airport which is set on Plan layout of Tangerang City area and plan Detail layout of urban area airport.The airport support area is an area that has facilities that directly and indirectly support airport activities, such as air aircraft workshop facilities, warehousing, sports, lodging, shops, restaurants, Golf courses, green open spaces, parking, leisure, and offices.But the Area that has been designated as a supporting facility does not work properly and maximally, so it needs to be rearranged to function properly.The authors use 5 methods of analysis, namely policy analysis, best practice, Location & site, market, and the need for space to produce a proposal to plan the arrangement of area facilities supporting Soekarno Hatta Airport with an Airport Oriented approach Activities.AbstrakBandara Soekarno Hatta adalah salah satu Bandara International Indonesia yang terletak di Kota Tangerang dengan peringkat 20 besar tersibuk sejak tahun 2010 hingga 2017 di dunia, area fasilitas penunjang aktivitas Bandara Soekarno Hatta yang ditetapkan pada Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Tangerang dan Rencana Detail Tata Ruang Bagian Wilayah Perkotaan Bandara. Area fasilitas penunjang bandar udara adalah area yang memiliki fasilitas-fasilitas yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung menunjang kegiatan bandar udara, seperti fasilitas perbengkelan pesawat udara, pergudangan, olah raga, penginapan, toko, restoran, lapangan golf, ruang terbuka hijau, perparkiran, rekreasi, dan perkantoran. Namun Area yang telah ditetapkan sebagai fasilitas penunjang tidak berfungsi dengan seharusnya dan maksimal, sehingga perlu dilakukan penataan kembali agar bisa berfungsi dengan semestinya. Penulis menggunakan 5 metode analisis, yaitu analisis kebijakan, best practice, lokasi & tapak, pasar, dan kebutuhan ruang untuk menghasilkan usulan rencana penataan area fasilitas penunjang Bandara Soekarno Hatta dengan pendekatan Airport Oriented Activities.

Siete componentes de la banda semidiurna y seis de la diurna de la marea superficial del Golfo de California, que abarcan un rango de energías de cinco órdenes de magnitud, se estudian mediante un modelo lineal unidimensional. Los resultados muestran un excelente ajuste a las observaciones en 19 o menos estaciones. El modelo explica un 99% de la varianza temporal total para la mayoría de las componentes y un 90% en los casos de mayor discrepancia. La mayor diferencia entre las observaciones y los resultados del modelo se encuentra en las fases de la banda diurna en general y de la semidiurna en la cuenca de Guaymas. Es probable que el coeficiente linealizado de fricción que proporcional el mejor ajuste, sea demasiado grande, lo que señala la necesidad de formular parametrizaciones no uniformes de la fricción lineal.

Enforcement of jinayat law against organizers and providers of facilities / places that can occur Maisir (gambling) in the city of Banda Aceh is currently not in accordance with applicable regulations as stated in Article 20 of Qanun Number 6 of 2014 on Jinayat Law, namely "Every person who intentionally organizes, provides facilities, or finances to Jarimah Maisir (gambling) as referred in Article 18 and Article 19 of the Qanun is threatened with 'Uqubat Ta'zir (caning) at most 45 (forty five) times and/or a maximum fine of 450 (four hundred fifty) grams of pure gold and/or imprisonment of no longer than 45 (forty five) months”. Thereare several things that need to be considered by Banda Aceh City governmentrelated to the implementation of the Jinayat Law in Aceh, namely optimizing theapplication of caning, as well as increasing community participation in theenforcement of Islamic Sharia.

The Tumpangpitu high sulfidation (HS) epithermal gold deposit is located in the south coast of East Java, Banyuwangi District, East Java Province, Indonesia. This area lies within the central portion of the Cenozoic Sunda‐Banda magmatic arc which trends southeast from northern Sumatra to west Java then eastward through east Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa and terminating at Banda sea. The geology of the Tumpangpitu is predominantly occupied by Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene low-K calc-alkaline to alkaline andesitic volcanic rocks and interbedded with volcaniclastic rock sequences, which are associated with low-K intermediate intrusions. The mineralization style at the Tumpangpitu area is composed of a high‐sulfidation (HS) epithermal gold-copper system which is typically associated with concealed gold-rich porphyry copper system. The HS epithermal mineralization is hosted by volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in this research area. The mineralization domains are divided into Zone A, Zone B and Zone C which are situated along NW-SE-trending silica ledges zones. The HS epithermal mineralization is texturally occurs as vuggy replacements mineralization as well as stockworks, disseminated forms, fractures and veins. Fluid inclusion study was conducted for 6 quartz vein samples which petrographically entrapped fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperature (Th) and melting temperature (Tm) can microthermometrically be determined by fluid inclusion analysis. The average homogenization temperature (Th) of the fluid inclusions gives 180˚C to 342˚C and melting temperature are from -0.1 ˚C to -1.4˚C. Tm corresponds to the salinities ranging from 0.1 to 4.5 wt% NaCl equivalent. The paleodepth of ore formation can be estimated from the salinity of fluid. Since the deposit was not formed at boiling condition, the minimum paleodepth of ore (quartz) samples taken from both shallow level (53.35 m) and deep level (135.15 m) is determined at 650m and 1,220 m, respectively. The microthermometric data point out that the Tumpangpitu deposit formed at moderate temperature and low salinity by magmatic fluid mixing and dilution by meteoric water during the hydrothermal fluid evolution. On the basis of the fluid inclusion microthermometric data and its other key characteristics, the Tumpangpitu gold mineralization shares some similarities compared to other typical HS-epithermal gold deposits worlwide although it also shares few differences.

Western Java is a part of the Sunda Banda magmatic belt. This belt is well known to be host for several gold deposits in Indonesia, the distribution of 107 Au occurrences in this area was examined in terms of spatial association with various geological phenomena. The goal of this project is to use GIS to conduct weights of evidence (WofE) model for gold mineralization in West Java, Indonesia. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data and weight of evidence method is one of the most important datadriven methods for mapping in GIS. The method is a probability based on technique for mapping mineral potential using the spatial distribution of known mineral occurrences. Therefore this method is very useful for gold potential mapping. There are six evidences maps such as NE–SW lineaments NW–SE Lineament, host rocks, heat sources, clay alteration and limonitic alteration, have been combined using a weights of evidence model to predict gold potential in West Java. The best predictive map generated by this method defines 21.62% (9902 km) of study area as favourable zones for gold mineralization further exploration work. It predicts correctly 74 (92.5%) of the 80 model deposits and predicts correctly 26 (96.35%) of the 27 validation deposits, has 6 main 2 prospective target for future exploration are located in Bayah Dome, southern mountain, Honjie Igneous Complex and Bogor zone, Purwakarta. Bayah Dome is highest potential area for gold deposit like Gunung Pongor, Cikidang, Cirotan, Ciawitali, Cikotok destricts and other deposits. The potential area of Au occurrences in research area is associated with NE–SW and NW–SE structure/ lineaments, dominated surrounding the Tertiary intrusive rock unit and hosted in Miocene to Pleistocene lithology rock unit.

Novel Coronavirus 2019 or as known as COVID-19 is a new disease that caused of Severe Acute Respiarory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which found in Wuhan, China at the end of the year, 2019. Beside of the clinical characteristics based on mild until severed of the illness such as fever, cough, loss of smelling until decrease of lungs perfussion, another of physical examination is required such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) which can be a gold standard for COVID-19 examination and Chest X-ray examination. The purpose of this research is to determine the correlation between of chest x-ray imaging with clinical characteristic of COVID-19 patients in COVID-19 referral hospital of Bandar lampung on periode March 2020 – September 2020. The type of this research is descriptive analytics with cross sectional method. The technical of collecting the sample is purposive sampling. The analytical data that used is univariate to show the distribution of frequency of the patients and bivariate (used Sprearman) to show the correlate and the strength of the research in COVID-19 patients in COVID-19 referral hospital Bandar lampung on periode March 2020 – September 2020. The result showed the significant correlation between clinical characteristic of COVID-19 patients with chest x-ray imaging with the p-Value 0.00 (p < 0.01) and the correlation strength is 0.948 which mean there was a strongest correlation between of both variables and the score is shown the positive way that mean both of the variables is one way which affect each other. From the result of the research we can conclude that more severed the clinical characteristic from COVID-19 patients, so more worse of chest x-ray imaging can be found.

En el presente artículo se muestra la elaboración de un modelo empírico aplicado a las imágenes MODIS MYD09 y MOD09 con base en muestras in situ de sólidos suspendidos totales (TSS) que se tomaron en las aguas del golfo de Urabá (Colombia) entre 2011 y 2015. Se analizó la variabilidad espacial y temporal a escala anual y mensual de los sedimentos, lo que mostró una diferencia marcada durante las dos temporadas climáticas (de lluvia y sequia), en la concentración y en la dirección de la pluma de sedimentación. El mejor modelo aplicado sobre las imágenes para la recuperación de los tss es la forma funcional polinómica de grado 3 que relaciona la sedimentación con la reflectancia de la banda 2, aplicadas en las imágenes MYD09. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos hay valores promedio anuales superiores a los 100mgL-1 en la bahía El Rotico, debido a los aportes dados por el río Atrato en la boca El Roto y de concentración alta de sedimentos en bahía Colombia durante el primer trimestre del año, sobre todo por la dirección de los vientos (≈150 mgL-1). La investigación permite mostrar las bondades del tratamiento digital de imágenes para recuperar la sedimentación a partir de datos de color del océano, con el propósito de obtener resultados pertinentes que ayuden a realizar un análisis de los flujos de sedimentación en el interior del golfo, sobre todo porque se constituye en un lugar de importancia ecológica por su gran biodiversidad marina y donde el conocimiento de la dinámica y concentración de los sedimentos es escaso.

ntroducción: una de las amenazas actuales para los arrecifes de coral es la pérdida de cobertura de coral vivo. La depredación masiva asociada con los brotes poblaciones de la estrella corona de espinas, amenaza la permanencia de los arrecifes. Desde 2017, ha habido evidencia de un incremento en la densidad de el asteroideo y de un incremento en la mortalidad coralina en el sur del golfo de California. Objetivo: describir el primer evento de depredación sobre corales por Acanthaster planci en la isla Espíritu Santo, golfo de California, México. Métodos: visitamos el arrecife El Corralito nueve veces entre 2017 y 2019, realizando censos visuales en transectos errantes y de banda (25 x 3m) para determinar la densidad de la estrella, su comportamiento y daño. Monitoreamos la depredación sobre las colonias de Pavona gigantea durante siete meses. Resultados: la densidad promedio de individuos en El Corralito en 2018-19 fue 607.40 ind/ha. La depredación del asteoroideo fue evidente en más del 60% de los individuos diagnosticados (N=827), con las afectaciones más grandes en las colonias de P. gigantea (80%). El 63% de los 129 de los individuos del asteroideo observados estaban alimentándose principalmente sobre Porites panamensis (68% de los casos). Las lesiones agudas indican que el evento de depredación está activo. En 81 días, se perdieron 25m 2 de una de las colonias monitoreadas. Conclusiones: Existe un evento de brote poblacional activo con consecuencias negativas significativas sobre el arrecife El Corralito, el cual puede ocasionar pérdida de cobertura de coral en pocos meses. El monitoreo y el manejo son necesarios para establecer las razones que llevaron a brote poblacional y para controlarlo.

The existence of gold mining activities in mailil river can disrupt the stability of the ecosystem, fishing by using toxins, which may result in a decrease in fish populations in the river mailil. This study aims to obtain information related to biological and ecological aspects (Barbonymus gonionotus) in river Mailil, Village. This study was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021. The locations for sampling were determined based on information from the local community in Bandar Kumbul Village. Samples were caught using nets, traps, and nets Sampling was conducted from 09:00 am to 03:00 pm. The biological aspect being measured was the length-weight relationship of the fish using the linear allometric model (LAM). Meanwhile, the ecological aspect being measured was the condition factor using Fulton’s K equation and relative weight (Wr) equation. In this study, 54 silver barbs (B. gonionotus) were successfully caught as samples. The results of the length-weight relationship analysis indicated a negative allometric relationship with the value of b = 0.52 (b < 3). Furthermore, the value of Fulton’s K condition factor was 27.75, while the value of relative weight (Wr) condition factor was 100.07. These results indicated that river Mailil as an ecosystem and habitat of silver barbs is in the balance condition.Keywords: Length-weight relationship, Barbonymus gonionotus, aek mailil

Los bancos arrecifales sumergidos funcionan como áreas de reserva de germoplasma, debido a su riqueza y abundancia de especies, lo que favorece el desarrollo de biomasa en arrecifes emergentes vecinos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue establecer la comunidad de peces del arrecife Palo SecoVeracrz, México, y su relación con los grupos morfofuncionales que caracterizan al sustrato. Se efectuaron 117 censos visuales con equipo de buceo SCUBA (63 censos aleatorios y 54 transectos en banda) durante los veranos de 2013 y 2016, para determinar la estructura de la comunidad de peces (composición, riqueza, abundancia, biomasa y gremios tróficos) y caracterizar el sustrato, usando los grupos morfofuncionales (GMF) a partir de fototransectos. Las relaciones entre los peces y el sustrato se determinaron mediante un análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC). La ictiofauna de Palo Seco estuvo compuesta por 109 especies, incluyendo 2 invasoras (Pterois volitans y Neopomacentrus cyanomos), y 3 endémicas de Veracruz (Elacatinus jarocho, Hypoplectrus atlahua e Hypoplectrus castroaguirrei). Halichoeres burekae, Coryphopterus hyalinus y los juveniles de Haemulon aurolineatum fueron las especies más abundantes, mientras que, Sphyraena barracuda, Anisotremus virginicus y Megalops atlanticus dominaron en biomasa. El gremio de los zooplanctívoros fue el más abundante (83.35 %) contrastando con la proporción de herbívoros (1.24 %). Los piscívoros presentaron la mayor biomasa (28.89 %), seguidos de los carnívoros generalistas (28.22 %). El sustrato del arrecife se caracterizó por nueve grupos morfofuncionales. En el ACC se observó un gradiente de los GMF y de la profundidad que se relacionaron con algunas especies de peces y con algunos gremios tróficos. La comunidad ictiológica del arrecife Palo Seco en general, se parece a las comunidades de peces de otros arrecifes veracruzanos, pero su riqueza y abundancia responde a las condiciones locales. El parecido sugiere una posible conectividad regional y resalta su importancia para la conservación.

La serie televisiva Mad Men (Mathew Weiner, 2007-2015) está ambientada en la década de 1960 en Nueva York y versa principalmente sobre el universo de la publicidad. Su banda sonora, de gran riqueza y variedad, contiene tanto temas compuestos ad hoc, como otros preexistentes. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las interacciones que se establecen entre imagen y música en la primera temporada de la serie empleando la metodología de análisis textual. Examinaremos su mundo sonoro, así como las sensaciones que produce para explicitar la experiencia de los espectadores. Con este fin, diseccionaremos diferentes escenas de la primera temporada en las que suenan temas musicales característicos de este texto audiovisual. En primer lugar, nos centraremos en los procesos creativos desarrollados por el compositor David Carbonara y la supervisora musical Alexandra Patsavas, responsables de la música de Mad Men. En segundo lugar, analizaremos distintas escenas en las que suenan los siguientes temas: «A Beautiful Mine» (RJD2, 2006); «Band of Gold» (Don Cherry, 1955); «On The Street Where You Live» (Vic Damone, 1956); «P.S. I Love You» (Bobby Vinton, 1967); «The Great Divide» (The Cardigans, 1996); «Água de beber» (Astrud Gilberto y Antonio Carlos Jobim, 1965); «Mad Men Suite» (David Carbonara, 2007); y «Don’t Think Twice, It’s All Right» (Bob Dylan, 1963). Por último, en las conclusiones expondremos cómo interactúa la música con las siguientes dimensiones del texto audiovisual: elementos formales de la serie; narrativa; y precisión histórica.

INTRODUCCIÓN: normalmente existen colaterales entre el sistema venoso portal y la circulación sistémica. En circunstancias normales el flujo se dirige desde las colaterales hasta la porta; sin embargo, ante la presencia de hipertensión portal este se invierte dando lugar a la aparición de várices esofagogástricas. El gold estándar para el diagnóstico es la endoscópica digestiva y todo paciente con cirrosis debe realizarse el procedimiento dentro de los 12 meses siguientes al diagnóstico de cirrosis y en un período no superior a 3 meses, si presenta una cirrosis descompensada. Las várices se clasifican como pequeñas (< 5 mm) o grandes (> 5 mm) en función del tamaño, debe reportarse la presencia de puntos rojos en su pared, puesto que esta información, además del cálculo del Child Pugh Turcotte, es indispensable para la estratificación del riesgo y la definición de la necesidad en el uso de profilaxis frente a las hemorragias varicosas.Los betabloqueantes no selectivos, y la ligadura endoscópica con bandas son los dos tratamientos actualmente aceptados para la prevención de la hemorragia varicosa. La elección de cada método dependerá de las características del paciente y de los recursos disponibles. Durante la hemorragia aguda el tratamiento está dirigido a la restitución de la volemia, la prevención de las complicaciones y el uso de vasoconstrictores asplácnicosque disminuyan el flujo de las colaterales portosistémicas. En los casos de hemorragia refractaria la derivación portosistémica intrahepática (DPPI) y los shunt portosistémicos quirúrgicos pueden ser de utilidad, pero su uso es limitado dado que estos tratamientos solo se encuentran disponibles en centros hospitalarios de alta complejidad. Rev.cienc. biomed. 2015;6(2):381-389

Los procesos de escorrentía de las cuencas de drenaje hacia los mares costeros afectan de manera significativa las propiedades ópticas de sus aguas, y tienen implicaciones importantes en términos de aporte de nutrientes a la zona eufótica. En este trabajo se analizan datos de precipitación diaria en las cuencas que drenan al Golfo de California durante 2004-2008, ubicando las desembocaduras de sus ríos activadas por procesos de escorrentía en periodos específicos. Esta acotación espacio-temporal sitúa la selección de bandas de imágenes MODIS-Aqua nivel 1B, a las que se aplican algoritmos para detectar el material suspendido total (MST) integrado en la capa superficial del mar. De la precipitación total en estas cuencas en el periodo de estudio, el porcentaje de contribución de cada año (2004-2008) fue del 32, 14, 18, 16 y 20% respectivamente. Consecuentemente, durante el verano de 2004 los efectos de las escorrentías fueron más evidentes en las imágenes de MST. Los resultados muestran plumas de material suspendido asociadas a las desembocaduras de los principales ríos del margen continental, algunas de las cuales alcanzan distancias de ~60-100 km desde la costa. Destaca una pluma detectada en agosto de 2004, con una cobertura de 44,000 km2, extendiéndose a ~300 km de la costa de Nayarit, área cercana a las desembocaduras de los Ríos Acaponeta, San Pedro, Santiago y Ameca. En general, la distribución de estas plumas es controlada por la circulación de mesoescala, siendo relevante el efecto combinado de giros anticiclónicos al norte de las desembocaduras y ciclónicos al sur de las mismas. Remote sensing of suspended matter plumes triggered by runoff in the south Gulf of California Runoff from watersheds draining towards the coastal seas affects significantly the optical these waters, and also has important implications in terms of supply of nutrients to the euphotic zone. This paper analyzes daily precipitation data in the basins draining into the Gulf of California during 2004-2008, locating the river mouths activated by runoff processes on specific periods. This spatial and temporal demarcation sets the selection of MODIS-Aqua image bands level 1B, which applies algorithms in order to detect the total suspended matter (MST from the Spanish acronym) integrated in the surface layer of the sea. From total precipitation in these basins in the study period, the percentage of contribution per year (2004-2008) was 32, 14, 18, 16 and 20% respectively. Consequently, during the summer of 2004 effects of runoff were most evident in MST images. The results show plumes of suspended matter associated with the discharge areas of the main rivers from the continental margin, and some of them reach distances up to ~60-100 km from the coastline. Standing out is a plume detected in August 2004, with coverage of 44,000 km2 extending ~300 km from the Nayarit coastline, in the area in front of the river mouths of Acaponeta, San Pedro, Santiago and Ameca. In general, the distribution of these plumes is controlled by the mesoscale circulation of the Gulf, being relevant the combined effect of anticyclonic eddies north of the river mouths and cyclonic eddies south of them.

Durante el periodo de veda (Junio a Agosto de 2006) a la pesquería mexicana del camarón se realizaron tres cruceros de prospección pesquera en el Golfo de Tehuantepec, sureste de México, con la finalidad de evaluar los aspectos biológicos y poblacionales de las especies de camarón sujetas a explotación comercial. En el caso particular del camarón blanco L. vannamei se analizó una muestra acumulada de 2,905 ejemplares de los cuales el 44.5 % fueron machos y el 55.5 % hembras (p>0.05), para una proporción sexual generalizada de 1.2:1 hembras/machos (h/m). Batimétricamente las principales abundancias estuvieron delimitadas por la isobata de las 17 brazas (30.6 m) de profundidad. En términos generales la población estuvo integrada predominantemente por organismos con gónadas inmaduras (estadio I), mientras que los mayores porcentajes de hembras con gónadas madurando o en desarrollo (estadio II); machos sexualmente maduros (estadio II) se presentaron en agosto. En el plano espacial, los resultados revelaron que durante este periodo de veda el proceso reproductivo (maduración y desove) se desarrolló con mayor intensidad en las subzonas 92 a 95, en la banda situada entre las 12 a 16 brazas (22 y 29 m) de profundidad. La talla promedio de primera reproducción ((lm50) en hembras fue estimada en 192 mm de longitud total, mientras que en los machos fue de 170.1 mm. Finalmente, se establecieron las relaciones biométricas entre la longitud total y la longitud abdominal para la población en su conjunto y para sexos independientes. Biological and population aspects of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931), during the closed season 2006 in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico During the period of closed season (June to August of 2006) of the Mexican shrimp fishery, three cruises of fishing prospection were made in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (southeast of Mexico), with the purpose of evaluating biological and population aspects of the shrimp species under commercial exploitation. In the particular case of white shrimp [iL. vannamei[/i an accumulated sample of 2,905 items was analyzed, out of which 44.5 % were male and 55.5 % females (p>0.05), giving a generalized female/male (f/m) proportion of 1.2:1. Bathymetrically the main abundances were delimited by the 17 fathom (30.6 m) isobaths. In general terms the population was integrated predominantly by organisms with immature gonads (stage I), whereas the greater percentage of females with gonads in development (stage II) and sexually mature males (stage II) appeared in August. Spatially, the results showed that in this closed season the reproductive process (maturation and spawning) was developed with greater intensity in the subzones 92 to 95, between 12 to 16 fathoms (22m and 29 m). The mean length at first maturity (lm50) for females was 192 mm and 170.1 mm for males. Biometric relationships were established between total and abdominal length for the whole population and for independent sexes.

Durante el periodo de veda (Junio a Agosto de 2006) a la pesquería mexicana del camarón se realizaron tres cruceros de prospección pesquera en el Golfo de Tehuantepec, sureste de México, con la finalidad de evaluar los aspectos biológicos y poblacionales de las especies de camarón sujetas a explotación comercial. En el caso particular del camarón blanco L. vannamei se analizó una muestra acumulada de 2,905 ejemplares de los cuales el 44.5 % fueron machos y el 55.5 % hembras (p>0.05), para una proporción sexual generalizada de 1.2:1 hembras/machos (h/m). Batimétricamente las principales abundancias estuvieron delimitadas por la isobata de las 17 brazas (30.6 m) de profundidad. En términos generales la población estuvo integrada predominantemente por organismos con gónadas inmaduras (estadio I), mientras que los mayores porcentajes de hembras con gónadas madurando o en desarrollo (estadio II); machos sexualmente maduros (estadio II) se presentaron en agosto. En el plano espacial, los resultados revelaron que durante este periodo de veda el proceso reproductivo (maduración y desove) se desarrolló con mayor intensidad en las subzonas 92 a 95, en la banda situada entre las 12 a 16 brazas (22 y 29 m) de profundidad. La talla promedio de primera reproducción ((lm50) en hembras fue estimada en 192 mm de longitud total, mientras que en los machos fue de 170.1 mm. Finalmente, se establecieron las relaciones biométricas entre la longitud total y la longitud abdominal para la población en su conjunto y para sexos independientes. Biological and population aspects of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931), during the closed season 2006 in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico During the period of closed season (June to August of 2006) of the Mexican shrimp fishery, three cruises of fishing prospection were made in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (southeast of Mexico), with the purpose of evaluating biological and population aspects of the shrimp species under commercial exploitation. In the particular case of white shrimp [iL. vannamei[/i an accumulated sample of 2,905 items was analyzed, out of which 44.5 % were male and 55.5 % females (p>0.05), giving a generalized female/male (f/m) proportion of 1.2:1. Bathymetrically the main abundances were delimited by the 17 fathom (30.6 m) isobaths. In general terms the population was integrated predominantly by organisms with immature gonads (stage I), whereas the greater percentage of females with gonads in development (stage II) and sexually mature males (stage II) appeared in August. Spatially, the results showed that in this closed season the reproductive process (maturation and spawning) was developed with greater intensity in the subzones 92 to 95, between 12 to 16 fathoms (22m and 29 m). The mean length at first maturity (lm50) for females was 192 mm and 170.1 mm for males. Biometric relationships were established between total and abdominal length for the whole population and for independent sexes.

El conocimiento sobre las esponjas en los arrecifes del norte de Veracruz se ha incrementado, sin embargo aún existen formaciones coralinas para las que no existen listas faunísticas. Por este motivo el presente trabajo realiza el primer inventario de especies de esponjas para el arrecife Enmedio. Los muestreos se efectuaron durante el periodo noviembre 2014-octubre 2015; así, en la zona de sotavento, planicie y barlovento se establecieron cinco sitios de muestreo para el registro de las especies a lo largo de transectos de banda de 50 m x 2 m. La distribución de especies de esponjas se determinó estimando la frecuencia relativa por zonas y para determinar semejanzas y sus diferencias significativas se aplicaron técnicas multivariantes, análisis de similitud porcentual (SIMPER), análisis de similitud ANOSIM y el método de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMDS). Se registraron 32 especies de esponjas pertenecientes a la Clase Desmospongiae, siendo el Orden Haploscerida el más diverso en especies. Se amplía el rango de distribución geográfica de Spirastrella aff. mollis para el SW del Golfo de México. Las especies de amplia distribución en el arrecife fueron Amphimedon compressa, Amphimedon viridis, Scopalina ruetzleri, Aplysina muryciana, Cribrochalina dura e Iotrochota birotulata, las cuales acumularon el 50.54% de la frecuencia relativa. Sotavento fue la zona arrecifal con mayor riqueza específica con 25 especies y la planicie concentró la menor riqueza con nueve especies, estas diferencias son estadísticamente significativas. La composición y distribución de las esponjas es heterogénea en el arrecife, siendo el área de sotavento la más apropiada para las esponjas por ser una zona profunda y protegida del oleaje. Faunistics and distribution of Demospongiae: Porifera from the Enmedio Reef, Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System, México Information on sponges from reefs of northern of Veracruz has increased, however coral formations still exist for which there are no faunal lists. For this reason, this report provides the first inventory of sponges for the Enmedio reef. Sampling was completed during the November 2014-October 2015 period; five sampling sites were established in the leeward, flatland and windward area for recording species along belt transects of 50 m x 2 m. The distribution of species of sponges was determined by estimating the relative frequency in each zone; to determine similarities and significant differences multivariate techniques were applied, such as similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER), analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). We recorded 32 species of sponges belonging to the Class Desmospongiae; the Order Haploscerida had the most species diversity. The geographic range distribution of of Spirastrella aff. mollis is extended to the southwest Gulf of Mexico. Species of wide distribution on the reef were Amphimedon compressa, Amphimedon viridis, Scopalina ruetzleri, Aplysina muryciana, Cribrochalina dura and Iotrochota birotulata, which accumulated 50.54% of the relative frequency. Leeward was the reef area with the highest species richness with 25 species and the flatland gathered the lowest species richness with nine. These differences were statistically significant. The composition and distribution of the sponges are heterogeneous on the reef. The leeward area being a deep zone, protected from swell, was the most favorable habitat for the surveyed sponges.

Listeria monocytogenes es un microorganismo zoonótico emergente en la industria de alimentos, resultando de gran interés para la salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue validar la técnica de PCR para la detección de este microorganismo en carnes crudas de res y pollo. El procedimiento de extracción de ADN fue realizado con lisozima, proteinasa K y fenol-cloroformo a partir de muestras contaminadas artificialmente. La especificidad de los cebadores LI1 y U1 fue comprobada por la amplificación de una banda de 938pb correspondiente a un fragmento del ADNr 16S; de igual manera los cebadores LF y LR amplificaron una banda del gen hly A de 750pb; lo que permitió la identificación de género (banda 938pb) y especie (banda de 750pb) respectivamente. Las cepas de los otros géneros bacterianos ensayados no amplificaron ninguna de las bandas específicas. El límite de detección para la PCR fue de 10 2 y 104 UFC/gr para carnes de res y pollo respectivamente; el «Gold Standard» reportó 10 2 UFC/ml para ambos alimentos. La comparación de la PCR vs., el método «Gold Standard» reportó en carne de pollo una concordancia observada de 98.43%, una sensibilidad del 96.9%, una especificidad de 100%, un valor predictivo positivo del 100% y un valor predictivo negativo del 97%; para la carne de res todos los parámetros anteriores fueron del 100%. Estos resultados demostraron la factibilidad de la PCR para el control de calidad de carnes crudas de res y pollo.

El Penfigoide nodular es una variante clínica poco frecuente de penfigoide buloso. Corresponde a una dermatosis ampollar subepidérmica, crónica, autoinmune, caracterizada por auto anticuerpos contra antígenos específicos de hemidesmosomas en la unión dermo-epidérmica. Su incidencia es desconocida. La etiopatogenia aún no es entendida del todo. Se presenta clínicamente como una superposición de características de pénfigo buloso y prurigo nodular. El diagnóstico se basa en hallazgos clínicos e inmunopatológicos. La histopatología con inmunofluorescencia directa es el gold standard para el diagnóstico. El manejo es difícil, tiene mala respuesta a corticoides potentes locales, siendo necesario el uso de corticoides sistémicos y diferentes inmunosupresores solos o combinados junto a antihistamínicos para el manejo de prurito intenso. Se presenta un caso de pénfigo nodular, donde destaca su buena respuesta a terapia combinada con metotrexato y luz UVB de banda angosta.

Subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate formed at least seven magmatic arcs in Indonesia. One of the magmatic arcs is the Neogene Sunda-Banda arc hosts various style of gold mineralisation such as Cibaliung epithermal gold mineralisation. Major and trace element data for host volcanic rocks to the Cibaliung epithermal gold mineralisation is provided by this study to identify the magmatic arc system and the distribution of subduction components. Enriched LILE (Large Ion Lithopile Element) and LREE (Light Rare Earth Element) compositions for basaltic andesite – rhyodacitic samples from the Cibaliung district are characteristic of calc-alkaline arcs. In this typical volcanic arc, the subduction component can be shown to make a dominant contribution to its content of LILE such as Rb, K, Th, and Ba enriched (more than 88%) relative to the mantle and within plate inputs. The incompatible elements (Hf, Zr, and Nb) cannot be observed in the subduction component and thus assumed to be derived from trace element enriched sub-continental lithosphere. These incompatible elements are defined as conservative elements therefore it suggests that the magma occurrence is related to a hydrous slab component. Keywords: Subduction, Indo-Australian plate, magmatic arcs, volcanic rocks, Cibaliung, epithermal gold.

One source of mercury pollution came from gold mining was done by the community from gold processing through amalgamation. Heavy metals that present in the waters will undergo deposition process and accumulate in marine animals then end up in humans. Meureubo upstream region is one of the locations that still carried out the gold mining activities used mercury. That condition is one potential factor that can contaminate the waters. This study was conducted in October-November 2014. Sampling was taked in Meureubo River and the mercury content analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Research and Standardization Industry (Baristan) Banda Aceh. The laboratory analysis results showed that the total mercury (Hg) of heavy metals in the freshwater mussels samples (Anodonta sp) on RP station is 0,074 ppm, PP illustrates 0,042 ppm and PA confirms 0.304 ppm. Furthermore, the total mercury (Hg) of heavy metals in the sample freshwater on RP station around 0.0005085 mg/l, PP 0.0001792 mg/l and PA 0.0006711 mg/l. The results showed that the samples of freshwater mussels (Anodonta sp) and the water samples which taken at three stations (Rantau Panjang, Pasi Pinang, Pasi Aceh) were positive for mercury (Hg).

Un sismo de magnitud MW 5.5 ocurrió en julio 30 de 2006 a las 01:20:52.28 (TCU) en la parte central del golfo de California (GdeC), a 226 km de Topolobampo y al noroeste de la falla transforme entre las cuencas de Guaymas y El Carmen. Seis estaciones de banda ancha de la red sísmica NARS-Baja (NE75, NE76, NE77, NE79, NE81 y NE82), y una estación, también de banda ancha, de la red RESBAN (TOPB) registraron este sismo. Todas estas estaciones estuvieron localizadas a distancias de epicentrales de entre 70 y 220 km. Para este sismo, mediante análisis espectral de las ondas SH, se determinó: (i) las dimensión de la fuente, (ii) momento sísmico, (iii) caída de esfuerzos, y (iv) duración y desplazamiento promedio de la fuente. Mediante el proceso de inversión del tensor de momento sísmico se estimó el mecanismo de falla, resultando un mecanismo de falla lateral derecho, el cual concuerda acertadamente con la tectónica regional. Los ejes principales del campo de esfuerzos de este sismo (azimut promedio, 160º) concuerdan también con la orientación regional del campo de esfuerzos del GdeC (aproximadamente 168º). Proponemos que la gran mayoría de los sismos de magnitud moderada que ocurren en esta región presentan un mecanismo de falla tipo lateral derecho con ejes principales de esfuerzos orientados en dirección NW-SE. A partir de la historia sísmica, los movimientos entre las placas pueden ser descritos; adicionalmente, el movimien-to a lo largo de las placas del Pacifico y de Norteamérica concuerda bien con el patrón de la actividad sísmica de la región, tal como fue obtenido a partir de los ejes principales de esfuerzo de sismos moderados del GdeC.

Calculamos las profundidades del Moho a lo largo del eje del Macizo Peninsular de Baja California, usando ondas refractadas de eventos localizados en el norte de Baja California y registrados en un arreglo de 9 estaciones de banda ancha a lo largo de la latitud 31°N. Utilizamos 35 eventos localizados con RESNOM (Red Sísmica del Noroeste de México) y RANM (Red de Acelerógrafos del Noroeste de México) en el norte de Baja California. Las profundidades focales de estos eventos varían entre 3 y 15 km y las magnitudes entre 2.1 a 3.9. El modelo de velocidades en una dimensión, 1-D (Nava and Brune, 1982), fue usado para calcular los tiempos de viaje teóricos de Pg y Pn para diferentes profundidades. Las diferencias entre tiempos de viaje teóricos y observados (Pg-Pn) fueron minimizadas en un proceso iterativo a fin de encontrar la profundidad más probable del Moho a lo largo del eje del Macizo Peninsular entre las latitudes 31.3° y 31.7°N. Encontramos que la profundidad promedio del Moho es aproximadamente 42±3 km en el oeste del Macizo Peninsular, disminuyendo a 31±3 hacia el oeste a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico y 20±3 km hacia el Golfo de Baja California.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram adequar a técnica de PCR para o polimorfismo CYP3A4*1B, reduzir as amplificações inespecíficas observadas e verificar a frequência alélica do polimorfismo na população de São Luís/MA. A reação de PCR foi padronizada para conter: aproximadamente 50 ng de DNA; 10 μL de DNA polimerase mix (1 Unidade de enzima DNA polimerase a ser testada; 10mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8,3; 50mM de KCl; 2,5mM de MgCl2; 200 μM de cada desoxinucleotídeo trifosfatado - dNTP's); 10 pmol de cada iniciador e água livre de DNAse e RNAse (Prodimol) para completar o volume reacional. Optou-se por fazer a reação de PCR para um volume final de 25μL. O primeiro teste foi realizado com Platinum Taq DNA Polimerase (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Depois utilizou-se as DNA polimerases Hot Star Taq DNA Polimerase (Qiagen) e Ampli Taq Gold (Invitrogen Life Technologies) e DNA Polimerase Master Mix Red (Amplicon - Neobio). Os resultados demonstraram que a PCR para o alelo CYP3A4*1B gera bandas inespecíficas que foram minimizadas com a utilização Hot Star Taq DNA Polimerase (Qiagen). Em relação ao polimorfismo a quantidade de portadores homozigotos foi de 0,33%, a porcentagem de heterozigotos foi de 21,67% e 75% dos indivíduos foram não portadores de polimorfismo em 60 pacientes estudados. Em conclusão, este trabalho descreve a optimização e validade da análise PCR-RFLP rápida e simples, para o alelo CYP3A4*1B. Além disso, observou-se uma frequência significativa de polimorfismo para o alelo CYP3A*1B na população estudada.Palavras-chave: Polimorfismo. CYP3A4. Citocromo P450. PCR.OPTIMIZATION OF PCR TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTION OF CYP3A4 * 1B POLYMORPHISM AND ALLELE FREQUENCY AMONG 60 RESIDENTS OF SÃO LUIS / MAAbstract: The objective of this study was to adapt the PCR for CYP3A4*1B polymorphism, reduce nonspecific amplifications observed and verify the allele frequency of the polymorphism in the population of São Luis / MA. The PCR reaction was standardized to contain: approximately 50 ng of DNA, 10 uL of DNA polymerase mix (1 unit DNA polymerase being tested; 10mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 200 mM of each deoxynucleotide trifosfatado - dNTP's), 10 pmol of each primer and water-free DNAse and RNAse (Prodimol) to complete the reaction volume. We chose to do the PCR reaction to a final volume of 25μL. The first test was performed with Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Then we used the DNA polymerase Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen) and Ampli Taq Gold (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and DNA Polymerase Mix Master Red (Amplicon - Neobio). The results demonstrated that PCR allele CYP3A4 * 1B generates nonspecific bands that were minimized using Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen). In the polymorphism the amount of homozygous was 0.33%, the percentage of heterozygotes was 21.67% and 75% of subjects were not carriers of polymorphism in 60 patients. In conclusion, this study described the optimization and validity of PCR-RFLP analysis fast and simple, for the CYP3A4 * 1B allele. Furthermore, there was a significant frequency of polymorphism allele * 1B CYP3A in the population.Keywords: polymorphism, CYP3A4, cytochrome P450, PCR.OPTIMIZACIÓN DE LA PCR PARA LA DETECCIÓN DEL POLIMORFISMO CYP3A4 * 1B Y FRECUENCIA DE LOS ALELOS ENTRE 60 RESIDENTES DE SÃO LUIS / MAResumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar la PCR para el polimorfismo CYP3A4*1B, reducir amplificaciones inespecíficas observadas y verificar la frecuencia de los alelos del polimorfismo en la población de San Luis / MA. La reacción de PCR fue estandarizado que contiene: aproximadamente 50 ng de DNA, 10 uL de la mezcla de ADN polimerasa (1 unidad de polimerasa de ADN se está probando; 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8,3, 50 mM KCl, 2,5 mM MgCl2, 200 mM de cada desoxinucleótido trifosfatado - dNTP), 10pmol de cada cebador y agua libre de DNAsa y RNAsa (Prodimol) para completar el volumen de reacción. Elegimos a hacer la reacción de PCR a un volumen final de 25 ul. La primera prueba se realizó con Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen). Luego se utilizó la ADN polimerasa Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen) y Ampli Taq Gold (Invitrogen Life Technologies) y DNA Polymerase Mix Master Red (Amplicon - Neobio). Los verifiresultados demostraron que el alelo CYP3A4*1B PCR genera bandas no específicas que fueron minimizadas utilizando Hot Star Taq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen).. En el polimorfismo de la cantidad de homocigotos fue de 0,33%, el porcentaje de heterocigotos fue 21,67% y el 75% de los sujetos no eran portadores del polimorfismo en 60 pacientes. En conclusión, este estudio se describe la optimización y la validez de la PCR-RFLP análisis rápido y sencillo, para el alelo CYP3A4 * 1B. Además, hubo una frecuencia significativa de CYP3A polimorfismo alelo * 1B en la población.Palabras clave: Polimorfismo CYP3A4. Citocromo P450. PCR.

Objetivo. En muestreos realizados en el golfo de Morrosquillo durante febrero de 2002 y enero de 2003con embarcaciones arrastreras de la empresa PESTOLU, se analizó la composición y abundancia de la ictiofauna presente en la pesca del camarón rosado. Materiales y Métodos. Se empleó una red de 42 pies de longitud de la relinga superior por banda con un ojo de malla en el bolso de 1¾ pulgadas accionadas mediante un gato hidráulico, se efectuaron 31 faenas de pesca en el estrato 1 y 21 en el estrato 2, para un total de 52 faenas nocturnas, con una duración promedio de 9 horas 11 minutos entre las 6:00 p.m. y las 6:00 a.m., completando al final del estudio un total de 191 lances con una duración promedio de 2 horas 33 minutos cada uno, para un total de 450 horas efectivas de arrastre. Resultados. Las capturas estuvieron dominadas por cuatro especies, dentro de las cuales la más representativa para ambos estratos fue el chivo (Cathorops sp.), especie sin valor comercial para la zona, seguido en importancia por el pargo chino (Lutjanus synagris), especie de gran valor comercial. La captura total estimada en ambos estratos durante el período de estudio fue de 3.821,8 Kg, encontrando que en el estrato 1 se obtuvo la mayor captura (2120,9 Kg) representada en un 55.49% del volumen total considerado, mientras que en el estrato 2 con el 44.51% se obtuvo la menor (1.700,9 Kg). En cuanto a la CPUE, se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento en el estrato 2. La diversidad de las capturas presenta una gran similitud por transectos. Se relacionan los volúmenes de captura de camarón y fauna acompañante obteniendo una relación de 1:4. Conclusión. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico no existen diferencias significativas entre las capturas de pesca acompañante de camarón en los dos estratos lo que permitió establecer que los individuos capturados pertenecen a un mismo stock pesquero.

Las comunidades de fitoplancton y demás seres fotosintéticos, representan la base para el desarrollo normal y equilibrado de la cadena trófica del ecosistema marino. La clorofila-a, es el compuesto de mayor presencia en los organismos fotosintéticos, por lo tanto, se relacionan de forma directa con la biomasa vegetal, permitiendo determinar el estado de deterioro o equilibrio del ecosistema. La concentración de clorofila-a sufre alteraciones por la presencia de procesos naturales y antropogénicos, ejemplos de estos últimos relacionados con el procesamiento de hidrocarburos. El estudio se realizó en el Golfo de México antes y después del derrame de crudo del año 2010, de esta forma se determinaron los impactos sobre el fitoplancton que permitieron la formulación de consideraciones sobre el estado general del ecosistema marino. La estimación de clorofila-a, se obtuvo de forma remota con imágenes Landsat y SeaWiFS empleando el algoritmo descomposición espectral (SDA) y el algoritmo de cuatro bandas (OC4) respectivamente. Los resultados evidencian una disminución de la concentración de clorofila-a de 0,4 a 0,34 mg/m3 para los años 2008 y 2010, en la zona exacta del evento.Palabras claves: Clorofila-a, Landsat, SeaWiFS, descomposición espectral, algoritmo OC4.The communities of phytoplankton and other photosynthetic beings represent the basis for the normal and balanced development of the food chain of the marine ecosystem. The Chlorophyll-a is the compound of major presence in photosynthetic organisms, therefore, relate directly with plant biomass, allowing determine the state of deterioration or ecosystem balance. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a is altered by the presence of natural and anthropogenic processes, as the related ones to hydrocarbon processing. The study was realized in the Gulf of Mexico before and after the oil spill of crude oil in 2010, the impacts decided on the phytoplankton that they allowed the formulation of considerations on the general condition of the aquatic ecosystem. The estimation of chlorophyll-a was obtained remotely by images Landsat and SeaWiFS, using Spectral Decomposition Algorithm (SDA) and four bands algorithm (OC4) respectively. The results show a decrease in the chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.4 to 0.34 mg/m3 for the years 2008 and 2010, in the exact area of the event.Keywords: Chlorophyll-a, Landsat, SeaWiFS, spectral decomposition algorithm OC4.

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are increasingly making impact in all areas of humanlife. Day by day, its chatty embedded devices have been generating tons of data requiring effectivenetwork infrastructure. To deliver millions of IoT messages back and fort with as few faults aspossible, participation of communication protocols like MQTT is a must. Lightweight blueprintand friendly battery are just two of many advantages of this protocol making it become a dominantin IoT world. In real application scenarios, distributed MQTT solutions are usually required sincecentralized MQTT approach is incapable of dealing with huge amount of data. Although distributedMQTT solutions are scalable, they do not adapt to fluctuations of traffic workload. This might costIoT service provider because of redundant computation resources. This leads to the need of a novelapproach that can adapt its size changes in workload. This article proposes such an elastic solutionby proposing a flexible MQTT framework. Our MQTT framework uses off-the-shelf componentsto obtain server’s elasticity while keeping IoT applications intact. Experiments are conducted tovalidate elasticity function provided by an implementation of our framework. Keywords MQTT broker, Elasticity, Internet of Things, Cloud computing References [1] Sharma, D. Panwar, Green IoT: Advancements and Sustainability with Environment by 2050. In: 8th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO), Noida, India, 2020, pp. 1127-1132. [2] Turner, D. Reinsel, J.F. Gantz, S. Minton, The Digital Universe of Opportunities: Rich Data and the Increasing Value of the Internet of Things, IDC Report Apr, 2014. [3] MQ Telemetry Transport. http://mqtt.org/, 2020 (30 October 2020). [4] Mell, T. Grance, The NIST definition of cloud computing (draft), NIST special publication 800-145 (2011) 1-3. 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Pham, A Big Data Analytics Framework for IoT Applications in the Cloud, VNU Journal of Science: Computer Science and Communication Engineering 31(2) (2015) 44-55. [24] F. Rodrigues, I.G. Wendt, R.R. Righi, C.A. Costa, J.L.V. Barbosa, A.M. Alberti, Brokel: Towards enabling multi-level cloud elasticity on publish/subscribe brokers, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13(8) (2017) 1-20. [25] Vavassori, J. Soriano, R. Fernandez, Enabling Large-Scale IoT-Based Services through Elastic Publish/Subscribe, Sensors, 2017. [26] A distributed, reliable key-value store. https://etcd.io/docs/v3.4.0/, 2020 (30 October 2020). [27] Roure, C. Goble, Software Design for Empowering Scientists, IEEE Software 26(1) (2009) 88-95. [28] EMQX Broker. https://docs.emqx.io/broker/latest/en/, 2020 (30 October 2020). [29] Kubernetes. https://kubernetes.io/, 2020 (30 October 2020). [30] HAProxy. https://www.haproxy.com/solutions/load-balancing/, 2020 (30 October 2020). 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IntroductionThis article is about the transformation of coffee, from having no place in the everyday lives of the people of Bangladesh, to a new position as a harbinger of liberal values and Western culture. The context is a group of Australian photojournalism students who embarked on a month-long residency in Bangladesh; the content is a Nescafé advertisement encouraging the young, middle-class Bangladesh audience to consume coffee, in a marketing campaign that promotes “my first cup.” For the Australian students, the marketing positioning of this advertising campaign transformed instant coffee into a strange and unfamiliar commodity. At the same time, the historic association between Bangladesh and tea prompted one of the photographers to undertake her own journey to explore the hidden side of that other Western staple. This paper explores the tradition of tea culture in Bangladesh and the marketing campaign for instant coffee within this culture, combining the authors’ experiences and perspectives. The outline of the Photomedia unit in the Bachelor of Creative Industries degree that the students were working towards at Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Australia states that:students will engage with practices, issues and practicalities of working as a photojournalist in an international, cross cultural context. Students will work in collaboration with students of Pathshala: South Asian Institute of Photography, Dhaka Bangladesh in the research, production and presentation of stories related to Bangladeshi society and culture for distribution to international audiences (ECU). The sixteen students from Perth, living and working in Bangladesh between 5 January and 7 February 2012, exhibited a diverse range of cultures, contexts, and motivations. Young Australians, along with a number of ECU’s international students, including some from Norway, China and Sweden, were required to learn first-hand about life in Bangladesh, one of the world’s poorest and most densely populated countries. Danielle Fusco and ECU lecturer Duncan Barnes collaborated with staff and students of Pathshala, South Asian Media Institute (Pathshala). Their recollections and observations on tea production and the location are central to this article but it is the questions asked by the group about the marketing of instant coffee into this culture that provides its tensions. Fusco completed a week-long induction and then travelled in Bangladesh for a fortnight to research and photograph individual stories on rural and urban life. Barnes here sets the scene for the project, describing the expectations and what actually happened: When we travel to countries that are vastly different to our own it is often to seek out that difference; to go in search of the romanticised ideals that have been portrayed as paradise in films, books and photographs. “The West” has long been fascinated with “The East” (Said) and for the past half century, since the hippie treks to Marrakesh and Afghanistan, people have journeyed overland to the Indian sub-continent, both from Europe and from Australia, yearning for a cultural experience they cannot find at home. Living in Perth, Western Australia, sometimes called the most isolated capital city in the world, that pull to something “different” is like a magnet. Upon arrival in Dhaka, you find yourself deliciously overwhelmed by the heavy traffic, the crowded markets, the spicy foods and the milky lassie drinks. It only takes a few stomach upsets to make your Western appetite start kicking in and you begin craving things you have at home but that are hard to find in Bangladesh. Take coffee for example. I recently completed a month-long visit to Bangladesh, which, like India, is a nation of tea drinkers. Getting any kind of good coffee requires that you be in what expatriates call “the Golden Triangle” of Dhaka city—within the area contained by Gulshan-Banani-Baridhara. Here you find the embassies and a sizeable expatriate community that constitutes a Western bubble unrepresentative of Bangladesh beyond these districts. Coffee World is an example of a Western-style café chain that, as the name suggests, serves coffee beverages. It has trouble making a quality flat white. The baristas are poorly trained, the service is painfully slow, yet the prices are comparable to those in the West. Even with these disadvantages, it is frequented by Westerners who also make use of the free WiFi. In contrast, tea is available at every road junction for around 5 cents Australian. It’s ready in seconds: the kettle is always hot due to a constant turnover of local customers. It was the history of tea growing in Bangladesh, and a desire to know more about a commodity that people in the West take for granted, that most attracted Fusco’s interest. She chose to focus on Bangladesh’s oldest commercial tea garden (plantation) Sylhet, which has been in production since 1857 (Tea Board). As is the case with many tea farms in the Indian sub-continent, the workers at Sylhet are part of Bangladesh’s Hindu minority. Fusco left Dhaka and travelled into the rural areas to investigate tea production: Venturing into these estates from the city is like entering an entirely different world. They are isolated places, and although they are close in distance, they are completely separate from the main city. Spending time in the Khadim tea estate amongst the plantations and the workers’ compounds made me very aware of the strong relationship that exists between them. The Hindu teaching of Samsara refers to the continuous cycle of repeated birth, life, death and rebirth [Hinduism], which became a metaphor for me, for this relationship I was experiencing. It is clear that neither farm [where the tea is grown] nor village [which houses the people] could live without each other. The success and maintenance of the tea farm relies on the workers just as much as the workers rely on the tea gardens for their livelihood and sustenance. Their life cycles are intertwined and in synch. There are many problems in the compounds. The people are extremely poor. Their education opportunities are limited, and they work incredibly hard for very little money for their entire lives. They are bound to stay and work here and as those generations before them, were born, worked and died here, living their whole lives in the community of the tea farm. By documenting the lives of the people, I realised I was documenting the process of the lives of the tea trees at the same time. This is how I met Lolita.Figure 1. Bangladeshi tea worker, Lolita, stands in a small section of the Khadim tea plantation in the early morning. Sylhet, Bangladesh (Danielle Fusco, Jan. 2012). This woman emulated everything I was seeing and feeling about the village and the garden. She spoke about the reliance on the trees, especially because of the money and, therefore, the food, they provide for her and her husband. I became aware of the injustice of this system because the workers are paid so little while this industry is booming. It was obvious that life here is far from perfect, but as Lolita explains, they make do. She has worked on the tea estate for decades. As her husband is no longer working, she is the primary income earner. They are able, however, to live in relative comfort now their children have all married and left and it is just the two of them. Lolita describes that money lies within these trees. Money for her means that she can eat that day. Money for the managers means industrial success. Either way, whether it is in the eyes of the individual or the industry, tea always comes down to Taka [the currency of Bangladesh]. Marketing Coffee in a Culture of Tea and Betel Nut With such a strong culture of tea production and consumption and a coffee culture just existing on the fringe, a campaign by Nescafé to encourage Bangladeshi consumers to have “my first cup” of Nescafé instant coffee at the time of this study captured the imagination of the students. How effective can the marketing of Nescafé instant coffee be in a society that is historically a producer and consumer of tea, and which also still embraces the generations-old use of the betel nut as an everyday stimulant? Although it only employs some 150,000 (Islam et al.) in a nation of 150 million people, tea makes an important contribution to the Bangladesh economy. Shortly after the 1971 civil war, in which East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) became independent from West Pakistan (now Pakistan), the then-Chairman of the Bangladesh Tea Board, writing in World Development, commented:In the highly competitive marketing environment of today it is extremely necessary for the tea industry of Bangladesh to increase production by raising the per acre yield, improve quality by adoption of finer plucking standards and modernization of factories and reduce per unit cost of production so as to be able to sell more of our teas to foreign markets and thereby earn higher amounts of much needed foreign exchange for the country as well as generate additional resources within the industry for ploughing back for further development (Ali 55). In Bangladesh, tea is a cash crop that, even in the 1970s following vicious conflicts, is more than capable of meeting local demand and producing an export dividend. Coffee is imported commodity that, historically, has had little place in Bangladeshi life or culture. However important tea is, it is not the traditional Bangladesh stimulant. Instead, over the years, when people in the West would have had a cup of tea or coffee and/or a cigarette, most Bangladeshis have turned to the betel nut. A 2005 study of 100 citizens from Araihazar, Bangladesh, conducted by researchers from Columbia University, found that coffee consumption is “very low in this population” (Hafeman et al. 567). The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of betel quids (the wad of masticated nut) and the chewing of betel nuts, upon tremor. For this reason, it was important to record the consumption of stimulants in the 98 participants who progressed to the next stage of the study and took a freehand spiral-drawing test. While “26 (27%) participants had chewed betel quids, 23 (23%) had smoked one or more cigarettes, [and] 14 (14%) drank tea; on that day, only 1 (1%) drank caffeinated soda, and none (0%) drank coffee” (Hafeman et al. 568). Given its addictive and carcinogenic properties (Sharma), the people who chewed betel quids were more likely to exhibit tremor in their spiral drawings than the people who did not. As this (albeit small) study suggests, the preferred Bangladeshi stimulant is more likely to be betel or tobacco rather than a beverage. Insofar as hot drinks are consumed, Bangladesh citizens drink tea. This poses a significant challenge for multinational advertisers who seek to promote the consumption of instant coffee as a means of growing the global market for Nescafé. Marketing Nescafé to Bangladesh In Dhaka, in January 2012, the television campaign slogan for Nescafé is “My first cup”, with the tagline, “Time you started.” This Nescafé television commercial (NTC) impressed itself upon the Australian visitors, both in terms of its frequency of broadcast and in its referencing of Western culture and values. (The advertisement can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E8mFX43oAM). The NTC’s three stars, Vir Das, Purab Kohli, and leading Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone, are highly-recognisable to young Bangladeshi audiences and the storyline is part of a developing series of advertisements which together form a mini-soap opera, like that used so successfully to advertise the Nescafé Gold Blend brand of instant coffee in the West in the 1980s to 1990s (O’Donohoe 242; Beale). The action takes place in Kohli’s affluent, Western-style apartment. The drama starts with Das challenging Kohli regarding whether he has successfully developed a relationship with his attractive neighbour, Padukone. Using a combination of local language with English words and sub-titles, the first sequence is captioned: “Any progress with Deepika, or are you still mixing coffee?” Suggesting incredulity, and that he could do better, Das asks Kohli, according to the next subtitle, “What are you doing dude?” The use of the word “dude” clearly refers to American youth culture, familiar in such movies as Dude, where’s my car? This is underlined by the immediate transition to the English words of “bikes … biceps … chest … explosion.” Of these four words only “chest” is pronounced in the local tongue, although all four words are included as captions in English. Kohli appears less and less impressed as Das becomes increasingly insistent, with Das going on to express frustration with Kohli through the exclamation “u don’t even have a plan.” The use of the text-speak English “u” here can be constructed as another way of persuading young Bangladeshi viewers that this advertisement is directed at them: the “u” in place of “you” is likely to annoy their English-speaking elders. Das continues speaking in his mother tongue, with the subtitle “Deepika padukone [sic] is your neighbour and you are only drinking coffee,” with the subsequent subtitle emphasising: “Deepika and only coffee.” At this point, Padukone enters the apartment through the open door without knocking and confidently says “Hi.” Kohli explains the situation by responding (in English, and subtitled) “my school friend, Das”. Padukone, in turn, responds in a friendly way to both men (in English, and subtitled) “You guys want to have coffee?” Instead of responding directly to this invitation, Das models to Kohli what it is to take the initiative in this situation: what it is to have a plan. “Hello” (he says, in English and subtitled) “I don’t have coffee but I have a plan. You and me, my bike, right now, hit the town, party!” Kohli looks down at the floor, embarrassed, while Padukone looks quizzically at him over Das’s shoulder. Kohli smiles, and points to himself and Padukone, clearly excluding Das: “I will have coffee” (in English, and subtitle). “Better plan”, exclaims Padukone, “You and me, my place, right now, coffee.” She looks challengingly at Das: “Right?,” a statement rather than a request, and exits, with Kohli following and Das left behind in the apartment. Cue voice-over (not a subtitle, but in-screen speech bubble) “[It’s] time you started” (spoken) “the new Nescafé” (shot change) “My first cup” (with an in-screen price promotion). This commercial associates coffee drinking with Western values of social and personal autonomy. For young women in the traditional Muslim culture of Bangladesh, it suggests a world in which they are at liberty to spend time with the suitors they choose, ignoring those whom they find pushy or inappropriate, and free to invite a man back to “my place, right now” for coffee. The scene setting in this advertisement and the use of English in both the spoken and written text suggests its target is the educated middle class, and indicates that sophisticated, affluent, trend-setters drink coffee as a part of getting to know their neighbours. In line with this, the still which ends the commercial promotes the Facebook page “Know your neighbours.” The flirtatious nature of the actors in the advertisement, the emphasis on each of the male characters spending time alone with the female character, and the female character having both power and choice in this situation is likely to be highly unacceptable to traditional Bangladeshi parental values and, therefore, proportionately more exciting to the target audience. The underlying suggestion of “my first cup” and “time you started” is that the social consumption of that first cup of coffee is the “first step” to becoming more Western. The statement also has overtones of sexual initiation. The advertisement aligns itself with the world portrayed in the Western media consumed in Bangladesh, and the implication is that—even if Western liberal values are not currently a possible choice for all—it is at least feasible to start on the journey towards these values through drinking that first cup of coffee. Unbeknownst to the Bangladesh audience, this Nescafé marketing strategy echoes, in almost all material particulars, the same approach that was so successful in persuading Australians to embrace instant coffee. Khamis, in her essay on Australia and the convenience of instant coffee, argues that, while in 1928 Australia had the highest per capita consumption of tea in the world, this had begun to change by the 1950s. The transformation in the market positioning of coffee was partly achieved through an association between tea and old-fashioned ‘Britishness’ and coffee and the United States: this discovery [of coffee] spoke to changes in Australia’s lifestyle options: the tea habit was tied to Australia’s development as a far-flung colonial outpost, a daily reminder that many still looked to London as the nation’s cultural capital: the growing appeal of instant coffee reflected a widening and more nuanced cultural palate. This was not just ‘another’ example of the United States postwar juggernaut; it marks the transitional phase in Australia’s history, as its cultural identity was informed less by the staid conservativism of Britain than the heady flux of New World glamour (219). Coffee was associated with the USA not simply through advertising but also through cultural exposure. By 1943, notes Khamis, there were 120,000 American service personnel stationed in Australia and she quotes Symons (168) as saying that “when an American got on a friendly footing with an Australian family he was usually found in the kitchen, teaching the Mrs how to make coffee, or washing the dishes” (168, cited in Khamis 220). The chances were that “the Mrs”—the Australian housewife—felt she needed the tuition: an Australian survey conducted by Gallup in March 1950 indicated that 55 per cent of respondents at that time had never tried coffee, while a further 24 per cent said they “seldom” consumed it (Walker and Roberts 133, cited in Khamis 222). In a newspaper article titled, “Overpaid, Oversexed and Over Here”, Munro describes the impact of exposure to the first American troops based in Australia during this time, with a then seven year old recalling: “They were foreign, quite a different culture from us. They spoke more loudly than us. They had strange accents, cute expressions, they were really very exotic.” The American troops caused consternation for Australian fathers and boyfriends. Dulcie Wood was 18 when she was dating an American serviceman: They had more money to spend (than Australian troops). They seemed to have plenty of supplies, they were always bringing you presents—stockings and cartons of cigarettes […] Their uniforms were better. They took you to more places. They were quite good dancers, some of them. They always brought you flowers. They were more polite to women. They charmed the mums because they were very polite. Some dads were a bit more sceptical of them. They weren’t sure if all that charm was genuine (quoted in Munro). Darian-Smith argues that, at that time, Australian understanding of Americans was based on Hollywood films, which led to an impression of American technological superiority and cultural sophistication (215-16, 232). “Against the American-style combination of smart advertising, consumerism, self-expression and popular democracy, the British class system and its buttoned-up royals appeared dull and dour” writes Khamis (226, citing Grant 15)—almost as dull and dour as 1950s tea compared with the postwar sophistication of Nescafé instant coffee. Conclusion The approach Nestlé is using in Bangladesh to market instant coffee is tried and tested: coffee is associated with the new, radical cultural influence while tea and other traditional stimulants are relegated to the choice of an older, more staid generation. Younger consumers are targeted with a romantic story about the love of coffee, reflected in a mini-soap opera about two people becoming a couple over a cup of Nescafé. Hopefully, the Pathshala-Edith Cowan University collaboration is at least as strong. Some of the overseas visitors return to Bangladesh on a regular basis—the student presentations in 2012 were, for instance, attended by two visiting graduates from the 2008 program who were working in Bangladesh. For the Australian participants, the association with Pathshala, South Asian Media Institute, and Drik Photo Agency brings recognition, credibility and opportunity. It also offers a totally new perspective on what to order in the coffee queue once they are home again in Australia. Postscript The final week of the residency in Bangladesh was taken up with presentations and a public exhibition of the students’ work at Drik Picture Agency, Dhaka, 3–7 February 2012. 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